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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0302.v1

COVIDALISM®©: COVID Restrictions in USA Have No Health Benefits at All

JAN BIRO

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; political; mortality; age; aging; co-morbidity; underlying cause of death; UCOD; USA; States; restrictions; political score; restriction ranking; religion; ethnicity

Online: 4 October 2024 (10:37:04 CEST)

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Background: Short after the detection of the COVID virus in January 2020 the US Government introduced and enforced a series of restrictions to protect the elderly from a “deadly virus” and the “pandemic of the century”. Persons who disagreed were silenced and punished. Objective: In the 15^th month of COVID epidemic (April 2021), we have access to sufficient statistical data and methods to better understand the nature, origin of the COVID pandemic. It is now possible to reliably evaluate the effectiveness of the restrictions and the human factors / driving forces behind this drastic limitations of our natural freedom in this country. Methods: Publicly available epidemiological and population parameters were collected and analyzed using the ‘political score’ and ‘restriction ranking’ of 50 states and evaluated by simple and usual statistical methods, mainly correlation analyses. Results: This study revealed, that 1) restrictions reduced the number of viral infections, but 2) they totally failed to reduce the number of supposedly COVID related deaths, 3) they increased (SIC!) the mortality of coronavirus. The grade of restrictions were/are strongly associated to the 4) left/right political ratio of the States, there States with more democrat citizens practiced more restrictions. It was found that race, religion and Medicare spending have significant influence on politic as well as on the grade of restriction orders. Factors moving States toward the political left and harder COVID restrictions have 5) larger ‘non-white’ population, 6) larger number of ‘non-protestant’ believers, 7) larger Jewish population, and 8) more generous Medicare spending. It was not possible to see any influence of the size of the 9) senior (65+) population [i.e. those who are allegedly the most vulnerable and are mostly in need of protective restrictions] neither on the States politic nor on the restrictions Conclusions: The conclusion is that COVID restrictions are primarily politically motivated, they are ineffective to reduce COVID related mortality and they provide no extra health benefit for the so called “vulnerable” minority (elderly).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0298.v1

Mapping Spatial Patterns of Child Labor in Sindh: Insights from Regression Analysis of MICS Data

NADIA MAQBOOL, Paul Newton, Tayyab Shah

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Child labour; logistic regression; geospatial mapping; MICS; spatial patterns; Sindh; Pakistan

Online: 4 October 2024 (09:40:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0221.v1

Inclusive Maritime Spatial Planning: Stakes at the Regional Level

Marilena Papageorgiou, Georgia Pozoukidou, Theodora Istoriou, Theoni Kostopoulou

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Maritime spatial planning; inclusive spatial planning; participatory democracy and planning; MSP stakeholders; regions; REGINA-MSP

Online: 3 October 2024 (11:33:32 CEST)

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The paper focuses on the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and the importance of incorporating participatory democracy and inclusivity, from a region-wise perspective. Traditionally MSP is a top-down central government process. Most responsibilities, competencies and jurisdiction lie at the national level, with limited input from local or regional stakeholders. However, the growing complexity of marine activities and the need for sustainable management of marine environment re-quires more inclusive and collaborative approaches. Drawing on the REGINA-MSP project, the paper explores how regional stakeholders can be more effectively engaged in MSP processes. The project, co-funded by the EU/EMFF, aims to consolidate MSP in the member states, through the strengthening of the role of regions and regional stakeholders. It does so, by applying a 3-step methodology, using tools like stakeholder database and ranking, interest-influence matrices and questionnaires. The paper emphasizes that achieving inclusivity in MSP at the regional level is highly associated with involving all relevant stakeholders. The paper identifies seven categories of regional stakeholders. Among them fishers are the ones having the lowest level of engagement and degree of representativeness in the MSP process, despite being among the most traditional marine users, and by association the more experienced holders of citizen science. Regarding regions and regional authorities (NUTS 2), they may also be considered as “outsiders” in the -nationally driven- MSP process, although this can be reversed, using regional and cross-regional Communities of Practice. In conclusion, the paper highlights the value of participatory democracy in MSP, and the importance to go regional and explore a more bottom-up approach that works in favor of advanced participatory democracy and inclusiveness in terms of stakeholders. The REGINA-MSP project provides valuable insights into how this can be achieved through a structured stakeholder engagement and the development of Communities of Practice.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0255.v1

Tourism, Poverty, and Subjective Well-being: Bridging the Urban-Rural Divide in Colombia

Robertico Croes, Jeong-Yeol Park, Jorge Bonilla

Subject: Social Sciences, Tourism, Leisure, Sport And Hospitality Keywords: subjective well-being; tourism; poverty; Colombia; happiness; life satisfaction

Online: 3 October 2024 (11:23:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0217.v1

The Road to Recovery: A Two-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Mental Health Among University Students During and After the Covid-19 Pandemic

Rosie Allen, Kevin Hochard, Chathurika Kannangara, Jerome Carson

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Mental health; Psychological wellbeing; University students; Anxiety; Psychological distress; Flourishing; Higher Education; Longitudinal research; Covid-19

Online: 3 October 2024 (10:55:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0181.v1

Fairness in Higher Education Research and Innovation Funding in the UK

Champika L. Liyanage, Felix Villalba-Romero, Andrew Carmichael

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Equality; Funding; Universities; UKRI; EDI

Online: 3 October 2024 (03:09:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0174.v1

Behavioral and Psychosocial Dynamics of Student’s Engagements: The Digital Divide in AI Sport Podcasts

Yair Galily, Tal Laor, Tal Samuel Azran

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Sport; AI; Podcasts

Online: 2 October 2024 (14:14:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0177.v1

Research on Influencing Factors of College Students’ Leadership: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Fulin Zhao, Yin Fang

Subject: Social Sciences, Tourism, Leisure, Sport And Hospitality Keywords: students; leadership; student leadership; College students; College student leadership; systematic review

Online: 2 October 2024 (13:14:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0102.v1

The Role of Social Media in the Amplification of Disinformation and Hate Speech against Afghan Refugees in Iran: Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

Shahriar Khonsari

Subject: Social Sciences, Media Studies Keywords: disinformation; hate speech; Afghan refugees; social media; iranian digital environment; algorithms; mitigation strategies

Online: 2 October 2024 (09:33:43 CEST)

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In Iran, fake news has been refined to weapon due to the popularity of new media and the growing social media-based assault on Afghan refugees. The recent geopolitical tensions and migrations, of course, have brought with them an increased number of false information reports and with them the rapid spread of negative stereotypes and the fueling of anti-Afghan sentiment. The article examines disinformation dispersion and its exacerbation in the digital space. It discusses in specifics ways in which misleading and hate speech against Afghan refugees pass through Iranian social media, in a thorough study of the psychological factors behind these narratives, that favors or fights such disinformation. The study screens the virtual screening areas that distribution of toxicity and disinformation by and engagement with social media. The disinformation technologies as well as the socio-political and historical contexts they derive from. Based on a detailed overview of the cyber-world, this study exposes the myriad challenges of suppressing false narratives and hate speech, focusing particularly on Afghan refugees in Iran. Besides, it points out to methods for both disallowing it to be distributed and curing the disease itself, basically, by redesigning digital agendas to present only the truth. The paper is aimed at unveiling the subversive forms of disinformation, armory with the data concerning digital tools and platforms, as well as input by external societies into the tapestry of the web that will construct a more inclusive digital discourse through critical engagement. Setting apart the genuine and not so wrong investigative procedures show great progress in society through these demanded efforts. Besides, the study impinges on more general issues such as media ethics and fact-checking, in what may be called the development of reliable information systems. This paper impinges on disinformation and humanizing toxic information, a vital aspect that currently has been managed only to a limited extend through the top-down disapproving or regulatory method and it creates strong ecosystem.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0054.v1

