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Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Apiol-Rich and Caryophyllene-Oxygenated Essential Oils from Amazonian Piper Species as Dual-Action Biopesticides: Broad-Spectrum and Selective Antifeedant
Liliana Ruiz-Vásquez
,Maria Fe Andrés Yeves
,Mao Deng Jesulin Vela Mendoza
,Lastenia Ruiz Mesia
,Wilfredo Ruiz Mesia
,Hivelli Ricopa Cotrina
,Daniel Tapia
,Félix Valcarcel
,Azucena Gonzalez Coloma
Abstract: The increasing resistance of agricultural pests and disease-vectoring arthropods to synthetic pesticides highlights the need for novel, sustainable biocidal agents. This study evaluates, for the first time, the insect antifeedant and ixodicidal activities of essential oils from ten Amazonian Piper species and their major components. Antifeedant effects were tested against Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, and Rhopalosiphum padi, ixodicidal activity against Hyalomma lusitanicum larvae and their effects on the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Essential oils from P. mituense (51.6% apiol) and P. sancti-felicis (76.1% apiol) showed the highest activity, achieving >75% inhibition across all insect species and 100% tick mortality. P. mituense consistently exhibited greater potency, suggesting synergistic effects from minor constituents. Principal component analysis associated apiol-rich chemotypes with broad-spectrum activity. In contrast, oils rich in oxygenated caryophyllene derivatives, particularly from P. casapiense, showed strong but selective antifeedant effects against R. padi. Pure apiol was active across all assays, while no nematicidal effects were detected. Molecular docking supported these findings, indicating that apiol can interact with acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome P450 targets. These results identify complementary Piper chemotypes with potential as dual-purpose biopesticides for integrated pest management.
Abstract: The increasing resistance of agricultural pests and disease-vectoring arthropods to synthetic pesticides highlights the need for novel, sustainable biocidal agents. This study evaluates, for the first time, the insect antifeedant and ixodicidal activities of essential oils from ten Amazonian Piper species and their major components. Antifeedant effects were tested against Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, and Rhopalosiphum padi, ixodicidal activity against Hyalomma lusitanicum larvae and their effects on the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Essential oils from P. mituense (51.6% apiol) and P. sancti-felicis (76.1% apiol) showed the highest activity, achieving >75% inhibition across all insect species and 100% tick mortality. P. mituense consistently exhibited greater potency, suggesting synergistic effects from minor constituents. Principal component analysis associated apiol-rich chemotypes with broad-spectrum activity. In contrast, oils rich in oxygenated caryophyllene derivatives, particularly from P. casapiense, showed strong but selective antifeedant effects against R. padi. Pure apiol was active across all assays, while no nematicidal effects were detected. Molecular docking supported these findings, indicating that apiol can interact with acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome P450 targets. These results identify complementary Piper chemotypes with potential as dual-purpose biopesticides for integrated pest management.
Posted: 22 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Sesame Forage for Ruminants: Effects of Cutting Age and Fertilization Level
José Alonso-Galeana
,Esteban Julián Mireles-Martínez
,Luis Corona Gochi
,Rosendo Cuicas-Huerta
,Villey Guadarrama-Trujillo
,José Luis Ávila-Pérez
,Nayelli Delgado-Arellano
,Isisdro Gutiérrez-Segura
,Rafael Rodríguez Hernández
,José Luis Ponce Covarrubias
Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) has potential as forage for ruminants in tropical regions; however, information regarding its productivity and nutritive value under dry tropical conditions remains limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fertilization rate and cutting age on forage yield, nutritive characteristics, and nutrient productivity of sesame forage. A split-plot design arranged in randomized complete blocks was used, with two fertilizer application levels (50 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) and three cutting ages (58, 65, and 72 days). Fertilization significantly increased fresh forage yield, dry matter yield, and absolute growth rate by 45.6%, 42.3%, and 42.1%, respectively (p < 0.001), as well as crude protein (+29.2%) and protein yield per hectare (+83.5%). Dry matter yield ranged from 3.15 to 6.09 t ha⁻¹. Cutting age increased dry matter (17.36–20.42%), ether extract (5.17–11.68%), and energy content, while reducing non-fibrous carbohydrates (29.06–23.41%). Fertilization and cutting age increased total digestible nutrient yield (+41.8%), calcium yield (+39.7%), and phosphorus yield (+124%). The combination of 72 days and 150 kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer maximized forage yield and nutrient productivity, suggesting that sesame forage may represent a valuable alternative for ruminant feeding with potential for silage production under dry tropical conditions.
Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) has potential as forage for ruminants in tropical regions; however, information regarding its productivity and nutritive value under dry tropical conditions remains limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fertilization rate and cutting age on forage yield, nutritive characteristics, and nutrient productivity of sesame forage. A split-plot design arranged in randomized complete blocks was used, with two fertilizer application levels (50 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) and three cutting ages (58, 65, and 72 days). Fertilization significantly increased fresh forage yield, dry matter yield, and absolute growth rate by 45.6%, 42.3%, and 42.1%, respectively (p < 0.001), as well as crude protein (+29.2%) and protein yield per hectare (+83.5%). Dry matter yield ranged from 3.15 to 6.09 t ha⁻¹. Cutting age increased dry matter (17.36–20.42%), ether extract (5.17–11.68%), and energy content, while reducing non-fibrous carbohydrates (29.06–23.41%). Fertilization and cutting age increased total digestible nutrient yield (+41.8%), calcium yield (+39.7%), and phosphorus yield (+124%). The combination of 72 days and 150 kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer maximized forage yield and nutrient productivity, suggesting that sesame forage may represent a valuable alternative for ruminant feeding with potential for silage production under dry tropical conditions.
Posted: 21 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Soil Heterogeneity and Nutrient Response in Smallholder Maize Systems in Uganda: Implications for Balanced Fertilizer Recommendations
Yam Kanta Gaihre
,Kayuki C. Kaizzi
,John Wendt
,Latha Nagarajan
,Kodjovi S. Ezui
,Upendra Singh
,Joel Muyinza
,Angella Nansamba
,Ongua Fanuel
,Nabwami Ethel Joyce
+2 authors
Abstract: Low productivity in sub-Saharan Africa is closely linked to declining soil fertility and suboptimal fertilizer use. While balanced fertilization can improve yields and sustain soils, evidence for fertilizer optimization in smallholder maize systems remains limited and site-specific. This study evaluated maize yield responses to various of N, P, K, and secondary and micronutrients (SMN) combinations across agroecological zones (AEZs) in Uganda. Multi-location trials were conducted on 101 farms over two seasons using a randomized complete block design, with varying N and P rates in combination with K and SMN applications. Results indicate strong heterogeneity of maize yields across AEZs mostly due to soil properties. Nitrogen was the most dominant yield limiting nutrient. The N × P interaction was not significant (p > 0.05). Nitrogen response followed a quadratic trend, with strong yield gains (45–132%) at 30–80 kg N ha⁻¹ but gains beyond 120–160 kg N ha⁻¹, were not significant. Responses to K and SMN were inconsistent and site-specific. AEZ explained 77% of yield variation, fertilizer treatments 13%, with soil properties accounted for additional explanatory power. These findings highlight the emphasis on prioritizing N management with adequate P supply and guided, site-specific K and SMN applications.
