Abstract: Background/Objectives: Dementia remains one of the major global health challenges of the modern era. Researchers worldwide continue to seek effective therapeutic strategies to combat this neurodegenerative condition. Silymarin, a natural compound with strong neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, holds great potential for dementia management; however, its poor aqueous solubility and limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) have restricted its clinical use. This study focused on the formulation and evaluation of a heparin–pullulan silymarin liposomal nano-gel (HPSL) to enhance silymarin’s bioavailability and brain delivery. Methods: The HPSL nano-gel was synthesized using the thin-film hydration technique and optimized based on entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, and in-vitro release kinetics. Neuroprotective efficacy of HPSL nano-gel was assessed in mice through behavioral evaluations, biochemical estimation of oxidative stress, analysis of cholinergic enzyme activity and histopathological examination of brain tissues. Results: Morphological characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed uniform nanoscale structure. The optimized formulation (HPSL-3) exhibited a particle size of 406.07 ± 19.33 nm, zeta potential of –23.72 ± 7.64 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 73.53 ± 12.05%, indicating good stability and efficient drug loading. The in-vitro release followed non-Fickian diffusion, suggesting a sustained drug-release profile. Behavioral studies in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice (elevated plus maze, hole board, and light/dark paradigms) demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.001) improvements in learning and memory retention. Biochemical analyses revealed elevated levels of ChAT, SOD, CAT, and GSH, along with reduced AChE and MDA levels, supporting the formulation’s neuroprotective potential. Histopathological evaluation showed marked attenuation of neuronal degeneration, inflammation, and edema (HAI = 4) compared to the scopolamine group (HAI = 11). Conclusions: Overall, the HPSL formulation effectively enhanced silymarin delivery across the BBB, providing potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cholinergic modulatory effects. These findings suggest that HPSL represents a promising nano-carrier system for the treatment of dementia and other oxidative stress–related neurological disorders.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Astragalus root is a classical qi-tonifying traditional Chinese medicine that has demonstrated potential therapeutic efficacy in T2DM and NAFLD. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its effects on the comorbidity of these two disorders remain unclear. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which astragalus root ameliorated T2DM-NAFLD comorbidity. Methods: Network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and in vitro experiments were employed to elucidate the potential roles and mechanisms of astragalus root in the management of T2DM-NAFLD comorbidity. Results: A total of 25 bioactive constituents and 152 corresponding targets associated with astragalus root were identified. PPI network analysis revealed the top ten core candidate targets, among which six possessed suitable crystal structures for molecular docking, including IL-6, AKT1, JUN, TNF, CASP3, and ESR1. KEGG analysis further identified the PI3K-AKT as the most significantly en-riched pathway. Molecular docking of the principal bioactive constituent formononetin from astragalus root with the six core targets was conducted using AutoDock4 software. Molecular dynamics simulations verified the stability of the interactions between for-mononetin and each of the six core target proteins. In vitro experiments demonstrated that formononetin obviously decreased lipid droplet accumulation, downregulated TC and TG levels, suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, decreased ROS and MDA levels, and enhanced GSH content and SOD activity. These therapeutical effects were achieved through inhibition of protein expression within the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions: This study determined the potential therapeutic targets and underlying mechanisms of formononetin derived from astragalus root in the T2DM-NAFLD management, thereby providing a scientific basis for its clinical application.

Abstract: Background: The limited aqueous solubility of basic drugs poses significant challenges for oral bioavailability, necessitating a different formulation approach. This study utilizes acidic or non-ionic polymers (its aqueous solution close to acidic-neutral pH) to stabilize a basic drug via drug-polymer interaction. Due to acid-base super solubilization effects, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have good recrystallization inhibition, and improved dissolution and stability. Methods: To prepare nimodipine, a model drug, solid dispersion, spray–drying and melt–quenching techniques were used with carriers like HPC, HPMCAS, HPMCP, and PVP K25 polymers. Drug-polymer miscibility or interaction was carefully evaluated with different modeling to reduce processing temperature and inhibit recrystallization. Results: Based on preparation methods, there were two ASD types: one with a small particle size and low bulk density (spray–drying) and the other with big particle size and high bulk density, prepared at a low temperature to minimize degradation (melt–quenching). The solid–state analysis revealed a low glass transition temperature (Tg), suggesting amorphous forms. The surface morphology of nimodipine and its solid dispersions demonstrated a uniform and consistent system. Nimodipine with HPMCP via spray–drying (NIM.CP.SM) exhibited the highest drug release (89.51%) in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) after 2 h without recrystallization. The in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles demonstrated a 33–fold increase in Cmax and a 15–fold increase in AUC0–∞ with NIM.CP.SM. Conclusions: These findings suggest that an HPMCP–based polymer combined with spray–drying technique produces a thermodynamically and physico-chemically stable ASD with enhanced in vitro and in vivo drug release.

