A consistent theory of quantum entanglement requires that constituent single-particle states belong to the same Hilbert space, the coherent eigenstates of a complete set of operators in a given representation, defined with respect to a shared continuous parameterization. Formulating such eigenstates for a single relativistic particle with spin, and applying them to the description of many-body states, presents well-known challenges. In this paper, we review the covariant theory of relativistic spin and entanglement in a framework first proposed by Stueckelberg and developed by Horwitz, Piron, et.\ al. This approach modifies Wigner's method by introducing an arbitrary timelike unit vector $n^\mu$ on which one induces a representation of $SL(2,C)$, rather than induce on the spacetime momentum $p^\mu$. Generalizing this approach, we construct relativistic spin states on an extended phase space $\{(x^\mu,p^\mu),(\zeta^\mu,\pi^\mu)\}$, inducing a representation on the momentum $\pi^\mu$, thus providing a novel dynamical interpretation of the timelike unit vector $n^\mu = \pi^\mu / M$. Studying the unitary representations of the Poincar\'e group on the extended phase space allows us to define basis quantities for quantum states and develop the gauge invariant electromagnetic Hamiltonian in classical and quantum mechanics. We write plane wave solutions for free particles and construct stable singlet states, and relate these to experiments involving temporal interference, analogous to the spatial interference known from double slit experiments.

In this paper, we propose a novel stochastic model to study prime distribution in almost-short intervals, inspired by a corollary of the Maynard-Guth theorem. The model uses the equation \[ x_{n+1} = x_n + \frac{y}{\log x_n} + \epsilon_n, \] where \(\epsilon_n\) follows a Laplace distribution, and demonstrates that our new bound surpasses both Walfisz and Maynard-Guth bounds, particularly for large \(x\): \[ \left| \pi(x + y) - \pi(x) - \frac{y}{\log x} \right| \leq C \cdot y \exp(-\sqrt[4]{\log x}). \] Additionally, we explore a modulated Hamiltonian \(\hat{H}(x)\), derived from a potential \(V(x)\) and a test function \(f(x)\), that exhibits behavior akin to the energy levels of the heavy nucleus \(H_{38}\). The gaps between these energy levels resemble the distribution of zeros of the Riemann zeta function near the critical line, suggesting that \(\zeta(0.5 + i \hat{H}(x))\) corresponds to the energy levels of \(\hat{H}(x)\), thus supporting a quantum mechanical interpretation of the Riemann hypothesis. Furthermore, assuming the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture, which implies that prime gaps can be as small as 12, we find that the transition rate \(\Gamma_{p \to p+12}\) between quantum states associated with prime numbers increases with larger primes. This observation indicates that the distribution of prime gaps reflects an underlying discrete structure in the "energy" landscape of primes, offering a novel perspective on the connection between number theory and quantum physics.

Some philosophers of physics have addressed criticisms of the so-called Received View (RV) of non-individual quantum objects, also called the orthodox view. Dennis Dieks made a very good resume of these criticisms in [1] and Tomasz Bigaj in [2] has a more detailed account. In considering (mainly) these works and with some additional mentions, we hope to dissipate some misunderstandings about the RV and clarify what is happening with such a view. According to Dieks, the RV doesn’t fit the practice of physics since in some situations the physicist assumes that quantum objects can be treated individually, imitating standard objects (individuals) of classical physics. Dieks also proposes an Alternative View (AV), generally called the heterodox view, which would give a view of the fundamental ontology of quantum physics and which would be more by the way physicists usually proceed. In my view, the AV cannot be viewed as the fundamental ontological theory despite being suitable for practical purposes. Furthermore, we think that it does not conflate the RV, but is complementary to it, substituting it when quantum objects are sufficiently apart and can be treated in conformity with the classical way. From our point of view, in the practice of physics, we can adopt AV. Still, the RV is more adequate when we are looking for logical and foundational analyses, at least when the supposed metaphysics comprises non-individuals.

One of the manifestations of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is vacuum birefringence, which leads to an energy-dependent rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized photons arising from an astrophysical source. Here we use the energy-resolved polarization measurements in the prompt $\gamma$-ray emission of five bright gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to constrain this vacuum birefringent effect. Our results show that at the 95\% confidence level, the birefringent parameter $\eta$ characterizing the broken degree of Lorentz invariance can be constrained to be $|\eta|<\mathcal{O}(10^{-15}-10^{-16})$, which represent an improvement of at least eight orders of magnitude over existing limits from multi-band optical polarization observations. Moreover, our constraints are competitive with previous best bounds from the single $\gamma$-ray polarimetry of other GRBs. We emphasize that, thanks to the adoption of the energy-resolved polarimetric data set, our results on $\eta$ are statistically more robust. Future polarization measurements of GRBs at higher energies and larger distances would further improve LIV limits through the birefringent effect.

Software quantum simulators are the most accessible tools for designing and testing quantum algorithms. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to building a software-based quantum simulator based on classical computing architectures. We explore fundamental quantum computing concepts, including state vector representations, quantum gates, and memory management techniques. The simulator prototype implements various memory optimization strategies, such as full-state representation, dynamic state pruning, and shared memory parallelization with OpenMP and distributed memory models using MPI. Additionally, data compression techniques, like ZFP, are explored to enhance simulation performance by reducing memory footprint. The results are validated through performance comparisons with leading open-source quantum simulators, such as Intel-QS, QuEST, and qsim. Our findings highlight the trade-offs between computational overhead and memory efficiency. This demonstrates that a hybrid approach using distributed memory and compression offers the best scalability for simulating large quantum systems. This work provides a foundation for developing efficient quantum simulators supporting more complex quantum algorithms on classical hardware.

Einstein was skeptical of part of quantum mechanics, and he believed that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle did not reflected the full depth of reality. He famously stated, ”God does not play dice with the universe.” However, since quantum mechanics has passed so many experimental tests, most physicists today assume that Einstein was wrong. Nevertheless, we will demonstrate that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle must be modified to unify gravity with quantum mechanics. This modification leads to the Certainty-Uncertainty principle where the certainty part is strongly linked to gravity. This means Einstein likely was right in his intuition also on this point. The key is to understand that the de Broglie wavelength is not the actual wavelength of matter but merely a derivative of the true matter wavelength, namely the Compton wavelength. Furthermore, one must understand that the gravitational constant, first introduced in 1873, is simply a composite constant needed to rectify the incomplete definition of kilogram mass introduced into Newtonian gravity in 1873.

Alena Tensor is a recently discovered class of energy-momentum tensors that provides mathematical framework in which, as demonstrated in previous publications, the description of a physical system in curved spacetime and its description in flat spacetime with fields are equivalent. The description of a system with electromagnetic field based on Alena Tensor can be used to reconcile physical descriptions. 1) In curvilinear description, Einstein Field Equations were obtained with Cosmological Constant related to the invariant of the electromagnetic field tensor, which can be interpreted as negative pressure of vacuum, filled with electromagnetic field. 2) In classical description for flat spacetime, three densities of four-forces were obtained: electromagnetic, gravity, and the force responsible for the Abraham-Lorentz effect (radiation reaction force). Obtained connection of Einstein tensor with gravity and radiation reaction force, after transition to curvilinear description, excludes black hole singularities. There was obtained Lagrangian density and generalized canonical four-momentum, containing electromagnetic four-potential and a term responsible for other two forces. In this description charged particles cannot remain at complete rest and should have spin, their energy results from the existence of the energy of the magnetic moment and the density of this energy is part of the Poyting four-vector. The distribution of charged matter was expressed as polarization-magnetization stress-energy tensor, what may explain why gravity is invisible in QED. 3) In quantum picture, QED Lagrangian density simplification was obtained, and the Dirac, Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations may be considered as approximations of the obtained quantum solution. Farther use of Alena Tensor in unification applications was also discussed.

The electron of spin −1/2 is a Dirac fermion of a complex four-component spinor field. Though it is effectively addressed by relativistic quantum field theory, an intuitive form of the fermion still remains lacking and it is often described by the so-called Dirac belt trick. In this novel undertaking, the electron is examined within the boundary posed by a recently proposed MP model of a hydrogen atom into 4D space-time. Its transformation to Dirac fermion appears consistent with Dirac belt trick, quantum mechanics and Lie group with gravity considered to be a classical force for an irreducible spinor field. These outcomes are compatible with Dirac field theory and its associated features like wave function collapse, quantized Hamiltonian, non-relativistic wave function, Weyl spinor, Lorentz transformation and Feynman diagrams. The model though speculative, it could become important towards defining the fundamental state of matter subject to further examinations.

Homeostasis and its interaction with gene expression in the development and maintenance of living systems is discussed in order to formulate a new method to diagnose and treat diseases on this causative level. This includes an inquiry into the unsolved homeostasis problems of: location (where in the cell are calculations performed?), communication (what language used?), identity (set of plans/hierarchy of set points?) and computational (mechanisms used to make necessary adjustments?). As these functions require the processing of vast amounts of information which is communicated at every level of organization including the mechanisms of epigenetics, different computer models are discussed, with examples for each; analog, digital and the possibility of quantum biological. Each one allows certain properties and cell functions to emerge. The difference between functional homeostasis and dysfunctional homeostasis is discussed with strategies to indirectly study dysfunctional homeostasis in terms of epigenetic signatures. Hormesis is discussed as a mechanism to reverse the epimutations, leading to a method of treatment for almost any chronic disease. These topics are discussed as being a whole interconnected system.

Many previous works have studied gravitational lensing effects from Loop Quantum Gravity. So far, Gravitational lensing effects from Loop Quantum Gravity have only been studied by choosing large quantum parameters much larger than the Planck scale. However, by construction, the quantum parameters of the effective models of Loop Quantum Gravity are usually related to the Planck length and, thus, are extremely small. In this work, by strictly imposing the quantum parameters as initially constructed, we study the true quantum corrections of gravitational lensing effects by five effective black hole models of Loop Quantum Gravity. Our study reveals several interesting results, including the different scales of quantum corrections displayed by each model and the connection between the quantum correction of deflection angles and the quantum correction of the metric. Observables related to the gravitational lensing effect are also obtained for all models in the case of SgrA* and M87*.

Previously, we described that Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleobases were superconductors in a quantum superposition of phases on each side of the central Hydrogen bond acting as a Josephson Junction. Genomic DNA has two strands wrapped helically around one another, but during transcription, they are separated by the RNA polymerase II to form a molecular condensate called the transcription bubble. Successive steps involve the bubble translocation along the gene body. This work discusses how quantum information transfer and entanglement can be achieved by modeling DNA as a combination of ? nonperturbative circuits quantum electrodynamics with nine Radio-Frequency- Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) inside. A bus can be coupled capacitively to a single-mode microwave resonator. The cavity mode and the bus can mediate long-range, fast interaction between neighboring and distant DNA SQUID qubits. RNA polymerase II produces decoherence during transcription. This enzyme is a multifunctional biomolecular machine working like an artificially engineered device. Phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by protein kinases constitute the driving force. The coupling between n phosphorylation pulses and any particular SQUID qubit can be obtained selectively via frequency matching.