Abstract: Low productivity in sub-Saharan Africa is closely linked to declining soil fertility and suboptimal fertilizer use. While balanced fertilization can improve yields and sustain soils, evidence for fertilizer optimization in smallholder maize systems remains limited and site-specific. This study evaluated maize yield responses to various of N, P, K, and secondary and micronutrients (SMN) combinations across agroecological zones (AEZs) in Uganda. Multi-location trials were conducted on 101 farms over two seasons using a randomized complete block design, with varying N and P rates in combination with K and SMN applications. Results indicate strong heterogeneity of maize yields across AEZs mostly due to soil properties. Nitrogen was the most dominant yield limiting nutrient. The N × P interaction was not significant (p > 0.05). Nitrogen response followed a quadratic trend, with strong yield gains (45–132%) at 30–80 kg N ha⁻¹ but gains beyond 120–160 kg N ha⁻¹, were not significant. Responses to K and SMN were inconsistent and site-specific. AEZ explained 77% of yield variation, fertilizer treatments 13%, with soil properties accounted for additional explanatory power. These findings highlight the emphasis on prioritizing N management with adequate P supply and guided, site-specific K and SMN applications.
Posted: 20 May 2026
Review
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Roles of Metabolites Unveiled by Metabolomics in Rapeseeds
Yunong Xia
,Silin Su
,Xianyu Tang
,Lei Qin
,Junxing Lu
,Shitou Xia
Abstract: Metabolomics is a powerful approach for monitoring metabolic effects in a particular situation by qualitatively or quantitatively analyzing metabolites related to specific physiological or pathological responses within a biological process. Rapeseed is a major source of vegetable oil and contains a wide variety of metabolites. Recent advances, particularly the integration of metabolomics with other omics approaches, now allow us not only to obtain a comprehensive overview but also to perform detailed analyses of key metabolites that respond to specific conditions. In this review, we summarize recent progresses in rapeseed metabolomics study, introduce the key metabolites uncovered by this approach, and discuss those associated with growth & development, and abiotic and biotic stresses, including macronutrient availability, temperature, water stress, salt stress, and cadmium toxicity. Future perspectives and current challenges in metabolomics are also discussed, along with its potential for breeding applications aimed at developing new rapeseed varieties with stable, high-yield, and high-quality traits.
Abstract: Metabolomics is a powerful approach for monitoring metabolic effects in a particular situation by qualitatively or quantitatively analyzing metabolites related to specific physiological or pathological responses within a biological process. Rapeseed is a major source of vegetable oil and contains a wide variety of metabolites. Recent advances, particularly the integration of metabolomics with other omics approaches, now allow us not only to obtain a comprehensive overview but also to perform detailed analyses of key metabolites that respond to specific conditions. In this review, we summarize recent progresses in rapeseed metabolomics study, introduce the key metabolites uncovered by this approach, and discuss those associated with growth & development, and abiotic and biotic stresses, including macronutrient availability, temperature, water stress, salt stress, and cadmium toxicity. Future perspectives and current challenges in metabolomics are also discussed, along with its potential for breeding applications aimed at developing new rapeseed varieties with stable, high-yield, and high-quality traits.
Posted: 18 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Enhancement of Quails’ (Coturnix japonica domestica) Meat Quality: Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Dried Bergamot Pulp
Paolo Fortugno
,Francesco Foti
,Pasquale Caparra
,Matteo Bognanno
,Caterina Cilione
,Paolo De Caria
,Guido Mangione
,Martino Musati
,Luigi Chies
,Manuel Scerra
Abstract: Bergamot-derived products have gained increasing interest as dietary supplements in small animal nutrition, due to their potential to improve meat quality, and provide functional bioactive compounds. This paper investigated the effects of feeding dried bergamot pulp on performance and meat quality in Japanese quails. 140 quails aging 15 days were divided into two groups of 70 quail each (7 replicates of 10 quails for group) and fed, for three weeks, a basal diet (control group) or the basal diet in which part of the maize was replaced with 10% of dried bergamot pulp (BP10 group). The integration of dried bergamot pulp (BP) reduced dry matter i ntake, a verage d aily g ain, a nd consequently final body weight compared to control treatment. Quails from BP10 group showed the highest feed conversion ratio. The BP10 treatment tended to increase eicosapentaenoic acid and ω-3 PUFA. The inclusion of bergamot pulp in quail diet did not alter the TBARS value in meat. Color analysis showed that the integration of bergamot into the quail diet led to higher lightness (L*) and yellow index (b*) values compared to the control group. This study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with 10% of BP to quails led to a reduction in dry matter i ntake ( DMI) a nd consequently in average daily gain (ADG) in quails. However, a positive trend toward an increase in ω-3 fatty acids has been observed.
Abstract: Bergamot-derived products have gained increasing interest as dietary supplements in small animal nutrition, due to their potential to improve meat quality, and provide functional bioactive compounds. This paper investigated the effects of feeding dried bergamot pulp on performance and meat quality in Japanese quails. 140 quails aging 15 days were divided into two groups of 70 quail each (7 replicates of 10 quails for group) and fed, for three weeks, a basal diet (control group) or the basal diet in which part of the maize was replaced with 10% of dried bergamot pulp (BP10 group). The integration of dried bergamot pulp (BP) reduced dry matter i ntake, a verage d aily g ain, a nd consequently final body weight compared to control treatment. Quails from BP10 group showed the highest feed conversion ratio. The BP10 treatment tended to increase eicosapentaenoic acid and ω-3 PUFA. The inclusion of bergamot pulp in quail diet did not alter the TBARS value in meat. Color analysis showed that the integration of bergamot into the quail diet led to higher lightness (L*) and yellow index (b*) values compared to the control group. This study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with 10% of BP to quails led to a reduction in dry matter i ntake ( DMI) a nd consequently in average daily gain (ADG) in quails. However, a positive trend toward an increase in ω-3 fatty acids has been observed.
Posted: 15 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Development of Decision Support System for Selecting Non-Destructive Durian Quality Inspection Technologies: An Integrated Approach for Elevating Thai Durian Industry to International Standards
Thanaporn Talabhat
,Sanong Ekgasit
Abstract: The Thai durian industry is one of most important agricultural exports of the country, evidenced by its rapid growth and expanding demand in international markets. De-velopment of more advanced inspection technologies is therefore crucial for the in-dustry to ensure competitiveness toward global standards. This research aimed to de-velop an integrated decision support system (DSS) for selecting appropriate non-destructive testing (NDT) technologies for durian quality inspection. The study integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) to evaluate five NDT technologies, including Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR), Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI), Acoustic Response Analysis (RSA), Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and X-ray Imaging. The evaluation criteria consisted of three dimensions: technical performance, economic viability, and operational feasibility.
