Abstract: Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites, operating at altitudes below 450km, provide tremendous potential in the domain of remote sensing. Their proximity to Earth of-fers high resolution, low latency, and rapid revisit rates, allowing continuous moni-toring of dynamic systems and real-time delivery of vertically integrated earth ob-servation products. Nonetheless, the application of VLEO is not yet fully realized due to numerous complexities associated with VLEO satellite development, considering atmospheric drag, short satellite lifetimes, and social, political and legal regulatory fragmentation. This paper reviews the recent technological developments supporting sustainable VLEO operations with regards to aerodynamic satellite design, atomic oxygen barriers, and atmospheric-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP). Furthermore, the paper pro-vides an overview of the identification of regulatory and economic barriers that extort additional costs for VLEO ranging from frequency band allocation and space traffic management to life-cycle cost and uncertain commercial demand opportunities. Nevertheless, the commercial potential of VLEO operations is widely acknowledged, and estimated to lead to an economic turnover in the order of 1.5 B$ by 2030. Learning from the literature and prominent past experiences such as the DISCOVERER and the CORONA program, the study identifies key gaps and proposes a roadmap to sustainable VLEO development. The proposed framework emphasizes modular and serviceable satellite platforms, hy-brid propulsion systems, and globally harmonized governance in space. Ultimately, public-private partnerships and synergies across sectors will determine whether VLEO systems become part of the broader space infrastructure unlocking new capabilities for near-Earth services, environmental monitoring, and commercial innovation at the edge of space.

Abstract: Urban Green Space Per Capita (UGSPC) is one of the oldest and most widely applied indicators in urban planning, providing a measure of green areas in relation to the population size. Despite its century-long application and decades of research, no global systematic review has previously synthesized how UGSPC has been applied, interpreted, and evolved across different contexts. This study aims to fill that gap by conducting the first comprehensive systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, examining the usage, trends, and effectiveness of UGSPC in both developed and developing countries. Thematic analysis revealed that most studies were published in journals focused on sustainability and environmental science. The results show a surge in publications following the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of urban green spaces for public health and livability. Moreover, 67% of the studies were conducted in developing countries, while 30% of the publications were in developed countries. Higher UGSPC values are generally found in developed cities; however, this was not a rule. Time series studies showed a decline in UGSPC in some developed and developing countries, influenced by factors such as population density, urbanization stage, climate, and economic conditions. Although UGSPC is widely used, most municipalities typically develop their plans based on this measurement. 95% of the included research incorporated additional measurements, including accessibility, social equity, spatial patterns, ecological services, ecosystem benefits, and human health. This study suggests that UGSPC is still used as an indicator in urban planning and policy and integrating it with other indicators can serve as contemporary indicators to capture better equity, functionality, and sustainability in urban environments.

Abstract: Soil salinity is recognized as a critical abiotic stress that limits plant growth on marginal lands. The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.), a perennial bioenergy species with high biomass potential, has been proposed for cultivation on saline-degraded soils; however, its responses to salt stress remain insufficiently characterized. In the present study, the physiological responses of cup plant to neutral (NaCl) and alkaline (NaHCO₃) salt stress at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mM were evaluated in a pot experiment conducted under controlled conditions. The assessed indicators included relative chlorophyll content (CCI), chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI), and gas ex-change characteristics, namely net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci). Dose-dependent de-creases in all measured physiological parameters were induced by salinity. A more pronounced negative effect was observed under alkaline salt stress than under neutral salt stress. For instance, at 300 mM NaHCO₃, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were substantially reduced compared with those recorded under the corresponding NaCl treatment. Even at the moderate salinity level of 100 mM, reductions in photo-synthetic performance were detected relative to the control. Overall, photosynthetic efficiency and gas exchange in cup plant were markedly impaired by salinity, particu-larly under conditions of high bicarbonate concentration. These findings provide new insight into the physiological limitations of S. perfoliatum under acute salt stress and demonstrate that alkaline salinity, associated with elevated pH due to HCO₃⁻, exacer-bates stress effects beyond the osmotic and ionic impacts of neutral salinity.