Development of Sustainability Competencies in Secondary School Education. A Scoping Literature Review

Kate Sposab, Marco Rieckmann

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: sustainability competencies; education for sustainable development; secondary school education; literature review; scoping review

Online: 1 October 2024 (12:58:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0006.v1

The Role of Geography in Economic Development: Insights from Historical and Modern Perspectives

Richard Murdoch Montgomery

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Geography; Economic Development; Economic Growth; International Inequality; Spatial Economics; Institutions; Climate; Natural Resources; Trade; Agglomeration Economies

Online: 1 October 2024 (11:57:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2353.v1

Psychology of Peace: Insights from the Srimad Bhagavad-Gita

Shyama Shah

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Srimad Bhagavad-Gita; conflict resolution; self-realization; mindfulness; emotional regulation; prosocial behavior; decision-making; social well-being

Online: 30 September 2024 (14:38:28 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2407.v1

Enhancing Food Resilience in the Age of Geoeconomics by Applying Biomimetic Principles in Urban Agriculture

Alex Toth

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: geoeconomics; economic resilience; food power; food security; urban agriculture; sustainability; biomimicry; agroecology

Online: 30 September 2024 (13:54:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2419.v1

Integrating Immersive Learning Technologies and Alternative Reality Games for Sustainable Education: Enhancing the Effectiveness and Participation on Cultural Heritage Education of Primary School Students

Hao-Chiang Koong Lin, Li-Wen Lu, Ruei-Shan Lu

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Immersive Learning, Gamification, Alternative Reality Gaming (ARG), Cultural Heritage Education, Local Education, Sustainability

Online: 30 September 2024 (12:43:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2266.v1

Impact of Emotional Education Programs in the Development of Emotional Competence in Secondary Students: A Scoping Review

Susana Araya, Mabel Urrutia, Yasna Chávez-Castillo, Isidora Zañartu, Rafael Zapata-Lamana

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: emotional education; secondary education; scoping review

Online: 30 September 2024 (10:53:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2401.v1

Nouns as Essential Migration Signifiers for Improving Migrant Mental Health Through Social Services Supporting Problem-Focused or Emotion-Focused Coping

Carol Nash

Subject: Social Sciences, Anthropology Keywords: migrate; social services; migrants; mental health; nouns; self-direction; coping

Online: 30 September 2024 (10:52:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2386.v1

The Continuum of Filipino Cultural Identity: Balancing Tradition and Change in a Globalized and Post-Pandemic World

Edgar Eslit

Subject: Social Sciences, Ethnic And Cultural Studies Keywords: continuum of Filipino cultural identity; Globalized and Post-Pandemic World; Tradition and Change

Online: 30 September 2024 (10:24:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2342.v1

Paul A Peters, Morgan Klym, Michel Lopez Barrios, Tomoko McGaughey

Subject: Social Sciences, Demography Keywords: multiple causes of death; comorbidity; mortality; mortality determinants; COVID-19; chronic diseases; population health; demography

Online: 30 September 2024 (08:37:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2364.v1

The Industrialization of Brazil: An Economical Historical Analysis until Modern Times

Richard Murdoch Montgomery

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: Brazil; Industrialization; Economic development; Inequality; Structural racism; Social inclusion; Lula da Silva; Dilma Rousseff; Jair Bolsonaro; Operation Lava Jato; Environmental sustainability; Regional development; Import Substitution Industrialization; Neoliberal reforms; Sustainable development; Social justice

Online: 30 September 2024 (07:48:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2248.v1

A Cox Proportional Hazards Model with Latent Covariates Reflecting Student’s Preparation, Motives, and Expectations for the Analysis of Time to Degree

Dimitrios Kalamaras, Laura Maska, Fani Nasika

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: time to degree; late graduation; duration of university studies; cox proportional hazards model; latent covariates; academic success; graduation rate

Online: 30 September 2024 (07:38:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2372.v1

Thurstonian Scaling for Sensory Discrimination Methods

Jian Bi, Carla Kuesten

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: sensory discrimination methods; Thurstonian discriminal distance d'; statistical inference for d'; difference testing; equivalence/similarity testing

Online: 30 September 2024 (05:39:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2360.v1

Assessing Education Quality in Bangladeshi Universities: A Statistical Analysis of Secondary Data and Its Implications for Academic Standards

Md. Abu Bokkor Shiddik

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: education quality; Bangladeshi universities; statistical analysis; higher education; secondary data; curriculum evaluation; student performance; education policy; university infrastructure; teaching effectiveness

Online: 30 September 2024 (04:07:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2286.v1

Rethinking Climate Justice: Insights from Environmental Sociology

Md Saidul Islam

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: Climate Justice; Climate Change; Environmental Sociology; New Ecological Paradigm; Environmental Justice Paradigm; Transformative Justice

Online: 29 September 2024 (11:04:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1145.v2

Comparing Strategies and Success of Policy Entrepreneurs in EU Energy and Climate Policy Processes

Fredrik von Malmborg

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: climate policy; comparative analysis; European Union; policy entrepreneurs; policy entrepreneurship; strategies

Online: 29 September 2024 (10:34:02 CEST)

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BackgroundThe clean energy transition required for decarbonisation of our societies make policymakers targets for broad business and non-business advocacy to ensure one’s often conflicting interests are protected or taken into consideration in public policies. The concept of policy entrepreneurs foregrounds the role of agency in understanding such acts of advocacy. This paper compares strategies used by policy entrepreneurs from different social spheres, advocating policy change or status quo, in four longitudinal cases related to European Union energy and climate policy 2011–2023. ResultsPolicy entrepreneurship was mainly of a cultural-institutional nature, aiming at altering or diffusing people’s perceptions, beliefs, norms and cognitive frameworks, worldviews, or institutional logics. But the actions of the European Commission did also include structural entrepreneurship, aiming at overcoming structural barriers to enhance governance influence by altering the distribution of formal authority and factual and scientific information. Motifs of policy entrepreneurs in the four cases differ, but strategies do not differ significantly between the public, private and civic spheres of society. Results indicate that civil society policy entrepreneurs focus on building broader coalitions than public and private sector entrepreneurs. There is no indication that policy entrepreneurs from a certain sector would be more successful than others in setting the agenda, changing perceptions of policy actors, or influencing actual policy change. However, policy entrepreneurs advocating policy change are more active and use more elaborated strategies than policy entrepreneurs advocating status quo. ConclusionsIt is concluded that policy entrepreneurs advocating policy change are more active and use more elaborated strategies than policy entrepreneurs advocating status quo. Thus, they are more successful in influencing policy outcomes. The European Commission was the only policy entrepreneurs to use structural entrepreneurship. the Commission acts to expand its reach into areas where the European Union does not hold much legal competence according to the constitution of the European Union. This comes with democratic deficits related to accountability and legitimacy and should be combated to reinstate and reinforce the position and powers of both the national and European legislators in taking the important decisions that impact the lives of European citizens.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2280.v1

Redesigning of Flexible Learning Itinerary Configurator (FLIC) for the Design of Learning Situations in Compulsory Education (FLIC-IPAFLEX)

Jacoba Munar-Garau, Juan Moreno-Garcia, Barbara De-Benito-Crosetti, Jesus Salinas

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: learning itineraries; learning design; technology‐enhanced learning; Learning design tools; primary education; secondary education

Online: 29 September 2024 (05:49:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2230.v1

Deriving Profiles of Korea Ladies Professional Golf Association Players Using the Latent Profile Analysis Technique: Focusing on the Impact of the Menstrual Cycle

Soon-Young Kim, Ji-Sun Yoon

Subject: Social Sciences, Tourism, Leisure, Sport And Hospitality Keywords: KLPGA; golf; women athletes; self-esteem; anxiety; perceived performance; menstrual medication usage

Online: 29 September 2024 (05:33:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0664.v2

Beyond the Typology: Linking Composite Sustainability to Urban Fabrics to Assess Spatially-Disaggregate Patterns in Cuenca, Ecuador

Francisco Calderón, Daniel Orellana, Maria Isabel Carrasco, Johnatan Astudillo, M. Augusta Hermida

Subject: Social Sciences, Urban Studies And Planning Keywords: sustainability indicators; urban fabrics; urban morphology; intermediate cities; GIS; spatial analysis

Online: 27 September 2024 (12:31:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2157.v1

Principles of Integration Science Its Content, Methods, and Significance

Yingrui Yang

Subject: Social Sciences, Cognitive Science Keywords: Integration mathematics; structural force hypothesis; standard model; gauge structure; economic dynamics; cognitive dynamics; scientific observation; orthogonal principle; disturbance degree; diagonal law

Online: 27 September 2024 (11:22:18 CEST)

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Interdisciplinary research consists of many levels and pathways. One research level that has emerged since the early 21st century is called integration science. Specifically, we focus on a research pathway that structurally integrates social sciences with theoretical physics from perspectives of dynamic analysis. Building on nearly 20 years of prior work, this paper proposes a basic theory of integration science, laying the theoretical foundation for its subsequent development. The significance of integration science operates on three levels. First, identifying structural connections between different disciplines helps in our holistic understanding of natural and social phenomena. Second, generally speaking, the current level of conceptualization and modeling in natural sciences, especially physics, is ahead of social sciences. Integration science research can help elevate the level of conceptualization and modeling in social sciences. Third, the structural similarity across different disciplines reflects the shared thinking of scientists from various fields. Integration science is not simply a synthesis of knowledge from different disciplines. The standard of integration science is to enable social sciences and natural sciences to share the same mathematical structures, thereby possessing a unified mathematical language for description. The empirical basis of integration science is discussed, proposing a unified theory of interdisciplinary scientific observation. This includes concepts like the directionality of scientific observation and the orthogonal principle, the concept of observational disturbance and the diagonal law, defining low and high disturbance quadrants, and discussing why different disturbance quadrants follow their respective mathematical paths. The basic theory of integration science is proposed. The application of category theory in integration science is introduced, along with the necessary semantic supplements. The fundamental concepts of integration mathematics are proposed, defining concepts like integration points, lines, plans, and bulks, and discussing their algebraic and functional analysis methods, thereby laying the mathematical foundation for the integration science. The structural force hypothesis is proposed, along with an axiomatic system of structural forces, thereby laying the philosophical foundation for integrative science. Based on prior work, specific cases of integrative points, lines, plans, and bulks are provided.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0792.v2

Planting Seeds of Change in Foodstyles: Growing Brand Strategies to Foster Plant-Based Alternatives Through Online Platforms

Gino Gabriel Bonetti, Chelsea van Hooven, Maria Giovanna Onorati

Subject: Social Sciences, Media Studies Keywords: plant-based food industry; innovative market entry strategies; growth strategies; brand “ platformization” ; multidimensional approach; caring lifestyles; alternative diets

Online: 27 September 2024 (10:27:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2165.v1

Leveraging Digital Transformation Platforms to Strengthen Market Position in India's Textile Industry

Hajar Fatorachian, Samritha Ramesh

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: digital transformation; textile wholesale; customer relationship management; e-commerce platforms

Online: 27 September 2024 (07:50:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2115.v1

Is the Selfish Never Selfless? Experimental Evidence from Charitable Giving Dictator Game Played by Pre-Service Teachers in Cambodia

Bandos Ros, Shinji Kaneko

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: advertisement; empathy; egoistic values; donation; dictator game ;

Online: 27 September 2024 (03:00:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2137.v1

Pregnancy and Risks from Cosmetics

Foteini Biskanaki, Niki Tertipi, Eleni Andreou, Eleni Sfyri, Vasiliki Kefala, Efstathios Rallis

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: pregnancy; skin; cosmetics; cosmetics’ risks; cosmetic procedures

Online: 27 September 2024 (00:17:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2132.v1

Walkable Distances to School in Urban, Semi-Urban and Rural Areas: The PACO Y PACA Study

Iván Pinilla-Quintana, Evelyn Martín-Moraleda, Antonio Hernández-Martínez, Carmen Mota, María Teresa Martínez-Romero, Nuria Gómez, María Virginia García-Coll, Esther Cabanillas, Alberto Dorado-Suárez, Maria Paula Santos, Diane Marjorie Crone, Cristina Romero-Blanco, Javier Molina-García, Sandra Mandic, Fabio Jiménez-Zazo, Susana Aznar

Subject: Social Sciences, Transportation Keywords: active transport; walking; built environment; urbanicity; students; education; youth; teenagers

Online: 26 September 2024 (17:09:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2120.v1

Assessing the Appropriation of Space in Urban Green Spaces Before the COVID-19 Pandemic: Three Case Studies in Downtown Shanghai

Marcus Vinicius Sant’Anna, Wuzhong Zhou

Subject: Social Sciences, Urban Studies And Planning Keywords: use of space; appropriation of space; behavior mapping; urban green space

Online: 26 September 2024 (14:48:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2050.v1

Portugal and England: A Historical Overview of Relations from Medieval Times to the Present

Richard Murdoch Montgomery

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: Portugal-England relations; history; economic exploitation; Brazil independence; slavery; inequalities

Online: 26 September 2024 (13:43:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1073.v2

The Eye of Every Storm: Policy Entrepreneurs to Strengthen the Role of Energy Efficiency in EU Climate Policy

Fredrik von Malmborg

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: Demand-side flexibility; democracy; energy efficiency; European Union; multiple streams framework; policy entrepreneurs; policy process

Online: 26 September 2024 (12:47:21 CEST)

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BackgroundContextualising the narrative on energy efficiency as the first fuel in the clean energy transition, the energy efficiency first principle (EE1) was introduced in EU energy and climate policy with the Energy Union communication in 2015 and made nonbinding with the EU Governance Regulation in 2018. In 2023, the EU legislators made EE1 legally binding to apply in policy, planning and investment decisions exceeding 100 million euros each and 175 million euros in the transport sector across all sectors that affect the energy system. Understanding the process through which new legislation is developed and adopted is important for understanding the policy itself, why it was designed in the way it was. Understanding the contextualisation of EE1 is particularly important since it introduced a paradigm shift in EU energy and climate policy. Better knowledge of the process of transformative policy change is important for policy and governance towards a clean energy transition for climate neutrality.ResultsApplying the multiple streams framework as a theoretical lens for analysing policy processes, this paper determines the policy process and the agency of policy entrepreneurs to make EE1 legally binding, from problem formulation to final adoption. Based on qualitative text analysis of policy documents, position papers and reports from EU negotiations, combined with interviews of key actors, the study shows how non-profit and non-governmental organisations such as the Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP), the European Climate Foundation (ECF) and the Energy Efficiency Financial Institutions Group (EEFIG), as well as the European Commission and the rotating Council Presidency, were critical policy entrepreneurs for coupling the problem, policy and politics streams. RAP together with ECF and EEFIG considered the unequal treatment of energy supply and energy demand in energy policy to hamper efficient use of the energy system and suggested the EE1 principle to overcome this problem. Using a broad set of strategies related to cultural-institutional entrepreneurship, such as attention- and support seeking strategies, linking strategies, relational management strategies, and arena strategies, they persuaded the European Commission to propose legislation on EE1. But the initial framing was too technical. for decision-makers to understand. The coupling of the problem–policy package to politics was performed once a policy window was opened by external and internal events such as the Paris Agreement on climate change, the entering office of the Ursula von der Leyen European Commission in late 2019, and the energy crisis in Europe following Russia’s second war on Ukraine. Climate change and security of supply were problems that decision-makers could understand. ConclusionsIt is concluded that coalition-building is important for policy entrepreneurs to gain broad acceptance for their policy proposals. In addition, timing is of great importance for policy entrepreneurs being able to couple a package of problems and policy solutions to the political stream. Political decision-makers must be receptive to the problem and its policy solution. This happens when a policy window of opportunity is opened. In this case, the policy entrepreneurs proposed a solution to what they perceived of as a problem almost seven years before the politics stream was mature and receptive. This led policy entrepreneurs to use ‘salami tactics’ to sequentially introduce policy change whit bits and pieces of the proposed policy instrument being implemented over a long period. It also highlights the need for endurance of policy entrepreneurs.But the study also raises ethical issues that policy entrepreneurship may not only be positive to democratic governance for the clean and just energy transition. The agency of policy entrepreneurs is often technocratic and non-transparent, and they take the role of political decision-makers but with no formal decision-making power, reducing possibilities to claim accountability, legitimacy and justice.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2111.v1

No Planet‐B Attitudes: The Current Environmental Paradigm and Its Role on Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Tourism Destinations

Arthur Filipe de Araújo, Isabel Andrés-Marques, Lorenza López Moreno

Subject: Social Sciences, Tourism, Leisure, Sport And Hospitality Keywords: willingness to pay for sustainable destinations; environmental beliefs; ecotourism attitudes; sustainable consumption behavior; environmental concern; climate change

Online: 26 September 2024 (12:23:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0114.v2

Volunteering as Meaningful Activity for People Living with Young Onset Dementia: A Thematic ‘Co-Analysis’

Rose E Vincent, Rosalie Ashworth, Irene Donaldson, Julie Hayden, Gerald King, Chris Maddocks, Keith Oliver, Martin Robertson, Tom C Russ, Heather Wilkinson

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: volunteering; post-diagnosis; young-onset dementia; early-onset dementia; meaningful activity; purpose; co-production

Online: 26 September 2024 (12:21:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2113.v1

The Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures Research on Key Considerations and Policies in Taiwan

Yi-Che Shih

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: biodiversity; protected areas; marine spatial planning; in-situ conservation; marine environment

Online: 26 September 2024 (12:19:39 CEST)

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The study provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the existing key policies and considerations in Taiwan's Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs), with the objective of providing useful evidence-based insights for formulating new effective environmental-friendly policies and promoting the existing policies. The study adopts a mixed research methodology that entails the combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodological frameworks. The primary source of the quantitative data for the study is the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) which provides variable data on OECMs and a component of databases of the Protected Planet Initiative (PPI) which is the joint product of UNEP and IUCN, managed by UNEP-WCMC and the IUCN working with governments, communities and collaborating partners. The qualitative methodological framework for the research adopted a technical systematic review approach based on the three-step framework for systematic reviews that involved planning, conducting and reporting the review. The review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The sources that were included in the review included scientific research materials that focused on the policies related to OECMs. Taiwan has a total of 92 individual areas that are designated as national protected areas (PAs) and OECMs and formally recognized by the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Out of the 92 designated areas, only seven are managed by the Construction and Planning Agency while the remaining 85 areas are managed by the Forestry Bureau. In terms of designation, 37 areas are designated as major wildlife habitats, 21 areas are designated as nature reserves, 20 areas are designated as wildlife refuges, eight areas are designated as national parks and six areas are designated as forest reserves. The primary themes that were identified were associated with marine spatial planning, environmental impact assessment (EIA) and marine scientific research and included biodiversity, protected area consideration, geographically defined areas, coastal resources and marine ecosystems. Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) have not been widely implemented yet, but most countries, including Taiwan, are increasingly aligning their existing policies with the strategies outlined in the OECMs policies to achieve large area-based conservation targets and reduce biodiversity loss.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2097.v1

Impulsive Buying Tendencies and Personality: Cognitive and Affective Aspects

Fayyaz Hussain Qureshi, Katarina Sokic, Sarwar Khawaja

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Impulsive buying tendencies; cognitive and affective aspects; HEXACO domains of personality

Online: 26 September 2024 (12:18:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2063.v1

Positive Childhood Experiences and Subjective Well-being Among Chinese University Students: The Mediating Role of Resilience

Yanni Huang, Fuhua Yang, Keli Yin

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Positive Childhood Experiences; Subjective Well-being; Psychological Resilience; College Students; Mental Health

Online: 26 September 2024 (04:35:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1997.v1

A Study on the Influence of Social Media on Forming the Social Skills among Adolescents

Nabin Thakur, Zainab Kausar Sulaiman

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Adolescents; Influence level; School students; Social media; Social skills

Online: 25 September 2024 (12:35:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1864.v1

Bad Company: Daewoo and France, 1987–2003

Jill Harsin

Subject: Social Sciences, Government Keywords: globalization; France; Daewoo; Thomson; unemployment

Online: 25 September 2024 (11:06:59 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1959.v1

Library Consortia: An Overview

Chiragkumar Parmar

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: Consortia; Library Consortia; Co-operation; Library Resources

Online: 25 September 2024 (08:52:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1926.v1

How Agroecological Transition Frameworks Are Reshaping Agroecology: A Review

Ana Filipa Fonseca, Fabíola Polita, Lívia Madureira

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: agroecology; transition; agroecological transition; transition theory; bibliometric review

Online: 25 September 2024 (04:12:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1927.v1

Methodology for the Development of Blended Learning Support Virtual Courses

Ricardo Patricio Medina-Chicaiza, Walfredo González Hernández, Lorena Chiliquinga-Véjar

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: blended learning; e‐learning; virtual course; e‐learning

Online: 24 September 2024 (14:02:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1844.v1

Potential of Anxiety and Fear in Indonesia’s and Taiwan’s Online News regarding COVID-19 Pandemic: Sentiment Analysis

Meiselina Irmayanti, Li Fang Chou, Nur Najla binti Zainal Anuar

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: anxiety; fear; sentiment analysis; online news; LIWC; seance

Online: 24 September 2024 (11:49:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1797.v1

The ESG Criteria Impact on Taxation

Marco Greggi

Subject: Social Sciences, Law Keywords: ESG; Direct taxation; Business Income; Transfer Pricing; GAAR: Business Purpose Test; Market Economy; UN; EU; Interpretation of the Law

Online: 24 September 2024 (11:28:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1895.v1

Theory of Food: The Relationship between Childhood Eating Habits to Implicit Attitudes towards Food in Adulthood

Omer Horovitz

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: nutritional psychology; theory of food; childhood eating habits; implicit attitudes; food choices

Online: 24 September 2024 (11:11:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1902.v1

Friendship Through a Narcissistic Lens: The Role of Narcissism in Perceived Humor Similarity Among Friends in Germany and the US

Tobias Altmann, Destaney Sauls

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: narcissism; friendship; humor styles; perceived similarity; friend-report

Online: 24 September 2024 (11:07:08 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1884.v1

Engineering Motivation into an Instructional Design Skill-Strength Assessment and Mentoring System

Hazzan Olusegun Mohammed

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: instructional design (ID); competency development; motivation; user-centered design (UCD)

Online: 24 September 2024 (10:12:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1878.v1

Presenting a Model for School Dropout of Girls in Deprived Areas Based on a Qualitative Investigation: A Case Study

Sara Mashayekhi, Parsa Mohammadi

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: educational justice; rural girls; school dropout; deprived areas; grounded theory

Online: 24 September 2024 (10:01:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1828.v1

Self-control Buffers the Mortality Salience Effect on Fairness-related Decision-making

Wen Li, Lili Guan

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: mortality salience; self-control; fairness-related decision-making; ego depletion; prosocial behavior

Online: 24 September 2024 (09:26:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1829.v1

Research on the Synergistic Effects and Driving Mechanisms of Urban Agglomeration Spatial Expansion: A Case Study of Beibu Gulf in Guangxi, China

Zhantu Chen, Limei Xiao, Li Ren, Bing Feng, Ling Xie

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Guangxi Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration; Spatial Expansion; Geodetector; Driving Factors; Urbanization Benefits

Online: 24 September 2024 (09:20:28 CEST)

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The spatial expansion of urban agglomerations is a direct manifestation of regional urbanization, reflecting the changes in scale and morphological characteristics of urban in temporal and spatial dimensions, which affects the efficiency of regional urbanization. This study employed a range of analytical techniques, including the urban spatial intensity index, center-of-gravity model, synergy index, inverse distance weighting interpolation method, and Geodetector, to examine the spatiotemporal evolution pattern and driving factors of the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration in Guangxi, China between 2012 and 2022. The findings indicate that: (1) The Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration in Guangxi has been in a stable expansion trend over the past decade. However, the polarization effect of the central city space has gradually weakened, and the spatial expansion differences between cities have gradually narrowed, indicating an extensional development mode. (2) The economic and social gravity centers show a tendency of "eastward and southward" migration, which is opposite to the direction of the urban gravity center's displacement. The displacement directions of population and ecological gravity centers are roughly consistent with that of urban center. The distribution of economic and social resources are not aligned with the configuration of urban development, and the trajectory of the center of gravity of various development dimensions has shifted. (3) Economic and social expansion is significantly faster than population and ecology, but slower than urban expansion. The intensity of urban expansion is inconsistent with the distribution of synergies. The spatial differences in synergies between cities are gradually narrowing. The central city's radiation-driven role is insufficient. The development of nodal cities is less than expected. However, the benefits of urbanization in coastal cities are constantly being strengthened. (4) The disposable income of urban residents and per capita arable land area are the primary driving forces of urban expansion, while population density and urban green space area are significant contributors to urban expansion. Based on the above findings, it is recommended that the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration of Guangxi should continue to enhance the scale efficiency of population agglomeration, optimize economic development and industrial resource allocation, promote urban-rural integration, strengthen inter-city connections, optimize spatial layout, and improve the overall production and living efficiency of regional cities and towns.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1784.v1

Educational Matheticism and Traditional Apprehension

Isaac Penzance

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: education; philosophy; Dewey; culture; intellectualism; polemic; didacticism; student; matheticism; learning

Online: 24 September 2024 (05:07:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0131.v3

The Origin of Human Theory-of-Mind

Teresa Bejarano

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: human lifestyle; language evolution; mentalese; self-conscious emotions; Theory-of-Mind; vicarious expectations

Online: 24 September 2024 (04:59:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1814.v1

Magnitude of Scholarly Communication Theories Used durign the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study

Murtala Ismail Adakawa, N.S. Harinarayana

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Copyrighted Access; Open Access; Models; Scholarly Communications; Theories

Online: 23 September 2024 (16:46:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1732.v1

Evaluating the Impact of an Educational Intervention Using Project-Based Learning on Post-Pandemic Recovery in Rural Colombia

Mercedes Carmen Arrieta-Cohen, Luz Angela Torres-Arizal, Ricardo León Gómez-Yepes

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Project-Based Learning; rural education; 21st-Century Skills; Evidence-Centered Design; Depth of Knowledge; program evaluation; primary education; science skills; math skills; language skills

Online: 23 September 2024 (13:17:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1759.v1

The Use of Faculty Inventor Social Capital to Facilitate University Technology Transfer: A Multiple Case Study Inquiry Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Malcolm Townes

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: faculty inventor; social capital; technology transfer; science policy; technology policy; qualitative comparative analysis

Online: 23 September 2024 (13:02:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1743.v1

Assessing Progress on Indigenous Self-Determination Rights: Comparative Insights from Chile, Colombia, and Mexico

Ramírez-Salazar M.A., Guirette-Barbosa O.A., Castañeda-Burciaga S., García-Estrada L.I., Villanueva-Maldondo J., José M. Celaya-Padilla

Subject: Social Sciences, Ethnic And Cultural Studies Keywords: indigenous; IACHR; Latin America; people; self-determination; standards

Online: 23 September 2024 (10:39:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1659.v1

Leveraging Religion to Reduce Food Waste: Examining Food Waste Through the Lens of Islam and Arab Hospitality

Omar Moufakkir, Busra Auzun

Subject: Social Sciences, Religion Keywords: food waste; hospitality; religion; sustainability; Islam; sin

Online: 23 September 2024 (08:53:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1625.v1

Competence Measurement of Software Projects in the Degree Course in Computer Engineering in Matanzas

Walfredo González Hernández

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: competence; measurement in software projects; training of a computer engineer; competence training; higher education

Online: 20 September 2024 (16:20:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1640.v1

The Relationship Between Body Image, Eating Behaviors and Diet Quality in Young Women: The Impact of Social Media

Jessica A Malloy, Hugo Kazenbroot-Phillips, Rajshri Roy

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: body image; diet quality; eating behaviors; young women; social media

Online: 20 September 2024 (15:03:41 CEST)

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Background/Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between diet quality and body image disturbance among young women aged 18-24, a crucial period for establishing lifelong health behaviors. Given the increasing exposure to social media, which often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, this research aims to explore how eating behaviors and diet quality, correlates with body image disturbance; Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative focus group discussions with quantitative analysis. Focus groups (n=19) explored themes of body image dissatisfaction. The Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ) was administered to 50 participants (young women aged 18-24) to quantitatively assess body image disturbance, while diet quality was evaluated using the Australian Recommended Food Scores (ARFS). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) was also used to assess eating be-haviors, including cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. A social in-fluence questionnaire (SIQ) was administered to measure the effect of social influence. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between ARFS, BIDQ, and TFEQ-R18 scores; Results: Qualitative findings revealed persistent dissatisfaction with body shape, largely influenced by social media. Quantitatively, 65% of participants scored above the clinical threshold for body image disturbance (mean BIDQ score = 4.2, SD = 0.8). The correlation between ARFS scores and BIDQ scores was weak and not statistically significant (r = 0.057, p = 0.711). However, a sig-nificant positive correlation was found between time spent on social media and body image disturbance (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). Additionally, TFEQ-R18 results indicated that 45% of participants displayed moderate levels of uncontrolled eating, and 36.5% demonstrated moderate levels of emotional eating; Conclusions: While social media significantly influences body image concerns, its effect on eating behaviours and diet quality shows weak correlations, suggesting that other factors may mediate these outcomes. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between body image, eating behaviors, and diet quality, indicating that interventions should address the psychological drivers behind these concerns, rather than solely focusing on reducing social media exposure.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1520.v1

‘I Can’t Even Talk to My Parents About It’: South Sudanese Youth Advocates’ Perspectives on Suicide Through Reflexive Discussions and Collaborative Poetic Inquiry

Amani Kasherwa, Caroline Lenette, Achol Arop, Ajang Duot

Subject: Social Sciences, Area Studies Keywords: critical suicide studies; collective poetic inquiry; suicide; reflexive discussion; youth advocates; South Sudanese

Online: 20 September 2024 (10:50:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1593.v1

A Study on the Teachers’ Perception of the Online Language Learning Mode During the COVID- 19 Pandemic in China

Shu Lun Mak, Chi Yuen Fu, Tak Wing Chan, Wai Fan Tang, Wai Ying Chak, Shui Lun Au, Chi Chung Lee, Chi Ho Li, Chun Yin Li

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Online Education; Language; Instruction; COVID-19 Pandemic; Educational Innovation; Teacher Experience; Learner Engagement; Qualitative Analysis

Online: 20 September 2024 (09:55:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0960.v2

Embodying Vulnerabilities and Emotions in the Analysis of Political Hate and Threats: The Case of Nasty Rhetoric in Swedish Climate Politics

Fredrik von Malmborg

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: climate politics; democracy; far-right populism; hate; nasty politics; neoliberalism; threats; vulnerability

Online: 20 September 2024 (03:05:26 CEST)

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In this paper I dig deep down along the slope of what touches me deeply – a democratic decline in climate politics. I follow the course of critical researchers in management and organisation studies, striving to move away from traditional, horizontal norms of academic writing that focus on counting rather than content and elision the author from the text, towards a more vertical writing acknowledging the value of incorporating the voice of the author. Embodying and resonating with my own emotional experiences of hate and threat campaigns, not locking my own vulnerabilities in, I analyse qualitatively the use, reasons, contents, senders and targets of such nasty rhetoric in Swedish climate politics, and the implications thereof for democracy. At the moment, a far-right populist nativist party holds tangible powers dictating the content and process of Swedish climate politics. In less than two years, Swedish climate politics have turned into an antidemocratic divisive politics portraying climate science as “a point of view”, female journalists writing about climate change and climate policy as “crypto environmentalists”, “motherfuckers” and “moron hags” that should be “fired” and “raped”, and the climate justice movement as “terrorists” and “a threat to Swedish democracy” that should be “sent to prison” and “executed”. Such nasty rhetoric is used not only by anonymous trolls in social media, but by the prime minister, cabinet ministers and parliamentarians, even in debates in the Swedish parliament. It has inspired the far-right extremist movement to use physical violence. Use of nasty politics aims to silence the opponents to the government’s climate policy, the political opposition, climate scientists, the climate justice movement and journalists, breaching liberal and deliberative democratic norms such as legitimacy, accountability and justice. It is a powerful tactic that leaves its targets with an anxious fear of losing control and often a need for disappearance. Many targets resign or stay silent. I chose to break the silence and write differently about the issue.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1506.v1

Sustainability Education in Formal and Non-Formal Education Materials. A Scoping Review

Paschalina Stylianou

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: quality education; sustainability; educational material; socio-cultural theory

Online: 19 September 2024 (20:11:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1560.v1

Village Organization and Sustainable Growth of Farmers' Income: An Empirical Study Based on Dynamic Survey Data of Labor Force in China

Qinghao Wang, Mingyue Gong, Chentao Zhang

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: Rural revitalization; ; Village organization; ; Degree of organization; Farmers' income; Common prosperity

Online: 19 September 2024 (16:48:39 CEST)

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Common prosperity is the core goal of rural revitalization, and sustainable growth of farmers' income is an inevitable requirement. This study uses CLDS2016-2020 village and family level questionnaire data to reveal how the degree of village organization affects the sustainable growth of farmers' income, thus providing reference and decision-making for the local government to promote the increase of farmers' income and narrow the gap from the village level. The results show that the degree of village organization can significantly affect farmers' income, and the analysis results of the degree of formal organization are consistent with them. Specifically, for every 1% increase in the degree of village organization, the per capita household income will increase by 32.4%, among which the wage income will increase by 22.6%, the operational income will increase by 5%, the property income will increase by 0.8%, and the transfer income will increase by 4.2%. The estimation results through instrumental variables are consistent, and the results are robust. At the same time, improving the degree of village organization can also significantly increase the proportion of farmers' non-agricultural income and narrow the income gap among farmers. On the impact of heterogeneity, it is found that the geographical distance between villages and county and township governments, as well as the political identity and education level of farmers will affect the role of the degree of organization. The results of mechanism analysis show that improving the degree of village organization is mainly through promoting the circulation of agricultural land, socialized service of agricultural machinery and industrial and commercial capital to the countryside to increase farmers' income. The research revealed that the modernization of rural governance should be accelerated, and the degree of village organization should be improved, especially the degree of formal organization, so as to build a benign trust and cooperation relationship between the two village committees and the villagers, and implement policies and measures to improve the income of farmers according to local conditions. At the same time, strengthen the publicity and education in party member to improve the proportion of rural party member and the education level of farmers.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1489.v1

Barriers to Digital Learning: Challenges in Online Education in Pakistan

MALIK ZEEWAQAR

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Online Learning; Digital Education; ; E-Learning; Barriers to E-Learning; Digital Divide

Online: 19 September 2024 (11:45:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1439.v1

Global Trends in Breast Cancer Research: A Bibliometric Analysis from the Scopus Database (2014–2023)

Vishwas Hase, Ahirrao Manjusha

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: Brest Cancer; Scientometrics; Bibliometrics; Cancer; Scopus

Online: 18 September 2024 (14:26:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1415.v1

Technological Interface Components that Support Accelerated ‎Learning in the Acquisition of Foreign Language Vocabulary

David Passig, Ganit Eshel-Kedmi, Adi Aharoni

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Accelerated learning; Acquisition of a foreign language; Luznov model; ‎CALL; VR learning environment

Online: 18 September 2024 (13:40:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1383.v1

Comparative Study of the Development of EFs in Children: Transition from the First Cycle to the Second Cycle of Early Childhood Education

ESPERANZA BAUSELA BAUSELA

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: BRIEF-P™; Development; Early Childhood Education; EFs; Parents; Teachers

Online: 18 September 2024 (11:57:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1302.v1

Motherhood in the Making: Key Determinants of Parenthood Motivation in Young Adult Women

Dario Vučenović, Matea Petrović, Katarina Jelić

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: childbearing motivation; attachment; emotional intelligence

Online: 18 September 2024 (10:29:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1372.v1

Self-Esteem, Student Engagement, and Academic Performance in Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia

Udan Kusmawan

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Self-esteem; Student engagement; Academic performance; Distance education; Family systems

Online: 18 September 2024 (07:24:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1341.v1

A Combined Protection System for Wind Generators

Vladimir Kaverin, Gulim Nurmagambetova, Gennadiy Em, Sultanbek Issenov, Galina Tatkeyeva, Aliya Maussymbayeva

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: protection system; wind generator; emergency situations; icing; lightning; vibration; temperature increase

Online: 18 September 2024 (07:12:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1291.v1

Qualitative Insights into Cultural Heritage Protection in Serbia: Evaluating Legal and Institutional Gaps

Vladimir M. Cvetković, Stefan Gole, Renate Renner, Tin Lukić

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: disasters; hazards; cultural heritage; protecting; qualitative research; interview; Serbia

Online: 18 September 2024 (04:57:53 CEST)

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This research is dedicated to a comprehensive examination of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the legal and institutional measures designed to protect cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia from the adverse effects of natural disasters, including earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, floods, torrents, storms, hail, and forest fires. The study aims to identify the primary challenges and shortcomings within the existing legal and institutional framework, while also pinpointing and analyzing best practices and potential improvements for the protection system. This research posits a preliminary hypothesis suggesting that challenges may exist within the legal and institutional framework for the protection of cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia, potentially limiting effective response and recovery following natural disasters. This hypothesis will be further developed and adapted based on the analysis of available data. Data collection for this research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with experts and an in-depth analysis of existing documentation. By conducting interviews with experts in the field, the research seeks to gather critical data and insights that will enhance the understanding of these issues and contribute to formulating viable solutions. The analysis and processing of data were carried out using ATLAS.ti software, which facilitated a comprehensive and systematic examination of the collected qualitative information. Furthermore, an assessment of the current capacity of institutions to respond rapidly and effectively to natural disasters that pose a threat to cultural heritage is a key component of the study. The ultimate goal is to develop recommendations that will fortify the legal and institutional framework, thereby bolstering the resilience of cultural heritage sites in Serbia against future natural disasters. The results of the research, highlight significant deficiencies in the legal framework, inadequate institutional capacities and resources, as well as a lack of proper training for crisis response. The need for improved inter-institutional cooperation and the development of technical-logistical resources is emphasized. This paper represents a significant contribution to the understanding and enhancement of the cultural heritage protection system, providing a foundation for further research and strategy development in this area.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1145.v1

Comparing Strategies and Success of Policy Entrepreneurs in EU Energy and Climate Policy Processes

Fredrik von Malmborg

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: Climate policy; comparative analysis; European Union; policy entrepreneurs; policy entrepreneurship; strategies

Online: 18 September 2024 (02:16:31 CEST)

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BackgroundThe clean energy transition required for decarbonisation of our societies make policymakers targets for broad business and non-business advocacy to ensure one’s often conflicting interests are protected or taken into consideration in public policies. The concept of policy entrepreneurs foregrounds the role of agency in understanding such acts of advocacy. This paper compares strategies used by policy entrepreneurs from different social spheres, advocating policy change or status quo, in four longitudinal cases related to European Union energy and climate policy 2011–2023. ResultsPolicy entrepreneurship was mainly of a cultural-institutional nature, aiming at altering or diffusing people’s perceptions, beliefs, norms and cognitive frameworks, worldviews, or institutional logics. But the actions of the European Commission did also include structural entrepreneurship, aiming at overcoming structural barriers to enhance governance influence by altering the distribution of formal authority and factual and scientific information. Motifs of policy entrepreneurs in the four cases differ, but strategies do not differ significantly between the public, private and civic spheres of society. Results indicate that civil society policy entrepreneurs focus on building broader coalitions than public and private sector entrepreneurs. There is no indication that policy entrepreneurs from a certain sector would be more successful than others in setting the agenda, changing perceptions of policy actors, or influencing actual policy change. However, policy entrepreneurs advocating policy change are more active and use more elaborated strategies than policy entrepreneurs advocating status quo. ConclusionsIt is concluded that policy entrepreneurs advocating policy change are more active and use more elaborated strategies than policy entrepreneurs advocating status quo. Thus, they are more successful in influencing policy outcomes. The European Commission was the only policy entrepreneurs to use structural entrepreneurship. the Commission acts to expand its reach into areas where the European Union does not hold much legal competence according to the constitution of the European Union. This comes with democratic deficits related to accountability and legitimacy and should be combated to reinstate and reinforce the position and powers of both the national and European legislators in taking the important decisions that impact the lives of European citizens.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1339.v1

Adaptation of Artificial Intelligence to Everyday Life for a Sustainable World: A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Teacher Decision-Making

Neslihan KARAKUŞ, Kerim Gedik

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Keywords: Sustainable world; artificial intelligence (AI); ethical dilemmas; teacher of ethics

Online: 17 September 2024 (23:53:00 CEST)

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The utilization of artificial intelligence in education can contribute to sustainable development goals in various ways. AI in education can effectively convey sustainability issues to students. Through simulations and virtual environments, learners can experience sustainable practices firsthand. On the other hand artificial intelligence can assist administrators and educators in making data-informed decisions. This allows for more effective shaping of educational policies. This study explores how teachers and artificial intelligence (AI) address ethical dilemmas in edu-cation, comparing their decisions and examining the influence of variables such as gender, years of service, and education level. A total of 141 teachers from public schools in Turkey participated, and their responses were compared to AI-generated decisions using Yin's nested multiple-case de-sign. The scenarios were analyzed through five ethical frameworks: virtue ethics, deontological ethics, utilitarianism, social justice ethics, and situation ethics. Results showed that AI provided the same answer as the majority of teachers in six out of eight dilemmas but differed in two. AI favored a more analytical, result-oriented approach, while teachers emphasized empathy and rule adherence. Gender differences revealed that males leaned towards utilitarianism, while females favored social justice and situation ethics. Less experienced teachers preferred deontological and social justice ethics, while more experienced teachers leaned towards virtue ethics and utilitarian-ism. Elementary teachers emphasized virtue and social justice ethics, while middle and high school teachers favored deontological ethics and utilitarianism. The findings provide insights into ethical decision-making in education by highlighting the differences between solutions proposed by artificial intelligence and those offered by teachers. Additionally, they emphasize the im-portance of adapting artificial intelligence to everyday life to foster a sustainable world.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1331.v1

The Trail Making Test in Virtual Reality (TMT-VR): Examination of the Ecological Validity, Usability, Acceptability, and User Experience in ADHD

Katerina Alkisti Gounari, Evgenia Giatzoglou, Ryan Kemm, Ion N. Beratis, Chrysanthi Nega, Panagiotis Kourtesis

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: virtual reality; trail making test; ecological validity; usability; acceptability; user experience; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Online: 17 September 2024 (14:49:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1323.v1

Empowering Education 4.0: Impact of Using ChatGPT as a Virtual Mentor on K-12 Students Learning Science

Rafael Castañeda, Laura Mercadé, Víctor J. Gómez, Teresa Mengual, Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández, Miguel Sinusia Lozano, Juan Navarro Arenas, Ángela Barreda, Maribel Gómez-Gómez, Elena Pinilla Cienfuegos, David Ortiz de Zárate

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: education 4.0; artificial intelligence; blended learning; ChatGPT; virtual mentor; K-12; science education

Online: 17 September 2024 (14:48:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1276.v1

Generative AI for Culturally Responsive Assessment in Science: A Conceptual Framework

Matthew Nyaaba, Xiaoming Zhai, Morgan Z. Faison

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Culturally Responsive Assessment; Assessment; Prompt Engineering; Generative AI (GenAI); Artificial Intelligence (AI); Science Education

Online: 17 September 2024 (08:43:20 CEST)

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This study presents the core tenets that constitute culturally responsive science assessments (CRSciA) for K-12 education and aligned them with the capabilities of generative AI (GenAI). The tenets were identified based on their dominance in the literature, including Indigenous Language, Race and Ethnicity, Religious Beliefs, Family and Community, and Indigenous Knowledge. These tenets were instrumental in developing the GenAI-CRSciA framework and the subsequent prompts to generate CRSciAs aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) while comparing it with standard prompt strategies. The results showed that the GenAI-CRSciA approach outperformed standard prompting strategies in terms of generating CRSciAs, proving its effectiveness in addressing the ongoing challenges in science assessments. Even though the GenAI-CRSciA framework presented assessments that cover a range of the cultural backgrounds, it presents potential challenges such as compromising curricula core competencies and overgeneralization of students’ backgrounds; overlooking subcultural variations within a country or region, for example differences between urban and rural students, or between different ethnic or linguistic groups within the same nation, which can lead to bias and less effective CRSciA outputs. To address this, we recommend that teachers provide comprehensive and specific background information about their students when using the GenAI-CRSciA prompting, ensuring that the generated content is truly reflective of the students’ unique cultural contexts. In larger class settings, teachers could implement comprehensive local data indexing, where detailed student background information is uploaded and retrievable for use in crafting more personalized CRSciAs. We recommend educators make conscious efforts to validate the generated assessments with input from human experts, including community or family, educators, and even students who are knowledgeable about the cultural nuances. We also suggest continuous professional development would be necessary to enhance teachers’ understanding of the cultural tenets.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1250.v1

The Evolutionary Framework for Human-Machine Alignment

Gleb Vzorin

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Superalignment; Human-AI co-evolution; HCI; machine culture

Online: 17 September 2024 (06:19:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1198.v1

Perceptions and Awareness of the Effectiveness of Nature-based Solutions in Selected Coastal Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

Chinomnso Chinazum ONWUBIKO, Dennis Worlanyo Aheto

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: coastal ecosystems; disaster risk reduction; perceptions; awareness; nature-based solutions; effectiveness

Online: 17 September 2024 (05:11:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1182.v1

15-Minute City: An Attempt to Measure Proximity to Urban Services in Rome

Keti Lelo, Francesco Chiaradia, Salvatore Monni, Federico Tomassi

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: 15-minute city; proximity; inequalities; mapping; Rome

Online: 16 September 2024 (12:27:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1215.v1

A Survey System for Artificial Intelligence-Based Painting Using Generative Adversarial Network Techniques

Ming-Der Jean, Chaoyang Zhang, Xiang Li

Subject: Social Sciences, Cognitive Science Keywords: AI painting software; generative adversarial networks; fuzzy hierarchical analysis; evaluation models

Online: 16 September 2024 (11:39:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1218.v1

Human Rights in Saudi Arabia and The Country Vision Of 2030: An Analytical Perspective

Safran Almakaty

Subject: Social Sciences, Area Studies Keywords: human rights; Saudi Arabia; Vision 2030; women's rights; labor rights; qualitative analysis

Online: 16 September 2024 (11:37:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1168.v1

Into the Weeds: A Case Study of Pro-Environmental Behavior Through the North Carolina Native Plant Forum on Facebook

Sera Harold, Carla C. Johnson

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: pro-environmental behavior; social media; environmental education; Facebook

Online: 16 September 2024 (09:45:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2328.v3

An Assessment of Agent-Based Modelling Tools for Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change

Tom Selje, Rayhan Islam, Boris Heinz

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: Community-based adaptation; climate change adaptation; agent-based modelling; simulations; tool assessment

Online: 16 September 2024 (09:35:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1144.v1

Examining the Impact of Urban Parks and Social Aspects on Social Sustainability: A Case Study of Konya, Turkey

Saliha Beste Büyükağaçcı, Nurgül Arısoy

Subject: Social Sciences, Urban Studies And Planning Keywords: social indicators; social sustainability; urban parks; sustainability

Online: 14 September 2024 (16:16:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1068.v1

Various Prospects of Biodiesel Production: Techniques and Challenges

Muhammad Ammad Jamil, Shamsa Aziz, Muhammad Salman Khalid

Subject: Social Sciences, Transportation Keywords: Biodiesel; Biodiesel production; Transesterification; Non-edible feedstock; Catalysts; Properties

Online: 14 September 2024 (10:16:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1011.v1

A Pandemic Risk Index to Monitor the Risk of Pará’s Coastal Municipalities during COVID-19: Addressing Vulnerabilities and Open Space Management

Ana Beatriz Brito Dias, Jose Antonio Jimenez, Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira, Brenda Ribeiro Padilha da Silva, Luan Rabelo, Farley Darlan dos Santos Fernandes

Subject: Social Sciences, Tourism, Leisure, Sport And Hospitality Keywords: pandemic; Covid-19; risk Index; social vulnerability; beaches

Online: 14 September 2024 (04:25:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1056.v1

Who Would Taste It? Exploring Decision-Making Styles and Intention to Eat Insect-Based Food among Italian University Students

Maria Elide Vanutelli, Roberta Adorni, Paolo Alberto Leone, Aldo Luperini, Marco D’Addario, Patrizia Steca

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: automatic attitudes; explicit attitudes; intentions; IAT; novel foods; insect-based food; decision-making style

Online: 13 September 2024 (14:52:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2328.v2

An Assessment of Agent-Based Modelling Tools for Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change

Tom Selje, Rayhan Islam, Boris Heinz

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: Community-based adaptation; climate change adaptation; agent-based modelling; simulations; tool assessment

Online: 13 September 2024 (10:47:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1070.v1

Multidisciplinary Professional Talent Cultivation in the Internationalization of China’s Agri-Sci-Tech Industry

Xin Xiong

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: foreign language education; the internalization of China’ s Agri-Sci-Tech industry; professional + foreign language; foreign language + professional

Online: 13 September 2024 (10:35:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1073.v1

The Eye of Every Storm: Policy Entrepreneurs to Strengthen the Role of Energy Efficiency in EU Climate Policy

Fredrik von Malmborg

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: Demand-side flexibility; energy efficiency; European Union; multiple streams framework; policy entrepreneurs; policy process

Online: 13 September 2024 (09:48:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1069.v1

The Creative Awareness Theory: A Grounded Theory Study of Inherent Self-Regulation in Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

Rebecca E. Champ, Marios Adamou, Warren Gillibrand, Sally Arrey, Barry Tolchard

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: adult ADHD; neurodevelopmental disorders; self-regulation; grounded theory; self-determination theory; positive aspects; positive attributes; creative adjustment

Online: 13 September 2024 (09:00:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1061.v1

Transformation of Organizational Behavior in Village Fund Management: Evaluation Study and Increasing the Effectiveness of Development Programs

Beatus Tampaip, Yosephina Ohoiwutun, Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Pulung Riyanto

Subject: Social Sciences, Government Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Village Fund; Development Effectiveness; Team Structure; Community Involvement

Online: 13 September 2024 (07:24:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0941.v1

Technical Fouls Effect on Momentum Change: Does the Season (Regular vs. Playoffs) Matter?

Gershon Tenenbaum, Yaniv K. Maymon, Tomer Ben-Zion, Assaf Lev

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: technical foul; psychological momentum; basketball; performance; coaches; Playoffs

Online: 13 September 2024 (04:15:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1001.v1

Impact of ESG Rating Disagreement on Debt Financing Costs

Fei Su, Xiaoran Xue

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: ESG; ESG rating disagreement; Debt financing costs; Mechanism analysis

Online: 12 September 2024 (16:02:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0931.v1

Family Functioning and Cohesion Scale: Validation of a Short Instrument for the Assessment of Intrafamily Relations

Vagioula Tsoutsi, Dimitris Dikeos

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Family cohesion; intrafamily relations; family functioning; scale

Online: 12 September 2024 (13:12:08 CEST)

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