Abstract:

In-vitro dissolution study is crucial for quality assurance and stability, serving as a surrogate test for evaluating in-vivo performance of a drug. The dissolution procedure should be designed using an appropriate validated approach, depending on the type of dosage form. Dissolution testing is crucial to regulatory decision-making in a number of aspects. Conventional formulations have validated regulatory-compliant dissolution methods, conversely novel drug formulations like nanoparticles and microparticles lack standard validated procedures for the same. The present article provides information about the various compendial and non-compendial methods available for in-vitro dissolution testing of nano-formulations including the selection of dissolution media, different factors affecting the release, advancements in the dissolution procedures and also included the recently developed marketed nano-formulations.

Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition with onset in childhood and functional impairment that may persist into adulthood. Methylphenidate remains a first-line pharmacological treatment due to its well-established efficacy and safety profile. However, clinically relevant variability in treatment response is frequently observed, partly related to differences in pharmacokinetic characteristics among available formulations. Extended-release (ER) methylphenidate formulations were developed to improve adherence and provide sustained symptom control throughout the day. Importantly, ER formulations are not pharmacokinetically equivalent, as distinct drug delivery technologies result in different absorption patterns, peak plasma concentrations, and duration of effect. These differences may translate into meaningful clinical consequences for symptom coverage, tolerability, and functional outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the neurobiological basis of ADHD and examines the pharmacology and pharmacokinetic profiles of ER methylphenidate formulations, with particular emphasis on osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS®) and spheroidal oral drug absorption system (SODAS®) technologies. Clinical and pharmacokinetic data are integrated to highlight practical considerations for formulation selection and individualized treatment strategies. Recognizing formulation-specific pharmacokinetic differences may support more rational prescribing decisions and improve functional outcomes in routine clinical practice.

Abstract:

Background/Objectives: Carfilzomib (CFZ) and bortezomib (BTZ) are proteasome inhibitors used as the first-line therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) but are associated with cardiovascular adverse events (CVAEs). This study aims to identify differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and regions (DMRs), and enriched pathways in patients who developed CFZ- and BTZ- related CVAEs. Methods: Baseline germline DNA methylation profiles from 79 MM patients (49 on CFZ and 30 on BTZ) in the Prospective Study of Cardiac Events During Proteasome Inhibitor Therapy (PROTECT) were analyzed. Epigenome-wide analyses within each group identified DMPs, DMRs, and enriched pathways associated with CVAEs compared with individuals without CVAEs. Results: Four DMPs were significantly associated with CFZ-CVAE: cg15144237 within ENSG00000224400 (p = 9.45x10⁻¹⁰), cg00927646 within TBX3 (p = 9.78x10⁻⁸), and cg10965131 within WDR86 (p = 1.00x10⁻⁷). One DMR was identified in the FAM166B region (p = 5.46x10⁻⁷). There was no evidence of any DMPs in BTZ-CVAE patients, however two DMPs and one DMR reached a suggestive level of significance (p < 1.00x10⁻⁵): cg09666417 in DNAJC18 (p = 3.41x10⁻⁷) and cg12987761 in USP18 (p = 5.00x10⁻⁷), and a DMR mapped to the WDR86/WDR86-AS1 region (p = 8.11x10⁻⁸). Meta-analysis did not find any significant DMPs, with the top CpG being cg17933807 in GNL2 (p = 7.38 x10⁻⁵). Pathway enrichment analyses identified peroxisome, MAPK, Rap1, adherens junction, phospholipase D, autophagy, and aldosterone-related pathways to be implicated in CVAEs. Conclusions: Our study identified distinct DMP, DMR, and pathway enrichment associated with CVAE, suggesting epigenetic contributors to CVAEs and supporting the need for larger validation studies.