Abstract: Background/Objective: Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in rats is a model of human uveitis that is pivotal for understanding the immunological mechanisms of the disease and developing therapies. In humans, optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables in vivo detection of characteristic findings in active uveitis, as well as sequelae of inflammation. This study aimed to correlate OCT findings in uveitis patients with retinal histologies from two rat models of experimental autoimmune uveitis caused by T cells with different autoantigen specificities and gene expression patterns, as well as well-known underlying immunological pathomechanisms. Methods: Patients with various noninfectious uveitis subtypes were imaged using ultrawidefield swept-source or conventional OCT. Histological cryosections from rat eyes with experimental autoimmune uveitis were stained for T cell and/or macrophage markers. Results: Typical human OCT findings were reproduced in the experimental animal model. Hyperreflective signals observed on OCT corresponded to lymphocyte infiltration in histological sections, which was typically found in perivascular regions (vasculitis), the posterior hyaloid (snowballs), and retinal infiltrations by lymphocytes and macrophages through the retinal pigment epithelium. Conclusion: Comparing in vivo OCT imaging of human uveitis with corresponding histologies from rat models improves our understanding of the type of inflammation, the extent of tissue destruction, and the immunopathogenesis.

Abstract:

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) and prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) remain among the most serious complications in orthopedic surgery, and chemical debridement is recommended for all septic revisions. The combination of polyhexanide (PHMB) and poloxamer (PLX), with in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, represents a promising antiseptic solution. A Delphi consensus to define the indications and clinical applications of PHMB/PLX as an antiseptic solution was carried out. Materials and methods: A steering committee convened a panel of orthopedic surgeons, infectious disease specialists, and wound care specialists with expertise in musculoskeletal infections. A three-phase Delphi process was conducted. Twelve clinical questions and four outcome measures were developed through literature review and iterative discussion. Two Delphi rounds were conducted using a 9-point Likert scale, and statements were rated according to the GRADE method. Results: All 12 final statements achieved strong agreement. The panel identified key patient-related risk factors (smoking, diabetes, obesity, immunosuppression) and procedure-related risks (open fractures, primary/revision arthroplasty, prolonged operative time). Antiseptic irrigation was considered superior to saline, and PHMB-PLX was seen as a helpful addition to mechanical debridement given its antibiofilm activity and good cytocompatibility. Low-pressure irrigation and short exposure times are the preferred application methods, while avoiding use on cartilage or neural tissues. Conclusions: The Delphi panel reached a strong consensus supporting the intraoperative use of PHMB-PLX as a safe and effective antiseptic adjunct for preventing and treating SSIs in orthopedic surgery. The panel recommended conducting high-quality clinical research to verify these findings and improve standardized irrigation protocols.

Abstract: Background: Auricular carcinomas often require extensive surgical resection, resulting in complex three-dimensional defects,in some cases involving mastoid process exposure. Reconstruction aims to restore contour, protect underlying structures, and maintain patency of the external auditory canal (EAC). Case presentation and methods: We present a 45-year-old male patient, without comorbidities, who underwent subtotal auricular resection and wide retroauricular excision for basal cell carcinoma, resulting in mastoid bone exposure. Reconstruction was achieved using a temporal muscle flap covered by a skin graft, combined with a Z-plasty of the external auditory meatus to prevent postoperative stenosis. Recovery was uneventful, and 4 year follow-up demonstrated stable structural outcomes, preserved diameter of the meatus, without recurrence of the disease.The patient is prepared for autologous or prosthetic auricular reconstruction. Conclusion: A temporalis muscle flap with skin graft coverage offers a reliable, vascularized solution for large post-oncologic auricular defects while preserving the external auditory canal. Z-plasty remains a critical technique for preventing meatal stenosis.

