Physical Sciences

Abstract: This article shows that the relationships between the weak interaction mediated by the non-angular dipole moment of quarks, the weak-interaction boson W as a meson composed of top quarks, and the isospin of the top quark arising from its relativistic state as a u/d quark, as revealed by the Structural Model of Particle Physics, provide a basis for extending the role of the top quark in the CKM matrix. In this way, the neutral D meson obtains a natural place alongside the neutral kaon and the neutral B mesons. This approach resolves a longstanding problem that has remained unresolved within the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Abstract: This paper investigates D-brane dynamics and tachyon condensation in a non-supersymmetric RNS string framework, with particular emphasis on the emergence of Standard Model (SM) gauge symmetries after compactification. We analyze the distance-dependent interactions associated with D-brane separation and their possible implications for the effective Coleman–Weinberg potential. When branes coincide, additional massless open-string states appear, enhancing the gauge symmetry and modifying the vacuum structure. Tachyon condensation can subsequently alter the spectrum and provide a mechanism for symmetry breaking and mass generation, with features analogous to the Higgs mechanism. The gauge symmetries are related to the isometries of the compactification space, while the resulting Kaluza–Klein spectrum is governed by the compactification geometry and scale. We further show that the threefold fermionic multiplicity associated with the three generations is already incorporated in the degree-of-freedom counting and does not introduce an additional factor into the ten-dimensional zero-point-energy cancellation. Under the stated representation-preserving assumption for the excited-state tower, the cancellation extends to the corresponding oscillator levels. These results illustrate how a non-supersymmetric string construction may accommodate the gauge and matter structure of the Standard Model while providing a framework for studying the interplay between brane dynamics, tachyonic instabilities, compactification, and symmetry breaking.

Abstract: This is a review paper intended to illustrate a few critical issues concerning Dirac, Weyl and Majorana fermions and their differences. The first part consists in basic introductions to fermions, and more in detail to fermions in 4d, focusing in particular in what differentiate the three type of fermions: chirality, helicity, mass, field equations, properties under discrete symmetry transformations, Actions, Observables. On this basis we tackle a series of challenging and sometime controversial problems: the non-existence of Weyl fermion propagators, and the ways to circumvent it; the regularizations for Weyl fermion amplitudes, in particular the appropriateness of using the PV regularization; the definition of a functional integral for Weyl fermion, the difference between Weyl and massless Majorana fermions and the difference between the Dirac and Majorana mass terms. Most notably we come to the conclusion that the trick of replacing the non-existing Weyl fermion propagator with a massless Dirac one, although it may yield in some cases correct results, is flawed at the very origin by a logical loophole. We then show which is the correct way to proceed in this case. We consider also the topic of applying the Wick rotation at the classical Action level for Weyl fermions and conclude that this procedure leads to a nonequivalent theory. Finally, although anomalies are not the central focus here, we have deemed it useful to summarily review the relation, and its cohomological basis, that exists between the lack of a Weyl fermion propagator (non-invertibility of the Weyl-Dirac operator) and the appearance of dangerous anomalies in the theory.

Abstract: Active stoppers based on scintillating fibres provide fast signal formation, fine segmentation and compact geometry. On the other hand, their implementation requires a readout that can handle many silicon photomultiplier channels and a wide range of light intensities. We present a laboratory characterization of a resistively multiplexed SiPM readout for the Fibre IMPlanter concept. The readout combines 16 SiPM input nodes into four analog outputs. Localized pulsed-light excitation was used to scan individual SiPM positions, and the four signals were processed by baseline subtraction, charge integration and normalized charge-division reconstruction. In an intermediate signal range, the reconstructed position plane shows distinguishable clusters for the individual inputs, indicating that spatial information is retained after a factor-of-four reduction in readout channels. At low amplitudes, the reconstruction is limited by baseline noise and reduced signal-to-noise ratio. At high amplitudes, it is limited by SiPM non-linearity, finite microcell occupancy and distortions of the charge sharing. The results identify the signal range in which resistive multiplexing remains a practical compact readout option for SiPM-based scintillating-fibre radiation detectors.

Abstract: The recently proposed two-component Tsallis-Hagedorn Model with Transverse Flow (THMTF) function, which is the sum of thermodynamically consistent Tsallis function with embedded transverse flow and inverse power-law function (which is asymptotic of Hagedorn function at high p_T values), has described quite well simultaneously the experimental midrapidity p_T spectra of the charged pions and kaons, protons and antiprotons in the whole measured p_T range up to 20 GeV/c at all ten multiplicity classes in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 and 13 TeV at the LHC. Dependencies of non-extensivity parameter, q, kinetic freeze-out temperature parameter, T₀, momentum scale parameter, P₀, and power-index n of the two-component THMTF function on <dN_ch/dη> in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 and 13 TeV have been analyzed and interpreted. Analyzing <dN_ch/dη> dependencies of parameters T₀ and <β_T>, the border <dN_ch/dη> values of transition towards plateau region of kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) (and simultaneous emergence of transverse flow) and probable onset of deconfinement phase transition (towards QGP-like state) have been estimated to be <dN_ch/dη>≈ 7.6±0.9 and <dN_ch/dη>≈ 9.0±1.0 in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV, respectively. These estimates made using THMTF function in present work have been above but close to the corresponding <dN_ch/dη> ≈6.1±0.3 and <dN_ch/dη> ≈7.1±0.2 estimates of possible onset of deconfinement phase transition in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV, respectively, made in our earlier works using Hagedorn function with embedded transverse flow. Our estimates are consistent with and complement the corresponding early result ((dN_ch/dη) ≈ 6±1) of Campanini and Ferri for probable onset of deconfinement phase transition, obtained from analyses of the experimental <p_T> versus <dN_ch/dη> curves and extracted experimental EOSs, and squared speed of sound in proton-proton and proton-antiproton collisions in wide energy, sqrt(s)= 31-7000 GeV, interval. The mean number of partons participating in a scattering, n_α=5, has been estimated from extracted average value of power-index n in the analyzed proton-proton collisions. This suggests that g+q→meson+q and g+g→meson+g gluon fragmentation reactions are the main mechanisms for high p_T meson production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The obtained significant differences in <dN_ch/dη> dependencies of parameters q and n for pions and kaons, on the one hand, and for (anti)protons, on the other hand, can imply that pions and kaons demonstrate features of local thermalization in proton-proton collisions at the LHC with high enough multiplicity, whereas (anti)protons show significant deviations due to non-thermal production mechanisms. The Pearson coefficients of linear correlation have been calculated between various parameters of the two-component THMTF function in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV and compared with those obtained recently in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC.

Abstract: A two-component model, which is the sum of thermodynamically consistent Tsallis function with embedded transverse flow and inverse power-law function (which is asymptotic of Hagedorn function at very high p_T), has been proposed to reproduce accurately the measured long p_T ranges of midrapidity transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles at various centralities of high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. This two-component model function, called Tsallis-Hagedorn model with transverse flow (THMTF), has described quite well the experimental midrapidity transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in the whole p_T range, measured by ALICE Collaboration in minimum bias p+p collisions at √s=2.76 and 5.02 TeV, minimum bias p+Pb collisions at √s_nn=5.02 TeV, and various collision centrality intervals of Xe+Xe collisions at √s_nn=5.44 TeV and Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn =2.76 and 5.02 TeV. Dependencies of non-extensivity parameter q, kinetic freeze-out temperature parameter, T₀, momentum scale parameter, P₀, and power-index n of the two-component THMTF function on the average number of participant nucleons ( <N_part> ) as well as mean charged-particle multiplicity density (<dN_ch/dη>) in the analyzed Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC have been established. The probable border (threshold) values of collision centrality (values of <N_part>) for crossover phase transition from the dense hadronic state to that of QGP in Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn= 2.76 and 5.02 TeV, and in Xe+Xe collisions at √s_nn=5.44 TeV have been estimated. The average number of partons participating in a scattering, n_α=5, has been estimated from extracted average value of power-index n in the analyzed collisions. This has suggested that g+q→meson+q and g+g→meson+g gluon fragmentation reactions are the dominant mechanism for high p_T hadron production in the analyzed p+p, p+Pb, Xe+Xe, and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC.

Abstract: We analyze the centrality (⟨N_part⟩) dependencies of midrapidity transverse momentum (p_T) spectra for identified light-flavor hadrons (charged pions and kaons, protons and antiprotons) in asymmetric p+Pb collisions at √s_nn = 5.02 TeV at the LHC. Using the new two-component Tsallis-Hagedorn Model with Transverse Flow (THMTF), we describe the ALICE experimental data up to p_T = 20 GeV/c across seven multiplicity classes. To reveal potential system-size dependencies, these results are systematically compared with symmetric Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV. It is estimated that collective radial flow emerges at ⟨N_part⟩ ≈ 4.0 ± 0.5 along with simultaneous transitioning of kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) to a nearly plateau region in p+Pb collisions. The kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) appears to demonstrate distinct centrality dependencies in small and large collision systems before reaching a stable plateau. In p+Pb collisions, T₀ initially rises up to its threshold value before stabilizing, suggesting that high energy densities in central p+Pb events might cause the compact system to decouple rapidly before undergoing significant expansion. Conversely, in Pb+Pb collisions, T₀ steadily decreases up to a larger threshold ⟨N_part⟩ value before reaching a plateau. This initial downward trend of T₀ in Pb+Pb collisions is consistent with the larger volume of heavy-ion fireballs, which may undergo more prolonged hydrodynamic expansion and extensive cooling before reaching the low-density decoupling limit. In both p+Pb and Pb+Pb collision environments, central collisions point toward enhanced thermalization, as deduced from decreasing-with-centrality trend of non-extensivity parameter q. Parameter q hierarchy (q (mesons) > q (baryons)) suggests that baryons may form predominantly in the highly thermalized core. In both p+Pb and Pb+Pb systems, the momentum scale parameter (P₀) rises steadily with centrality and correlates strongly positively with the average flow velocity (< β_T >), suggesting that larger pressure gradients may simultaneously drive collective flow and high-p_T particle production. However, at high p_T, the power-index n points to potentially different dynamics between the two systems. While large-scale Pb+Pb collisions exhibit spectral flattening likely related to strong hydrodynamic pressure, the p+Pb system shows a stable n for mesons (consistent with vacuum-like jet fragmentation), but a rising-with-centrality trend of n for protons and antiprotons. This rise of power-index n may indicate intermediate-p_T baryon enhancement via parton recombination/coalescence. These different physical trends are supported by Pearson correlation analyses of extracted model parameters in p+Pb and Pb+Pb collision systems. The results of present work establish critical benchmarks for theoretical models describing the transition from microscopic interactions to collective behavior in high-energy collisions.

Abstract: Radiation exposure from all various medical treatment remains a major health risk, with both immediate and long-term consequences ranging from acute radiation sickness to chronic diseases such as cancer. In my paper, I discussed new perspectives on how to protect human cells from radiation. I highlight from cellular level, the focus should be on the improvement of overall functions in genome repair and resistance to radiation damages, which could be artificially conducted on the genes at our choice. For the protection from radiation burning I suggest the employment of temperature cooling system rather than mere physical shielding as in the conventional approach. In a most plain view upon further examination of the core reactivities, what is often overlooked subtle yet highly efficient disabling aspect during radiation activities resides just within the equipment shell. When the shell materials become cracked, reactive activities may quickly disrupted leading to dismissed energy when bursting into ‘holiday fireworks’. My perspectives provide more insight in the protection mechanisms warranting future studies.

Abstract: The upcoming COMET and Mu2e experiments aim to search for charged-lepton flavor violation with unprecedented sensitivity, requiring an exact characterization of the muon decay-in-orbit (DIO) spectrum near its kinematic endpoint. Here, we present a testable prediction derived from rest mass dynamics and special relativistic energy conservation. In contrast to standard Quantum Electrodynamics —where the bound muon retains its invariant rest mass— our approach predicts that atomic binding intrinsically rescales the bound particle's internal dynamics. For muonic aluminum (Z=13), this yields two correlated, parameter-free signatures at the DIO endpoint: i) a downward endpoint displacement of approximately 0.95 MeV, and ii) a 0.9% horizontal compression of the spectrum corresponding to an equivalent retardation of the integrated decay rate. The simultaneous observation of these signatures would provide direct empirical evidence for the proposition that atomic binding modifies a bound particle's intrinsic rest mass.

Abstract: Recent lattice studies have revealed that the color flux tube between static quark-antiquark pairs exhibits an excess entanglement entropy (flux tube entanglement entropy, FTE²) that scales linearly with the quark separation L. In this paper, we demonstrate similar behavior in a string-net model based on SU(2)_k fusion categories, where the nontrivial object j=1/2 (analogous to color charge) cannot exist in isolation due to the fusion rules, naturally exhibiting “confinement”. We compute the entanglement entropy of the flux tube connecting two j=1/2objects using the topological definition S(R)=ln⁡(dim⁡(Hom(R))) and find an entropy density σ_k=ln⁡ d_1/2=ln⁡(2cos⁡(π/(k+2))). For k=3, the category reduces to the Fibonacci case, yielding an entropy density σ₃ = ln φ ≈ 0.481 (φ is the golden ratio), which is qualitatively comparable in magnitude to the scale inferred from lattice studies and the entropy-surface mechanism. Minimizing the free energy F=E-TS yields a confinement–deconfinement transition at T_c=J/σ_k.The parameter k offers a tunable knob, making the SU(2)_k family a computable laboratory for entropic confinement. The predicted entropy-density jump and critical scaling can be directly tested in quantum simulator platforms (e.g., Rydberg arrays or superconducting circuits) that realize Fibonacci anyonic models.

Abstract: This article is a review of developed in 2007-2025 years Planck scale informational physical model that is based on 3 main points. First of all on the 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, where the fundamental phenomena/notions “Matter”, “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, which are fundamentally transcendent in conventional philosophy and sciences, are rigorously scientifically defined. The conception completely rigorously scientifically legitimates the outstanding C. F. von Weizsäcker “Ur hypothesis”, and E. Fredkin “Digital Philosophy/Physics”, which posit that Matter is constructed from some binary reversible logical elements; and on all reliable experimental data. Correspondingly in the model it is postulated that Matter’s ultimate base is the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute “Cartesian” [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice. Basing on the above in the model a number of physical problems are either solved or essentially clarified, e.g. of what is real Matter’s spacetime above, what are the physical sense of Lorentz transformations; uncertainty and wave-particle duality in QM; particles and antiparticles, etc. Besides initial Planck scale models of fundamental Gravity, Electric, and Nuclear/Strong Forces are developed, where it is shown that these Forces strengths ratio is in accordance with experimental values only if the FLE size and FLE flip time are Planck length and Planck time; the model rather probably really scientifically clarifies some cosmological problems, including the “matter-antimatter asymmetry: one. Etc. more of the problems see in the article.

Abstract: We derive the fermion mass hierarchy from the weighted Cayley graph of a 44-vector \(\mathbb{Z}_3\)-triality vacuum lattice, with zero free parameters. Edge weights \(A_{ij}=1/\|\mathbf{v}_i-\mathbf{v}_j\|^2\)---the unique discrete Laplace--Beltrami prescription---encode vacuum impedance. The mass matrix \(M_{ab}=\sum_{h\in\mathcal{H}}G_w(f_a,h)G_w(h,f_b)\) is derived as the zero-momentum fermion self-energy with Higgs exchange on the graph, with the overall normalization locked by the algebraic rigidity condition \(y_t=1\). The absolute mass scale emerges from a 12-level nested chain compressing \(M_{\rm Pl}\) to \(v_{\rm geo}\approx 185\)~GeV (RG-evolved to the experimental \(v_{\rm EW}=246\)~GeV). Shell assignments are uniquely determined by \(\mathrm{SU}(3)\) coupling range, \(\mathrm{SU}(2)_L\) doublet structure, and color-singlet/hypercharge selection rules---not by fitting. The bare lattice predictions are: \(m_t:m_c:m_u=1:0.0162:1.3{\times}10^{-5}\), \(m_b:m_s:m_d=1:0.0145:8.9{\times}10^{-5}\), \(m_\tau:m_\mu:m_e=1:0.0144:9.9{\times}10^{-7}\). After quantitative 1-loop SM renormalization group evolution from \(M_{\rm Pl}\) to \(M_Z\), all nine mass ratios converge to within $12\%$--$40\%$ of experiment, with the five-order-of-magnitude hierarchy correctly reproduced. The framework simultaneously determines the absolute electroweak scale ($246$~GeV) and the top quark mass ($174$~GeV) from \(M_{\rm Pl}\) as the sole dimensionful input.

Abstract: The empirical relation \( \sum_f n_f m_f^2 \approx 6(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \) between the colour-summed fermion mass-squared trace and the electroweak gauge-boson mass-squared trace holds at pole masses to about one percent. With the updated heavy-particle input set \( M_W=80.3692 \) GeV, \( M_Z=91.1880 \) GeV, \( M_H=125.20 \)GeV and \( M_t=172.52 \) GeV, the ratio is \( 1.008 \) including light-fermion contributions, and the top-only form is\( m_t^2/[2(M_W^2+M_Z^2)]=1.007 \). After substituting \( M_W=g_2v/2 \), \( M_Z=\sqrt{g_2^2+g_Y^2}\,v/2 \) and \( m_f=y_fv/\sqrt2 \), the vev cancels and the relation reduces, under top dominance, to the single approximate equality \( y_t^2\approx 2g_2^2+g_Y^2 \)between the top Yukawa coupling and the electroweak gauge norm. The analysis is organised around this reduction. The broader Generalized Trace Dynamics (\GTD) programme structurally addresses the colour multiplicity and the top-dominance reduction; the latter is protected by the exceptional-Jordan mass-ratio hierarchy. The gauge norm is partially programmatic through candidate constructions of \( \alpha \) and \( \sin^2\theta_W \): the \( \alpha \) part closes robustly through standard QED/QCD running, while the required correction to \( \sin^2\theta_W \)remains contingent on a broken-phase support or multiplicity-dilution mechanism not yet derived quantitatively. The ingredient not supplied at the required precision is the absolute value of \( y_t \). Four trace-dynamical attempts to derive \( y_t\approx 1 \)are examined: the spectral action, Jordan-factor corrections, two-Higgs mixing, and Adler--Millard equipartition. Each fails for a definite structural reason. The colour-summed relation is therefore best read as a pole-level or broken-saddle coincidence, not as a raw \( \overline{\rm MS} \) boundary condition; the complete NNLO weak-scale matching of the related \( M_H^2\simeq M_ZM_t \) relation gives the same lesson. The Higgs mass is absent from the colour-summed relation, but not from the broader heavy-sector coincidence web: the updated Higgs--top--\( Z \) relation \( M_H^2\simeq M_ZM_t \) and the top-dominance form \( m_t^2\simeq2(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \) imply the same top-mass target, \(M_t\simeq171.898\) GeV, and are mutually equivalent to the bosonic closure \( M_H^4\simeq2M_Z^2(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \). This closure explains why the rough bridge \( M_H^2\simeq M_W^2+M_Z^2 \) is offset by about six percent. The natural surviving route is the bifermionic gap equation. The Pagels--Stokar relation in the \( 8\pi^2 \) convention reproduces the empirical electroweak vev at a compositeness scale \( \Lambda_H\simeq7.5\times10^{13} \) GeV, conditional on the usual Nambu--Jona-Lasinio critical tuning \( G_{\rm eig}/G_c-1\sim10^{-22} \), which is the gauge-hierarchy problem in composite-Higgs language. This \( \Lambda_H \) is, however, the cutoff of a minimal sharp-cutoff top-condensate reading; the programme's preferred residual-288 ontology instead takes the compositeness scale to be Planckian --- natural given a desert between the Planck and electroweak scales --- with\( v \) set separately at gravi-weak breaking. We flag that the two readings are not yet reconciled: the \( 8\pi^2 \) relation cannot reproduce the observed \( v \) at \( \Lambda\sim M_{\rm Pl} \), so a Planckian cutoff requires the sharp-cutoff truncation to be replaced by a decaying dynamical mass function. The gap-equation target is therefore sharp but conditional, and in either reading not yet a derivation.

Abstract: We show that the\( \mathbb{Z}_3 \)-triality lattice introduced in Ref.[1] yields atomic orbital quantum numbers, the hydrogen energy spectrum, and a bare electromagnetic coupling. The \( K_{2,2,2} \) graph Laplacian on the octahedral root shell (\( L^2=2 \)) decomposes as \( 6 = 1\oplus3\oplus2 = s\oplus p\oplus d \), with a graph Laplacian eigenvalue \( \lambda_1^{\rm graph}=4 \) distinct from the continuum angular eigenvalue\( l(l+1)=2 \). In the radial Schr\"odinger equation, this manifests as a \( 12.5\% \) centrifugal term discrepancy at finite lattice spacing, vanishing in the continuum limit. Gauss's law on the geometric grid \( r_k\propto(\sqrt{3})^{k} \) gives \( V(r)=-\sqrt{3}/(4\pi r) \). Treating the same octahedron as the base manifold of a compact \( U(1) \) lattice gauge theory, the character expansion \( Z(\beta)=\sum_n[I_n(\beta)]^8 \), evaluated at the algebraic unit coupling \( \beta_c=1 \)---derived from the Gauss continued fraction integrality condition \( [I_1(\beta)/I_0(\beta)]^{-1}=2/\beta+1/(4/\beta+\cdots) \) whose coefficients \( a_k=2k/\beta \) are integer-valued iff \( \beta\in\{1,2\} \), with \( \beta=2 \) excluded algebraically by the uniqueness of the\( 19 \)-dimensional superalgebra---with geometric factor \( G=2F/E=4/3 \), yields \( 1/\alpha_{\rm geom} = \pi\sqrt{3}\,[I_0(1)/I_1(1)]^4 = 137.042 \). The \( 42 \)~ppm deviation from the CODATA~2022 value\( 137.035999084 \) is exactly accounted for by the topological correction \( \delta(\alpha^{-1})=(S-S^3)/(4\sqrt{3}) \), with\( S=[I_1(1)/I_0(1)]^4 \), arising from quantum interference between the\( n=0 \) vacuum and \( n=\pm1 \) instanton sectors on the octahedron. Including this correction gives \( \alpha^{-1}_{\rm phys}=137.036 \), matching CODATA to sub-ppb precision. The radial Schr\"odinger equation with \( \alpha_{\rm phys} \) reproduces hydrogen wavefunctions with overlaps above \( 0.999 \) for \( n\le3 \). No free parameters are introduced; \( \beta_c=1 \) and the \( 42 \)~ppm correction both follow from the discrete algebraic structure of the \( 19 \)-dimensional \( \mathbb{Z}_3 \)-graded Lie superalgebra.

Abstract: We derive the mixing angles and CP-violating phases of the PMNS and CKM matrices from a 44-vector discrete vacuum lattice—the 3D flavor-space projection of a 19-dimensional \(\mathbb{Z}_3\)-graded Lie superalgebra. The central prediction is the Cabibbo angle: \(\lambda = |V_{us}| = 73/324 = 0.22530864\), obtained as \(\lambda = (2/9)(1+\varepsilon_q^2/2)\) with \(\varepsilon_q=1/6\) and the \(\mathrm{SU}(3)\) quadratic Casimir \(C_2=4/3\), matching the experimental value $0.225300(700)$ to $+0.01\sigma$—a precision of 8 parts per million, with zero free parameters. The PMNS predictions—compared against current global fit data—are: \(\sin^2\theta_{12}=1/3-\lambda/9=0.30830\) ($-0.10\sigma$), \(\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.54609\) ($+0.00\sigma$), \(\sin^2\theta_{13}\in[1/46,1/44]\) (within interval). The CP phases are \(\delta_{\rm CP}=240^\circ\) ($+0.26\sigma$) and \(\delta_{\rm CKM}=65.3^\circ\). Projected future measurements by JUNO (targeting \(\sim0.3\%\) precision on \(\theta_{12}\)) and DUNE (mass ordering) will provide decisive tests of these predictions. The perturbation strengths—\(\varepsilon_{\nu_2}=1/36\), \(\varepsilon_{\nu_3}=1/12\), \(\varepsilon_q=1/6\)—are obtained from the algebra's Frobenius norms and the \(\mathfrak{u}(3)\) projection structure, with the Hybrid norm-filtered subclass rigorously proven to contain exactly 24 vectors. Every formula is presented with complete symbolic definitions and step-by-step derivations.

Abstract: The spicules, flares, any plasma jets, and stellar lightning participate in the coronal heating dynamics of the Sun and Stars. The essential concept of the coronal heating problem in understanding how the upper atmosphere of stars and the Sun is heated to multi-million-degree temperatures, and its lower zone, the photosphere and chromosphere, still at 5000 K or 10000 K, remains one of the great unsolved issues in the history of astrophysics. Magnetic field dominates coronal heating dynamics since Magnetic pressure is higher than the thermal pressure of ions and particles. This tussle and equilibrium between them enhances the surface temperature and brightness of the star's outer atmosphere. The speed and temperature of the energetic particles in the plasma jets and stellar lightnings of the stars, the surface temperature, and the luminosity of stars could be determined mathematically. The particles with higher speed, momentum, and maximum equivalent temperature can leave the surface of a star with a speed higher than the escape velocity. The particles with a minimum speed and lower temperature in the plasma jets and spicules may fall back to the surface of stars as coronal rain. Particles in the Coronal mass ejection have enough energy and speed to escape from the external surface of stars as a solar wind. Plasma Jets and stellar lightning are energetic particles and ions that come out rapidly from the interior shells of the Sun and Stars to enhance coronal heating dynamics. Plasma jets and stellar lightning emerge vertically from the lower shells of stars, cause violent turbulence on their surfaces in the photosphere and chromosphere, and are involved in the coronal heating dynamics of the stars and the Sun. The central temperatures of stars range from 20 million kelvins to 3 billion kelvins due to nuclear fusion processes, causing ions and energetic particles to form powerful plasma jets, stellar lightning, nanoflares, spicules, solar wind, and coronal mass ejections on stellar surfaces. The thermal pressure prevailed over the magnetic pressure and increased the speed of energetic particles to leave the exterior surface of stars. The lifetime of stellar lightnings is a few seconds and difficult to detect with present technology, but the lifetime of spicules, stellar flares, and coronal loops is extended to several minutes and days. Maximum plasma jets and stellar lightnings may be displayed on the surface of a massive star due to the fusion of heavy elements in its fusion ball in the core, typically Oxygen, silicon, germanium, and manganese.

Abstract: High energy physics software uses reference particle data at all stages of modeling, reconstruction, and analysis. While programmatic access to Particle Data Group data is available through REST and Python-based solutions, there has been no native Kotlin implementation for the Java Virtual Machine ecosystem until now. This paper presents KParticle, a Kotlin-based solution for providing structured access to particle reference data using the SQLite database distribution. The system uses a multi-tiered architecture that separates client applications from database-specific implementation details, ensuring modularity and scalability. KParticle is suitable for integration into modeling environments, data analysis pipelines, validation tools, and machine learning applications, improving the integration of particle reference information.

Abstract: In complex systems theory, there are different ways to describe a system in terms of information, such as emergence (Shannon entropy), self-organisation, and complexity. These measures provide information about the dynamic behaviour of a complex system. We study the differences in entropy and complexity for many-body systems undergoing a transition from a regular to a chaotic regime. To do this, we analyse the eigenvectors of the ⁴⁸Ca nucleus for different quadrupole-type two-body interactions. We obtain the eigenvectors by diagonalising the two-body Hamiltonian for ⁴⁸Ca using the Antoine code. We then calculate the entropy and complexity for the different quadrupole-type interactions. The differences found in information entropy and complexity are clear when comparing a regular system with a chaotic one. We find that the complexity of the regular and chaotic states of ⁴⁸Ca shows differences associated with its internal interactions.

Abstract: Recent developments in particle physics require cost-effective pixel detectors capable of operating under increased energy and luminosity conditions foreseen in future collider experiments. In response, monolithic CMOS pixel sensors incorporating modern readout architectures have emerged, combining high-rate capability with substantial radiation tolerance. To optimize the performance of these sensors for application in tracking detectors, a comprehensive characterization has been done focusing on threshold and noise behaviour as a function of front-end DAC tuning parameters. The effect of radiation damage has been investigated using high-intensity X-ray irradiation, followed by a detailed comparison of sensor performance before and after irradiation. The threshold distribution is observed to be uniform across the pixel matrix. Irradiation introduces a systematic shift in the threshold, with a larger impact at low-threshold configurations, while overall uniformity is preserved. In contrast, the noise remains largely stable across the parameter space. The correlation between threshold and noise is used to identify optimal operating regions, demonstrating that stable, efficient performance can be achieved across a wide range of configurations. These results confirm the robustness of the sensor under irradiation and its suitability for operation in radiation environments relevant to future high-energy physics experiments.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.