In physics we construct idealized mathematical models in order to explain various phenomena which we observe or create in our laboratories. In this article, I recall how sophisticated mathematical models evolved from the concept of a number created thousands years ago and I discuss some challenges and open questions in quantum foundations and in the standard model. We liberated nuclear energy, landed on the Moon and built ‘quantum computers’. Encouraged by these successes many believe, that when we reconcile the general relativity with the quantum theory then we will have the correct theory of everything. Perhaps, we should be much more humble. Our perceptions of reality are biased by our senses and by our brain bending them to meet our priors and expectations. Our abstract mathematical models describe only in an approximate way different layers of physical reality. To describe the motion of a meteorite we can use a concept of a material point but the point-like approximation breaks completely, when the meteorite hits the Earth. Similarly, thermodynamic, chemical, molecular, atomic, nuclear, elementary particle layers of physical reality are described using specific abstract mathematical models and approximations. In my opinion, the theory of everything does not exist.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) belong to the group of thin-film solar cells which have been extensively researched for over two decades due to their low cost of fabrication, flexibility and ability to function under low-light conditions. Some issues have to be addressed in terms of energy losses, material integration, weak photocurrent generation and stability to improve the performance of DSSCs. One of the approaches to enhance the performance of DSSCs is through luminescent materials. These are materials which can absorb light and re-emit at different wavelengths which can be used to convert ultraviolet (UV) and near infra-red (NIR) light that are not efficiently utilized by the DSSCs, into visible light that can be absorbed. The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on the impact of luminescent materials in DSSCs. Research interest in luminescent materials particularly, down conversion, up conversion and quantum dots were analyzed from the “Web of Science”. It reflected a remarkable number of over 200, 000 publications in the past decade. Therefore, the state of the art of luminescent materials for enhancing the performance of the solar cells were reviewed, which showed significant potential in enhancing the performance of DSSCs.

Outlined is a proposal designed to culminate in the foundry fabrication of arrays of singly addressable quantum dot sources deterministically emitting single pairs of energy-time entangled photons at C-band wavelengths; each pair having negligible spin-orbit fine structure splitting; each pair being channeled into single mode pig-tail optical fibers. Entangled photons carry quantum state information among distributed quantum servers via I/O ports having two functions; the unconditionally secure distribution of decryption keys to decrypt publicly distributed, encrypted classical bit streams as input to generate corresponding qubit excitations, and to convert a stream of quantum nondemolition measurements of qubit states into a classical bit stream. Outlined are key steps necessary to fabricate arrays of on-demand quantum dot sources of entangled photon pairs, principal among are 1) foundry fabrication of arrays of isolated quantum dots, 2) generation of localized sub-surface shear strain in a semiconductor stack, 3) a cryogenic anvil cell, 4) channeling entangled photons into single mode optical fibers, 5) unconditionally secure decryption key distribution over the fiber network, 6) resonant excitation of a Josephson tunnel junction qubits from classical bits, and 7) conversion of a quantum nondemolition measurements of a qubit states into a classical bit.

With the advent of Web 3.0, the swift advancement of technology confronts an imminent threat from quantum computing. Security protocols safeguarding the integrity of Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 are growing more susceptible to both quantum attacks and sophisticated classical threats. The article introduces our novel long-distance free-space quantum secure direct communication (LF QSDC) as a method to safeguard against security breaches in both quantum and classical contexts. Differing from techniques like quantum key distribution (QKD), LF QSDC surpasses constraints by facilitating encrypted data transmission sans key exchanges, thus diminishing the inherent weaknesses of key-based systems. The distinctiveness of this attribute, coupled with its quantum mechanics base, protects against quantum computer assaults and advanced non-quantum dangers, harmonizing seamlessly with the untrustworthy tenets of the Web 3.0 age. The focus of our study is the technical design and incorporation of LF QSDC into web 3.0 network infrastructures, highlighting its efficacy for extended-range communication. LF QSDC is based on the memory DL04 protocol and enhanced with our novel Quantum-Aware Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC), Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking (PAT) technologies, and Atmospheric Quantum Correction Algorithm (AQCA). Utilizing this method not only bolsters the security of worldwide Web 3.0 networks but also guarantees their endurance in a time when quantum and sophisticated classical threats exist simultaneously. Consequently, LF QSDC stands out as a robust security solution, well-suited for Web 3.0 systems amidst the constantly evolving digital environment.

This paper delves into the intricate nature of the different essence interactions that shape our perceived reality, leveraging a blend of existing empirical data and original experiments. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing quantum mechanics, general physics, metaphysics, philosophy, and spiritualism, it seeks to elucidate the fundamental interplays governing phenomena such as gravity, mass, electromagnetism, force, motion, and quantum mechanics. This exploration promises a reexamination and unification of these principles, offering novel perspectives on the extraordinary phenomena that underpin our reality. By comprehending and manipulating these interactions, the potential arises to orchestrate reality towards desired ends. This study not only unveils compelling avenues for scientific advancement but also proposes transformative technologies and concepts, including light-speed transportation, remote viewing, communication with the deceased, alchemy, and the realization of what is commonly perceived as magic. These visionary notions not only push the boundaries of current understanding but also provide a captivating glimpse into the future possibilities that may await humanity.

The nEDM experiment at Oak Ridge’s Spallation Neutron Source will probe for an electric dipole moment of the neutron at an unprecedented level of sensitivity. Polarized 3He atoms dressed by a radio-frequency field are a crucial component. For field parameters comparable to the parameters being used in the nEDM experiment, numerical studies using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta solver reveal inadequacies in earlier analyses of 3He spin dynamics. It’s seen that neutron absorption is influenced by avoided level-crossings omitted previously. Also, the critical dressing condition, used to eliminate effects of the static magnetic field, requires modification. First-order perturbative corrections to eigenstates and third-order corrections to eigenenergies are needed to account for the impact of avoided level-crossings and the changes in the critical dressing condition, respectively.

This paper aims to outline the effectiveness of modern universal gate quantum computers when utilizing different configurations to solve the B-SAT(Boolean Satisfiability) problem. The quantum computing experiments are performed using Grover’s Search algorithm to find a valid solution. The experiments are performed under different variations to demonstrate their effects on the results. Changing the number of shots, qubit mapping, and using a different quantum processor are all among the experimental variables. The study also branches into a dedicated experiment highlighting a peculiar behavior that IBM quantum processors exhibit when running circuits with a certain number of shots.

Despite the existing effective treatment methods, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most deadly infectious disease globally, its carriers in the latent and active phases accounting for more than 20% of the world population. An effective method to control TB and reduce the mortality is regular population screening and diagnosis of the latent form of TB in order to take preventive and curative measures. Numerous methods allow diagnosing TB and directly detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) biomarkers, including M.tb DNA, proteins, and specific metabolites, as well as antibodies produced by the host immune system in response to M.tb. PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and immunochemical analyses, flow cytometry, and other methods allow the detection of M.tb biomarkers or the host immune response to M.tb by recording the optical signal of fluorescent or colorimetric dyes included in the diagnostic tools. Current research in biosensors is aimed at increasing the sensitivity of detection, which can be achieved by using brighter and more photostable optical tags containing fluorescent quantum dots. Here, we review current methods for detection of M.tb biomarkers using optical sensor systems, primarily quantum dot–based nanosensors, and summarize M.tb biomarkers whose detection can be made significantly more sensitive by using quantum dot–based nanosensors.

The emergence of "green" materials has been attracting significant attention along the last few years for various applications. Here, we report a rapid, efficient and reproducible microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene quantum dots GQDs of identical features whatever the nature of biomass wastes investigated. The synthesized GQDs were fully characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The nanoparticles display narrow size of some nanometers with crystal lattices. Furthermore, the water-soluble particles show excitation-dependent photoluminescence ranging from blue to orange emission wavelength in solution. Interestingly, thin films display white light emission under 325 nm UV-light excitation, while aggregation-induced quenching is usually observed.

I present in this paper Diatomic, an open-source Excel application that calculates molar ther-modynamic properties for diatomic ideal gases. This application is very easy to use and requires only a limited number of molecular constants, which are freely available online. Despite its sim-plicity, Diatomic provides methodologies and results that are usually unavailable in general quantum chemistry packages. This application uses the general formalism of statistical mechanics, enabling two models to describe the rotational structure and two models to describe the vibra-tional structure. In this work, Diatomic was used to calculate standard molar thermodynamic properties for a set of fifteen diatomic ideal gases. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of four properties (standard molar enthalpy of formation, molar heat capacity at constant pressure, average molar thermal enthalpy and standard molar entropy), which were compared with ex-perimental values. The results obtained lead to the following main conclusions: (i) the theoretical model used to describe rotational structure has a small effect on the accuracy of the results, (ii) at moderate and high temperatures, the Morse model gives better results than the harmonic model, and (iii) at the lowest temperatures both models give similar results.

This paper presents the Aether Physics Model (APM), a novel theoretical framework that offers a unified description of the fundamental forces and weak interaction. The APM proposes a quantum Aether composed of discrete units, recognizes two distinct charge manifestations, and treats all charges as distributed. Using dimensional analysis and simple equations, the APM derives force equations that unify gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong forces and the weak interaction. The model makes specific predictions about force strengths, maximum mass density, and fine structure constants for protons and neutrons. These predictions align with existing observations and offer new avenues for experimental testing. The APM addresses the limitations of the Standard Model while providing a more intuitive explanation for phenomena like the quantum Hall effect and Casimir effect. If validated, the APM could revolutionize our understanding of space, matter, and fundamental forces.

This paper proposes a novel approach to transitioning the classical TLS 1.3 protocol to a post-quantum version with minimal changes to the existing infrastructure. By integrating a hybrid KEMTLS protocol with Identity-Based Encryption (IBE), the solution achieves post-quantum security without incorporating post-quantum keys into TLS certificates. This enables the protocol to function with Certificate Authorities that do not support post-quantum keys, ensuring its security while simplifying the transition. The main challenge addressed is the immediate need for support of post-quantum algorithms by Certificate Authorities and servers. The proposed solution leverages existing certificates and keys, facilitating a smoother transition.

With the rapid advance in quantum computing, quantum security is now an indispensable property for any cryptographic system. In this paper, we study how to prove the security of a complex cryptographic system in the quantum random oracle model. We first give a variant of Zhandry’s compressed quantum random oracle (CStO), called compressed quantum random oracle with adaptive special points (CStOs). Then, we extend the on-line extraction technique of Don et al (EUROCRYPT’22) from CStO to CStOs. We also extend the random experiment technique of Liu and Zhandry (CRYPTO’19) for extracting the CStO query that witnesses the future adversarial output. With these preparations, a systematic security proof in the quantum random oracle model can start with a random CStO experiment (that extracts the witness for the future adversarial output) and then convert this game to one involving CStOs. Next, the on-line extraction technique for CStOs can be applied to extract the witness for any on-line commitment. With this strategy, we give a security proof of our recent compact multi-signature framework that is converted from any weakly secure linear ID scheme. We also prove the quantum security of our recent lattice realization of this linear ID scheme, by iteratively applying the weakly collapsing protocol technique of Liu and Zhandry (CRYPTO 2019). Combining these two results, we obtain the first quantum security proof for a compact multi-signature.

I demonstrate that Bell's theorem is based on circular reasoning and thus a fundamentally flawed argument. It unjustifiably assumes the additivity of expectation values for dispersion-free states of contextual hidden variable theories for non-commuting observables involved in Bell-test experiments, which is tautologous to assuming the bounds of ±2 on the Bell-CHSH sum of expectation values. Its premises thus assume in a different guise the bounds of ±2 it sets out to prove. Once this oversight is ameliorated from Bell's argument, the bounds on the Bell-CHSH sum of expectation values work out to be ±2√2 instead of ±2, thereby mitigating the conclusion of Bell's theorem. Consequently, what is ruled out by the Bell-test experiments is not local realism but the additivity of expectation values, which does not hold for non-commuting observables in any hidden variable theories to begin with.

This paper delves into the intricate nature of the different essence interactions that shape our perceived reality, leveraging a blend of existing empirical data and original experiments. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing quantum mechanics, general physics, metaphysics, philosophy, and spiritualism, it seeks to elucidate the fundamental interplays governing phenomena such as gravity, mass, electromagnetism, force, motion, and quantum mechanics. This exploration promises a reexamination and unification of these principles, offering novel perspectives on the extraordinary phenomena that underpin our reality. By comprehending and manipulating these interactions, the potential arises to orchestrate reality towards desired ends. This study not only unveils compelling avenues for scientific advancement but also proposes transformative technologies and concepts, including light-speed transportation, remote viewing, communication with the deceased, alchemy, and the realization of what is commonly perceived as magic. These visionary notions not only push the boundaries of current understanding but also provide a captivating glimpse into the future possibilities that may await humanity.