Abstract:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which current rivastigmine therapies offer limited benefit due to low oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, and gastrointestinal side effects. Alternative mucosal routes such as nasal and buccal delivery provide non-invasive, patient-friendly approaches capable of bypassing gastrointestinal degradation while enabling rapid absorption and potentially improving central nervous system exposure. The present study aims to develop a rivastigmine-loaded nanolipid mucoadhesive gel designed for dual mucosal application nasal as well as buccal to prolong residence time, enhance permeability, and sustain drug release. Solid lipid nano carrier composed of a combination of solid and liquid lipids, were selected to achieve improved stability, drug encapsulation, and controlled release compared to conventional solid lipid nanoparticles. To strengthen mucoadhesion and biocompatibility, Moringa oleifera mucilage was incorporated as a natural polymer with excellent swelling and hydrogen-bonding capacity. This novel formulation strategy represents the first reported use of Moringa oleifera mucilage–based gels for rivastigmine mucosal delivery, offering a promising platform for improved bioavailability, better patient compliance, and sustained therapeutic management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Capric acid–based therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) 18 are emerging as a distinct class of biofunctional matrices capable of reshaping drug solubilization, permeability, and bioactivity. Methods: Relevant studies on capric acid–based therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) were identified through targeted database searches and screened for evidence on their design, mechanisms, and pharmaceutical performance. Results: This review synthesizes current evidence on their structural design, mechanistic behavior, and pharmaceutical performance, revealing several unifying principles. Across multiple drug classes, capric acid consistently drives strong, directional hydrogen bonding and drug amorphization, enabling exceptional solubility enhancements and stabilized supersaturation. Its amphiphilic C10 chain further contributes to membrane fluidization, which explains the improved transdermal and transmucosal permeation repeatedly observed in capric acid-based THEDES. Additionally, synergistic antimicrobial and anticancer effects reported in several systems confirm that capric acid acts not only as a solvent component but as a bioactive co-therapeutic. Collectively, the reviewed data show that capric acid serves as a structurally determinant element whose dual hydrogen-bonding and membrane-interacting roles underpin the high pharmaceutical performance of these systems. However, gaps remain in long-term stability, toxicological profiling, and regulatory classification. Emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)-guided predictive approaches offer promising solutions by enabling rational selection of eutectic partners, optimal ratios, and property optimization through computational screening. Conclusion: Overall, capric acid-based THEDES represent a rationally designable platform for next-generation drug delivery, where solvent functionality and therapeutic activity converge within a single, green formulation system.

Abstract: The lipid-based drug delivery systems have seen a major change and that has resulted in a significant change in the way drugs are being used for neurological, oncological, and systemic diseases. The process started with the traditional liposomes and finally ended with highly sophisticated lipid nanoparticles, tocosomes, and nanoliposomes that have better targeting, stability, and biocompatibility. The article in question does a thorough review of the historical development, structural basis, classification methods, and Quality by Design (QbD) formulation strategies that improve carrier efficiency. It also looks into the AI-enabled lipid nanoparticle technology that allows for customization, responsiveness to stimuli, and precision medicine applications. The comparison of the surfactant-based systems, the traditional liposomes, and the LNPs gives a clearer view of the need for compatibility, the therapeutic goals, and the disease-specific suitability. The new ways to deliver drugs through the skin, mouth, and quick-dissolving platforms are discussed in terms of their contribution to patient adherence and clinical use. The delivery of drugs using strategies like targeting is especially stated for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, cancers, and gene-based therapies; and that is made possible by developing ligand-based targeting and immune modulation. The discussed challenges in translation are regulatory complexities, scalability, reproducibility, and immunogenicity along with the future perspectives focusing on smart nanocarriers, hybrid biomimetic systems, and personalized therapeutics being the most important. In the end, it can be said that lipid-based nanocarriers are not just passive drug vehicles anymore, but rather they are becoming more like intelligent therapeutic platforms and thus, the transformation in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and clinical medicine is going to be very significant.

Abstract: Skin aging is driven by oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and UVB-induced cellular injury. Plant-derived bioactives with multi-targeted protective actions offer promising avenues for cosmeceutical development. This study assessed ethanolic leaf extracts of Vitex trifolia, an Indonesian medicinal plant traditionally used for skin disorders. Phytochemical analysis showed a total phenolic content of 78.52 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content of 1.99 ± 0.02 mg QE/g. LC–HRMS profiling identified major metabolites including casticin and several flavonoid and phenolic acid derivatives. Antioxidant assays demonstrated strong radical-scavenging and reducing activities, with IC₅₀ value of 63.47 ± 0.24 (DPPH) and 70.13 ± 1.28 μg/mL (ABTS), and a FRAP value of 36.3 ± 0.18 FeSO₄ eq/100 g. Enzymatic studies confirmed potent collagenase inhibition (IC₅₀=27.94 ± 3.20 μg/mL) and moderate elastase inhibition. In HaCaT keratinocytes, V. trifolia extract remained non-toxic up to 100 μg/mL and exerted cytoprotective activity against UVB-induced damage at 12.5–50 μg/mL. The extract also downregulated UVB-induced MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression up to 42% and 69%, respectively, outperforming ascorbic acid. These findings highlight V. trifolia as a promising natural anti-aging agent with strong antioxidant, protease-inhibitory and photoprotective properties, supporting its potential as safe and effective cosmeceutical ingredient.