Results revealed that Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has the highest suitability for large-scale industrial implementation, achieving the highest weighted score (4.57) and ranked first in the TOPSIS analysis with a Closeness Coefficient of 0.91. The findings suggested that selection of NDT technologies must balance technical accuracy with economic and operational viability. The proposed DSS framework can support the de-velopment of smart agro-industry systems and contribute to the sustainable advance-ment of Thailand’s durian export sector.
Abstract: The Thai durian industry is one of most important agricultural exports of the country, evidenced by its rapid growth and expanding demand in international markets. De-velopment of more advanced inspection technologies is therefore crucial for the in-dustry to ensure competitiveness toward global standards. This research aimed to de-velop an integrated decision support system (DSS) for selecting appropriate non-destructive testing (NDT) technologies for durian quality inspection. The study integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) to evaluate five NDT technologies, including Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR), Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI), Acoustic Response Analysis (RSA), Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and X-ray Imaging. The evaluation criteria consisted of three dimensions: technical performance, economic viability, and operational feasibility.
Results revealed that Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has the highest suitability for large-scale industrial implementation, achieving the highest weighted score (4.57) and ranked first in the TOPSIS analysis with a Closeness Coefficient of 0.91. The findings suggested that selection of NDT technologies must balance technical accuracy with economic and operational viability. The proposed DSS framework can support the de-velopment of smart agro-industry systems and contribute to the sustainable advance-ment of Thailand’s durian export sector.
Posted: 15 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Effects of Green Manure Application on Postharvest Quality and Soil Fertility of Korla Fragrant Pear
Wenyu Chen
,Yongjie Liu
,Minghao Sun
,Jiabao Cheng
,Xing Shen
,Zhongping Chai
Abstract: Postharvest quality deterioration of Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) severely constrains its market value, yet the regulatory role of pre–harvest soil management in shaping postharvest performance remains poorly understood. This study investigated how green manure species modulate postharvest quality trajectories and their underlying soil–fruit linkages. Three pre–harvest treatments were imposed: control (CK), sweet clover (CM), and alfalfa (MX). Fruits were harvested and stored at 4 °C, with sampling at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. A critical quality transition was identified at 15 d, characterized by the concurrent peaking of soluble sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins alongside an optimal sugar–acid ratio. Beyond this inflection point, CM and MX diverged markedly: CM enhanced soluble sugar accumulation, anthocyanin retention, and ester volatile production—most notably hexyl acetate, which increased over 14.4–fold—thereby generating a pronounced fruity aroma bouquet. Conversely, MX sustained higher amino acid and vitamin C levels and conferred superior late–storage stability, evidenced by a threefold lower coefficient of variation in sugar–acid ratio relative to CK. partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) revealed soil fertility as the principal driver of fruit quality, but the fidelity of soil–to–fruit transmission was species–dependent. MX achieved near–complete explanatory power (R²= 0.971), whereas CM exhibited attenuated transmission fidelity (R²= 0.777), with network analysis further indicating that CM inverted the polarity of key soil–fruit correlations. These findings demonstrate that green manure identity governs postharvest quality through divergent soil–fruit coupling pathways: alfalfa optimizes nutrient transmission efficiency and stabilizes nutritional quality, whereas sweet clover promotes sugar–aroma accumulation at the cost of reduced soil–fruit conversion fidelity. Species–specific green manure selection thus offers a viable strategy for targeted modulation of postharvest traits in Korla fragrant pear.
Abstract: Postharvest quality deterioration of Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) severely constrains its market value, yet the regulatory role of pre–harvest soil management in shaping postharvest performance remains poorly understood. This study investigated how green manure species modulate postharvest quality trajectories and their underlying soil–fruit linkages. Three pre–harvest treatments were imposed: control (CK), sweet clover (CM), and alfalfa (MX). Fruits were harvested and stored at 4 °C, with sampling at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. A critical quality transition was identified at 15 d, characterized by the concurrent peaking of soluble sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins alongside an optimal sugar–acid ratio. Beyond this inflection point, CM and MX diverged markedly: CM enhanced soluble sugar accumulation, anthocyanin retention, and ester volatile production—most notably hexyl acetate, which increased over 14.4–fold—thereby generating a pronounced fruity aroma bouquet. Conversely, MX sustained higher amino acid and vitamin C levels and conferred superior late–storage stability, evidenced by a threefold lower coefficient of variation in sugar–acid ratio relative to CK. partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) revealed soil fertility as the principal driver of fruit quality, but the fidelity of soil–to–fruit transmission was species–dependent. MX achieved near–complete explanatory power (R²= 0.971), whereas CM exhibited attenuated transmission fidelity (R²= 0.777), with network analysis further indicating that CM inverted the polarity of key soil–fruit correlations. These findings demonstrate that green manure identity governs postharvest quality through divergent soil–fruit coupling pathways: alfalfa optimizes nutrient transmission efficiency and stabilizes nutritional quality, whereas sweet clover promotes sugar–aroma accumulation at the cost of reduced soil–fruit conversion fidelity. Species–specific green manure selection thus offers a viable strategy for targeted modulation of postharvest traits in Korla fragrant pear.
Posted: 15 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Mechanisms and Inheritance of Dormancy in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Achenes
Gonzalo Joaquín Arata
,Mailén Riveira-Rubin
,Diego Batlla
,María Verónica Rodríguez
Abstract: In dormant sunflower achenes, several structures -pericarp, seed coat and embryo- contribute to repress germination. Achene dormancy varies greatly among cultivated sunflowers, and how dormancy is transmitted to the hybrid progeny is relevant for hybrid seed production, but also to understand the role of these structures in achene dormancy. This work investigated how dormancy is transmitted to the F1 progeny with special focus on inhibition of germination at warm temperatures, or ther-mo-inhibition. Reciprocal crosses were performed using three oilseed inbred lines with varying dormancy phenotypes. Germination of achenes, seeds, and embryos was tested at 10 and 30°C at harvest and during postharvest, together with response to hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and gibberellins) and measurements of endogenous ABA levels. Results show that expression of maternally inherited, pericarp-imposed ther-moinhibition is conditional to the level of dormancy displayed by the hybrid embryo, which follows a zygotic with incomplete dominance pattern. While embryo sensitivity to ABA related positively with thermo-inhibition, surprisingly, embryonic ABA content was inversely related to dormancy level across genotypes. Our results provide novel insight into physiological control of achene dormancy in sunflower while con-tributing to improve breeding for high quality hybrid seed.