Abstract: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and disabling condition marked by persistent fear of social or performance situations. Cultural norms can sometimes reinforce socially anxious behaviors, contributing to underdiagnosis. This “neglected disorder” has significant long-term consequences. This narrative review aims to explore the long-term impacts of SAD on various life domains, identify common comorbidities, and examine contributing environmental and genetic factors. A review of existing literature was conducted, synthesizing findings on the long- term functional, relational, and health consequences of SAD, with a focus on comorbidity, patterns, and treatment approaches. Findings indicate that SAD often remains undiagnosed, rooted in a combination of environmental influences and genetic predispositions. Over time, it can lead to difficulties in forming close relationships, reduced opportunities for realizing one’s potential, and a heightened risk of comorbid psychiatric conditions, alongside a strained and often critical relationship with the self. The widespread use of social media adds a complex layer as it can serve as a form of distraction or protection for individuals with SAD, it may also become an avenue for avoidance, identity exploration, and even dependency. Genetic factors may, in some cases, contribute to reduced responsiveness to cognitive-behavioral therapy alone, with better outcomes observed when pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions are combined. SAD can profoundly affect life trajectory, from self-perception to academic and occupational progression and relational satisfaction. Given its cultural reinforcement, underdiagnosis, and potential for lifelong impact, a multifaceted approach that addresses both environmental and genetic factors is essential for effective management and prevention of long-term disability.

Abstract: The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of many human pathologies have been substantially modified by the advent of extraordinary progress in the field of molecular and cellular biology. The future of Nuclear Medicine is therefore an effective use of radioactivity, which allows us to get more and more into the mechanisms that generate and maintain the disease and eliminate them or, if possible, to correct them. We can therefore affirm that lymphoscintigraphy still maintains its solid place in the diagnosis of lymphatic flow disorders in this millennium. A position that, even compared to other methods, allows it to be used in diagnosis, prevention, and the monitoring of therapies, be they surgical, pharmacological, or physical.

Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major public health concern with enduring psycho-logical and social impacts, yet survivor-centered tools that integrate internal motiva-tors and external resources for recovery remain limited. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Motivators and Resources for Trauma Recovery (I-MOVE) Scale, a strengths-based measure of trauma recovery among GBV survivors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 526 women with lived experi-ences of GBV, who were randomly assigned to exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 263) or confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 263). Construct validity was further examined through convergent, discriminant, and known-groups analyses using established measures of meaning, coping, healing, trauma-related cognitions, normalization of vi-olence, barriers to help-seeking, depression, and posttraumatic stress. EFA supported a five-factor structure explaining 38% of the variance, which was confirmed by CFA with acceptable model fit. The overall scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.89), with acceptable reliability across subscales (α = 0.61–0.83). Convergent validity was evidenced by positive associations with meaning, coping self-efficacy, and healing, while discriminant validity was supported by weak or non-significant associations with trauma cognitions and normalization of violence. Lower I-MOVE scores among participants with probable depression or PTSD supported known-groups validity. These findings indicate that the I-MOVE scale is a valid and reliable measure of moti-vators and resources for trauma recovery among GBV survivors.

Abstract: As artificial intelligence systems scale in depth, dimensionality, and internal coupling, their behavior becomes increasingly governed by deep compositional transformation chains rather than isolated functional components. Iterative projection, normalization, and aggregation mechanisms induce complex operator dynamics that can generate structural failure modes, including representation drift, non-local amplification, instability across transformation depth, loss of aligned fixed points, and the emergence of deceptive or mesa-optimizing substructures. Existing safety, interpretability, and evaluation approaches predominantly operate at local or empirical levels and therefore provide limited access to the underlying structural geometry that governs these phenomena. This work introduces \emph{SORT-AI}, a projection-based structural safety module that instantiates the Supra-Omega Resonance Theory (SORT) backbone for advanced AI systems. The framework is built on a closed algebra of 22 idempotent operators satisfying Jacobi consistency and invariant preservation, coupled to a non-local projection kernel that formalizes how information and influence propagate across representational scales during iterative updates. Within this geometry, SORT-AI provides diagnostics for drift accumulation, operator collapse, invariant violation, amplification modes, reward-signal divergence, and the destabilization of alignment-relevant fixed points. SORT-AI is intentionally architecture-agnostic and does not model specific neural network designs. Instead, it supplies a domain-independent mathematical substrate for analysing structural risk in systems governed by deep compositional transformations. By mapping AI failure modes to operator geometry and kernel-induced non-locality, the framework enables principled analysis of emergent behavior, hidden coupling structures, mesa-optimization conditions, and misalignment trajectories. The result is a unified, formal toolset for assessing structural safety limits and stability properties of advanced AI systems within a coherent operator–projection framework.

Abstract: This study examines the time evolution of structural and informational quantifiers in a damped Rabi oscillator, specifically focusing on fidelity, entropy, disequilibrium, and Fisher information. We observe that all four measures exhibit damped oscillatory behavior as the system approaches its steady state. However, the final asymptotic behavior is striking: while fidelity and disequilibrium indicate a residual, non-zero final state, and entropy quantifies the thermodynamic disorder, Fisher information uniquely vanishes. This vanishing implies a complete loss of dynamical information—the ability to infer the system's past evolution from its current state—even in the absence of complete thermodynamic disorder. Our findings introduce a new phenomenon where a system can be "informationally silent," meaning it becomes structurally ordered yet loses all inferential sensitivity to its own history, a detail that traditional entropy measures do not fully capture. This work highlights a critical distinction between thermodynamic disorder (entropy) and inferential sensitivity (Fisher information) in the context of open quantum systems.

Abstract:

Once-monthly injectable therapies targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and adjacent metabolic pathways are moving from a conceptual goal to a plausible next step for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. The most clinically advanced program is maridebart cafraglutide (MariTide), a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to an Fc-containing scaffold that also mediates sustained GIP receptor antagonism. Across phase 2 trials, once-monthly maridebart has produced clinically meaningful weight loss (~12–16% in adults without diabetes; ~8–12% in those with T2D) together with HbA1c reductions of ~1.2–1.6 percentage points, with a safety profile broadly consistent with GLP-1–based therapy. An exploratory every-8-weeks regimen showed attenuated efficacy, suggesting that monthly dosing may represent a practical lower boundary for maintaining therapeutic exposure and metabolic effect in this format. Beyond maridebart, a rapidly expanding pipeline—including ultra–long-acting GLP-1 analogues, dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, long-acting GIPR antagonists, amylin receptor agonists, and emerging thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRβ) agonists—is actively testing monthly regimens or induction-to-monthly maintenance strategies; however, most readouts remain early and are frequently limited to conference presentations or sponsor communications. Key uncertainties include long-term durability, cardiometabolic outcomes, immunogenicity, and interindividual variability in response, which will ultimately determine how once-monthly regimens integrate with established weekly standards in routine care.

Abstract: NKG2D is an activating immunoreceptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells that recognizes multiple stress-induced ligands (e.g., MICA/MICB and ULBP1–6) frequently upregulated in malignant transformation. NKG2D signaling in humans is mediated by the DAP10 adaptor and associated downstream nodes (e.g., PI3K and Grb2–Vav1), which collectively control cytotoxic synapse formation and effector function. NKG2D-based CAR-T cells leverage this multi-ligand recognition to broaden tumor coverage and mitigate single-antigen escape, positioning the approach as a potentially “pan-tumor” CAR strategy. Early clinical experience with autologous NKG2D-CAR products has established feasibility and a manageable safety profile in selected settings; however, objective responses have been inconsistent and durability remains limited. A major set of barriers is intrinsic to the NKG2D axis itself: tumors can downregulate ligand expression, shed MICA/MICB via metalloproteases, and accumulate soluble/vesicular ligands that blunt NKG2D function and promote receptor internalization. These mechanisms synergize with tumor microenvironment (TME) suppression, particularly TGF-β–mediated inhibition of NKG2D pathways. This review synthesizes the mechanistic rationale for NKG2D-CAR designs, summarizes representative clinical programs, and focuses on current challenges and practical mitigation strategies: (i) selectivity and safety when stress ligands are inducible in inflamed normal tissues; (ii) ligand shedding and soluble ligand decoy effects; (iii) TGF-β dominance; (iv) persistence/exhaustion constraints; and (v) manufacturing and development considerations.

Abstract:

Purpose: This study interrogates Rwanda’s persistent finance gap by systematically identifying business models that tertiary-educated youth and professionals can launch with negligible start-up cash. It clarifies which “business-with-no-capital” slogans hold empirical merit and how such ventures contribute to inclusive growth. Design/Methodology/Approach: A PRISMA-guided scoping review of 40 academic, policy and grey sources (2015–2025) mapped low-capital opportunities across all economic sectors. Each model was appraised through an Evidence-Weighted Feasibility Scoring framework covering regulatory complexity, skills intensity, time-to-first-revenue, market access, scalability and community value, yielding an integrative Feasibility Matrix. Findings: Analysis reveals a diversified Capital-Light Opportunity Architecture in Rwanda. Highest-feasibility pathways cluster in (i) digital freelancing and micro-consulting, (ii) commission-based agency and dropship commerce, and (iii) agribusiness brokerage and clean-energy micro-distribution. These ventures generate revenue within days to weeks, demand modest upskilling rather than credit, and, when scaled, enhance financial inclusion, food systems efficiency and environmental health. Nonetheless, feasibility is sector-contingent: digital options scale fastest but require strong human capital, whereas agribusiness delivers deeper community impact at slower payback. Practical and Social Implications: The study offers policymakers an actionable Feasibility Matrix, risk-guardrail table and Impact Assessment Framework to inform streamlined formalisation, youth-targeted micro-grants, shared-asset hubs and anti-predatory market surveillance. Educators and incubators can embed the scoring tool to steer graduates toward evidence-backed, capital-light start-ups instead of speculative schemes. Originality/Value: By synthesising dispersed evidence into a transparent scoring rubric, the paper pioneers a rigorous yet practitioner-ready lens on ultra-lean entrepreneurship in low-income economies. It moves the discourse from inspirational anecdotes to data-driven guidance, aligning with Rwanda’s vision of a knowledge-based, job-creating economy.

Abstract: Fourier Decomposition (FD) and Koopman Mode Decomposition (KMD) are important tools for time series data analysis, applied across a broad spectrum of applications. Both aim to decompose time series functions into superpositions of countably many wave functions, with strikingly similar mathematical foundations. These methodologies derive from the linear decomposition of functions within specific function spaces: FD uses a fixed basis of sine and cosine functions, while KMD employs eigenfunctions of the Koopman linear operator. A notable distinction lies in their scope: FD is confined to periodic functions, while KMD can decompose functions into exponentially amplifying or damping waveforms, making it potentially better suited for describing phenomena beyond FD’s capabilities. However, practical applications of KMD often show that despite accurate approximation of training data, its prediction accuracy is limited. This paper clarifies that this issue is closely related to the number of wave components used in decomposition, referred to as the degree of a KMD. Existing methods use predetermined, arbitrary, or ad hoc values for this degree. We demonstrate that using a degree different from a uniquely determined value for the data allows infinite KMDs to accurately approximate training data, explaining why current methods, which select a single KMD from these candidates, struggle with prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we introduce mathematically supported algorithms to determine the correct degree. Simulations verify that our algorithms can identify the right degrees and generate KMDs that can make accurate predictions, even with noisy data.

Abstract: Remote sensing image super-resolution (RSISR) aims to reconstruct high-resolution images from low-resolution observations of remote sensing data to enhance the visual quality and usability of remote sensors. Real world RSISR is challenging owing to the diverse degradations like blur, noise, compression, and atmospheric distortions. We propose hierarchical multi-task super- resolution framework including degradation-aware modeling, dual-decoder reconstruction, and static regularization-guided generation. Speciffcally, the degradation-wise module adaptively characterizes multiple types of degradation and provides effective conditional priors for reconstruction. The dual-doder platform incorporates both convolutional and Transformer branches to match local detail preservation as well as global structural consistency. Moreover, the static regularizing guided generation introduces prior constraints such as total variation and gradient consistency to improve robustness to varying degradation levels. Extensive experiments on two public remote sensing datasets show that our method achieves performance that is robust against varying degradation conditions.