Three Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene establish three complementary fine-structure constants, two of which are negative. Each introduces its own specific set of Planck units. Hence, two sets of basic Planck units are real and two are imaginary. The elementary charge is the same in all those sets of Planck units, establishing equality between the products of each fine-structure constant and the speed of light it is associated with, and defining the dark electron in each of these three complementary systems. All fine-structure constants are related to each other through the constant of pi, which indicates that they do not vary over time. The negative complementary fine-structure constant established by the graphene reflectance is dual to the fine-structure constant. The assumption of universality of the black hole entropy formula to the remaining two stellar objects emitting perfect black-body radiation less dense than a black hole (neutron stars and white dwarfs) renders their energies exceeding their mass-energy equivalence. To accommodate this unphysical result, we introduced an imaginary mass and defined three complex energies in terms of real and imaginary Planck units, storing the surplus energy in their imaginary parts. It follows that black holes are fundamentally uncharged and have a vanishing imaginary mass. We have derived the lower bound on the mass of a charged black-body \textit{object}, the upper bound on a white dwarf radius, and the equilibrium density of all three complex energies. The complex force between real masses and imaginary charges leads to the complex black-body \textit{object's} surface gravity and generalized Hawking radiation complex temperature. Furthermore, based on the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom, we show that complex conjugates of this force represent atoms and antiatoms. The proposed model considers the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is(are) otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron star mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar objects.

In the present work consideration is given to the primordial black holes ({\bf pbhs}) in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter Metric with small mass (ultralight) in the preinflationary epoch. Within the scope of natural assumptions, it has been shown that the quantum-gravitational corrections ({\bf qgcs}) to the characteristics of such black holes can contribute to all the cosmological parameters, shifting them compared with the semiclassical consideration. These contributions are determined by a series expansion in terms of a small parameter dependent on the hole mass (radius). For this pattern different cases have been considered (stationary, black hole evaporation...). It has been demonstrated that involvement of ({\bf qgcs}) leads to a higher probability for the occurrence of such {\bf pbhs}. Besides, high-energy deformations of Friedmann Equations created on the basis of these corrections have been derived for different patterns. In the last section of this work it is introduced a study into the contributions generated by the above-mentioned {\bf qgcs} in inflationary cosmological perturbations. Besides, it has been shown that non-Gaussianity of these perturbations is higher as compared to the semi-classical pattern.

Drug discovery and development is a highly complex and costly endeavor, typically requiring over a decade and substantial financial investment to bring a new drug to market. Traditional computer-aided drug design (CADD) has made significant progress in accelerating this process, but the development of quantum computing offers potential due to its unique capabilities. This paper discusses the integration of quantum computing into drug discovery and development, focusing on how quantum technologies might accelerate and enhance various stages of the drug development cycle. Specifically, we explore the application of quantum computing in addressing challenges related to drug discovery, such as molecular simulation and the prediction of drug-target interactions, as well as the optimization of clinical trial outcomes. By leveraging the inherent capabilities of quantum computing, we might be able to reduce the time and cost associated with bringing new drugs to market, ultimately benefiting public health.

Quantum gravity is crucial for unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics, which are two of the fundamental pillars of physics. Despite the significant advances in theoretical models of quantum gravity, experimental validation of these theories remains sparse. This review paper aims to address this gap by examining the experimental proposal by Bose et al., that aims to show the non classicality of gravity, alongside a discussion of semiclassical and quantum models and their shortcomings. We explore the Double Stern-Gerlach experiment to observe gravitational entanglement, detailing the procedure and the quantum states involved. The minimization of Casimir-Polder forces, which could interfere with the experiment, is highlighted as essential for optimizing conditions for maximal entanglement, calculated using von Neumann entropy, and measured using an Entanglement Witness. We discuss the inferences drawn from this experiment and introduce semiclassical gravitational models, outlining the assumptions made by Bose et al. Furthermore, we delve into perturbative Quantum Gravity (pQG) using the path integral approach, explaining its non renormalizability and the extent of its applicability. The conclusions indicate that observing entanglement would demonstrate the non-classicality of gravity. While semiclassical models are experimentally inaccurate, they serve as useful calculational tools for black hole physics. Although pQG has proved to be non-renormalizable so far, it functions as an effective field theory (EFT) at energies below 10¹⁹ GeV.

We introduce two symmetric concepts to physics: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). We claim that physics has chosen the wrong concept of time: It is not aware that the time of a moving object flows in a direction other than my time. We provide 15 proofs for our claim by solving 15 mysteries of physics graphically! For example, we prove that length contraction and time dilation are actually geometrical effects in a 4D manifold that we call “Euclidean spacetime” (ES). We prove that the discrepancy in calculating the Hubble constant stems from a systematic error in the redshift measurement. We prove that what I deem wave, deems itself matter, which solves wave–particle duality. We even untangle quantum entanglement without the issue of non-locality. We finally understand why alternative theories of Euclidean relativity have failed: They are all based on four dimensions of space rather than distance. A huge amount of energy was injected into ES at a point that we take as origin. Ever since has this energy been moving radially away at the speed of light. We live in the 3D hypersurface of an expanding 4D hypersphere. Hyperspherical coordinates have the great advantage that they reduce all that is ever happening to just one formula. So, it is the Theory of Everything in these coordinates: “Energy is covering radial distance which, divided by Euclidean time, is equal to the speed of light.” Acceleration and force like gravitation emerge from a rotation of objects in ES and a subsequent projection to 3D space. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics.

A simple model of a measurement in a laboratory isolated from the environment is analyzed in detail, demonstrating the features of the collapse effect. Such an experiment can readily be implemented today under the idealization of an observer's memory as a simple quantum system. The central role of loss of information is emphasized.

Dirac's Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), proposed in 1937, has captivated the scientific community with its exploration of profound correlations between cosmic and atomic scales. This hypothesis delves into the intricate interplay between the infinitesimally small and the vastly large, offering potential insights into the fundamental nature of the universe. As we continue to uncover the mysteries of the cosmos, the LNH oscillates on the precipice of scientific acceptance—neither fully validated nor entirely dismissed. In this review paper, we embark on a comprehensive journey through Dirac's LNH, shedding light on its theoretical underpinnings, its implications for universe models, and its resonance with the Anthropic Principle. We delve into the possibilities of variable gravitational constants and continuous mass creation, inviting further exploration into the intricacies of our cosmic symphony. By embracing the ongoing quest for understanding, we endeavor to unravel the profound harmonies that connect the infinitesimal with the infinite, contributing to the symphony of knowledge in theoretical physics and cosmology.

Two approaches are being proposed to complements existing practical implementations of quantum information processing; (a) Multiplexed Michelson interferometry for Linear Optical quantum computation which should in principle split further an initially split beam to yield new sets of beams which are scalable to multiple interferometric outputs beyond just the dual output in Mach Zehnder interferometry. Generally Interferometry is applied in quantum computation particularly linear optical quantum computation schemes such as K.L.M protocol using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, however a multiplexed Michelson interferometry enables the production of scalable cross-correlated beams making it suitable for optical multi-qubit operations. (b) Coupled LDR Circuits for Quantum emulation which can model cross correlation and probabilistic qubit states to enable parallelization and Gating on Classical electrical circuits. The system is to be designed as a network of electrical circuits coupled to each other using electrical coupling elements and are equipped with a light dependent resistor (LDR) alternatively referred to as photo-resistor to provide variable resistance in response to varied intensity of incident light. The maximum threshold current state which is being defined for the circuit and a minimum current state corresponds to 1 and 0 binary states respectively, however an intermediate current state models a superposition of 1 & 0. Likewise varying the intermediate current values closer to either 1 or 0 is akin to a probability rotation of the qubit states which is achieved by varying resistance using the LDR where the multi-circuit coupling interaction helps emulates cross-correlation of multi-qubit systems. The proposed system can be useful at least as a tool for informative applications in a classical framework.

Science seeks to explicate truths about our reality. But what is truth? How do we know things? Given our ignorance, and our fallibility, why should scientists be trusted? A theory of knowledge that addresses these human questions is sketched, in conversation with recent advances in thermodynamics which underline the seminal importance of unity by demonstrating (i) a definite physical meaning of the idea of “unitary entity”, (ii) the commensurability of the local and the non-local (resolving the Loschmidt Paradox), and (iii) the applicability of this entropic physics to entities at all scales, whether small (“quantum mechanical”) or large (subject to “general relativity”). Similarly, integrity is indispensable to the scientific enterprise, whether at the level of the mathematico-physical, the practising scientist, the scientific community, or the public. As a human activity aimed at touching reality, it is fundamental that the scientific enterprise necessarily also has an irreducibly poetic component. Although in principle it cannot be completely specified, this enterprise is a cluster of procedures designed to increase our understanding of the natural world. Our apprehension of knowledge is irreducibly personal, depending both on our own individual integrity as well as on the integrity of the scientific community. Believing that “reality” exists and can be grasped (however incompletely), scientists look for coherence and value unified accounts. Strictly speaking, although reality can be known truly (if only in part) the idea of “objective” knowledge is an oxymoron, even if such an idea is often a useful approximation. Knowledge is necessarily personal.

This paper contains a comparative review of existing Zitterbewegung models. It attempts to synthesize them by offering a toy model containing an extra hypothesis of electromagnetic self-oscillation at the Fermi scale (10−15m). Inspired by Bell violation experiments, Zitterbewegung models and hydrodynamic walker studies, we revisit standing waves in quantum mechanics, echoing de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave theories. Starting with the electromagnetic self-oscillation hypothesis at the Fermi scale we propose an emergent and deductive hierarchical electron structure across multiple scales. The model spans Fermi, Compton (10−13m), Bohr (10−11m) and finally de Broglie (&gt;10−10m). At the Fermi scale, the hypothesis is one of "source-free chiral light", known as the "zilch", emerging as a self-oscillating electromagnetic field at the Schwinger limit. This self-interaction of retarded potentials due to real relativistic delays is a generic self-oscillation of Liénard-Wiechert potentials. This primary Fermi oscillation accounts for charge and mass at the Fermi scale. It generates secondary stable "auto-orbits" dynamics at the Compton scale, manifesting as observable spin and other quantum properties of the usual Dirac zitterbewegung models. These zitter models account for known electron characteristics, including mass, charge, spin and g/2 anomalous factors up to 9 digits precision. We explain the de Broglie wavelength through Doppler-shifted Compton-scale standing waves, in the tradition of de Broglie. The framework extends to electron-positron pair production at the Schwinger limit, described as a result of natural light focusing in non-homogeneous media, utilizing René Thom’s catastrophe theory. This offers a new perspective on baryogenesis and matter emergence from electromagnetic fields. We dub this toy model the "sub-standard" model of the electron.

In this paper, we investigate various graphene monolayer nanomesh structures (diodes) formed only by nanoholes, with a diameter of just 20 nm and etched from the graphene layer in different shapes (such as rhombus, bow-tie, rectangle, trapezoid, and triangle), and their electrical properties targeting electromagnetic energy harvesting applications. In this respect, the main parameters characterizing any nonlinear device for energy harvesting are extracted from tens of measurements performed on a single chip containing the fabricated diodes. The best nano-perforated graphene structure is the triangle nanomesh one, which exhibits remarkable performance in terms of its characteristic parameters, i.e., a 420 Ω differential resistance for optimal impedance matching to an antenna, a high responsivity greater than 1000 V/W, and a low noise equivalent power of 847 pW/√Hz at 0 V.

Changing the symmetry of spin from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$, has a number of ramifications. In this paper we first summarize the properties of Q-spin and then discuss some of those resulting changes. Many are counter to well-established ideas which change our view of the microscopic.

Quantum observers, agents whose entanglement with a measured system may remain coherent, are analyzed in a consistent approach. Thought experiments, including one by Deutsch and one by Frauchiger and Renner, are discussed and modeled using quantum circuits. Terminology is suggested which helps avoid contradictions.

Reduction of the density operator for quantum subsystems is derived without the use of the Born Rule.

In the Euclidean form of the theory of gravity, where there is no dedicated time parameter, a generalized canonical form of the principle of least action is proposed. On its basis, the quantum principle of least action is formulated, in which the “dynamics” of the universe in the Origin is described by the eigenvector of the action operator - the wave functional on the space of 4D Riemannian geometries and configurations of matter fields in some compact region of 4D space. The corresponding eigenvalue of the action operator determines the initial state for the world history of the universe outside this region, where the metric signature is Lorentzian and thus the time parameter exists. The boundary of the Origin region is determined by the condition that the rate of change of the determinant of the 3D metric tensor is zero on it. A modification of quantum theory is proposed that eliminates the uncertainty of the sign of the Hilbert-Einstein action in the Euclidean region of the Origin. On this basis, we formulate a minimum principle for the eigenvalue of the action operator, similar to the principle of minimum energy for the ground state in quantum mechanics. It has been suggested that in the initial state the universe contains a certain distribution of its own mass, which is not directly related to the fields of matter.

Internet of thing (IoT) has been used in different aspect of life as industry, and daily life. Aligned with IoT, Quantum computers have been generated with high features that can accomplish complicated tasks with high speed. IoT and Quantum computers don’t match in resources and due to this collaboration between the two terms, it was found there are many challenges with quantum computers brought some security concerns. This paper will examine all challenges and future direction that face the use of IoT through using different quantum cryptograph methods. The first part on the paper discussed the vulnerabilities of existing cryptographic methods like RSA and ECC. these two methods were used as basic level for IoT security protocols. These cryptographic algorithms could be easily attacked by quantum computers so to ensure that IoT devices are secure must develop quantum resistant cryptographic algorithms. Next this paper will examine the challenges in implementing quantum resistant cryptographic algorithm in any IoT device through quantum resistant cryptographic algorithms such as lattice-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, multivariate cryptography, and hash-based signatures. Then, the paper discussed the future direction of securing IoT in quantum computing. In conclusion, securing IoT devices in quantum presents many challenges that require to be addressed where quantum resistant algorithms can be a solution that mitigate threats.

Barium monofluoride (BaF) is a polar molecule of interest to measurements of the electron electric dipole moment [1, 2]. For this purpose efforts are under way to investigate this molecule embedded within cryogenic matrices, e.g., in solid Ne [3]. For a theoretical understanding of the electronic structure of such an embedded molecule the need arises for efficient methods which are accurate, but also can handle a number of atoms which surround the molecule. The calculation for gas-phase BaF can be reduced to involve only outer electrons by representing the inner core of Ba with a pseudopotential [4] while carrying out a non-relativistic calculation with an appropriate basis set [5]. In this work we demonstrate to which extent this can be achieved using coupled-cluster methods to deal with electron correlation. As a test case the SrF(X 2Σ+ → B 2Σ+) transition is investigated and excellent accuracy is obtained with the EOM-CC3 method. For the BaF(X 2Σ+ → A′ 2∆, X 2Σ+ → A 2Π, X 2Σ+ → B 2Σ+) transitions various coupled-cluster approaches are compared with very good agreement for EOM-CC3 with experimentally derived spectroscopic parameters except for the excitation to the A′ 2∆ state for which the excitation energy is overestimated by 200 cm−1.

The inability to delineate a unified physical ontology that accounts simultaneously for the laws of special relativity and the results of quantum experiments has been a defining problem in physics for more than 100 years. This analysis addresses the problem by positing a novel mixed ontology composed of a “discrete” 4D spacetime and a physical, ultra-high dimensional (3 x N) “Planck Space.” Together, Planck Space and the three spatial dimensions of 4D spacetime form a tightly integrated ((3 x N) + 3) hyperspace (the “Dual Ontology”).Critically, the Dual Ontology’s structure replaces 1) the continuous, differentiable manifold of 4D spacetime with a discrete, background-independent 4D spacetime that is intrinsically curved and 2) mathematical spaces with a physical (3 x N) Planck Space. Moreover, the Dual Ontology is structurally and dynamically predicated on the one-to-one mapping and identity between the discrete spatial units that simultaneously form 4D spacetime and Planck Space. The one-to-one mapping and identity of the discrete spatial units support an integrated quantum dynamics based upon the dynamic evolution of single and N-body quantum states in 4D spacetime in full compliance with the laws of special relativity and the instantaneous collapse of all quantum states in an ontic Planck Space, where special and general relativity and more generally, 4D spacetime’s laws of physics, do not apply.

Big data is considered to be the solution to many complex problems, but its application appears to be relegated to the problems that are factorable (e.g., the tensor-like operations which reflect separable elements), not the non-factorable data from teamwork, team intelligence, and possibly not individual consciousness. In contrast, the quantum likeness of interdependence is set apart from the standard science of teams by recognizing a measurement problem between a team and its individual teammates, and between individual beliefs and actions. Teams that concern us are based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems, which we find lacking for two reasons. First, neither AI nor ML models the human's timeless need for debate to solve a problem at the social level when facing uncertainty or complexity, where the debate of proposed actions serves to establish the boundaries of a problem in reality, no matter how complex nor uncertain. Second, at the individual level exists the illusion of a unified reality propagated by a bifurcated brain that we assume is split to determine a context with narrative and bounded spaces. We hypothesize that the quantum-likeness of interdependence applied to autonomous human-machine teams suggests that at the social level, debate models an individual's bifurcated brain, providing advantages for human-machine teams in freer systems over those oppressed by command and control systems (e.g., authoritarian regimes). Human-machine teams are coming, but they are not yet available, forcing us to rely on data from human systems. We close with plans for future research.

In this paper we suggest a first ever construction of fractional integral and differential operators based on signed measures including a vector-valued case. The study focuses on constructing the fractional power of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral with a signed measure, using semigroup theory. The main result is a theorem that provides the exact form of a semigroup for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral with a measure having a countable number of extrema. The article provides examples of semigroups based on integral operators with signed measures and discusses the fractional powers of differential operators with partial derivatives.

This paper focuses on the concepts used in Quantum Cryptography and recent progress made. We look at the different categories of key distribution protocols that have been proposed and issues related to those. We then take an overview of two main approaches of communication using quantum cryptography concepts, i.e., ``Quantum Secure Direct Communication'' and ``Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication'', and limitations related to the usage of these schemes in a real-world system. At last, we list down the problems identified in the research and conclude our discussion by proposing areas of focus for future research.

Magnesium monofluoride is a polar molecule amenable to laser cooling which has caused renewed interest in its spectroscopy. In this work we consider the case of three low-lying electronic excitations, namely $\rm X \, {}^{2}\Sigma \to A \, {}^{2}\Pi, \ \to B \, {}^{2}\Sigma, \ \to C \,{}^{2}\Sigma$, using well developed quantum chemistry approaches, i.e., without reference to the spin-orbit splitting of the $\rm A \, {}^{2}\Pi$ states. Accurate experimental data for these transitions have been available for over 50 years. Here we explore the linear response method at the level of CC2 theory, as well as equation of motion methods at the level of CCSD and CC3, using two families of basis sets. Excellent agreement is obtained for the first three transitions when using the correlation-consistent basis sets and extrapolation to the complete basis limit within EOM-CC3 (at a relative precision of $10^{-4}$), and qualitative agreement for the other two methods. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a guide in how to approach the accurate calculation of excitations in polar diatomic molecules.

Quantum dots are semiconductor Nano-structures with Optical or photoelectric properties and Quantum mechanical properties such as Quantum confinement due to the Nano-scale size of the molecular structure where Quantum mechanical effects are dominant. Because of its Optical properties Quantum dots have found applications in the development of future Solar cells and Photovoltaic detectors. The developments of these Solar cells and detectors are made possible through the use of Spray-coated layering of colloidal solutions containing the quantum dots forming what can be regard as thin quantum dot films, of which the compound thickness of all the layers is in nanometers. These quantum dots are capable of detecting a very wide range of electromagnetic frequencies and even single photon sources with very fast response time overall promising enhanced sensitivity. The features of quantum dots films gives them desirable advantages for detecting minute phase changes in Laser interferometric observatories such as LIGO which was designed and developed to detect gravitational waves coming from distant astrophysical sources. However the detection of low frequency gravitational waves with longer wavelength and those of much lower amplitudes have been rather elusive even with the high sensitivity of LIGO, as its usual Photodetector may not be sensitive to the interferometric phase changes due to gravitational waves of longer wavelengths and low amplitudes. As a potential means of improving phase change detection in LIGO, the use of quantum dots as photodetectors is conceptually proposed exploiting the fast reaction times and its sensitivity to wider range of frequencies. Whether it detects the interferometric phase changes induced by subtle amplitude or low frequency gravitational waves or not, it still promises an improvement to the detection capabilities of LIGO. Other interferometric gravitational experiments can also be performed, such as interferometric detection of Phase difference due to gravitational time dilation, using two laboratory interferometers one of which is positioned at sea level and the other at much higher altitude leading to a difference in gravitational potential. Together with the use of Quantum dot films as Photo-detectors one can detect the small interferometric phase difference between both interferometers due to Gravitational time dilation at different altitudes.

Here we will explain the correlation between the Kerr-Newman diagram and the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. We will develop a black hole model that describes and explains both theories. In the development of our analysis, we will emphasize the following conditions: M² > Q² + a², M² = Q² + a² and M² < Q² + a² and we will also analyse the condition in which the mass of a black hole reaches its critical mass M = Mc. We will demonstrate that the interpretation of the Kerr-Newman diagram is equivalent to the interpretation of the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. Finally, we will generalize the proposed model for a black hole and propose a black hole model formed by negative particles, neutroniumd, which after reaching critical conditions of mass, pressure, volume, temperature, density, etc.; decays into a positively charged black hole, protoniu. Let us remember that both models are formed by charged particles of matter (they do not contain antimatter), but their vector configuration means that the net charges of both proposed black holes are zero.

Quantum optimization is a significant area of quantum computing with anticipated near-term quantum advantages. Current quantum optimization algorithms, most of which are hybrid variational Hamiltonian-based algorithms, struggle on present quantum devices due to noise and decoherence. Existing techniques attempt to mitigate these issues through employing different Hamiltonian encodings or Hamiltonian clause pruning but often rely on optimistic assumptions rather than a deep analysis of the problem structure. We demonstrate how to formulate the problem Hamiltonian for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm to satisfy all the requirements that correctly describe the considered tactical aircraft deconfliction problem, achieving higher probabilities of measuring solutions compared to previous works. Our results indicate that constructing Hamiltonians from an unconventional, quantum-specific perspective with a high degree of entanglement results in linear number of entangleming gates instead of exponential and superior performance compared to standard formulations. Specifically, we achieve higher probabilities of measuring feasible solutions in 9 out of 9 instances compared to standard Hamiltonian formulations and surpass quadratic programming formulations known from quantum annealers in 7 out of 9 instances. These findings suggest that there is substantial potential for further research in quantum Hamiltonian design and that gate-based approaches may offer superior optimization performance over quantum annealers in the future.

