Environmental and Earth Sciences

Abstract: In this study, we investigate a methodology for urban scale seismic damage scenarios simulation which incorporates the cumulative effects of earthquake sequences. The approach models the progressive accumulation of damage in buildings and the consequent evolution of their seismic vulnerability under repeated ground shaking. This work deepens a previous study by the same authors which integrated instrumentally-derived macroseismic intensity maps with information from observed buildings damage records produced by the L’Aquila 2009 seismic sequence. The obtained results showed that the method was able to simulate a building damage scenario in good agreement with the distribution of real observed damage, when accounting for not only the mainshock but also the events of magnitude greater than a chosen threshold. In this study, we present new results on the calibration procedure, and on the application of the methodology to the seismic sequences of Garfagnana-Lunigiana 2013 and Central Italy 2016-2017. By comparing these case studies, the analysis explores how differences in seismic sequences and building characteristics influence damage evolution. This comparison also provides insight into the potentialities and limitations of this methodology as a tool for interpreting damage data and eventually supporting seismic risk mitigation strategies.

Abstract: Universities possess a unique capacity to influence a more sustainable future through both educational content and operational practices. This study examines how students at Cypriot universities experience, perceive, and engage with environmental sustainability and energy efficiency on their campuses. To gain insight into student perspectives, a survey was conducted with 149 students from five public and private higher education institutions, assessing their awareness of and attitudes toward campus sustainability and energy-saving initiatives. Our findings reveal that while students care deeply about environmental issues and support the idea of greener campuses, many are not fully aware of the sustainability efforts, energy management systems, or environmental strategies that their universities have already put in place. Limited communication and the low visibility of these initiatives seem to make it harder for students to get involved or participate meaningfully. Based on the survey, it is evidenced that universities can foster a stronger culture of sustainability by making their efforts more visible, improving communication, and actively involving students in projects around campus. Integrating sustainability into courses, encouraging hands-on participation, and introducing practical tools like real-time energy monitoring could help students develop more environmentally responsible habits.

Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of mechanical homogenization on the structure and performance of nopal mucilage in a real cyanidation barren solution. The aqueous ex-tract obtained from Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes was processed with a household blender for 0, 30, and 60 s before spray drying, yielding powders designated as CA, CB, and CC, respectively. These powders were characterized by physicochemical, thermal, microstructural, and FTIR analyses, and were reconstituted in water to evaluate hy-drodynamic size, ζ potential, rheology, and coagulant flocculant capacity. Homogeni-zation reduced water activity, decreased the hydrodynamic size of reconstituted mu-cilage from 1.8 to 1.3 μm, and significantly modified the ζ potential. Rheological anal-ysis showed a frequency dependent viscoelastic response, consistent with changes in chain association and hydrocolloid network continuity. The reconstituted mucilages removed more than 98% of Pb, Ni, and As at all evaluated concentrations, including 200 mg·L⁻¹, whereas Cd showed more variable removal. FTIR analysis of recovered flocs revealed a hybrid matrix with a signal near 2104 cm⁻¹ compatible with C≡N groups, suggesting retention of cyanide related species. Overall, these findings show that reconstituted nopal mucilage can act as a sustainable hydrocolloid coagulant for real, chemically complex cyanidation effluents, while mechanical homogenization primarily modified its structural, colloidal, and rheological features.

Abstract: Australia is a country endowed with natural resources such as coal, lithium, rare earths amongst other high-level commodities, which attract global trade opportunities viable for boosting its economy. Amidst its natural resources, Australia has been viewed as a prosperous nation in view of its standing in the Commonwealth of Nations. Nonetheless, the country still faces numerous challenges ranging from floods, heatwaves, bushfires, cyclones, and drought amongst other forms of hazards. While such hazards reverse hardly-won strides of development, other inter-related aspects of vulnerability which limit attributes of social capital poses tremendous challenges which impact on pre, during and post disaster interventions. By using causal loop diagrams, this study takes a systemic approach towards exploring emerging system structures; interdependence and interconnectivity; and institutional pressures, to unravel factors influencing Australia’s vulnerability to hazards with the aim of facilitating concerted interventions for reducing vulnerability and ultimately, the risks impeding sustainable development.

Abstract: Water deficit is one of the main limiting factors for crop establishment and productivity, particularly affecting seed germination and early seedling growth. This study aimed to evaluate the biostimulant effect of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on maize (Zea mays L.) seeds subjected to osmotic stress induced by PEG-6000.Three independent bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions. First, osmotic potentials ranging from 0 to −0.8 MPa were tested to determine stress levels. In the second assay, seeds were treated with increasing doses (0 to 2 mL kg⁻¹) of a commercial seaweed extract and its isolated mineral fraction. In the third assay, selected doses were evaluated under no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress conditions. Germination percentage, normal and abnormal seedlings, radicle and epicotyl length, and vigor index were assessed. Osmotic stress significantly reduced germination and seedling growth, particularly at −0.6 and −0.8 MPa. Seed treatment with A. nodosum did not affect final germination but improved seedling growth and vigor, showing a dose-dependent response. Maximum efficiency was observed at intermediate doses (~0.45–0.66 mL kg⁻¹), which increased the percentage of normal seedlings and promoted root and shoot development. Under water stress conditions, the complete extract outperformed the mineral fraction, indicating that the beneficial effects are mainly associated with bioactive organic compounds. These findings demonstrate that A. nodosum extract is a promising strategy to mitigate water stress effects during maize seed germination, provided that optimal doses are used.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the extra-phosphoric effect of increasing doses of bacte-rial phytase (RONOZYME HiPhos) in corn and soybean meal-based diets on perfor-mance, carcass yield, and meat quality in pigs during the nursery, growing, and fin-ishing phases (GT). Two hundred and fifty pigs, castrated males and females, with an initial weight of 6.08 ± 0.748 kg and 21 days of age, were subjected to 5 treatments: PC: positive control diets, supplemented with inorganic phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), meeting their full nutritional requirements; NC: negative control diets, with re-duced available phosphorus (-0.18%) and calcium (-0.16%); 1000FYT: NC + 1,000 FYT/kg of feed; 2000FYT: NC + 2,000 FYT/kg of feed; 3000 FYT: NC + 3000 FYT/kg of feed. Average daily gain (ADG) in the nursery phase did not differ between the groups supplemented with 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 FYT/kg (0.430 kg, 0.441 kg and 0.428 kg respectively) and PC (0.481 kg), but was higher (P< 0.05) than NC (0.398 kg). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the same phase was similar between PC (1.546) and the groups supplemented with phytase (1.516; 1.535; 1.519), all being better (P< 0.05) than NC (1.676). The quadratic effect for phytase was verified for FCR in the phase, with the best inclusion of 2,320 FYT/kg of feed. In the GF phases and in the overall experi-mental period (21 to 156 days), the results for daily feed intake (DFI), ADG and FCR favored PC and the groups supplemented with phytase compared to the NC (P< 0.05). A quadratic effect was observed for FCR considering the entire GF phase, with the best inclusion of 1,923 FYT/kg of feed. Groups supplemented with phytase and PC obtained better carcass results compared to NC (P< 0.05). Linear effects were observed to percentage and quantity of lean meat in the carcass. There was no difference be-tween treatments for meat quality. Supplementation with phytase in corn and soy-bean meal-based diets with severely reduced inorganic P and Ca improved pig per-formance at all stages, with optimized inclusion values of approximately 2,200 FYT/kg of feed, and dose-dependent benefits on carcass characteristics.

Abstract: Research and Development (R&D) represents a strategic pillar of the petroleum industry, where technological innovation drives competitiveness, and the transition toward sustainable and cleaner energy systems. However, measuring the performance of R&D projects remains a complex challenge because their outcomes are often intangible, uncertain, and multidimensional. Traditional Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)—such as cost, time, and number of deliverables—provide only a partial view of effectiveness. R&D performance assessment must therefore consider the intrinsic nature of the activity. Reverse engineering emphasizes replication and adaptation of existing technologies, while innovation-driven R&D seeks to create novel solutions. Accordingly, the selection of performance indicators must differ across these categories. To avoid biased evaluation, the framework integrates B. Roy’s (1996) Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach, enabling prioritization of criteria aligned with each project’s objectives and complexity (Martinsuo et al., 2022). Moreover, in R&D environments, traditional indicators such as cost and time act as strategic signals rather than mere management metrics. Cost data guide managerial decisions on partnerships, external funding, and open innovation when internal resources are limited. Similarly, adherence to schedule directly influences technological relevance—delays may result in obsolescence, missed market windows, or loss of first-mover advantage (Tsinopoulos & Al-Zu’bi, 2023). To move beyond simple cost and time metrics, this study revisits the meaning of “performance” in R&D and explores multi-dimensional evaluation tools capable of capturing both tangible and intangible value creation, by integrating five novel dimensions: knowledge creation and diffusion, innovation velocity, dynamic strategic alignment, team and organizational health, and resilience under uncertainty. Beyond its conceptual formulation, the framework has been numerically applied to a portfolio of 10 ongoing R&D projects spanning renewable energy, digitalization of upstream processes, advanced materials, and industrial decarbonization. Each project was scored on a standardized 0–10 scale across the five dimensions, allowing for fine-grained benchmarking and identification of strengths and gaps. For example, Projects 3 and 7 achieved high innovation velocity scores (≥ 9) but lagged in resilience metrics (< 5), indicating exposure to external risks. Conversely, Projects 5 and 9 showed strong knowledge diffusion and team health (scores of 8–10) but slower strategic alignment (< 6). The analysis demonstrates how the proposed framework can generate actionable dashboards for managers, enabling more balanced resource allocation, improved project selection, and proactive mitigation of weaknesses. Applications in industry, academia, and public R&D contexts are also explored, illustrating how this systemic, ecosystem-aware approach moves performance management beyond a narrow project-level perspective to a dynamic, portfolio-wide view. The results provide both theoretical contributions and practical tools for R&D managers seeking to measure and enhance the multidimensional value of their projects.

Abstract: Urban areas are increasingly affected by geological and climate-driven processes that influence their safety, functionality, and long-term resilience. Conventional sustainability indicators mainly focus on anthropogenic impacts on the environment, while the role of subsurface conditions and physical processes shaping urban vulnerability remains underrepresented. To address this gap, the Urban Geo-climate Footprint (UGF) introduces an inverse perspective, assessing how geological and climatic factors exert pressure on urban systems. The methodology is based on the breakdown of geological effects into five drivers, Geology, Deep Geological Processes, Surface Processes, Exogenous and Climatic Processes, and Subsurface Anthropogenic Pressure. These drivers, in the derived tool, are articulated into 22 parameters evaluated from public datasets and expert judgment. These parameters are combined into a synthetic, standardised, reproducible and comparable index, the UGF Score Index (UGF-SI), ranging from 0 to 500 which enables direct comparison across cities and contexts. The application to 21 Italian cities highlights distinct spatial patterns, dominant drivers, and groups of cities facing similar geo-climatic challenges. The UGF framework represents a significant advancement in urban geoscience, supporting urban planning, risk awareness, and climate adaptation strategies by enhancing the understanding of subsurface-related pressures and promoting informed decision-making.

Abstract: Nursery producers and tree giveaway hosts must do their best to anticipate demand for the wide range of species and traits available. When trying to gauge customer response to various product design choices, companies often employ conjoint analysis to determine what features garner the most customer interest. For this study, we used the method to assess various tree attributes ranging from mature size to hurricane resistance. Our findings indicate that large nursery trees significantly deter consumer interest, though it remains unclear whether this is due to their cost or physical bulk. Similarly, consumers preferred trees that grew to small- and medium-stature at maturity over large-stature trees. Trees labeled as Florida-Friendly, native, or hurricane-resistant had a strong positive effect on purchasing interest among Florida residents.

Abstract:

Purpose: Agriculture in Northern Ghana faces increasing vulnerability to climate change, requiring higher education institutions (HEIs) to equip graduates with climate-smart agriculture (CSA) competencies. This study examines the curricula of InstituteA and InstituteB to assess their capacity to integrate CSA principles and prepare students for climate-resilient agriculture. Design/Methodology/Approach: Guided by the Context–Input–Process–Product (CIPP) evaluation model and the FAO Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, data were collected through qualitative curriculum analysis and eight semi-structured interviews with curriculum developers. Findings: CSA integration is fragmented, inconsistently embedded, and largely peripheral in both institutions. While InstituteA’s BSc Agribusiness programme prioritises entrepreneurship and management with only two climate-related electives, InstituteB’s BTech Sustainable Agriculture programme includes indirect references to climate variability but lacks an explicit and coherent climate change framework. Cross-cutting themes such as gender, ICT, indigenous knowledge, and energy conservation are either absent or weakly integrated. Practical Implications: These gaps result in a mismatch between higher education outputs and the competencies required for climate adaptation, highlighting the need for systematic CSA mainstreaming, interdisciplinary curriculum reform, and improved institutional support. Theoretical Implications: The findings contribute to scholarship on curriculum agility by demonstrating how structural and policy constraints limit effective climate change integration in agricultural education within climate-vulnerable contexts. Originality/Value: This study provides empirical evidence from Northern Ghana, offering one of the first structured evaluations of CSA integration in higher agricultural education in the region.

Abstract: Economic growth faces threats from environmental risks that intensify with rising population density and depletion of natural resources. People can either exploit these resources or manage them wisely for the benefit of their communities and future generations. They may choose to support economic development projects alongside environmental conservation initiatives, and decide where to live based on environmental conditions and economic prospects. The extent to which collaborative attitudes, social inclusion, awareness, and public participation can influence the equilibrium of complex socio-economic and environmental systems is only partially understood. Much of our knowledge stems from specific projects that facilitated popular participation. A complex model suggests that in a heterogeneous society where environmentally conscious consumers coexist with unaware ones, the strength of the conscientious group willing to invest in sustainable projects could determine the system's ultimate fate. Internal societal dynamics related to its composition may drive the socio-economic system and environment toward unexpected shifts and loops. The results highlight that sustainability transitions cannot be driven by economic or technological interventions alone.

Abstract: Urban canyons, integral components of the built environment, significantly influence microclimatic conditions and thermal comfort. This review investigates their combined effects with green infrastructure on thermal comfort, offering a comprehensive framework for optimizing urban design and greening strategies. Urban canyon orientation determines solar exposure and its interaction with prevailing wind patterns, affecting ventilation and heat dissipation. The urban canyon aspect ratio influences shading and airflow regulation, while their sky view factor moderates radiative cooling and daylight availability. Urban greening—encompassing street trees, green roofs, and vertical green walls—complements urban geometry by reducing air temperatures, enhancing evapotranspiration, and modifying local wind dynamics. Tree shading can reduce the physiological equivalent temperature in urban canyons, mitigating extreme heat stress. Key vegetative parameters, such as leaf area index and canopy density, are critical for quantifying cooling contributions. Key findings underscore the role of higher aspect ratios in enhancing shading and ventilation while they emphasize the critical influence of street orientation and sky view factor on microclimatic regulation. Vegetation emerges as a vital component, with tree shading contributing substantially to cooling effects and reducing physiological equivalent temperature. The beneficial synergistic interaction between urban geometry and vegetation optimizes thermal comfort. Tailored strategies based on urban canyon typologies balance urban development with environmental sustainability. The proposed framework provides actionable strategies for designing resilient and thermally optimized urban spaces, promoting climate-adaptive urban planning by addressing the dual challenges of the urban heat island and thermal discomfort in cities.

Abstract: This article analyses how capacity building programmes interact with structural constraints in mission-oriented climate policy, focusing on the Italian pilot Let’sGOv (GOverning the Transition through Pilot Actions) within the EU Mission “100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities by 2030”. Using an iterative, reflexive methodology (document analysis, participant observation, and qualitative analysis of questionnaires, workshop outputs, and online training feedback), it examines how municipal actors experience and reinterpret capacity building across three coupled dimensions: internal organisational capacity, external stakeholder relations, and multilevel governance interfaces. The empirical setting is a network of nine Italian Mission Cities (Bergamo, Bologna, Florence, Milan, Padua, Parma, Prato, Rome, Turin) supported by technical partners. The bench-learning pathway combined barriers diagnosis, an intensive in-person workshop, and a codesigned online curriculum structured around three thematic clusters (engagement, data, climate finance). Findings indicate that persistent barriers - departmental silos, resource and time scarcity, rigid HR and procurement routines, asymmetric data access, and regulatory instability - are not removed by capacity building; rather, they are progressively articulated, specified, and reframed into actionable organisational and policy demands. Bench-learning strengthens diagnostic and relational capacities and enables modest institutional innovations (templates, protocols, internal task forces, shared policy briefs), while “hard” governance infrastructures largely remain unchanged. The paper argues that networked capacity building contributes to an emerging national climate governance architecture only when it supports collective negotiation with national actors and translates local experimentation into durable multilevel interfaces, mitigating risks of projectification and downward responsibility shifting.

Abstract: The Mongolian Ulaan Uul Tungsten Deposit is located in the southern segment of the Altai Cu-Pb-Zn-W-MoNi-Au-Ag-Sb-Co-Fe Metallogenic Belt. The metallogenic belt is situated in the border area of China, Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan, where over 40 large-sized deposits have been discovered. Among these, only one large-sized deposit is found on the Mongolian side, while the others are medium or small in size. Therefore, strengthening the study of typical deposits and summarizing the metallogenic rules of this region is the best way to achieve a breakthrough in mineral exploration of Altai region in Mongolia. This study focuses on the Ulaan Uul W deposit, a newly identified deposit of Tungsten mineralization within the southern segment of the belt. We examine the deposit’s zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic data. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of the ore-bearing alkali feldspar granite indicates crystallization ages of 212.5±2.2 Ma, which closely align with the wolframite Sm-Nd isochron age of 211.2±1.5 Ma for the Ulaan Uul W deposit, suggesting an Late Triassic magmatic event marked by W-dominated mineralization coinciding with the extensional tectonic setting following the subduction-collision of the Tarim Craton and the Altai Orogenic Belt. Regional data indicate that the Altai metallogenic belt experienced concentrated W mineralization between 242 and 211 Ma. The formation of W- dominated deposits, such as Ulaan Uul in the southern segment of the belt, is at least 30Ma later, which underscores the presence of a significant W metallogenic event during this critical post-collision to extensional mineralization period.

Abstract: Staten Island is less developed than the other boroughs of New York city, however outcrops of rock and surface sediment are limited, making interpretation of its geologic history challenging. When small areas of sediment are exposed, they can be used to improve our understanding of changes in sediment erosion and deposition over time. In this study of two small temporary outcrops, the beds of sediment were logged in the field and samples were collected for textural and compositional analyses. The results were interpreted in the context of previous work on similar exposures nearby. The sediments were found to be sands and gravels of fluvioglacial origin, containing reworked sediments of both the Pliocene Pensauken Formation, and older Triassic rocks of the Newark Basin. It is likely that they were deposited on an outwash plain during the Illinoian glaciation. They were deposited in a topographic low, directly overlying Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, but adjacent to sediments of the Pensauken Formation which had in turn been deposited as an earlier valley fill. This interpretation solves an apparent disagreement between previous studies, by illustrating how both the Pensauken Formation and later fluvioglacial sediments can be exposed over a small area.

Abstract: Plastic recycling technologies are rapidly being reoriented toward process-, operations-, and quality-centered innovation, driven by the expansion of the circular economy and digital transformation. This study uses patent data to quantify long-term trends in plastic recycling and to compare technological structures and thematic shifts before and after 2015, thereby identifying core technological axes and convergence patterns. We collected and curated 64,639 triadic patents (2005–2024) and conducted IPC portfolio analysis, IPC co-occurrence network analysis, and period-split topic modeling. The results indicate that, since 2015, technologies related to data- and AI-enabled sorting, quality assurance, and process optimization (G06), along with tracking and connectivity (H04), collection and logistics (B65), water treatment (C02), and quality modification/compounding (C09), have expanded, while the relative prominence of some synthesis- and conversion-oriented technologies has declined. Convergence has shifted from material formulation–centered combinations toward stronger linkages with downstream processing–productization–standardization and operational infrastructure. Topic trends likewise show the rising salience of reuse-oriented packaging take-back, washing and standardization, remanufacturing, and data governance in the later period. Overall, these shifts suggest that recycling technologies are evolving beyond isolated process improvements toward maximizing circularity performance across the value chain, supporting sustainability objectives such as reducing environmental burdens and carbon emissions and improving resource efficiency.

Abstract: Secure and enforceable property rights sit at the center of investment, finance, and so-cial stability, yet reforming them in transition and post conflict settings is rarely a purely legal exercise. Drawing on evidence from institutional economics, development studies, land administration, and post conflict restitution research, this article explains how property rights shape incentives, why reforms often stall, and which institutional complements repeatedly matter in practice. It connects cross country findings on institutions and growth with micro evidence on land tenure security, titling, and gendered barriers to ownership. It then turns to the practical machinery that makes rights real, cadastres, immovable property registers, valuation, and dispute resolution, and reviews modernization approaches such as interoperability standards, 3D cadastral concepts, and secure digital workflows. The final section applies these lessons to Kosovo, where legacies of socially owned property, informal transfers, delayed inheritance, and incomplete records have left many rights difficult to register and even harder to enforce. Across contexts, reforms work best when legal clarity is matched by credible enforcement, accessible services, and transparent information systems that citizens trust and can actually use.

Abstract: Residential buildings in tropical regions contribute significantly to extreme indoor heat, low air quality, and excessive cooling energy demand, yet the widespread adoption of passive climate‑responsive retrofit measures remains limited. In Nigeria, it is not clear to what extent there is an awareness of such policies, nor is it clear to what extent different passive retrofit measures are well understood and preferred. This study examined policy awareness and preference for passive retrofit measures by using quantitative data from 118 property managers and 163 homeowners in Lagos State, Nigeria, and semi-structured interviews of officials from the various building regulatory and control agencies. From the results of the Mann-Whitney U-test, there was no significant awareness of a national environmental policy (NCCP; p-value > 0.05), although there was a significant lack of awareness of policies on building efficiency (BEEC, BEEG, and EDGE; p-value < 0.001). The emphasis on passive retrofits is evident in the mean scores of 4.45 for “planting trees and vegetation around buildings to provide natural shade and reduce cooling loads”, 4.38 for “enhancing the building's ability to prevent moisture from entering or escaping”, and 4.24 for “integrating openings in building envelopes”, thus establishing that these are the most preferred solutions. However, from the fuzzy TOPSIS analysis, the highest value of CCᵢ was 0.974 for “enhancing the building's ability to prevent moisture from entering or escaping” and the lowest value of 0.000 for “increasing the thickness of wall insulation layers to reduce heat absorption.” Based on these findings, technical retrofit solutions are less preferred than nature-inspired and easy solutions. The qualitative study revealed that passive retrofits are embedded in the national building code, rather than being included as a retrofit policy. It is therefore necessary to first identify solutions and programs that resonate well with property managers and owners, using this as the foundation to slowly build up to more technical solutions.

Abstract: Trees located on private property constitute a substantial portion of the urban forest canopy, yet management responsibilities vary widely across different jurisdictions. While property owners are granted freedom over their land-use decisions, some governments promote tree preservation by regulating and restricting how property owners manage trees on their properties. Incentive-based policies for tree protection can serve as an alternative to enact behavior change through positive reinforcement. In this study, we provide a comprehensive national review in the United States (U.S.) to identify, consolidate, and organize existing urban forest incentives offered by local governments targeting private property owners. In reviewing codes and official government websites across all U.S. states and the District of Columbia, focusing on communities with populations of over 50,000 (n=1839), we found that 27.90% of these locations included provisions for offering some type of incentive to property owners, and 6.14% indicated plans to add such practices in future updates. We organized these mechanisms into 15 broad categories to improve navigation and highlighted some examples to present a wide range of possible approaches for adopting and implementing these practices. Our results indicate that incentives are not always substantiated in official documents, can vary in ease of implementation, and often target only one stage of a tree’s life cycle. We align with previous research that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach and conclude that it is important to consider the holistic process of a tree’s life cycle, the specific and individual details for each situation, as well as evaluate long-term impacts before tailoring the most suitable incentive mechanism for context-appropriate urban forest management plans.

Abstract: This study integrates sedimentological and stratigraphic insights into the Ediacaran fluviolacustrine successions of the Amane n’Tourhart and Tifernine basins. The Amane n’Tourhart Basin developed within a caldera volcanic context, whereas the Tifernine Basin formed in a pre-caldera setting. These successions provide valuable information about the sedimentary processes operating in late Ediacaran continental environments. Field observations, facies analysis, and petrography reveal a variety of siliciclastic, carbonate, mixed siliciclastic- carbonate, and volcaniclastic facies. These facies form associations indicative of alluvial fan, floodplain, and shallow-water lacustrine settings. Alluvial fan deposits are dominated by conglomerates and sandstones forming braided systems. Fluviolacustrine sequences show a transition from clayey siltstones with calcareous nodules to nodular and massive limestones, marking a gradual shift from fluvial to lacustrine conditions. Laminated limestones and stromatolites indicate intermittent microbial activity that contributed to carbonate precipitation. Sedimentation was strongly influenced by volcanic inputs and climatic fluctuations, alternating between humid and arid conditions. These factors drove cycles of channel incision, sediment infill, and lake expansion–contraction, illustrating the dynamic interplay of tectonics, volcanism, and climate that modulated deposition in these Ediacaran terrestrial basins.