Abstract: Accurate classification of thyroid nodules in ultrasound remains challenging due to limited labeled data and the weak ability of conventional feature representations to capture complex, multi-directional textures. To address these issues, we propose a geometry-aware framework that integrates the adaptive Bandelet Transform (BT) with transfer learning (TL) for benign–malignant thyroid nodule classification. The method first applies BT to enhance directional and structural encoding of ultrasound images through quadtree-driven geometric adaptation, then mitigates class imbalance using SMOTE and expands data diversity via targeted augmentation. The resulting images are classified using several ImageNet-pretrained architectures, with VGG19 providing the most consistent performance. Experiments on the publicly available DDTI dataset show that BT-based preprocessing improves performance over classical wavelet representations across multiple quadtree thresholds, with the best results achieved at T=30. Under this setting, the proposed BT+TL(VGG19) model attains 98.91% accuracy, 98.11% sensitivity, 97.31% specificity, and a 98.89% F1-score, outperforming comparable approaches reported in the literature. These findings suggest that coupling geometry-adaptive transforms with modern TL backbones can provide robust, data-efficient ultrasound classification. Future work will focus on validating generalizability across larger multi-centre datasets and exploring transformer-based classifiers.

Abstract: Subject-driven text-to-image (T2I) generation presents a significant challenge in balancing subject fidelity and text alignment, with traditional fine-tuning approaches proving inefficient. We introduce ContextualGraftor, a novel training-free framework for robust subject-driven T2I generation, leveraging the powerful FLUX.1-dev multimodal diffusion-transformer. It integrates two core innovations: Adaptive Contextual Feature Grafting (ACFG) and Hierarchical Structure-Aware Initialization (HSAI). ACFG enhances feature matching in attention layers through a lightweight contextual attention module that dynamically modulates reference feature contributions based on local semantic consistency, ensuring natural integration and reduced semantic mismatches. HSAI provides a structurally rich starting point by employing multi-scale structural alignment during latent inversion and an adaptive dropout strategy, preserving both global geometry and fine-grained subject details. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that ContextualGraftor achieves superior performance across key metrics, outperforming state-of-the-art training-free methods like FreeGraftor. Furthermore, our method maintains competitive inference efficiency, offering an efficient and high-performance solution for seamless subject integration into diverse, text-prompted environments.

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: Although biosecurity and stamping out are key control measures, vaccination in poultry is an additional tool against H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks to reduce disease risk and facilitate timely containment. This study aims to establish a candidate vaccine strain against H5 HPAI in Asia and validate its protective efficacy. Based on genetic and antigenic analyses, A/duck/Vietnam/HU16-DD3/2023 (H5N1), collected in northern Vietnam, was selected for establishing the vaccine candidate strain. The vaccine strain, rgPR8/VN23HA∆KRRK-NA (H5N1; rgPR8/VN23), was generated. Inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines were prepared from rgPR8/VN23 (H5N1), NIID-002 (H5N1), which originated from HPAI virus, A/Ezo red fox/Hokkaido/1/2022 (H5N1; Fox/Hok/1/22), and a Japanese stockpiled vaccine strain with a distinct antigen. These vaccines were intramuscularly injected into juvenile chickens or adult laying hens. All vaccinated juvenile chickens acquired optimal immunity and survived for 14 days after intranasal challenge with Fox/Hok/1/22 at 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). The rgPR8/VN23 and NIID-002 vaccines markedly reduced virus shedding, suggesting near-sterile protection. However, low-titer viruses were transiently detected in chickens vaccinated with the stockpiled vaccine strain. The rgPR8/VN23 vaccine induced immunity in juvenile chickens against Fox/Hok/1/22 as early as 8 dpv. Intriguingly, a single dose of vaccine was insufficient to provide protective immunity to laying hens. Protective efficacy increased with a double-volume dose vaccine. These data confirm that the antigenicity-matched vaccine conferred sterilized immunity in 21 days and clinical protection in 8 days to juvenile chickens, although complete protection of hens may require a refined vaccination strategy.