Recent developments in the quantization of general relativity theory provide a new perspective on matter and even the whole universe. Already in 1922, Eddington suggested that a future quantum gravity theory had to be linked to the Planck length. This is today the main view among many working with quantum gravity. Recently, it has been demonstrated how the Planck length, the Planck time can be extracted from gravity observations with no knowledge of G, ħ or even c. Rooted in this, both general relativity theory and multiple other gravity theories can be quantized and linked to the Planck scale. A revelation from this is that matter seems to be ticking at the reduced Compton frequency, where each tick can be seen as one bit, and one bit corresponds to a Planck mass event. This new way of looking at gravity also can tell us considerably about what quantum gravity computers are and what they potentially can do. We will claim that all quantum gravity and quantum gravity computers are directly linked to the Planck scale and the Compton frequency in matter, something we will discuss in this paper. Quantum gravity computers, we will see, in many ways are nature’s own designed computers with enormous capacity to 3D “print” real time. Basically, we live inside a gigantic quantum gravity computer known as the Hubble sphere, and we even are quantum gravity computers. The observable universe is basically a quantum gravity computer that calculates approximately 10^104 bits per second (bps).

This article is some review of results that were obtained at 2007-2021 years development of “The Information as Absolute” concept and the informational physical model, which is based on the concept; including a number of fundamental physical problems are briefly considered in framework of the conception and the model. Recently in physics there are several publications, that present lists of the problems. However, those lists are essentially incomplete, for at least two reasons. Firsts of all, a number of phenomena are studied traditionally by philosophy, and so corresponding problems are usually considered to be “metaphysical”. However, they relate also to some concrete physical phenomena. For example, physics evidently studies Matter, and so the metaphysical problems “what is ontology of Matter”, “what is “Space”, “Time” and a few other physical phenomena and notions as well, are really a Meta-physical problems “what does physics study?” There are other fundamental physical problems, which are not considered as such in physics, and are absent in the “fundamental problems lists”. Those include the problems, which really exist, yet are incorporated into standard physical theories, and so are fundamental “implicitly”, which in physics are “solved by default” ‒ and mostly erroneously. Note, though, that a number of “Meta-physical”, and concrete fundamental, problems more in detail are considered in the paper “The Informational Conception and Basic Physics”, https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.4657, v5 (2021), so this paper is, in certain sense, an expanded conclusion of this paper, which includes, correspondingly, more in detail consideration of some more general physical problems; and, besides, in this article, the problem “what are Gravity and Electric Forces” is essentially clarified comparing with the arXiv 2021 paper version above, and additionally initial model of Nuclear Force is presented. Besides, the concrete problem “What is Life”, and the rational cosmological model, where a few vague points in standard cosmology rather probably are rationally clarified, while the fundamental problem “matter – antimatter asymmetry” in Matter is solved with rather large probability, are considered, and one of recently published rather complete “lists of fundamental problems” is commented in Appendix.

The Aether Physics Model (APM) presents a radical reinterpretation of fundamental physics, offering potential solutions to long-standing problems in Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. This paper explores the core concepts and equations of the APM, demonstrating how they provide a unified framework for understanding the nature of space, time, matter, and fundamental forces. We examine the implications of the APM's quantized Aether structure, the role of the Singularity and Gforce, and the reinterpretation of fundamental constants and forces. The model's predictions regarding dark matter, neutron content in stable matter, and the unification of forces are discussed, along with potential experimental tests. Additionally, we introduce the loxodrome concept and toroidal particle topology as central elements in explaining fundamental particles and forces. While speculative, the APM offers a thought-provoking alternative to standard physics models and warrants further investigation.

A topological representation theory of chiral spin liquid is proposed to unify the integral and fractional quantum Hall fluid based on hyperbolic geometry, knot lattice and Thurston's train track theory. The integral and fractional Hall resistivity obeys an exact unified equation, $R_{xy} = (h/e^2)B_{e}$, $B_{e} = (n+\nu)^{-1}$, with respect to the bulk energy gap ${\Delta}E = {\hbar{e}B_{e}}/{Mc}$. The Wen-Zee matrix formulation of topological fluid for quantum Hall effect is constructed by topological surgery and train track. The chirality of spin liquid is spontaneously distinguished by Jones polynomial. The integral Chern number for Hall conductance is fractionalized by generalizing Thurston's train track to folding laminations in three dimensions, which spontaneously bring fractional quantum Hall fluid and anyons into three dimensions and provided an theoretical explanation on the competing fractional quantum Hall states. The many body system of interacting fermions or bosons are mapped into many interacting liquid droplets that interwind into knot lattice, which provide an effective topological representation for superfluid and superconductor, the strange metal state in superconductor is explained by topological dislocation and topological surgery. The Kauffman decomposition rule in knot theory is extended to describe the topological relations between different two dimensional manifolds, which further reveals the non-trivial relationship between the partition functions of pairing fermions and free electrons. The minimal energy state is the most stable topological state, even thought it maybe shares the same topological number with the excited states. The topological representation theory predicts a circular motion of electrons in hyperbolic space, that is implementable and testable by inhomogeneous magnetic field in three dimensions. The folding lamination representation of topological quantum fluid provides an promising implementation of string theory in high energy physics.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are going to be the primary data source in smart cities, often generating and communicating critical, sensitive, and private data that face threats of confidentiality breaches due to the rise of quantum computers. Even though NIST has approved post-quantum cryptography (PQC) schemes that promise to protect from quantum computer threats, these schemes can not be implemented efficiently on IoT devices, which often have computational and memory constraints. Hence, due to the substantial key size requirements and computationally intensive nature of PQC schemes, their direct deployment on IoT devices within smart city architecture is impeded by inherent computational and storage limitations. Consequently, it is imperative to devise PQC-based, resource-efficient authentication protocols tailored to IoT devices operating within smart cities. In this paper, we propose an offloading scheme that uses PQ Edge Server (PQES) for the network that performs PQC-related computation and memory operations for IoT devices in the network. The suggested technique transfers all storage and processing responsibilities from IoT devices in a network to ensure their normal operation and performance without any compromise. PQES generates a distinct PQ key pair for every network device and oversees a separate stream for each device. Therefore, IoT devices in the network may function without cryptographic processes, improving their efficiency by removing the need for conventional cryptography. Our results show that the proposed scheme reduces RAM usage to 1.05 KB and CPU usage to 1.75%, with maximum CPU context switches of 92.8. The proposed scheme uses TCP, a transport layer protocol, which is applicable to lightweight end devices without application-level protocols like HTTP or MQTT. When benchmarked on a Raspberry Pi, the PQES can handle 1000 concurrent connections and use a maximum of 73.5% of RAM. In comparison, previous research used at least 5.1 MB of RAM for one concurrent connection and may use up to 552.6 MB of RAM for 1000 concurrent connections. The maximum CPU usage for our method was 1.75%, whereas the previous proposal had a utilization of 67.1%. The greatest CPU context switches for our system were 92.8, far lower than the 3449 observed for the usual approach. Hence, our proposed scheme reduces the computational, memory, and network load for IoT devices by manifolds and increases device performance while providing PQC security.

The locality condition of probabilities underpinning the derivation of Bell inequalities can be violated classically. The wave function collapse of an entangled state of single photons results in the factorization of quantum probabilities. It is possible to differentiate, locally, between ensemble probabilities of single detections with and without wave function collapse for the alleged quantum nonlocality. The theoretical concept of photonic quantum nonlocality cannot be implemented physically because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. A distinction needs to be made between the correlation of individual, single measurements of pure states and the correlation of the measurement ensemble of the mixed states. The correlation operator of Pauli vector operators delivers the same probabilities of correlated detections of photons for both independent and multi-photon states as for ‘entangled’ states of photons. As single-photon sources are not needed, the design and implementation of quantum computing operations and other devices will be significantly streamlined.

The Hyper-Torus Universe Model (HTUM) proposes a novel framework to unify quantum mechanics, cosmology, and consciousness. This paper introduces HTUM's core concept: a higher-dimensional hyper-torus encompassing all possible states of existence. HTUM suggests that the universe functions as a quantum system where all outcomes are inherently connected, with consciousness playing a significant role in actualizing reality. The model introduces several key innovations, including the universe's 4-dimensional toroidal structure (4DTS), providing a new geometric interpretation of spacetime. HTUM presents dark matter and dark energy as nonlinear probabilistic phenomena within this toroidal framework, offering a unique perspective on their nature and interactions. The model proposes a mechanism for wave function collapse through universal self-observation, bridging quantum mechanics and gravity. It introduces a Topological Vacuum Energy Modulator (TVEM) function, offering a potential resolution to the cosmological constant problem. Furthermore, HTUM integrates consciousness as a fundamental aspect of the universe, influencing quantum state actualization and potentially resolving the hard problem of consciousness. The model explores the implications of a timeless singularity and the emergence of time as a product of causal relationships within the toroidal structure. This framework addresses critical challenges in modern physics, including the nature of quantum entanglement, the origin and fate of the universe, and the relationship between mind and matter. The paper discusses the mathematical formulation of HTUM, its implications for quantum mechanics and cosmology, and its potential to bridge the gap between science and philosophy. We present detailed predictions for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum, gravitational wave signatures, and large-scale structure formation, demonstrating how HTUM differs from the standard ΛCDM model. Our analysis reveals distinctive oscillatory patterns in the relative difference between HTUM and ΛCDM predictions, with deviations reaching up to ±20% at certain scales. The paper also explores the unification of fundamental forces within the HTUM framework, proposing novel approaches to particle physics and quantum field theory. It introduces the concept of unified mathematical operations, suggesting a more holistic approach to mathematical thinking that aligns with the model's interconnected view of the universe. Additional testable predictions and proposed experimental approaches are discussed, including advanced space-based tests and laboratory experiments probing quantum gravity effects. These specific, quantifiable predictions offer multiple avenues for empirical validation, highlighting HTUM's potential to be distinguished from ΛCDM and other alternative cosmological models. HTUM represents a significant new perspective in our understanding of the universe, inviting further research and exploration into the nature of reality, consciousness, and the fundamental structure of the cosmos. By providing a comprehensive framework that unifies various aspects of physics, cosmology, and consciousness studies, HTUM offers a promising path toward a more complete understanding of our universe.

This study introduces a data obfuscation technique, leveraging the exponential map associated with the generators of Lie groups. Originating from quantum machine learning frameworks, our method illustrates the practical application of quantum mechanics principles in data processing. Specifically, it employs the exponential map of a generator algebra to introduce controlled noise into the data, achieving obfuscated data while preserving its utility for machine learning tasks. This strategy is shown to safeguard privacy in sensitive datasets, such as discussed medical records, and to enhance dataset volume and diversity through augmentation. Our empirical analysis, benchmarked against standard machine learning approaches, demonstrates that our method can maintain or even improve the predictive accuracy of the original data. This research highlights the potential of Lie group theory for advancing data privacy in medicine, marking a significant contribution to machine learning methodologies by offering the dual benefits of data obfuscation and enrichment. Through this synthesis of algebraic structures and machine learning, we propose new pathways for the secure and effective use of data in sensitive areas.

In previous papers we have shown how Schr\"{o}dinger's equation which includes an electromagnetic field interaction can be deduced from a fluid dynamical Lagrangian of a charged potential flow that interacts with an electromagnetic field. The quantum behaviour was derived from Fisher information terms which were added to the classical Lagrangian. It was thus shown that a quantum mechanical system is drived by information and not only electromagnetic fields. This program was applied also to Pauli's equations by removing the restriction of potential flow and using the Clebsch formalism. Although the analysis was quite successful there were still terms that did not admit interpretation, some of them can be easily traced to the relativistic Dirac theory. Here we repeat the analysis for a relativistic flow, pointing to a new approach for deriving relativistic quantum mechanics.

Considerable efforts have been devoted to modifying gravity, which aim to elucidate the possible existence or nature of dark matter and energy, describe observational data more effectively, and formulate quantum gravity. In addition, despite the immense success of the quantum field theory, the framework requires renormalization techniques and breaks down at high energies. Recently, the Planck legacy 2018 release has confirmed the existence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level higher than 99%. This study considers the implied curvature of the early Universe as the curvature of “the background or 4D conformal bulk as a manifestation of vacuum energy” and distinguishes it from the localized curvature that is induced in the bulk by the presence of celestial objects that are regarded as ”4D relativistic cloud-worlds.” Analogously, because gravity appears to emerge owing to spacetime curvature and does not exhibit critical characteristics shared by other fields, it has been incorporated as the local curvature of the bulk affecting the embedded quantum fields that are regarded as propagating “4D relativistic quantum clouds.” To consider the effects of the bulk on embedded clouds, this paper presents interaction field equations in terms of brane-world modified gravity and the perspective of geometrization of the quantum mechanics wherein gravity is manifested by the curvature of 4D conformal bulk as an indicator of the field strength of vacuum energy on the embedded 4D relativistic clouds in addition to the boundary interactions, which could remove the singularities and satisfy a conformal invariance theory. A visualization of the evolution of the 4D relativistic cloud-worlds over the conformal spacetime of the 4D bulk is presented, whereas the standard said theories can be recovered from the interaction field equations.

We propose a novel approach to quantum theory construction that involves solving a maximization problem on the Shannon entropy of all possible measurements of a system, relative to its initial preparation. This maximization problem is additionally constrained by a phase condition that vanishes under measurements. Specifically, enforcing a vanishing U(1)-valued phase constraint leads to standard quantum mechanics, while a vanishing Spin^c(3,1)-valued phase constraint extends the theory to relativistic quantum mechanics and to quantum gravity. The latter scenario derives the metric tensor as an operator via a double-copy mechanism applied to the Dirac current. Significantly, this solution is consistent exclusively in 3+1-dimensions as all other dimensional configurations lead to fundamental obstructions. Finally, the solution uniquely incorporates the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) symmetries of the Standard Model. This framework seamlessly integrates fundamental concepts from quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum gravity, the dimensional specificity of spacetime, and particle physics gauge symmetries as the solution to a simple entropy optimization problem.

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are valuable for their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. However, they are susceptible to thermal degradation during processing and while in use. Mitigating thermally induced sintering, which leads to absorption spectrum broadening and undesirable changes to thin film electrical properties, is necessary for the reliable design and manufacture of CQD-based optoelectronics. Here, low temperature metal-oxide atomic layer deposition (ALD) was investigated as a method for mitigating sintering while preserving the optoelectronic properties of mercury telluride (HgTe) CQD films. ALD-coated films are subjected to temperatures up to 160oC for up to 5 hours and alumina (Al2O3) is found to be most effective at preserving the optical properties, demonstrating the feasibility of metal-oxide infilling to protect against sintering. HgTe CQD film electrical properties were investigated before and after alumina ALD in-filling, which was found to increase the p-type doping and hole mobility of the films. The magnitude of these effects depended on the conditions used to prepare the HgTe CQDs. With further investigation into the interaction effects of CQD and ALD process factors, these results may be used to guide the design of CQD-ALD materials for their practical integration into useful optoelectronic devices.

Quantum chemical topology addresses the study of the chemical structure by applying the tools of differential topology to scalar and vector fields obtained by quantum mechanics. Here the magnetically induced isotropically averaged Lorentz force density has been computed and topologically analysed for 11 small molecules. Critical points (attractors, repellers and saddles) have been determined and trajectories connecting the attractors have been computed. It is shown that kinds and numbers of the critical points are rather transferable in similar molecules. CC bonds of different order are endowed with critical points of different kind close to their centre. The long range behaviour of the force allows understanding the value of the sum of topological indices of the isolated critical points.

{We present a statistical simulation replicating the correlation observed in EPR coincidence experiments without needing non-local connectivity. We define spin coherence as a spin attribute that complements polarization by being anti-symmetric and generating helicity. Point particle spin becomes structured with two orthogonal magnetic moments, each with a spin of $\frac{1}{2}$—these moments couple in free flight to create a spin-1 boson. Depending on its orientation in the field, when it encounters a filter, it either decouples into two independent fermion spins of $\frac{1}{2}$, or it remains a boson and precesses without decoupling. The only variable in this study is the angle that orients a spin on the Bloch sphere, first identified in the 1920s. There are no hidden variables. The new features introduced in this work result from changing the spin symmetry from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$, which complexifies the Dirac field. The transition from a free-flight boson to a measured fermion is the reason for the observed violation of Bell's Inequalities and resolves the EPR paradox.

Differences between the quantum mechanical and relativistic concepts of time observed in GPS satellites are accounted for by applying the equivalence principle to the transitioning electron of an atomic clock. This allows a differential equation of motion to be derived for the electron in the Minkowski space between electron shells. By applying Hamilton’s principle we transform the differential equation into a relativistically correct integral equation of motion, the time integral of a Lagrangian. This newly derived equation accounts for the abstract mathematics of the more familiar non-relativistic model by means of a physical interpretation. Abstract rotations in Hilbert space are replaced by real rotations of particle field geometries in Minkowki space that describe the electron transition and emission of a photon. Because the properties of energy are universal the same integral equations are able to be used to describe the time evolution of galaxies despite vast differences in lifetime. The comparison of gravitational and electromagnetic energy exchanges by means of radial and transverse fields leads to an alternative to the standard model that is based on a field model. It explains the observed properties of galaxies as a superposition of neutrinos localized within the horizon of a black hole with spins aligned. The particle properties of free neutrinos are accounted by means of a classical field geometry; specifically, a spin that is oriented in space with rotational inertia due to energy. A test of the standard model is proposed based on differing views for flavor oscillation.

This proposal advocates using energy states as fundamental units for quantum computer programming. Each programming unit is conceptualized as an energy state, manifested as an essence-unit. The essence-unit, defined as the minimal form encapsulating complete uniqueness or specificity, serves as the cornerstone of this paradigm. This approach allows recording various forms of matter on quantum computers in essence-units representing their energy states. Recording energy states is achieved through the creation of four distinct coherent potentials facilitated by quantum dots or crystals. It is crucial to note that these energy states, embodied in essence-units, cannot be subdivided. The study examines the intricate relationship between similarity, fractals, and uniqueness in quantum dot operations, elucidating their profound implications for information transfer efficiency. Normalized entropy quantifies the charge localization in quantum dot impurities in systems exhibiting distortions. Utilizing N-level recording and entropy-fractal dimension equivalence enables this paper to elucidate the potential of quantum dots in reducing transmission time and modeling complex systems. The proposed methodology represents a significant departure from the current state of quantum computing, offering unprecedented potential for overcoming previously intractable challenges.

Structural and functional materials are subjected to harsh oxidizing environments that lead to a rapid decline in their surface chemical stability. At high-temperatures, the diffusion of atoms is erratic; thus, the reactive elements (REs) get a chance to migrate to the surface and look for oxygen-reactive sites. Their migration from the lattice sites creates vacancies in the matrix and thus weakens the bond, making the material prone to environmental degrading factors. Subsequently, the inward diffusion of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon may occupy these vacancies, resulting in undesired precipitation at the grain boundary, which is usually brittle. The solubility and dissociation of attacking species and corrosion products play the most critical role in corrosion in high-temperature water. To evade such situations, Ti, Al, and Cr are added in Ni/Fe-based alloys, forming a dense oxide layer on the surface that impedes further surface migration of ions. The stability of the alloys is then determined by the capability of these oxide layers to heal or reform during spalling/cracking. This review attempts to understand the migration of REs at the interfaces to prepare structural materials in any unexpected set of oxidizing service conditions. This review will also try to establish the interaction mechanism of REs novel/conventionally added in the alloys with the oxidizing elements in the environments to design better degradation-resistant high-temperature alloys.

Quantum theory predicts violations of Bell’s inequality. This implies a contradiction with at least one of three statistical conditions, known as “Realism” (joint distribution of relevant observables), “Locality” (conditional separability of pairwise observations, given a set of hidden variables), and “Free Will” (statistical independence between hidden variables and measurement settings). Here we describe a classical system with “clockwork” properties that is unquestionably local. It produces maximal violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. It contradicts every one of the three listed formal conditions. Nonetheless, it expresses the qualitative markers of ontological Realism, ontological Locality, and ontological Free Will, all at the same time. In other words, the three listed conditions do not correspond to the three ontological concepts with the same names. Therefore, there is no conflict between quantum theory and Local Realism.

This paper discusses the Quantum Temporal Resonator (QTR), a theoretical device leveraging quantum entanglement and metamaterials with negative refraction indices to achieve controlled temporal displacement. By establishing a network of entangled particles within a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) and utilizing a resonant cavity made of advanced metamaterials, the QTR creates localized distortions in space-time. The frequency and amplitude of temporal harmonics within this cavity are finely tuned to allow for precise temporal displacement of matter and information. Numerical simulations demonstrate the coupling between the quantum wave function and electromagnetic fields, validating the theoretical model. The results show distinctive patterns in the wave function and perturbations in the electric field, supporting the feasibility of achieving controlled temporal displacement. This study explores the theoretical framework, mathematical modeling, experimental setup, and potential applications of the QTR, providing a comprehensive analysis of its feasibility and implications.

The achievement of size uniformity and monodispersity in perovskite quantum dots (QDs) requires the implementation of precise temperature control and the establishment of optimal reaction conditions. Nevertheless, the accurate control of a range of reaction variables represents a considerable challenge. This study addresses the aforementioned challenge by employing manganese (Mn) doping to achieve size uniformity in CsPbBr₃ perovskite QDs without the necessity for precise control of the reaction conditions. By optimizing the Mn:Pb ratio, it is possible to successfully dope CsPbBr₃ QDs with appropriate concentrations of Mn²⁺ and achieve a uniform size distribution. The spectroscopic measurements on single QDs indicate that the appropriate Mn²⁺ concentrations can result in a narrower spectral linewidth, a longer photoluminescence (PL) lifetime, and a reduced biexciton Auger recombination rate, thus positively affecting the PL properties. This study not only simplifies the size control of perovskite QDs, but also demonstrates the potential of Mn-doped CsPbBr₃ QDs for narrow linewidth light-emitting diode applications.

We study the electron tunneling (ET) and local Andreev reflection (AR) processes in a quantum dot (QD) coupled to the left and right ferromagnetic leads with noncollinear ferromagnetisms. In particular, we consider that the QD is also side-coupled to a nanowire hosting Majorana bound states (MBSs) at its ends. Our results show that when one mode of the MBSs is coupled simultaneously to both spin-up and spin-down electrons on the QD, the height of the central peak is quite different from that if the MBS is coupled to only one spin component electrons. The ET and AR conductances which are mediated by the dot-MBS hybridization strongly depend on the angle between the left and right magnetic moments in the leads, which result in sign change of the angle-dependent tunnel magnetic resistance. This result is very different from case when the QD is coupled to regular fermonic mode, and can be used for detecting the existence of MBSs, a current challenge in condensed matter physics under extensive investigations.

Defining integrals over volume element in curved spacetime together with the mass and energy densities within that region of spacetime is apparently equivalent to the given energy and mass of that body or particle. With this in mind equations involving energies and masses can be rewritten in terms of their densities and the integral over the curved space-time volume element. The idea find its place in quantum mechanical frameworks systematically accounting for the effect of spacetime volume structures and gravity on dynamics of quantum systems. This article briefly explores these concepts and runs through various frameworks and equations relevant to this idea including the quantum stress energy tensor, and expressing Schrodinger’s equation in ways that are tied to general relativity it also discusses the cosmological constant and the cosmological constant problem.

Quantum machine learning applications have become viable with the recent advancements in quantum computing. Merging ML with the power of quantum computing holds great potential for data-driven decision-making, as well as the development of more powerful models capable of handling more complex datasets with faster processing time. This area offers potential for improving the accuracy of real-time forecasting renewable energy production. However, the literature on this topic is sparse. Addressing this knowledge gap, this study aims to design, implement, and evaluate the performance of a quantum neural network forecast model for solar irradiance up to 3-hours ahead. The proposed model was compared with Support Vector Regression, Group Method of Data Handling, and Extreme Gradient Boost classical models. Using the best quantum neural network configuration found, the proposed framework could provide competitive results when compared to its competitors, considering forecasting intervals of 5- to 120-minutes ahead, where it was the fourth best-performing paradigm. For 3-hours ahead predictions, the QNN was able to overcome its clas-sical counterparts, but the XGBoost. This fact can be an indication that the quantum model may identify and retrieve relevant spatiotemporal information from the input dataset in such a manner not attainable by the current classical approaches.

This article briefly shows how particle’s moving at escape velocity can be described in a quantum mechanical frameworks, this is achieved by deriving quantum mechanical equations that puts escape velocity into consideration. The equations are derived from Hamiltonians and Hamiltonian operators formulated from classical kinetic and potential terms which are then quantized. Equations were also presented for specific situations of the particle at escape velocity. Situations such as free-particles at escape velocity, Self-gravitating situations of a charged or neutral particle even while free of the gravitational influence of the large massive body due to its escape velocity, leaving only the self-gravitation as the only gravitational influence on the particle which in the case of a massless, charge less particle reduces back to the equation of free-particle at escape velocity. Other very brief expositions on trajectories and more are also present in this brief article.

Website information security has become a critical concern in the digital age. This article explores the evolution of website information security, examining its historical development, current practices, and future directions. The early beginnings from the 1960s to the 1980s laid the groundwork for modern cybersecurity, with the development of ARPANET, TCP/IP, public-key cryptography, and the first antivirus programs. The 1990s marked a transformative era, driven by the commercialization of the Internet and the emergence of web-based services. As the Internet grew, so did the range and sophistication of cyber threats, leading to advancements in security technologies such as the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, password protection, and firewalls. Current practices in website information security involve a multi-layered approach, including encryption, secure coding practices, regular security audits, and user education. The future of website information security is expected to be shaped by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and quantum computing, as well as the increasing importance of international cooperation and standardization efforts. As cyber threats continue to evolve, ongoing research and innovation in website information security will be essential to protect sensitive information and maintain trust in the digital world.

At the beginning of our observations, humanity believed that the Earth was the center of the uni-verse and that the sun was spinning around the Earth. Claude Ptolémée (100-168) made a mistake by modelling the movements in the geocentric referential, the model of the sun and planet move-ments was an illusion and all Humanity was wrong. Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) showed the illusion and simplified the system by moving from the geocentric referential to the heliocentric referential. In the present paper, I would like to discuss about the possibility of making mistakes with quantum theory. I postulate that we are living in a virtual classical world that we consider as real. In my interpretation, the decoherence problem and wave function collapse do not exist at all, because we are the illusion, we are living in illusion, in a mirage. It is impossible to observe the quantum world as it is, in our virtual classical referential, and we see the quantum world with a false vison of quantum reality because we are not yet in the universal real quantum referential whose I postulate the existence. As we are illusions when seen from this universal quantum ref-erential, Schrödinger’s cat paradox is an illusion as life and death are illusions. We must be very humble with quantum theory and we should not put ourselves in the center of the quantum world again particularly with our lives and deaths. I also develop a cosmological model based on bipolarity and schizophrenia which explains well the recent observations of the James Webb’s spatial tele-scope. We will be collectively able to reach the universal quantum referential by changing our vision of life and quantum world. I also explain how to go out of human suffering. This will be our Big Bang.

This study introduces a hardware accelerator to support various Post-Quantum Cryptosystem (PQC) schemes, addressing the quantum computing threat to cryptographic security. PQCs, while more secure, also bring significant computational demands, especially problematic for lightweight devices. Previous hardware accelerators are typically scheme-specific, which is inefficient given the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s multiple finalists. Our approach focuses on the shared operations among these schemes, allowing a single design to accelerate multiple candidate PQCs at the same time. This is further enhanced by allocating resources according to performance profiling results. Our compact, scalable hardware accelerator supports four of NIST PQC finalists, achieving an area efficiency of up to 81.85\% compared to the current state-of-the-art multi-scheme accelerator while supporting twice as many schemes. The design demonstrates average throughput improvements ranging from 0.97$\times$ to 35.97$\times$ across the four schemes and their main operations, offering an efficient solution for implementing multiple PQC schemes within constrained hardware environments.

In this study, we explore the impact of quantum effects on synaptic activity and their implications for the deterministic model of neural processes. By simulating synaptic events in a large-scale neural network, we demonstrate how small probabilistic quantum events can accumulate and introduce variability in neural behavior. Our model incorporates Dirac delta functions to simulate sudden changes in synaptic probabilities, creating a non-linear, seesaw effect in the cumulative synaptic activity curve. The results reveal that even minimal quantum effects, when scaled to the vast number of synapses in the human brain, can lead to significant dissociations in neural activity. These findings challenge the traditional deterministic view, suggesting that neural processes—and by extension, decision-making and movements—may inherently incorporate elements of randomness. This probabilistic perspective aligns with theories of free will and underscores the need for further empirical research to validate the role of quantum mechanics in neuroscience. Our study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the complex interplay between quantum effects and neural dynamics, opening new avenues for exploring the nature of consciousness and the fundamental principles governing reality.

TThe locality condition of probabilities underpinning the derivation of Bell inequalities can be violated classically. The wave function collapse of an entangled state of single photons results in the factorization of quantum probabilities. It is possible to differentiate, locally, between ensemble probabilities of single detections with and without wave function collapse for the alleged quantum nonlocality. The theoretical concept of photonic quantum nonlocality cannot be implemented physically because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. A distinction needs to be made between the correlation of individual, single measurements of pure states and the correlation of the measurement ensemble of the mixed states. The correlation operator of Pauli vector operators delivers the same probabilities of correlated detections of photons for both independent and multi-photon states as for ‘entangled’ states of photons. As single-photon sources are not needed, the design and implementation of quantum computing operations and other devices will be significantly streamlined. © 2024 The Author

Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for enhancing the performance of supercapacitors, offering unique advantages such as high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and tunable surface chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the synthesis, characterization, and integration of CQDs into supercapacitor devices. Various synthesis methods, including chemical oxidation, hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, microwave-assisted synthesis, and pyrolysis, are discussed, highlighting their impact on the structural and electrochemical properties of CQDs. Characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy are elucidated for assessing the morphology, crystallinity, and optical properties of CQDs. The integration of CQDs into supercapacitors, including their utilization in composite electrodes, binder-free electrodes, and doping strategies, is explored to enhance specific capacitance, energy density, power density, and cycle stability of the devices. Challenges and future perspectives in the field are outlined, emphasizing the need for scalable synthesis methods, enhanced electrochemical performance, and sustainable device engineering to realize the full potential of CQD-based supercapacitors for various energy storage applications. This review aims to provide insights into the current state of research and guide future endeavors towards developing high-performance and environmentally sustainable energy storage technologies.

The discovery of the quantum tunnelling effect---the transmission of particles through a high potential barrier---was one of the most impressive achievements of quantum mechanics made in the 1920s. Responding to the contemporary challenges, I introduce a novel deep neural network (DNN) architecture that processes information using the effect of quantum tunnelling. I demonstrate the ability of the quantum tunnelling DNN (QT-DNN) to recognise optical illusions like a human. Hardware implementation of QT-DNN is expected to result in an inexpensive and energy-efficient neuromorphic chip suitable for applications in autonomous vehicles. The optical illusions recognition tests developed in this paper should lay foundations for cognitive benchmarking tasks for AI systems of the future, benefiting the fields of sociophysics and behavioural science.

This study addresses the formidable challenge of solving large-scale Max-Cut problems (MCP). We introduce a rapid computational procedure utilizing a hybrid 1-flip/r-flip local search heuristic. This innovative strategy significantly reduces the computational time required for MCP problems while consistently generating solutions of exceptional quality. The paper presents substantial computational insights, showcasing the effectiveness of our approach on large-scale Max-Cut instances with varying densities. Our proposed heuristic is rigorously evaluated by comparing its performance against a quantum annealing solver, leveraging a multi-start Tabu Search framework. The results underscore the potency of this unique combination as an efficient and effective solution for large-scale QUBO problems. Notably, our hybrid heuristic consistently delivers high-quality solutions within the stringent CPU time limits of 600 seconds, demonstrating its efficacy across Max-Cut instances ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 variables. This research contributes to advancing the state-of-the-art in large-scale QUBO problem-solving, offering a powerful and time-efficient approach with broad applicability.

The article presents the author’s works in the field of modifications and modeling of the PQC CSIDH algorithm on non-cyclic supersingular Edwards curves and its predecessor CRS scheme on ordinary non-cyclic Edwards curves are reviewed. Lower estimates of the computational speed gains of the modified algorithms over the original ones are obtained. The most significant results were obtained by choosing classes of non-cyclic Edwards curves connected as quadratic twist pairs instead of cyclic complete Edwards curves, as well as the method of algorithm randomization as an alternative to “constant time CSIDH.” It is shown that in the CSIDH and CSIKE algorithms, there are two independent cryptosystems with the possibility of parallel computation, eliminating the threat of side-channel attacks. For the CRS scheme, there are four such cryptosystems. Integral lower bound estimates of the performance gain of the modified CSIDH algorithm are obtained at 1.5 ∙ 29, and for the CRS scheme are 3 ∙ 29.

Quantum thermal engines are receiving much attention in recent years, due to their potential applications.~For a candidate group, harmonically trapped gases under Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), we see little investigation on the energy transference around that transition.~Therefore, we present an empirical study with rubidium-87 gas samples in a magnetic harmonic trap.~We developed an empirical Equation of State model to fit to our experimental dataset, expressing the pressure parameter ($\mathcal{P}$) in terms of temperature ($T$) and six technical coeffcients ($\{a_i\}_{0,\dots,4}$, $T_\mathrm{th}$), functions of volume parameter ($\mathcal{V}$) and number of atoms ($N$).~For weakly interacting gases, the internal energy is $U\cong3\mathcal{P}\mathcal{V}$, thus we determine the entropy with $U = TS - \mathcal{P}\mathcal{V}$ for fixed $N$.~As expected, we show that the entropy at the BEC transition ($S_c$) is constant for varying $\mathcal{V}$.~Being isentropic makes BEC transition an energy source for non-mechanical work.~Hence, we observed that the enthalpy at the BEC transition $H_c = E_c + \mathcal{P}_c\mathcal{V} = T_cS_c$, at fixed values of $\mathcal{V}$ and varying $N$, grows fairly linearly with $N$.~We fitted $H_c=\eta{N}-H_c^0$ to that data, being $\eta$ the specific enthalpy of BEC transformation and $H_c^0$ an intrinsic enthalpic loss.~We deem this study to be a step closer to practical quantum-based engines.

We present an analysis of the Dirac equation when the spin symmetry is changed from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$, afforded by multiplying one of the $\gamma$-matrices by the imaginary number. The reason for doing this is to introduce a bivector into the spin algebra. This complexifies the Dirac field which separates into two distinct and complementary spaces: one describing polarization and the other coherence. The former describes a 2D structured spin and the latter its helicity, generated by a unit quaternion.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems of autonomous systems such as drones, robots and self-driving cars may consume up to 50% of total power available onboard, thereby limiting the vehicle’s range of functions and considerably reducing the distance the vehicle can travel on a single charge. Next-generation onboard AI systems need an even higher power since they collect and process even larger amounts of data in real time. This problem cannot be solved using the traditional computing devices since they become more and more power-consuming. In this review article, we discuss the perspectives of development of onboard neuromorphic computers that mimic the operation of a biological brain using nonlinear-dynamical properties of natural physical environments surrounding autonomous vehicles. Previous research also demonstrated that quantum neuromorphic processors (QNPs) can conduct computations with the efficiency of a standard computer while consuming less than 1% of the onboard battery power. Since QNPs is a semi-classical technology, their technical simplicity and low, compared with quantum computers, cost make them ideally suitable for application in autonomous AI system. Providing a perspective view on the future progress in unconventional physical reservoir computing and surveying the outcomes of more than 200 interdisciplinary research works, this article will be of interest to a broad readership, including both students and experts in the fields of physics, engineering, quantum technologies and computing.

Under the quaternion group, $Q_8$, spin helicity emerges as an element of reality, and complementary to spin polarization. Here we show that the correlation in EPR coincidence experiments is conserved upon separation from a singlet, being divided between polarization and coherence. Including helicity accounts for the violation of Bell's Inequalities without non-locality.

We present a new theory to explain the expansion of the universe that augments general relativity to create a container within which quantum effects can be explained by treating time as an artefact of a fourth spatial dimension. The theory is tested by accurately modelling against stellar luminosity data that is available for redshifts, z

The Theory of differences between elements explains the reasons for the differences in physical concepts between different elements, such as quantum physics and the Theory of general relativity, being explained through observations. Thus, it is possible to conclude from the observations that the differences are motivated by the reactions between the elements, by the composition of the elements, and by the influence of the spaces that promote losses and gains of characteristics; therefore, there is no general similarity between quantum physics and the general Theory of relativity. The study aims to understand the elements and their physical concepts that make up the Universe.

Microwave technology, foundational in quantum computing, utilizes precise control of quantum states via microwave pulses to manage quantum bits (qubits). This review explores the potential of leveraging these principles in neuroscience, where such technology could enable novel approaches to imaging, diagnosing, and treating neurological disorders. By comparing the techniques used in quantum computing with potential applications in neural circuit manipulation and brain activity monitoring, we highlight both the promising synergies and the significant challenges at the intersection of these fields. This interdisciplinary exploration not only underscores the transformative potential of microwave technology in neuroscience but also addresses the ethical considerations and technological hurdles that accompany the integration of advanced quantum mechanics into biological contexts. The convergence of microwave technology with neural science opens a pathway for breakthroughs in understanding and treating complex brain disorders, advocating for a cautious yet optimistic approach towards future research and application.

Biosolids from stabilized sludge presents a high fertilization potential due to its rich content of nutrients and organic matter. Three formulas of organo-mineral fertilizers based on biosolids were manufactured having at least 2 % N, 2 % P2O5, and 2 % K2O and characterized by classical and advanced methods. The content of N and P in the final formula was measured using specific reactants combined with VIS-nearIR spectroscopy. Additionally, all three formulas were characterized by advanced 1H NMR relaxometry, double-quantum and FT-IR spectroscopy. Structural characterization was performed using SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction. Four dynamical components were identified in the T2-distribution showing that the rigid component is into a percentage larger than 90 %. In order to evaluate the release properties of organo-mineral fertilizers dynamic measurements of electric conductivity and pH were performed, by placing 0.25 g of formulas (V1, V2 and V3) in 200 ml of distillate water. It was found that V3 present the smallest release velocity, but release the largest amount of fertilizers. Two release mechanisms were also observed.

We study theoretically the Josephson diode effect (JDE) realized in a system composed of parallel-coupled double quantum dots (DQDs) sandwiched between two semiconductor nanowires deposited on an s-wave superconductor surface. Due to the combined effects of the proximity-caused superconductivity, strong Rashba spin-orbit interaction and Zeeman splitting inside the nanowires, a pair of Majorana bound states (MBSs) may possibly emerge at opposite ends of each nanowire. Different phase factors arisen from the superconductor substrate can be generated in the coupling amplitudes between the DQDs and MBSs prepared at the left and right nanowires, and will result in the Josephson current. We find that the critical Josephson currents in positive and negative directions are different from each other in amplitude within an oscillation period with respective to the magnetic flux penetrating through the system, a phenomenon known as the JDE. It arises from the quantum interference effect in this double-path device, and can hardly occur in system of one QD coupled to MBSs. Our results also show that the diode efficiency can reach up to 50%, and depends on the overlap amplitude between the MBSs and the energy levels of the DQDs adjustable by gate voltages. The present model is realizable within current nanofabitication technologies and may find practical use in interdisciplinary field of Majorana and Josephson physics.

A new formalism is introduced that makes it possible to elucidate the physical and geometric content of quantum spacetime. It is based in the Minimum Group Representation Principle (MGRP). Within this framework new results for entanglement and geometrical/topological phases are found and implemented in cosmological and black hole space-times. Our main results here are: {\bf(i)} We find the Berry phases for inflation and for the cosmological perturbations and express them in terms of the observables, as the spectral scalar and tensor indices, $n_S$ an $n_T$, and the tensor to scalar ratio $r$. The Berry phase for de Sitter inflation is imaginary with the sign describing the exponential acceleration. {\bf(ii)} The pure entangled states in the minimum group (metaplectic) $Mp(n)$ representation for quantum de Sitter space-time and black holes are found. {\bf(iii)} For entanglement, the relation between the Schmidt type representation and the physical states of the $Mp(n)$ group is found: This is a {\it new non-diagonal} coherent state representation complementary to the known Sudarshan diagonal one. {\bf(iv)} Mean value generators of $Mp(2)$ are related to the adiabatic invariant and topological charge of the spacetime (matrix element of the transition $-\infty < t < \infty$). {\bf(v)} The basic {\it even} and {\it odd} $n$-sectors of the Hilbert space are intrinsic to the quantum spacetime and its discrete levels (in particular continuum for $n \rightarrow \infty$), they do not require any extrinsic generation process as the standard Schrodinger cat states, and are {\it entangled}. {\bf(vi)} The gravity or cosmological domains in one side and another of the Planck scale are {\it entangled}. Examples: The quantum primordial trans-Planckian de Sitter vacuum and the classical late de Sitter vacuum today; the central quantum gravity reqion and the external classical gravity region of black holes. The classical and quantum dual gravity regions of the space-time are entangled. {\bf(vii)} The general classical-quantum gravity duality is associated to the Metaplectic $Mp(n)$ group symmetry which provides the complete full covering of the phase space and of the quantum space-time mapped from it.

A quantum theory of gravity is among the most pursued goals in physics. I present a definitive and direct experimental proof that refutes the widely believed hypothesis of quantum gravity. The detections of astrophysical gravitational waves (GW) are inferred from the differential oscillations of suspended mirrors of optical interferometers like the aLIGO detectors. If gravity is indeed quantized, then the average energy $\bar{E}$ in the minute oscillations of the mirrors, at a frequency $\nu$, corresponds to the absorption of an integer number $N$ gravitational quanta with total energy $E_{gw}=Nh\nu$. The coherent and coincident detections across large separations of detectors, and also the constraint of the equivalence principle, dictate that the average number of quanta $\bar{N}$ forcing the oscillations obeys $\bar{N}\gg 1$, or $1/\sqrt{\bar{N}}\ll 1$. However, the average energy $\bar{E}$ in the differential oscillations is smaller than the energy of a single quantum of GW radiation at the detected astrophysical GW frequencies. This startling finding implies that $\bar{N} <1$, which is physically impossible if gravity is quantized. This singular contradiction refutes the long-held hypothesis that gravity is quantized.

Quantum contextuality describes situations where the statistics observed in different measurement contexts cannot be explained by a measurement independent reality of the system. The most simple case is observed in a three-dimensional Hilbert space, with five different measurement contexts related to each other by shared measurement outcomes. The quantum formalism defines the relations between these contexts in terms of well-defined relations between operators, and these relations can be used to reconstruct an unknown quantum state from a finite set of measurement results. Here, I introduce a reconstruction method based on the relations between the five measurement contexts that can violate the bounds of non-contextual statistics. A complete description of an arbitrary quantum state requires only five of the eight elements of a Kirkwood-Dirac quasi probability, but only an overcomplete set of eleven elements provides an unbiased description of all five contexts. A set of five fundamental relations between the eleven elements reveals a deterministic structure that links the five contexts. As illustrated by a number of examples, these relations provide a consistent description of contextual realities for the measurement outcomes of all five contexts.

Particles are considered temporarily identical if the interchange of these particles does not cause any observable physical effects within a time interval Δt. An indistinguishability hypothesis is proposed for such particles, suggesting that two particles (or systems) with nearly the same degree of internal freedom will actually interchange under certain circumstances, thereby affecting the subsequent dynamics. This indistinguishability implies that, theoretically, it is possible to capture an elementary particle with extraordinarily large internal freedom by trading it for an isolated composite system of ordinary matter particles with almost the same total internal freedom as the large-freedom particle. Following this, the ordinary particles will instantly disperse into the environment, while the large-freedom particle will initially be captured and then gradually delocalized into the environment, an observable phenomenon. If this hypothesis is proven true in the future, it might provide a novel strategy for detecting dark matter particles.

We propose a novel framework for understanding quantum phenomena through the lens of a modified electromagnetic spacetime governed by Einstein field equations. By assuming the existence of an electromagnetic spacetime that adheres to these modified geodesic and Einstein field equations, provided the field equations satisfy the Coulomb force law in weak-field approximations, we explore the derivation of Maxwell’s equations and highlight the necessity of incorporating spin to validate these equations. We derive the wave equation for the normalized transverse metric and establish its equivalence with the de Broglie wave proposition, suggesting a relationship between this metric and the particle's wavefunction. This approach offers a classical explanation for several quantum phenomena, including the double-slit experiment, entanglement, tunneling, non-locality, and wavefunction collapse. Additionally, it posits a method to visualize atomic orbital structures in line with quantum mechanical predictions. These findings suggest that the foundational principles of quantum mechanics can be interpreted as linearized approximations of general relativity applied to electromagnetic spacetime. While this theory does not yet extend to the correlations between general relativity, quantum electrodynamics (QED), and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), it provides a valuable visualization tool for physicists and advances our understanding of the unresolved challenges linking quantum mechanics with general relativity.

We present a partition of quantum observables in an open quantum system which is inherited from the division of the underlying Hilbert space or configuration space. It is shown that this partition leads to the definition of an inhomogeneous continuity equation for generic, non-local observables. This formalism is employed to describe the local evolution of the von Neumann entropy of a system of independent quantum particles out of equilibrium. Crucially, we find that all local fluctuations in the entropy are governed by an entropy current operator, implying that the production of entanglement entropy is not measured by this partitioned entropy. For systems linearly perturbed from equilibrium, it is shown that this entropy current is equivalent to a heat current, provided that the system-reservoir coupling is partitioned symmetrically. Finally, we show that any other partition of the coupling leads directly to a divergence of the von Neumann entropy. Thus, we conclude that Hilbert-space partitioning is the only partition of the von Neumann entropy which is consistent with the Laws of Thermodynamics.

This article explores the apologetic discourse towards the convergence between Pure Land Buddhism and science of the contemporary Chinese Buddhist monk Da An (1959- ). Faced with the formidable challenge posed by contemporary science towards public acceptance of Buddhism, Da An endeavors to employ science as a medium for propagating Pure Land teachings, seeking to accommodate the preferences of scientifically inclined individuals. He utilizes several theoretical physics concepts to validate that certain ostensibly miraculous accounts within Pure Land Buddhist texts are not incompatible with contemporary science. Further, he asserts that certain supernatural narratives therein indicate that some physical principles still residing in theoretical conjectures on Earth have already been validated and can be utilized at will by the celestial beings in Sukhāvatī, thus asserting the supremacy of Pure Land teachings over science. The article endeavors to examine the contemporary dialogue between Pure Land Buddhism and science, which has been overlooked in the current research realm of the interaction between Buddhism and science.