Abstract: In dormant sunflower achenes, several structures -pericarp, seed coat and embryo- contribute to repress germination. Achene dormancy varies greatly among cultivated sunflowers, and how dormancy is transmitted to the hybrid progeny is relevant for hybrid seed production, but also to understand the role of these structures in achene dormancy. This work investigated how dormancy is transmitted to the F1 progeny with special focus on inhibition of germination at warm temperatures, or ther-mo-inhibition. Reciprocal crosses were performed using three oilseed inbred lines with varying dormancy phenotypes. Germination of achenes, seeds, and embryos was tested at 10 and 30°C at harvest and during postharvest, together with response to hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and gibberellins) and measurements of endogenous ABA levels. Results show that expression of maternally inherited, pericarp-imposed ther-moinhibition is conditional to the level of dormancy displayed by the hybrid embryo, which follows a zygotic with incomplete dominance pattern. While embryo sensitivity to ABA related positively with thermo-inhibition, surprisingly, embryonic ABA content was inversely related to dormancy level across genotypes. Our results provide novel insight into physiological control of achene dormancy in sunflower while con-tributing to improve breeding for high quality hybrid seed.
Posted: 15 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Genetic Background-Dependent Expression and Interaction of Lr34, Lr46 and Lr67 in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Reveal Distinct Modes of Adult Plant Resistance
Julia Spychała
,Aleksandra Noweiska
,Roksana Bobrowska
,Agnieszka Tomkowiak
,Sylwia Mikołajczyk
,Rafał Marcinkowski
,Ada Dorczyk
,Tadeusz Drzazga
,Michał T Kwiatek
Abstract: Adult plant resistance (APR) is widely used in wheat breeding, but its behaviour across genetic backgrounds remains poorly understood. In this study, we analysed the ex-pression of three APR loci (Lr34, Lr46, Lr67) following their introgression into elite winter wheat cultivars. BC2F1 populations derived from crosses between donor lines and com-mercial cultivars were evaluated under controlled infection with Puccinia triticina. Gene expression was assessed using RT-qPCR, and miRNA abundance was quantified by ddPCR at five time points (0–48 h post-inoculation). Expression patterns differed markedly between genetic backgrounds, affecting both the magnitude and timing of gene activity. Lr34 and Lr67 showed the highest expression prior to inoculation, with no consistent or sustained induction following infection. In contrast, the candidate gene Lr46-Glu2 displayed a clear tendency towards early induction, with peak expression typically observed at 6–12 h post-inoculation, although the amplitude of this response varied among genotypes. Levels of miRNA varied across genotypes and time points and did not consistently reflect mRNA expression, indicating additional layers of post-transcriptional regulation. The results indicate that APR loci do not operate as isolated genetic determinants, but as components of a background-dependent regulatory system. Distinct temporal expression patterns suggest that Lr34 and Lr67 contribute to constitutive defence layers, whereas Lr46 represents an inducible early-response component. These findings highlight the importance of genetic context in shaping APR gene behaviour and provide a framework for the effective deployment of durable resistance in wheat breeding.
Abstract: Adult plant resistance (APR) is widely used in wheat breeding, but its behaviour across genetic backgrounds remains poorly understood. In this study, we analysed the ex-pression of three APR loci (Lr34, Lr46, Lr67) following their introgression into elite winter wheat cultivars. BC2F1 populations derived from crosses between donor lines and com-mercial cultivars were evaluated under controlled infection with Puccinia triticina. Gene expression was assessed using RT-qPCR, and miRNA abundance was quantified by ddPCR at five time points (0–48 h post-inoculation). Expression patterns differed markedly between genetic backgrounds, affecting both the magnitude and timing of gene activity. Lr34 and Lr67 showed the highest expression prior to inoculation, with no consistent or sustained induction following infection. In contrast, the candidate gene Lr46-Glu2 displayed a clear tendency towards early induction, with peak expression typically observed at 6–12 h post-inoculation, although the amplitude of this response varied among genotypes. Levels of miRNA varied across genotypes and time points and did not consistently reflect mRNA expression, indicating additional layers of post-transcriptional regulation. The results indicate that APR loci do not operate as isolated genetic determinants, but as components of a background-dependent regulatory system. Distinct temporal expression patterns suggest that Lr34 and Lr67 contribute to constitutive defence layers, whereas Lr46 represents an inducible early-response component. These findings highlight the importance of genetic context in shaping APR gene behaviour and provide a framework for the effective deployment of durable resistance in wheat breeding.
Posted: 15 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Virulence Specificity of Puccinia graminis f. Sp. Tritici Population Originated from Durum Wheat in the Altai Region of Western Siberia, Russia
Ekaterina S. Skolotneva
,Vasiliy N. Kelbin
,Margarita A. Rozova
,Evsey Kosman
Abstract: For the first time, a race survey of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) population was conducted on Triticum durum in the Altai region of Western Siberia, Russia. A total of 34 single pustule isolates with different virulence phenotypes were identified on durum wheat (Triticum durum) in 2025 and compared with Pgt from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The UPGMA-based clustering separated Pgt isolates into two distinct groups, suggesting the host-driven differentiation that was further proven using tools of population genetics. The pathogen isolates from durum showed a wider range of virulence complexity, higher variability, and greater average singularity. Virulence frequencies of Pgt on T. durum and T. aestivum differed markedly for Sr6, Sr7b, Sr9e, Sr17+13 and several other genes, while Sr24 and Sr31 remained effective independently of the pathogen origin. Two races, PKCSF and NFMSF, were detected on both the hosts, indicating a shared pathogen gene pool between bread and durum wheat. Even assuming host-specific divergence of Pgt in the Altai region, there is a need in deployment of the same resistance genes into both T. aestivum and T. durum cultivars to prevent an outbreak of stem rust in an event of favorable conditions for inoculum exchange between crops.
Abstract: For the first time, a race survey of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) population was conducted on Triticum durum in the Altai region of Western Siberia, Russia. A total of 34 single pustule isolates with different virulence phenotypes were identified on durum wheat (Triticum durum) in 2025 and compared with Pgt from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The UPGMA-based clustering separated Pgt isolates into two distinct groups, suggesting the host-driven differentiation that was further proven using tools of population genetics. The pathogen isolates from durum showed a wider range of virulence complexity, higher variability, and greater average singularity. Virulence frequencies of Pgt on T. durum and T. aestivum differed markedly for Sr6, Sr7b, Sr9e, Sr17+13 and several other genes, while Sr24 and Sr31 remained effective independently of the pathogen origin. Two races, PKCSF and NFMSF, were detected on both the hosts, indicating a shared pathogen gene pool between bread and durum wheat. Even assuming host-specific divergence of Pgt in the Altai region, there is a need in deployment of the same resistance genes into both T. aestivum and T. durum cultivars to prevent an outbreak of stem rust in an event of favorable conditions for inoculum exchange between crops.
Posted: 13 May 2026
Review
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Adding Value to Cassava Genetic Resources Conserved at CIAT. Part I: A Review of Fifty Years of Collection, Conservation, Characterization and Distribution
Clair H. Hershey
,Ericson Aranzales Rondon
,Gustavo Jaramillo O.
,Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero
,Monica L. Velez Tobon
,Peter Wenzl
Abstract: The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT curates the world’s largest cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm collection, held at its Future Seeds genebank in Cali, Colombia. Since first collection expeditions in 1969, a primary focus was to assemble and conserve the diversity from the crop’s center of origin in the American tropics. Later additions expanded representation from Asia and Africa as secondary centers of diversity. The collection consists mainly of landraces (about 5000 accessions), bred lines from CIAT (375) and from partner institutions (253), and related wild Manihot (377 accessions from 23 species or subspecies). Secure conservation, first as a field collection and then in a slow-growth in vitro system, gave priority to pathogen testing and methods to assure successful clonal propagation over many generations. Cryopreservation research is ongoing to achieve additional security and efficiency. CIAT extensively characterized accessions through morphological, biochemical and molecular criteria. As a core goal, the collection has been a foundation for genetic improvement of the crop globally. The paper provides perspectives on the future management and use of the collection in the context of the recently established Future Seeds genebank facilities at CIAT, and new tools and technologies that support more effective conservation, evaluation and use.
Abstract: The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT curates the world’s largest cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm collection, held at its Future Seeds genebank in Cali, Colombia. Since first collection expeditions in 1969, a primary focus was to assemble and conserve the diversity from the crop’s center of origin in the American tropics. Later additions expanded representation from Asia and Africa as secondary centers of diversity. The collection consists mainly of landraces (about 5000 accessions), bred lines from CIAT (375) and from partner institutions (253), and related wild Manihot (377 accessions from 23 species or subspecies). Secure conservation, first as a field collection and then in a slow-growth in vitro system, gave priority to pathogen testing and methods to assure successful clonal propagation over many generations. Cryopreservation research is ongoing to achieve additional security and efficiency. CIAT extensively characterized accessions through morphological, biochemical and molecular criteria. As a core goal, the collection has been a foundation for genetic improvement of the crop globally. The paper provides perspectives on the future management and use of the collection in the context of the recently established Future Seeds genebank facilities at CIAT, and new tools and technologies that support more effective conservation, evaluation and use.
Posted: 13 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Indicative Effect of Soil Type and Altitude on Yield and Quality of Selected Forage Grasses in Tanzania and Kenya
Solomon Mwendia
,Peggy Karimi
,Ruth Odhiambo
,David Muruu
,Beatus Nzogela
,Michael Peters
Abstract: Livestock production systems in East Africa depend heavily on forage resources, yet productivity and quality of available forages vary widely across agroecological zones. This study evaluated the influence of soil type and altitude on biomass production, biomass allocation, and forage quality of three improved tropical forage grasses—Massai (Megathyrsus maximus), Mestizo (a Urochloa hybrid blend), and Talisman (Urochloa hybrid)—across five experimental sites in Tanzania and Kenya. Field trials were established using a randomized complete block design with three replicates per site. Measurements included cumulative dry matter yield, root: shoot ratio, and nutritive yield expressed as metabolizable energy and crude protein per hectare. Root: shoot ratios varied significantly among species, soil types, and altitudes, with higher ratios observed in Mestizo and Talisman, clay-loam soils, and high-altitude sites. Biomass production was highest in sandy-loam soil and mid-altitude environments. Massai consistently produced the highest cumulative dry matter yield across locations. Significant genotype × environment interactions influenced both productivity and nutritive yield. Metabolizable energy and crude protein yields varied considerably among sites, emphasizing the importance of site-specific forage selection to maximize biomass production and nutritional value in East African livestock systems.
Abstract: Livestock production systems in East Africa depend heavily on forage resources, yet productivity and quality of available forages vary widely across agroecological zones. This study evaluated the influence of soil type and altitude on biomass production, biomass allocation, and forage quality of three improved tropical forage grasses—Massai (Megathyrsus maximus), Mestizo (a Urochloa hybrid blend), and Talisman (Urochloa hybrid)—across five experimental sites in Tanzania and Kenya. Field trials were established using a randomized complete block design with three replicates per site. Measurements included cumulative dry matter yield, root: shoot ratio, and nutritive yield expressed as metabolizable energy and crude protein per hectare. Root: shoot ratios varied significantly among species, soil types, and altitudes, with higher ratios observed in Mestizo and Talisman, clay-loam soils, and high-altitude sites. Biomass production was highest in sandy-loam soil and mid-altitude environments. Massai consistently produced the highest cumulative dry matter yield across locations. Significant genotype × environment interactions influenced both productivity and nutritive yield. Metabolizable energy and crude protein yields varied considerably among sites, emphasizing the importance of site-specific forage selection to maximize biomass production and nutritional value in East African livestock systems.
Posted: 11 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Evaluation of Sugar Sorghum Genotypes for Bioethanol Production
Ildar Bogapov
,Marden Baidalin
,Oksana Kibalnik
,Saltanat Baidalina
,Akhama Akhet
,Zhanat Salikova
,Zhuldyz Alshinbayeva
,Yussup Nogoyev
Abstract: Sugar sorghum has emerged as a highly promising crop for bioethanol production owing to its high biomass yield potential and its remarkable capacity to accumulate fermentable sugars in the stalks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity, sugar accumulation capacity, and bioethanol potential of 12 sugar sorghum accessions under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Field experiments were carried out over the 2024-2025 growing seasons, during which key agronomic and technological traits were assessed, including green biomass yield, juice yield, total soluble solids (Brix), sugar concentration, and theoretical ethanol yield. The analysis of variance revealed that biomass yield was predominantly driven by weather conditions (p < 0.001), whereas sugar concentration was significantly influenced by genotype (p < 0.05). Several genotypes, namely Volonter, Kapital, Sevilya, Flagman, Chayka, and Sauri, consistently exhibited high sugar productivity and bioethanol potential across years, confirming considerable genetic variability in these traits. Storage of stem juice resulted in sugar losses of up to 30.7%, indicating the necessity for rapid processing of raw biomass after harvest. Under laboratory fermentation conditions, juice from the Sevilya genotype (17.9 Brix) achieved a sugar-to-ethanol conversion efficiency of 74.3% relative to the theoretical yield. Overall, the findings confirm the suitability of sugar sorghum for bioethanol production and highlight its strong potential as an energy crop under the arid agroclimatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.
Abstract: Sugar sorghum has emerged as a highly promising crop for bioethanol production owing to its high biomass yield potential and its remarkable capacity to accumulate fermentable sugars in the stalks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity, sugar accumulation capacity, and bioethanol potential of 12 sugar sorghum accessions under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Field experiments were carried out over the 2024-2025 growing seasons, during which key agronomic and technological traits were assessed, including green biomass yield, juice yield, total soluble solids (Brix), sugar concentration, and theoretical ethanol yield. The analysis of variance revealed that biomass yield was predominantly driven by weather conditions (p < 0.001), whereas sugar concentration was significantly influenced by genotype (p < 0.05). Several genotypes, namely Volonter, Kapital, Sevilya, Flagman, Chayka, and Sauri, consistently exhibited high sugar productivity and bioethanol potential across years, confirming considerable genetic variability in these traits. Storage of stem juice resulted in sugar losses of up to 30.7%, indicating the necessity for rapid processing of raw biomass after harvest. Under laboratory fermentation conditions, juice from the Sevilya genotype (17.9 Brix) achieved a sugar-to-ethanol conversion efficiency of 74.3% relative to the theoretical yield. Overall, the findings confirm the suitability of sugar sorghum for bioethanol production and highlight its strong potential as an energy crop under the arid agroclimatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.
Posted: 11 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Chitosan Coatings with Essential Oil of Schinus Lentiscifolia Marchand for the Management of Blue Mold and Preservation of Postharvest Quality of ‘Fuji’ Apples
André Rodrigues da Costa
,Roseli Lopes da Costa Bortoluzzi
,Cristiano André Steffens
,Viviane Aparecida Figueiredo Oliveira Santos
,Marcelo Alves Moreira
,Bruno Jan Schramm Corrêa
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the es-sential oil (EO) of Schinus lentiscifolia and to evaluate the effect of chitosan coatings (1%) enriched with EO of S. lentiscifolia (1000, 2000, and 4000 mg L⁻¹) on the control of Penicillium sp. and on the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. The EO was extracted from S. lentiscifolia collected in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in March, May, and November 2022. The antifungal activity of S. lentiscifolia EO against Penicil-lium sp. was evaluated in vitro. Apples were stored under refrigerated conditions (0 ± 0.5 °C; 90 ± 5% RH) for 30 days and subsequently under ambient conditions (23 ± 3 °C; 70 ± 5% RH) for 6 days. A total of 14 VOCs were identified in the EO of S. lentiscifolia, with the monoterpenes β-pinene (34.68%) and α-pinene (30.61%) as the major com-pounds, followed by β-terpinene (10.13%), camphene (9.66%), and o-cymene (7.14%). The application of chitosan coating with S. lentiscifolia EO (2000 mg L⁻¹) reduced the severity of blue mold in ‘Fuji’ apples by 88.1% during refrigerated storage and by 69.2% under ambient conditions. Ethylene production by the apples was also reduced when treated with chitosan and EO. No influence of the treatments was observed on fruit quality attributes. The postharvest application of chitosan coatings combined with S. lentiscifolia EO reduces disease caused by Penicillium sp. in ‘Fuji’ apples without affect-ing fruit quality.
Abstract: This study aimed to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the es-sential oil (EO) of Schinus lentiscifolia and to evaluate the effect of chitosan coatings (1%) enriched with EO of S. lentiscifolia (1000, 2000, and 4000 mg L⁻¹) on the control of Penicillium sp. and on the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. The EO was extracted from S. lentiscifolia collected in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in March, May, and November 2022. The antifungal activity of S. lentiscifolia EO against Penicil-lium sp. was evaluated in vitro. Apples were stored under refrigerated conditions (0 ± 0.5 °C; 90 ± 5% RH) for 30 days and subsequently under ambient conditions (23 ± 3 °C; 70 ± 5% RH) for 6 days. A total of 14 VOCs were identified in the EO of S. lentiscifolia, with the monoterpenes β-pinene (34.68%) and α-pinene (30.61%) as the major com-pounds, followed by β-terpinene (10.13%), camphene (9.66%), and o-cymene (7.14%). The application of chitosan coating with S. lentiscifolia EO (2000 mg L⁻¹) reduced the severity of blue mold in ‘Fuji’ apples by 88.1% during refrigerated storage and by 69.2% under ambient conditions. Ethylene production by the apples was also reduced when treated with chitosan and EO. No influence of the treatments was observed on fruit quality attributes. The postharvest application of chitosan coatings combined with S. lentiscifolia EO reduces disease caused by Penicillium sp. in ‘Fuji’ apples without affect-ing fruit quality.
Posted: 09 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Synergistic Effects of Microbial Inoculant and Biostimulant Seed Treatments on Winter Wheat Yield under Variable Moisture Conditions
Oleksandr Karnaukh
,Uliana Karbivska
,Anna Lozinska
,Ivan Senyk
,Volodymyr Voitsekhivskyi
,Oksana Tytun
,Olena Bobrova
,Viktor Husak
Abstract: Improving the productivity and stability of winter wheat under increasingly variable climatic conditions remains a major challenge for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with a microbial preparation (Nando BioExpert) and a biostimulant (Vitazyme), applied individually and in combination, on crop establishment, yield components, and grain yield of winter wheat under unstable moisture conditions in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. A three-year field experiment demonstrated that both treatments positively influenced plant growth, while their combined application produced a pronounced synergistic effect. Seed treatment enhanced plant establishment, resulting in a higher plant density at emergence compared to the untreated control. This improvement contributed to increased productive tillering and a moderate rise in thousand-kernel weight. As a result, grain yield was consistently improved across years, with the combined treatment showing the greatest effect. On average, yield increases reached up to 37% relative to the control, indicating improved resilience of winter wheat to environmental stress. The findings suggest that integrating microbial inoculants with biostimulants is an effective agronomic strategy for enhancing winter wheat productivity under moisture-limited conditions, supporting the transition toward more sustainable and resource-efficient crop production systems.
Abstract: Improving the productivity and stability of winter wheat under increasingly variable climatic conditions remains a major challenge for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with a microbial preparation (Nando BioExpert) and a biostimulant (Vitazyme), applied individually and in combination, on crop establishment, yield components, and grain yield of winter wheat under unstable moisture conditions in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. A three-year field experiment demonstrated that both treatments positively influenced plant growth, while their combined application produced a pronounced synergistic effect. Seed treatment enhanced plant establishment, resulting in a higher plant density at emergence compared to the untreated control. This improvement contributed to increased productive tillering and a moderate rise in thousand-kernel weight. As a result, grain yield was consistently improved across years, with the combined treatment showing the greatest effect. On average, yield increases reached up to 37% relative to the control, indicating improved resilience of winter wheat to environmental stress. The findings suggest that integrating microbial inoculants with biostimulants is an effective agronomic strategy for enhancing winter wheat productivity under moisture-limited conditions, supporting the transition toward more sustainable and resource-efficient crop production systems.