Abstract: The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit has gained a lot of importance as a botanical cosmetic ingredient for its nutrients and bioactive compounds in the cosmeceutical industry. This review makes a systematic investigation into the scientific basis of the uses of sea buckthorn on dermatological health, focusing particularly on skin regeneration, anti-pigmentation and anti-acne effects. Rich in more than 190 bioactive compounds, rare omega-7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid), vitamins (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols this natural wonder evens skin tone and reduces pigmentation. Available evidence indicates that sea buckthorn extracts and oils have wound healing effects (enhancing collagen synthesis), tyrosinase inhibiting activity and can act against bacteria causing acne. Human studies have confirmed increase in skin moisture, elasticity and softness after sea buckthorn consumption. The present review combines and discusses recent findings, mechanisms of action, formulation difficulties as well as prospects for improving the clinical use of sea buckthorn in the cosmeceutical field.

Abstract: Modern drug delivery systems' evolution has drastically altered the paradigm from traditional dosage forms to the corresponding engineered technologies that are specifically made for controlled, targeted, and patient-centered therapies. The present article encompasses those liposomal carriers, nanoparticulate systems, oral fast dissolving technologies, and controlled release formulations that altogether shape the future of the therapeutic delivery. The intro gives a deciphering of the ideas of logical drug design and controlled targeting. The vesicular and liposomal systems are discussed in terms of their structural, biomedical, and clinical importance, after which the particle-based methods that sharpen therapeutic precision and conquer the barriers to macromolecular delivery are discussed. Lipid-based nanocarriers like solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) show their edge over others by maintaining exceptional stability, encapsulation efficiency, and continuous drug release characteristics. Besides that, oral fast-acting systems—which consist of mouth-dissolving tablets, films, and effervescent preparations—are characterized by their quick start and increased patient compliance coupled with chewable forms for easier acceptance. Among these reliable and sustained-release techniques are microencapsulation, pulsatile multiparticulate systems, and matrix-based designs that provide constant pharmacokinetic performance and help in keeping the patient. The article ends with clinical viewpoints on nanocarrier usage that are connecting preclinical innovations with clinical success. This whole synthesis marks that the interplay between formulation science and therapeutic outcomes is very strong and points out the fact that a patient-oriented approach is essential in pushing the next-generation drug delivery systems forward.

Abstract: A new iodine-dextrin-lithium complex (IDLC) was synthesized and structurally characterized as a hybrid supramolecular system combining antiseptic, stabilizing, and biocompatible components. The compound integrates iodine as the primary antimicrobial agent, lithium as a coordination and stabilization element, and dextrin as a biodegradable polysaccharide matrix enabling sustained release. Physicochemical analyses confirmed the formation of a uniform, thermally stable complex. Biological evaluation revealed strong bactericidal activity, with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 1.95 to 15.63 µg ml-1 against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. The complex also demonstrated inhibitory effects in virus-infected MDCK cell cultures. Cytotoxicity studies showed CC50 = 0.23-0.48 mg ml-1 on human MNCs and more than 10 mg ml-1 on MDCK cells, confirming low toxicity. The results of the study on the cytotoxicity of IDLC suggest a cytotoxic effect on tumor cell lines such as HepG2, HeLa, AGS, K562, and H9, as well as normal cell lines MeT-5A. Therefore, it can be estimated that IDLC has the potential to be a new drug with antitumor activity against these cell lines. The research confirms that iodine can be effectively stabilized within a dextrin-lithium framework to yield a biologically active, thermally resistant complex, suitable for pharmaceutical use.

