Abstract:

Knowledge about the germination potential of Mandacaru seeds is fundamental for maintaining breeding programs and germplasm banks. Thus, we aimed to study the germination of stored and freshly harvested mandacaru seeds in order to investigate seed viability as a function of storage imposition, in addition to characterizing seed anatomy and conducting biochemical evaluation. Germination tests were conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2×6 factorial scheme, with two storage conditions and six temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), with 4 replications of 25 seeds each. Anatomical evaluation tests and biochemical tests had 5 and 10 replications for each storage condition, respectively. It is concluded that the range of 25-35°C is ideal for germination of C. jamacaru seeds, and temperatures below 20°C and above 35°C are detrimental to germination. X-ray computed microtomography was efficient for characterizing seed anatomy and differentiating their tissues, allowing accurate and clear evaluation of their internal structures, and proper storage was efficient in minimizing the deleterious effects of H₂O₂ and MDA accumulation.

Abstract: Collecting and analysing data after an earthquake is essential to determine its impact. In 2014, the European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) launched the LastQuake system. This system collects intensity reports from users to help provide rapid situational awareness. However, text data collected through crowdsourcing platforms is unstructured. Therefore, natural language processing techniques such as sentiment analysis are necessary to extract meaningful information. On the 26th November 2019, following an earthquake in Albania, the LastQuake app recorded 28,220 reports with user comments. For the current analysis, we sampled comments posted on the exact day of the earthquake, in Albanian: 1678 comments (6%). The most frequent polarity detected in comments from LastQuake app users was negative (52%) followed by far by positive, neutral and unrelated comments. However, manual classification is time-consuming and not feasible during the emergency phase. Therefore, we tested the accuracy of two automatic classification models for sentiment analysis: ‘troberta’ and ‘txlm’. These models were fine-tuned using already classified text data from the 2020 Aegean earthquake. Using the manual classification as the reference to evaluate the accuracy of automatic classification models for sentiment analysis yields accuracies of 71% for the ‘troberta’ model and 56% for the ‘txlm’ model.

Abstract: Sustainable climate adaptation in Bangladesh's highly vulnerable char regions is critically constrained by a financing gap between household commitment and financial capacity. This study diagnoses this “capacity-commitment gap” and proposes a novel blended finance solution. Applying the Contingent Valuation Method to 400 households in Bangladesh’s climate-vulnerable char regions, we employ Probit and Tobit models to analyze Willingness to Pay (WTP). We find strong motivation (65% WTP) but severely constrained capacity, with 90% of contributions capped at ≤400 BDT/month. Econometric analysis reveals that human capital (education) and experiential learning (disaster experience) are more powerful drivers of WTP than income alone, while a paradox of low institutional trust correlates with higher stated contributions—indicating fatalistic self-reliance. Crucially, stated WTP amounts reflect a strict affordability ceiling, not marginal valuation, invalidating user-pays models. We translate this diagnostic evidence into an innovative financial architecture: a Char Resilience Bond. This instrument securitizes the aggregate value of formalized in-kind community co-investment (labor, local knowledge) to credit-enhance and leverage external capital. Our study provides an actionable blueprint for transforming demonstrated local need into bankable adaptation investments, advancing the literature on financing public goods in subsistence economies.

Abstract: This paper examines the Lambert conformal conic (LCC) projection. Although its equations are well established, they are rederived here because a new notation, V, defined as the reciprocal of the commonly used U, is introduced to simplify the expressions. Using the resulting distortion formulas, the conditions determining whether the projection has two, one, or no standard parallels are obtained. To identify an optimal LCC configuration, we adopt a criterion requiring that the local linear scale factors at the two boundary parallels be equal, and that the maximum scale factor exceed 1 by the same amount that the minimum falls below 1. Applying this criterion to the territory of Bulgaria, we compute a new, optimized pair of standard parallels, which constitutes the main contribution of this study.

Abstract:

The ecological status of lakes based on ichthyofauna, as defined by the Water Framework Directive, is assessed using intercalibrated methods. However, the methods adopted (in Poland, the Lake Fish Index LFI-EN method, based on results of one-off fishing with multi-mesh gillnets) are labor-intensive and do not allow for frequent repeat testing. Therefore, the concept of a simple model describing changes in the relative number of single traces in the vertical profile (according to the TS target strength distribution) in a lake is presented, as well as an index (the sum of deviations from such a model), enabling quantification of the similarity of TS distributions in lakes with this model. Preliminary analyses were conducted on acoustic data collected in Lake Dejguny. This lake—the condition of which could be estimated based on historical data using the relationships between LFI and the degree of lake eutrophication (expressed by Carlson’s TSI)—was assessed as having a good status in 2006, whereas in 2021, (based on LFI-EN) it had a moderate status. The study tested the TS distribution model, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the relative number of single traces in 2 m-thick layers. It was also shown that the proposed indicator can effectively signal deterioration of ecological status—the sum of the absolute values of the TS distribution deviations in 2021 (moderate status) from the model was more than seven times greater than the sum of the deviations of the distributions from which the model was built (good status). The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis about the possibility of determining a characteristic distribution of single traces in the vertical profile when the lake was classified as being in good condition.

Abstract: This study investigates hydro-meteorological trends in five Alpine catchments within the Upper Po River basin, spanning Northwestern Italy and Southern Switzerland. We ana-lyzed climatic variables from 25 weather stations (1950–2022) alongside streamflow data from 14 river sections (1911–2022). Trends were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test to detect monotonic changes and the Theil-Sen estimator to quantify magnitude, ensuring robustness against outliers. Results reveal pronounced warming, particularly in spring maximum temperatures (+0.95 °C per decade). Conversely, average and minimum daily temperatures show lower rates (+0.50 and +0.39 °C per decade). Consequently, potential evapotranspiration increased significantly (+15.1 mm per decade), contributing to a marked decline in summer streamflow in 8 out of 14 sections. Correlation analysis con-firms that snow dynamics modulate the hydrological response: while precipitation drives discharge annually and in autumn, winter exhibits a weaker coupling, as winter precipi-tation is partially stored in the basin as snow, contributing to discharge during spring and summer. By focusing on this strategic region for European agriculture and industry, the study provides essential insights to support effective adaptation strategies.

Abstract:

The Damietta–Port Said coast, Nile Delta, has experienced extreme morphological change over the past four decades due to sediment reduction due to Aswan High Dam and continued anthropogenic pressures. Using multi-temporal Landsat (1985–2025) and high-resolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery with 1127 DSAS transects, the study documents major shoreline shifts: the Damietta sand spit retreated by >1 km at its proximal apex while its distal tip advanced by ≈3.1 km southeastward under persistent longshore drift. Sectoral analyses reveal typical structure-induced patterns of updrift accretion (+180 to +210 m) and downdrift erosion (−50 to −330 m). To improve predictive capability beyond linear DSAS extrapolation, Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) neural networks were applied to forecast the 2050 shoreline. BiLSTM demonstrated superior stability, capturing nonlinear sediment transport patterns where NARX produced unstable over-predictions. Furthermore, coupled wave–flow modeling validates a sustainable management strategy employing successive short groins (45–50 m length, 150 m spacing). Simulations indicate that this configuration reduces longshore current velocities by 40–60% and suppress rip-current eddies, offering a sediment-compatible alternative to conventional breakwaters and seawalls. This integrated remote sensing, hydrodynamic, and AI-based framework provides a robust scientific basis for adaptive, sediment-compatible shoreline management, supporting the long-term resilience of one of Egypt’s most vulnerable deltaic coasts under accelerating climatic and anthropogenic pressures.

Abstract: Deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are a persistent safety and economic concern in Pennsylvania, yet quantitative tools for identifying high-risk locations at the road-segment scale remain limited. This study develops a Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling framework for DVCs on state-maintained roads, using PennDOT Public Crash Data linked to the State Road Segment (RMSSEG) inventory. Police- and driver-reported crashes from 2018–2024 were geocoded and matched to homogeneous state road segments, then aggregated to segment–quarter counts. Segment-level covariates included total paved width, lane count, an ordinal urban–rural classification, and annual average daily traffic (AADT), which entered the model as an exposure offset. Exploratory analysis showed that DVCs are rare and highly zero-inflated at the segment–quarter level, exhibit a stable seasonal pattern with peaks in the fourth quarter, and increase monotonically with traffic volume. We modeled DVC counts using negative binomial (NB) mixed-effects models with a shared log-linear predictor incorporating BYM2 spatial random components, a first-order temporal random walk, and an optional quarterly seasonal component. Model estimation utilized INLA, with performance assessed through DIC, WAIC, mean absolute deviance, and mean squared prediction error metrics. The NB specification including quarterly seasonality significantly outperformed an equivalent model lacking seasonal terms, while coefficient estimates for fixed effects showed consistency across models. The NB size parameter indicated strong overdispersion, and the BYM2 mixing parameter suggested that roughly 90% of residual spatial variance is structured along the segment adjacency graph. Comparison of empirical and model-based zero proportions showed that the NB model with spatiotemporal random effects adequately reproduced the extreme sparsity, making a zero-inflated NB specification unnecessary. Out-of-sample validation for 2024 demonstrated low bias and good predictive performance, and risk stratification revealed that a small fraction of highway corridors accounts for a disproportionate share of observed DVCs. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for generating seasonal DVC risk maps and prioritizing corridor-level mitigation measures such as wildlife fencing, crossing structures, and targeted speed management.

Abstract: The study analyzed urban growth (UG) and land surface temperature (LST) of Asaba and Abuja in Nigeria from 1986 to 2022. Landsat 5 TM imagery of 1986, Landsat 7 ETM of 2000, and Landsat OLI/TIRS of 2022, of 30m resolutions, were obtained for the determination of both LST and UG analyses. The UG analysis was subjected to the supervised classification of the maximum likelihood module to generate the different land use/ land cover of the study area. Descriptive statistics involving the frequency and percentage were used for the data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that the mean LST, which was 33.38 °C in 1986, decreased to 28.25 in 2002 and subsequently 28.98oC in 2022, while the built-up Area representing urban development increased from 14% in 1986 to 65% in 2022. The UG was significantly increasing at the rate of 242% while LST increased at 7 °C within the period under consideration. The study concludes that the increase in the built-up area is responsible for the increase in the land surface temperature in Asaba and Abuja Metropolis. The authors recommend that LST parameters be taken into consideration for sustainable urban planning to be achieved in the city. Policymakers at all levels need to scale up measures to mitigate the adverse impact of urban heat islands by suggesting a clustered greening of the entire urban landscape. The study has also provided pathways in addressing the complexity of land surface temperature and the future urban development of the city of Asaba and Abuja.

Abstract:

Air pollution, soil contamination, and rising illness demand integrated, nature‑based solutions. Willow trees (Salix spp.) uniquely combine ecological resilience with therapeutic value, remediating polluted environments while supporting human wellbeing. This review synthesizes recent literature on the established role of Salix spp. in phytoremediation and growing contribution to forest therapy through emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). As urbanization accelerates and environmental pressures intensify globally, Salix surprising adaptability and multifunctionality justify the utilization of this genus in building resilient and health-promoting ecosystems. The major points discussed in this work include willow-based phytoremediation strategies, such as rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, and phytostabilization, contribute restoring even heavily polluted soils, especially when combined with specific strategies of microbial augmentation and trait-based selection. Salix plantations and even individual willow trees may contribute to forest therapy (and ‘forest bathing’ approaches) through volatile compounds emitted by Salix spp. such as ocimene, β-caryophyllene, and others, which exhibit neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and mood-enhancing properties. Willow’s significantly extended foliage season in temperate regions allows for prolonged ‘forest bathing’ opportunities, enhancing passive therapeutic engagement in urban green infrastructures. Famously, the pharmacological potential of willow extends beyond salicin, encompassing a diverse array of phytocompounds with applications in phytomedicine. Finally, willow’s ease of propagation and adaptability make this species a convenient solution for multifunctional landscape design, where ecological restoration and human wellbeing converge. Overall, this review demonstrates the integrative value of Salix spp. as a keystone genus in sustainable landscape planning, combining remarkable environmental resilience with therapeutic benefit. Future studies should explore standardized methods to evaluate the combined ecological and therapeutic performance of Salix spp., integrating long-term field monitoring with mechanistic analyses of BVOC emissions under varying environmental stresses.

Abstract: In the macro context of promoting sustainable development and achieving net zero emissions, the role of green technology innovation, renewable energy utilization and environmental policy is crucial. Based on the panel data of 35 OECD economies from 1990 to 2019, this study adopts the augmented mean group (AMG) as the main estimation method, and uses the common correlation mean group (CCEMG) for robustness test, and tests the causal relationship between variables through Dumitrescu-Hurlin method. The results show that both GTI and renewable energy consumption have a significant positive impact on CO 2 emission reduction. Environmental taxes are positively correlated with carbon emissions, but not statistically significant, and the CCEMG estimation results are consistent with AMG. The causality test further reveals that there is a significant bidirectional causality among the variables. Therefore, it is recommended that OECD countries give priority to expanding investment in green technologies and renewable energy infrastructure, and re-evaluate and optimize environmental tax policies to effectively promote the transition to a low carbon economy.

Abstract: Copper slag, a by-product of copper ore and concentrate smelting, is rich in non-ferrous metals; therefore, it has been considered a valuable raw material in recent years. This study aimed to compare the extraction of zinc, copper, and cobalt from two types of copper slag from a dump located near the village of Eliseyna, Bulgaria, which differ in mineralogical composition and chemical content, using indirect bioleaching with a spent medium of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium ochrochloron. Chemical leaching with sulphuric acid revealed that zinc and cobalt existed mainly as an acidic-soluble phase in both types of copper slag. In contrast, it contained 50-75% of the total copper content. Each fungal species was cultivated for one week, and the biomass and the spent medium were separated a week later. Owing to the production of citric acid at a higher concentration, A. niger facilitated more efficient base metal recovery. However, their effective recovery from the acidic-soluble phase required leaching at a 5% pulp density and supplementing the spent medium with sulphuric acid. The temperature played a secondary role. Conclusions: The non-ferrous metal extraction from copper slag exposed to weathering using a spent medium supplemented with sulphuric acid was achieved under milder leaching conditions and with better selectivity. In contrast, slag unaffected by weathering behaved as a refractory due to the worsened results of base metal extraction under similar experimental conditions.

Abstract: In Latin America, coffee is cultivated in distinct coffee agroecosystems (CAS), ranging from traditional agroforestry (“shade”) systems (CAFS) to intensive, unshaded (“sun”) monocultures (UCAS). While various socioenvironmental impacts of these systems have been studied, their implications have not yet been integrated within a Planetary Health perspective. This review of 146 studies applies the Planetary Boundaries and Nature’s Contributions to People frameworks and the DPSEEA (Drivers, Pressures, State, Exposure, Effects, Actions) model to map the relationships between socio-environmental drivers of change, different CAS, the state of natural systems at local and global scales, and human health and well-being. The analysis shows that conventional intensification, driven by low revenues for producers, climate change, and disease outbreaks, has accelerated deforestation, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, agrochemical use and leakage, and water pressures. These changes create health risks for coffee-growing communities, such as pesticide exposure and increased vulnerability to external shocks. Conversely, agroecological practices can mitigate environmental pressures while reducing exposure to health hazards and improving resilience, food security, and income stability. However, mainstreaming these practices requires addressing structural inequities in the global coffee value chain to ensure fairer revenue distribution, stronger institutional support, and the protection of coffee-growing communities.

Abstract: Complex landslides have characteristics and parameters that are difficult to analyze. The landslide on June 16, 2024, in the rural community of Quilloturo (Ecuador) caused severe damage (14 deaths, 24 injuries, and hundreds of affected families) related to the area's geological, social, and anthropogenic conditions. Its location in the eastern foothills of Ecuador's Cordillera Real (Royal Mountain Range) exacerbated the effects of a landslide involving various processes (mud and debris flows, landslides, and rock falls). This event was preceded by intense rainfall lasting more than 10 hours, which accumulated and caused natural damming of the streams prior to the event. The lithology of the investi-gated area includes deformed metamorphic and intrusive rocks overlain by superficial clayey colluvial deposits. The relationship between the geological structures found, such as fractures, joints, schistosity, and shear, favored the formation of blocks within the flow, making mass movement more complex. Geomorphologically, the area features a relief with steep slopes, where ancient landslides or material movements, composed of these colluvial deposits, have already occurred. At the foot of these steep slopes, on plains less than 300 meters wide and bordered by the Pastaza River, there are human settlements with less than 60 years of emplacement and a complex history of territorial occupation, characterized by a lack of planning and organization. The memory of the inhabitants identified mass movements that occurred since the mid-20th century, with the highest frequency of occurrence in the last decade of the present century (2018, 2022, and 2024). Furthermore, it was possible to identify several factors within the knowledge of the in-habitants that can be considered premonitory of a mass movement, specifically a flood, and that must be incorporated as critical elements in the decision-making, both individual and collective, for the evacuation of the area.

Abstract:

In the northern part of the state of Espírito Santo, in the municipality of São Mateus, the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses and recovery capacity of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.) PS-1319 grafted onto rootstocks TSH-1188, Cepec-2002, Pará, Esfip-02, and SJ-02 under flooding conditions were evaluated. The plants were subjected to flooding for 60 days and their recovery capacity was evaluated after this period. Gas exchange, relative chlorophyll content, stem and leaf anatomy, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrates were evaluated. The time of exposure to flooding caused limitations in gas exchange. There was a reduction in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. During flooding, pigments were degraded and total soluble sugar was accumulated in the leaves. Lenticel formation was also observed on all rootstocks during the flooding period. After recovery, the rootstocks normalized their gas exchange, carbohydrates and anatomy.

Abstract: The European Union (EU) Green Deal (EGD) aims to significantly transform and modernise the EU economy, while at the same time it envisages significant changes in agricultural production, especially in livestock farming. Most often, EU Member States implement specific measures that contribute to the achievement of various EGD objectives. Most often, they are part of the national strategies of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. At the same time, it is important to identify the available scientific information on measures that contribute to the achievement of the EGD goals and the multiple impacts of the toe. Usually, each individual measure or practice is aimed at achieving one of the ESD goals, for example, reducing GHG emissions, but in practice, it creates several side effects that can pro-mote or hinder the achievement of other sustainability goals. This study focuses on livestock sector and showcase how key manageable areas where intervention must occur: feeding, housing, grassland/pasture management, manure management, breeding and genetics - interacts and gives contribution to meet EGD targets. In the same time, it ensures a holistic view of the EGD demands on livestock. In this study authors use pictograms and a color-coding system that broadens the scope of impact communication. It translates complex, scientific data into a format that is accessible and easily understood by a wider audience. Results of this study reveal that systematic research is needed on livestock farming measures that could change agricultural policies in the long term, from supporting measures to creating appropriate sustainable farming systems.

Abstract: This paper aims to give an analytical assessment of country’s level experience in moving towards agricultural decarbonization – from the idea of potential decarbonization measures to the assessment of their potential, the inclusion of the measure in political goals and practical implementation success. This paper is based on 10-year cycle that highlight main steps in building decarbonization awareness and an approach that can be used for monitoring, quantifying and evaluating the contribution of agriculture to climate change mitigation. This approach is based on the Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC), which serves as a convenient and visual tool for evaluating the effectiveness of various agriculture greenhouse gas emission reduction measures and for climate policy planning. This study reveals the experience to date and the main directions in developing the MACC approach, which serves as a basis for analysing the potential of one specific European Union Member state, i.e., Latvia, agriculture for moving towards decarbonization. The results of the study are of practical use for the development of agricultural, environmental and climate policy or legal framework, policy analysis and impact assessment. As well findings of this study are useful for educating farmers and the public about measures to reduce GHG and ammonia emissions.

Abstract: Sustainable forest management requires a comprehensive understanding of how stand density regulates soil ecological processes. This study investigated the effects of stand density on soil properties and microbial communities in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation by combining high-throughput sequencing with soil physicochemical analysis to identify the optimal density regime for maintaining soil health. Results demonstrated that moderate-density (MD) management best balanced the stability of soil ecosystem structure, showing superior water retention, organic carbon content, and microbial diversity in the 0-30 cm soil layer. The mechanism underlying these improvements can be attributed to the moderately open canopy structure in MD stands, which facilitated efficient litter decomposition and drove functional complementarity between Basidiomycota (enhancing cellulose degradation capacity) and Acidobacteriota (adapted to oligotrophic conditions). Redundancy analysis revealed that soil pH and available nutrients (AK, AP) were key environmental factors driving microbial community restructuring: Actinobacteriota dominated in neutral, phosphorus-rich environments, while Acidobacteriota thrived under acidic, phosphorus-limited conditions. Fungal communities showed high sensitivity to management intensity, with significant shifts between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, whereas bacterial communities remained relatively stable due to functional redundancy. We recommend the adoption of moderate-density management as a sustainable practice to enhance soil nutrient cycling and maintain microbial diversity, thereby providing scientific support for sustainable plantation management.

Abstract: Enhancing winter wheat yield in early spring relies on optimal soil temperature (ST) conditions and robust root systems, particularly in cold and dry areas. However, the long-term combined effects of conservation tillage and plastic film mulching (PFM) on the crop root system during early spring (the period of rejuvenation and jointing) remain unstudied. Based on a 22-year field experiment involving two long-term conservation tillage methods: mouldboard ploughing with crop residue incorporation (MC) and no-tillage with crop residue cover (NC). The main treatments were further divided by applying black (B) and white (W) plastic films to each, resulting in MC with black (MCB) and white (MCW), and NC with black (NCB) and white (NCW) films. ST was recorded at depths of 0–40 cm during the afternoon, evening, and morning, while root characteristics (RCs) were measured at the peak flowering stage at depths of 0-60 cm, and crop yield and attributes were recorded at harvest during the 2023-2024 cropping season. Compared with MC and NC, MCB and MCW increased afternoon ST by 2.5 °C and 0.94 °C, and evening ST by 1.94 °C and 1.87 °C, while NCB and NCW decreased ST. MCB and MCW also increased accumulated ST during overwintering (131–161 °C). PFM on MC increased the root length and weight densities by 10–17% and 25–32%, respectively; NCB and NCW decreased RCs by 8–15.2% across the soil depth. Additionally, afternoon and evening STs at 5–20 cm positively correlated with RCs and yield attributes (r > 0.84), whereas morning ST and a 40 cm depth were negatively correlated (r < –0.77). Compared with MC and NC, MCW and MCB increased grain yield (10–12%) and biomass (31–38%), whereas NCB and NCW decreased them (16–12%) and (14-3%), respectively. FPM improved STs, RCs, and yield under tilled but not in no-till systems, highlighting the need for supplementary practices to optimize ST in no-till systems.

Abstract: This study aims at delineating specific proven features of climate change in the Sultanate of Oman since 1950, and also highlighting potential features of the climate change in the Sultanate of Oman up to 2150 under the worst future scenario of SSP5-8.5 (the unsustainable Fifth Shared Socioeconomic Pathway “Fossil-fueled development - Taking the highway”, coupled with a high radiative forcing of 8.5 W/m2 in 2100), and under the best future scenario of SSP1-1.9 (the sustainable First Shared Socioeconomic Pathway “Sustainability - Taking the green road”, coupled with a low radiative forcing of 1.9 W/m2 in 2100). The study is primarily based on public data from the CCKP (Climate Change Knowledge Portal of the World Bank Group), which in turn utilizes a set of climate simulation tools or datasets, such as CMIP6 (Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project), ERA5 (fifth generation ECMWF ReAnalysis for the global climate and weather), and N-SLC (NASA's Sea Level Change). The study shows that the warming trend in the mean average air temperature of the surface in the Sultanate of Oman based on historical data between 1971 and 2020 is 0.025 °C/year (100% statistically significant), or a 1 °C increase every 40 years. However, this country-level overall warming rate varies spatially, being highest in Buraimi (0.048 °C/year, or 1 °C increase every 21 years) and lowest in Duqm (0.017 °C/year, or 1 °C increase every 59 years). These warming rates within Omani lands may escalate (for a projection period of 2051-2100) to between 0.064 °C/year and 0.074 °C/year according to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, or weaken to only 0.01 °C/year according to the SSP1-1.9 scenario. Compared to the 40.96 °C historical value (as a reference level for the period between 1995 and 2014), the average maximum air temperature of the surface in June is expected to reach about 48.07 °C in the year 2099, according to the framework SSP5-8.5 (reflecting an increase of 7.11 °C). The mean sea level (MSL) at the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Oman may rise by 1.39 m in 2150 (relative to the level of 2005) according to the SSP5-8.5 scenario. This is attenuated to only 0.57 m according to the SSP1-1.9 scenario. No proven precipitation anomaly has been observed so far in Oman. Tropical cyclone data show very rare occurrences, and this is mostly limited to the least-damaging class of tropical storms.