Posted: 08 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Gray Mold Control And Quality Of ‘Albion’ Strawberries With Postharvest Application Of Tea Tree Essential Oil
Juliana Amaral Vignali Alves
,Janaiana Catarina da Silva
,Ricardo Trezzi Casa
,Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante
,Marcelo Alves Moreira
,Cristiano André Steffens
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on postharvest rots caused by Botrytis cinerea and on the sensory quality of ‘Albion’ strawberries. The experiment was conducted with fruits from a production area in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The treatments consisted of a control (without essential oil) and tea tree essential oil at 50 and 250 µL L⁻¹, applied by fumigation. After treatment, the fruits were stored for three days. Rot incidence and severity, respiration and ethylene production, flesh penetration force, soluble solids, titratable acidity, skin color, total phenolic compounds, peroxidase activity, and volatile profile were evaluated. Tea tree oil reduced the development of B. cinerea at both concentrations. It also delayed red color development and reduced total phenolic content. At 250 µL L⁻¹, the oil increased respiration rate and reduced peroxidase activity. Ethylene production, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and flesh penetration force were not affected. The volatile profile was altered, with lower levels of characteristic strawberry volatiles and greater presence of terpene compounds typical of tea tree oil, especially at the higher concentration. Thus, tea tree oil reduced disease development but caused undesirable changes in fruit color and aroma profile.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on postharvest rots caused by Botrytis cinerea and on the sensory quality of ‘Albion’ strawberries. The experiment was conducted with fruits from a production area in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The treatments consisted of a control (without essential oil) and tea tree essential oil at 50 and 250 µL L⁻¹, applied by fumigation. After treatment, the fruits were stored for three days. Rot incidence and severity, respiration and ethylene production, flesh penetration force, soluble solids, titratable acidity, skin color, total phenolic compounds, peroxidase activity, and volatile profile were evaluated. Tea tree oil reduced the development of B. cinerea at both concentrations. It also delayed red color development and reduced total phenolic content. At 250 µL L⁻¹, the oil increased respiration rate and reduced peroxidase activity. Ethylene production, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and flesh penetration force were not affected. The volatile profile was altered, with lower levels of characteristic strawberry volatiles and greater presence of terpene compounds typical of tea tree oil, especially at the higher concentration. Thus, tea tree oil reduced disease development but caused undesirable changes in fruit color and aroma profile.
Posted: 08 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Biochar-Aided Tomato Cropping in Desert Sandy Soils. An Agro-Nomic Value
Mohammed Namoussa
,Mohammed S. Nili
,Mahfoud Babaousmail
,Jean Diatta
,Zbigniew Karolewski
,Tomasz Rafalowicz
Abstract: Biochar amendment offers a promising strategy to enhance soil physicochemical performance and yield response in nutrient-poor sandy soils; however, its effectiveness depends strongly on feedstock type and application rate. This field study assessed the agronomic and sandy soil responses of tomatoes to biochars derived from date palm, maize, and potato residues, applied at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 t·ha⁻¹ under desert conditions in southeastern Algeria. Biochars were characterized for physicochemical and structural properties, and their effects on soil carbon, nutrient availability, and tomato yield were evaluated. The results showed that biochar application significantly increased soil total organic carbon (TOC) and total yield, particularly at low application rates. Date palm biochar applied at 2 t·ha⁻¹ produced the highest yield improvement, whereas excessive application tended to suppress yield. In contrast, soil N, P, and K did not show statistically significant differences among treatments, although slight numerical increases were observed compared to the control at medium application rates (4–8 t·ha⁻¹). These findings highlight the importance of optimizing biochar application rates according to feedstock type to maximize agronomic benefits. Overall, moderate biochar application represents a promising strategy for improving soil organic carbon status and crop productivity in desert sandy soils agroecosystems.
Abstract: Biochar amendment offers a promising strategy to enhance soil physicochemical performance and yield response in nutrient-poor sandy soils; however, its effectiveness depends strongly on feedstock type and application rate. This field study assessed the agronomic and sandy soil responses of tomatoes to biochars derived from date palm, maize, and potato residues, applied at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 t·ha⁻¹ under desert conditions in southeastern Algeria. Biochars were characterized for physicochemical and structural properties, and their effects on soil carbon, nutrient availability, and tomato yield were evaluated. The results showed that biochar application significantly increased soil total organic carbon (TOC) and total yield, particularly at low application rates. Date palm biochar applied at 2 t·ha⁻¹ produced the highest yield improvement, whereas excessive application tended to suppress yield. In contrast, soil N, P, and K did not show statistically significant differences among treatments, although slight numerical increases were observed compared to the control at medium application rates (4–8 t·ha⁻¹). These findings highlight the importance of optimizing biochar application rates according to feedstock type to maximize agronomic benefits. Overall, moderate biochar application represents a promising strategy for improving soil organic carbon status and crop productivity in desert sandy soils agroecosystems.
Posted: 07 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
From Grow Room to Market: A Technical and Economic Assessment of Family-Operated Small-Scale Cordyceps Production
Mahsa Alian
,Yiyi Zhang
,Ruth Prashant
,Sunil P. Dhoubhadel
,Hemen Hosseinzadeh
,Srividya Raja
,Venkatesh Balan
Abstract: Cordyceps militaris is a high-value medicinal mushroom with rapidly growing demand in functional food and nutraceutical markets, yet practical frameworks for small-scale household cultivation remain limited. This study presents an integrated technical and economic feasibility analysis of small-scale Cordyceps production, comparing two scenarios: Scenario 1, an entry-level household setup with one growth room and processing area; and Scenario 2, a larger configuration with two growth rooms and a shared processing area, with staggered scheduling. Both use consistent biological, operational, and market assumptions, with no hired labor. The analysis covers capital expenditure (CapEx), operating costs (OpEx), profitability metrics, payback period, and break-even thresholds, complemented by sensitivity analysis on key biological parameters. While both scenarios are technically and financially viable, Scenario 2 delivers substantially superior returns, faster payback, and stronger resilience to variation in biological efficiency and contamination, requiring only modest incremental CapEx. Gross margins remain consistent across scales, indicating that expansion's advantage lies in more efficient CapEx amortization rather than improved unit profitability. Beyond financial performance, the findings highlight Cordyceps cultivation as a family-centered enterprise that can strengthen household economic diversification, generate supplementary or primary income, and contribute to the livelihoods of urban and rural families.
Abstract: Cordyceps militaris is a high-value medicinal mushroom with rapidly growing demand in functional food and nutraceutical markets, yet practical frameworks for small-scale household cultivation remain limited. This study presents an integrated technical and economic feasibility analysis of small-scale Cordyceps production, comparing two scenarios: Scenario 1, an entry-level household setup with one growth room and processing area; and Scenario 2, a larger configuration with two growth rooms and a shared processing area, with staggered scheduling. Both use consistent biological, operational, and market assumptions, with no hired labor. The analysis covers capital expenditure (CapEx), operating costs (OpEx), profitability metrics, payback period, and break-even thresholds, complemented by sensitivity analysis on key biological parameters. While both scenarios are technically and financially viable, Scenario 2 delivers substantially superior returns, faster payback, and stronger resilience to variation in biological efficiency and contamination, requiring only modest incremental CapEx. Gross margins remain consistent across scales, indicating that expansion's advantage lies in more efficient CapEx amortization rather than improved unit profitability. Beyond financial performance, the findings highlight Cordyceps cultivation as a family-centered enterprise that can strengthen household economic diversification, generate supplementary or primary income, and contribute to the livelihoods of urban and rural families.
Posted: 07 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Collar Rot of Grapevine Caused by a Novel Pleiocarpon Lineage in Peru
Luis A. Álvarez
,Gabriela Salcedo-Astorima
,Phillip Ormeño-Vásquez
,Naysha Rojas-Villa
,José Soto-Heredia
Abstract: Severe decline and death of young table grape vines (1 to 2 years old) have been observed recurrently in commercial vineyards in Peru since 2022. Affected plants developed rapid shoot wilting associated with extensive necrotic lesions at the rootstock collar below the graft union, leading to plant death within days of symptom onset. A Cylindrocarpon-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic collar tissues. Morphological characterization, cardinal temperature assays, and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and histone H3 (his3) gene identified the pathogen as a member of the genus Pleiocarpon. Bayesian inference of concatenated sequences resolved the Peruvian isolates as a distinct lineage sister to P. strelitziae (posterior probability = 1.00). Greenhouse pathogenicity tests with two representative isolates on cv. Red Globe grafted onto Salt Creek rootstock reproduced collar lesions and shoot wilting, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred between 25.7 to 26.1°C, and maximum experimental growth was observed between 28.8 to 31.5°C, consistent with warm conditions during vineyard establishment in coastal Peru. The disease, designated here as collar rot of grapevine, is pathologically distinct from classical black-foot disease due to its extensive belowground collar necrosis and rapid vine collapse. Recurrent outbreaks and the near-exclusive use of the susceptible Salt Creek rootstock indicate that Pleiocarpon-associated collar rot is an emerging threat to table grape production in Peru.
Abstract: Severe decline and death of young table grape vines (1 to 2 years old) have been observed recurrently in commercial vineyards in Peru since 2022. Affected plants developed rapid shoot wilting associated with extensive necrotic lesions at the rootstock collar below the graft union, leading to plant death within days of symptom onset. A Cylindrocarpon-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic collar tissues. Morphological characterization, cardinal temperature assays, and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and histone H3 (his3) gene identified the pathogen as a member of the genus Pleiocarpon. Bayesian inference of concatenated sequences resolved the Peruvian isolates as a distinct lineage sister to P. strelitziae (posterior probability = 1.00). Greenhouse pathogenicity tests with two representative isolates on cv. Red Globe grafted onto Salt Creek rootstock reproduced collar lesions and shoot wilting, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred between 25.7 to 26.1°C, and maximum experimental growth was observed between 28.8 to 31.5°C, consistent with warm conditions during vineyard establishment in coastal Peru. The disease, designated here as collar rot of grapevine, is pathologically distinct from classical black-foot disease due to its extensive belowground collar necrosis and rapid vine collapse. Recurrent outbreaks and the near-exclusive use of the susceptible Salt Creek rootstock indicate that Pleiocarpon-associated collar rot is an emerging threat to table grape production in Peru.
Posted: 06 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Agricultural Science and Agronomy
Temporal Patterns of Natural Infection of Grapevine Pruning Wounds by Trunk Disease Pathogens: A Two-Year Multi-Site Field Study
Katie Ashley
,Catarina Leal
,Rebeca Bujanda
,Valérie Didier
,Mélanie Duvillet
,David Gramaje
Abstract: Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are major constraints to vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide, and pruning wounds are recognized as key infection courts for their causal fungi. However, the dynamics of natural infection after pruning under field conditions remain insufficiently defined. This study evaluated natural infection of grapevine pruning wounds by GTD pathogens in three commercial vineyards in Spain and France over two growing seasons. At each site, vines were pruned in the dormant season either early (November-December) or late (February), and wounds were sampled weekly for 8 weeks. Disease severity was quantified using the percentage of wood pieces yielding GTD pathogens after isolation. A total of 11,230 fungal isolates were recovered, of which Botryosphaeriaceae accounted for 54.4%, followed by Diaporthe spp. (34.2%) and Cytospora spp. (11.4%). Disease severity varied significantly over time in all site-disease combinations, and temporal trajectories differed with pruning time and season. Late pruning resulted in significantly greater disease severity than early pruning in 6 of 9 site-disease combinations. The strongest effect was observed in Pyrénées-Atlantiques for Botryosphaeria dieback, where late pruning increased severity by 18.77 %; Cytospora canker at the same site increased by 7.24 %. Climatic analyses revealed site-specific associations, with relative humidity most strongly associated with disease severity in Pyrénées-Atlantiques and precipitation in Pyrénées-Orientales. These results indicate that GTD pathogens can be recovered from pruning wounds for at least 8 weeks after pruning and that the effect of pruning time depends strongly on vineyard and pathogen group.
Abstract: Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are major constraints to vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide, and pruning wounds are recognized as key infection courts for their causal fungi. However, the dynamics of natural infection after pruning under field conditions remain insufficiently defined. This study evaluated natural infection of grapevine pruning wounds by GTD pathogens in three commercial vineyards in Spain and France over two growing seasons. At each site, vines were pruned in the dormant season either early (November-December) or late (February), and wounds were sampled weekly for 8 weeks. Disease severity was quantified using the percentage of wood pieces yielding GTD pathogens after isolation. A total of 11,230 fungal isolates were recovered, of which Botryosphaeriaceae accounted for 54.4%, followed by Diaporthe spp. (34.2%) and Cytospora spp. (11.4%). Disease severity varied significantly over time in all site-disease combinations, and temporal trajectories differed with pruning time and season. Late pruning resulted in significantly greater disease severity than early pruning in 6 of 9 site-disease combinations. The strongest effect was observed in Pyrénées-Atlantiques for Botryosphaeria dieback, where late pruning increased severity by 18.77 %; Cytospora canker at the same site increased by 7.24 %. Climatic analyses revealed site-specific associations, with relative humidity most strongly associated with disease severity in Pyrénées-Atlantiques and precipitation in Pyrénées-Orientales. These results indicate that GTD pathogens can be recovered from pruning wounds for at least 8 weeks after pruning and that the effect of pruning time depends strongly on vineyard and pathogen group.
Posted: 06 May 2026
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