Abstract: The drug delivery system of today is made up of heap of innovations like lipid-based nanocarriers, controlled-release technologies, and rapidly developing oral dosage forms. The present article is the first to provide an exhaustive coverage of the latest methods along with their benefits that include greater therapeutic effectiveness, better patient compliance, and flexibility in formulation. One of these methods is the use of lipid nanoparticles: liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and other vesicular systems which are responsible for the better solubility, permeability and stability of difficult bioactive molecules. Their compatibility with oral dosage forms has resulted in improving gastrointestinal absorption, targeted delivery, and sustained exposure.The controlled-release systems have come a long way too, offering the most sophisticated modulation of drug release through diffusion, erosion, osmotic, and swelling mechanisms. The systems yield predictable pharmacokinetic profiles and reduce dosing frequency, while oral controlled-release strategies' innovations open the door for an application in various therapeutic categories. In the meantime, oral dosage technologies such as fast-dissolving tablets, effervescent systems, QbD-based solid dosage forms, and 3D-printed tablets are signs of the growing patient-centric and customizable therapeutic design themes.The amalgamation of nanocarriers with state-of-the-art oral and controlled-release systems leads to the formation of synergistic platforms that are capable of delivering drugs with very high bioavailability and targeted delivery. Future directions indicate the pathways of transporter-mediated absorption, AI-assisted formulation optimization, and new capsule-based inventions as revolutionary players of drug delivery in the next generation. The advances mentioned above form a united pattern for future pharmaceutical development that is based on creative ideas, accuracy, and improved efficiency in therapy.

Abstract:

Background/Objectives: The poor aqueous solubility of curcumin limits its pharmaceutical application. Although amorphization can enhance its solubility, the amorphous form often exhibits insufficient physical stability. Co-amorphization, particularly drug-drug co-amorphous (CAM) formation, offers a promising approach to improve solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate two CUR-based CAM systems using isoquinoline alkaloids berberine chloride (BER) and palmatine chloride (PAL) as co-formers to achieve simultaneous stabilization and synergistic bioactivity. Methods: CUR-BER and CUR-PAL CAM systems were prepared via rotary evaporation under vacuum at a 1:1 molar ratio. The solid-state properties were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Dissolution, solubility, and stability studies were conducted, while antioxidant and anticancer activities were assessed by DPPH/ABTS⁺ radical-scavenging and MTT assays using HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Results: PXRD and DSC confirmed the formation of single-phase amorphous systems with higher glass transition temperatures, indicating strong intermolecular interactions between CUR and BER/PAL. ¹³C ssNMR spectroscopy evidenced hydrogen-bond formation between the enolic hydroxyl moiety of CUR and the methoxy oxygen atoms in BER or PAL molecules. Both CAM systems significantly enhanced the solubility and dissolution rate of CUR, with CUR-PAL CAM showing up to a 15.1-fold solubility improvement. The CAM systems also displayed excellent physical stability and synergistic antioxidant and anticancer effects compared with pure amorphous CUR. Conclusions: Co-amorphization of CUR with isoquinoline alkaloids effectively improved solubility, stability, and pharmacological synergy, representing a promising strategy for the rational design of multifunctional amorphous drug formulations for combinatorial cancer therapy.

Abstract: Background: Children are often underserved by oral medicines designed for adults, leading to off-label use and workarounds that risk dosing inaccuracy. Objective: To synthesise recent advances in paediatric orodispersible tablets (ODTs), covering manufacturing technologies, disintegrant choices, taste-masking strategies and in-vitro disintegration methods. Methods: Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar for experimental studies formulating ODTs relevant to paediatric use. Two reviewers screened records and extracted data on technology, excipients, disintegration/dissolution testing and key outcomes; risk of bias was evaluated using a six-domain framework. Results: Sixty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Direct compression was the predominant approach, with additional use of freeze-drying, sublimation, spray-drying, nanoparticle-in-tablet systems, and semi-solid extrusion/3D printing for personalised dosing. Crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate were the most frequent superdisintegrants; natural and co-processed systems showed promise as cost-effective alternatives. Disintegration time was commonly assessed with pharmacopoeial methods, but multiple modified set-ups were reported to better simulate oral conditions. Conclusions: Paediatric ODT development has accelerated, with direct compression remaining first-line and 3D-printing emerging for dose individualisation. Though paediatric ODTs are now a practical platform, translation hinges on three priorities: (i) harmonised, physiologically relevant disintegration tests aligned with Ph. Eur./USP; (ii) routine, age-stratified acceptability reporting alongside in-vitro data; and (iii) GMP-ready workflows. Head-to-head benchmarking of co-processed and natural/synthetic superdisintegrants using common endpoints, plus attention to dose flexibility, heat-stable packaging, and affordability, will accelerate equitable uptake.

Abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of andrographolide (AG) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DDAG) in rat serum. A salt-assisted liq-uid-liquid extraction (SALLE) procedure was optimized, with MgSO4 yielding the highest extraction efficiency (>90% for both AG and DDAG), outperforming conventional solvent extraction and comparable to solid-phase extraction. The method exhibited acceptable linearity (125–2000 ng/mL, r2 > 0.99), with low limits of detection and quantification of 60 and 70 ng/mL for AG and 201 and 234 ng/mL for DDAG, while adhering to the ICH M10 criteria for accuracy, precision, and stability under various storage conditions. Stability testing of the prepared samples demonstrated that > 99% of AG and 95% of DDAG were retained when stored at low temperatures, specifically below 4 °C. The developed method was successfully applied for a pharmacokinetic study following oral administration of Andrographis paniculata extract (containing AG 7.5 mg/kg) in healthy Wistar rats. The SALLE-HPLC-DAD developed herein enables selective AG quantification without signifi-cant matrix interference. In conclusion, this study introduces an alternate sample prepa-ration and analytical method that is fast, cost-effective, and reliable, making it suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of the principal biomarker of Andrographis paniculata.

Abstract: The pharmaceutics world today is rapidly transforming with the evolution of next-generation drug delivery systems. The current article discusses the history, mechanism of action, application, and limitations of liposomal and surfactant-based drug delivery systems. Liposomes have evolved from simple bilayer vesicles to advanced PEGylated nanocarriers that are common today in wide use for site-specific chemotherapeutic and biologic delivery. Surfactant-based products such as micelles and emulsions increase drug solubility and bioavailability and bring definitive benefits to drug resistance management.The review gives a critical appraisal of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals like Doxil®, illustrated with clinical effectiveness and regulatory impact. Challenges in immune responses, stability, and scalability issues are well-explored with focus on keeping commercialization as a concern. Comparative views postulate complementary strengths of surfactant carriers and liposomes in which the former possesses ease in formulation and facilitation of permeability and the latter possesses targeting and biocompatibility advantage.Based on integration of 25 key primary source pieces of information, the article provides birds-eye view of current capability and constraint, and direction in the future as hybrid delivery systems and novel nanocarrier design. The aim of this article is to raise awareness among researchers, clinicians, and regulators of translational and therapeutic potential of such systems and highlight the necessity of interdisciplinary solutions towards bridging contemporary constraints to clinical take-up.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Due to its broad therapeutic potential, CBD is often incorporated into various pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to evaluate homogenous (oil-based) and heterogeneous (emulsion-based) liquid preparations of CBD using different fatty oils and to provide a comprehensive comparative framework for the development of stable liquid dosage forms of cannabidiol (CBD), with direct applications in pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The oils and emulsions were qualitatively analysed to assess their stability and suitability as CBD carriers. Ultra-Violet (UV) spectrophotometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were employed for quantifying CBD in the formulations and also characterising them in terms of product quality. Results: The results indicated that sunflower oil is the most stable and analytically compatible matrix, with CBD recovery exceeding 97% and minimal degradation over time. Conversely, linseed and pumpkin seed oils exhibited significant analytical interference and oxidative instability. Oil-in-water emulsions prepared with a 4% Tween 80/Span 80 mixture demonstrated optimal physical stability and droplet size distribution. Conclusions: Overall, both formulations can be regarded as suitable pharmaceutical carriers for CBD delivery.

Abstract: Objectives: Bone defects, resulting from many causes, represent a challenge in maxillofacial and orthopaedic surgery. Regenerative medicine offers promising strategies by introducing exogenous materials to modify the tissue environment and modulate the body's natural healing mechanisms. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are considered an effective source for tissue repair. Small molecules such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), although having promising effects in promoting bone regeneration, are characterized by low chemical stability, which impairs their clinical application. This study aimed to investigate the bone regenerative capability of four CAPE derivatives, recently synthesized in our laboratory and selected based on previous studies.Methods: DPSCs were induced to osteogenic differentiation in the presence of these compounds (0–5 μM), and cell viability, matrix deposition, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteogenic marker gene expression were evaluated. In addition, bone biomaterials composed of a chitosan/agarose matrix reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite and enriched with these CAPE derivatives were fabricated and assessed for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion.Results: Two of the tested compounds effectively enhanced DPSC differentiation toward the osteogenic lineage. The fabricated bone biomaterials showed no cytotoxicity and supported cell adhesion. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated stability under various conditions, confirming their suitability for incorporation into bone biomaterials.Conclusions: The tested CAPE derivatives exhibit promising osteoinductive properties and stability, offering a valid alternative to traditional therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine.