Physical Sciences

Abstract: We study Majorana neutrino textures in which the complex phases are locked to the cubic root of unity \(\omega=e^{2\pi i/3}\) by a \(Z_3\) CP seed, while the real moduli are free parameters fixed by data. For the reference point \(|d_1|/a_{12}=1/2\), \(d_2/d_3=9/11\), \(a_{23}/a_{12}=45/22\), \(a_{13}/a_{12}=1/3\), \(a_{12}/d_3=6/19\), six oscillation observables are described with \(\chi^2_{\rm block}=1.44\) against the official NuFIT 5.2 release tables (normal ordering, with Super-K atmospheric data). We show that this agreement does not constitute a prediction of the moduli: an exhaustive scan over the same \(Z_3\)-locked family with rational moduli of denominator \(q\le22\) finds 447 alternatives inside \(\pm3\%\) of the reference values, 15 of which reach \(\chi^2_{\rm block}<2\), one of them fitting better than the reference point. We further prove that the moduli cannot be derived from a minimal discrete flavour symmetry. A denominator theorem shows that CG-generated rational ratios have \(|G|\)-smooth denominators, so the observed \(6/19\) and \(45/22\) would require \(11\cdot19\mid|G|\) and are excluded for \(\Delta(27)\), \(A_4\), \(S_4\) and \(\Delta(54)\); a second theorem shows that a single triplet flavon of any \(\Delta(3n^2)\) group yields a diagonal symmetric mass matrix, while two flavons leave at least four continuous inputs. What remains predictive is the phase pattern and its correlated consequences: the texture predicts \(\delta_{CP}\simeq276.6^{\circ}\) (\(-83.4^{\circ}\) in the NuFIT convention), \(J_{\rm PMNS}\simeq-0.033\), normal ordering, \( \sum m_{\nu}\simeq0.070\ eV\ \), and \( m_{\beta\beta}\simeq0.005\ eV\ \), with the best fit in the lower \(\theta_{23}\) octant; \(1\sigma\) ranges on the absolute scale are \( \sum m_\nu\in[0.069,0.070]\ eV\ \) and \( m_{\beta\beta}\simeq0.005\ eV\ \). The leading renormalization group running of the Weinberg operator preserves the \(Z_3\) phase structure. We discuss future tests by DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande, cosmological mass bounds, and neutrinoless double-beta decay searches.

Abstract: This paper bridges the CGICE geometric–information dynamics and the three-spacetime-phase framework to a concrete right-handed-neutrino (RHN) condensation phenomenology, with explicit models for regulated thermal determinants, neutral threshold crossings, and conserved charge currents. Within a conditional effective-field-theory description, a specified mediator operator bounds the induced four-Fermi susceptibility (G1–G4), a common derivative portal produces a conditional neutral threshold crossing (D1–D7), and nonzero phase charge rounds the transition into a crossover (D8–D12). Coupled initial-value constraints and dissipative balance equations track finite-temperature thermodynamics and particle mixing under disclosed matching assumptions. A regulated thermal determinant yields a derived dimensionless threshold ratio T_c/_3 0.0549; the dimensionful T_c 5.49x10¹³ GeV follows only at the independently specified scale _3=10¹⁵ GeV. A dissipative realization with cold continuation produces a conditional forward evaluation of the RHN mass scale M_R 5.69x10¹³ GeV without using an observed neutrino mass in the gap equation. A barrier-based flavor hypothesis H_ GY yields the matching-scale spectrum (m_1,m_2,m_3)=(0.0037,0.0100,0.0479) eV with Sum m_nu=0.0616 eV; its splitting ratio R=0.03985 fails the adopted oscillation rectangle, whereas the two candidate slopes k_ eff=38/35 and 12/11 both pass the leading-order rectangle. The analysis further derives a conditional Planck-scale matching relation, corrects the chiral embedding and thermal-response identities, and proves enlarged splitting-ratio bounds under an explicit charged-lepton RG budget, while showing these results do not uniquely determine a chiral vacuum, collision spectrum, flavor barriers, or an ultraviolet RG trajectory; the flavor tests are falsifiable only conditional on the structural hypotheses H_A and H_B.

Abstract: This paper outlines the protocols, methods and technological steps used to manufacture perovskite semiconductor radiation detectors and compares them with those used in the manufacture of = more traditional semiconductor materials, such as Si, HPGe, CdZnTe, CdTe and TlBr. We analyze the problems and limitations arising when implementing these technologies at this early stage of perovskite detector development. We examine and critique the methods used in crystal growth and processing. Applying revised processes to CsPbBr₃ crystals with dimensions 5×5×3 mm³, we have manufactured a number of radiation detectors with different contact architectures – a planar contact structure, a planar structure with a guard ring and a ring-electrode type structure. In terms of energy resolution, the ring-drift detectors gave the best energy resolu-tion, followed by the planar with guard ring and the simple planar. Specifically, the ring-drift detectors provided FWHM energy resolutions of less than 1% at 662 and 1332 keV (0.79% and 0.86%, respectively) with a peak to Compton ratio of 11. The FWHM energy resolutions at 59.5 keV, 122 keV and 5.9 keV were 2.7 keV (4.5%), 3.4 keV (2.8 %) and ≤2.6 keV, respectively.

Abstract: Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have great potential in astronomy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), quantum communication, and other high-precision sensing and imaging applications. However, further optimization of SPAD performance is often constrained by fabrication time and cost. In this work, we develop a technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation flow for a custom SPAD. We propose models for the I-V characteristics, breakdown voltage, dark count rate (DCR), and photon detection probability (PDP). These models are calibrated against measurements across a wide range of bias voltages and temperatures. We also investigated the effects of specific process parameters on device performance. This work provides a method for accurate SPAD design and optimization.

Abstract: We analyze a specified finite-dimensional chiral operator-spectral candidate whose conservative sector consists of one positive spectral scale and four Hermitian family quadratic forms relative to a common family metric. We first prove that common positive rescaling preserves conservative mass ratios and static spectral subspaces, while simultaneous congruence of the family forms and metric preserves generalized spectra and metric-normalized overlaps. For the evaluated candidate, an analytic neighborhood criterion and its reproducible numerical realization show that every tuple within spectral-norm radius 2.5 × 10⁻² of the four canonical family operators remains outside enlarged charged-lepton, CKM, PMNS reactor-entry, and electron-anchored tritium-endpoint acceptance regions. At this radius the muon-to-electron ratio is below 1.864, the best-permuted CKM distance exceeds 0.248, every admissible static electron-row neutrino overlap exceeds 0.245, and the lightest neutrino rest energy exceeds twelve tritium endpoints after electron anchoring. We then derive relabeling-independent lower bounds on the total reduced pole correction in a fixed conservative/counterterm decomposition. For passive self-adjoint open complements, the reduced kernel is operator-valued anti-Herglotz and the subthreshold pencil is strictly Loewner monotone; under the stated passive hypotheses this yields existence, uniqueness, positive residue, and Lipschitz stability of isolated real pole branches. The finite-dimensional scale and family data define the conservative candidate tested here, while the resulting theorems separate its invariant static limitations from the analytic requirements of a dynamical completion.

Abstract: Changes in radionuclide composition can bias seawater tritium measurements under fixed calibration. We evaluate dual-diameter scintillating fiber arrays combining 1 mm sensing fibers with a separately read out reference cluster. Geant4 responses for seven layouts are coupled to a scintillation–silicon photomultiplier model. Calibration transfer is assessed using 19 literature-matched Sr/Cs pairs in a fixed natural matrix, with composition withheld from the estimator. At baseline optical collection, the 5 mm central cluster reduces absolute concentration bias by 35.5–59.0% across these compositions. For the strongest-interference composition at 100 Bq L⁻¹ tritium, the predicted mean decreases from 133.7 to 113.8 Bq L⁻¹, and the 4 h root mean squared error decreases from 37.0 to 21.9 Bq L⁻¹. The cluster retains 88.8% of the conventional effective response and achieves the lowest calibrated minimum detectable activity concentration (MDA) among the dual-diameter candidates: 47.3–50.6 Bq L⁻¹ at 4 h for the calibration and strongest-interference compositions. Its high-interference error advantage persists under alternative readout assumptions. The conventional array retains lower calibrated MDA and better precision near calibration. These simulations identify a design compromise between tolerance of changing interference and retention of tritium sensitivity.

Abstract: Although the EightFold Way theorem on quarks has led to a successful Stan- dard Model of the theory of particle physics, its Unfolding reveals unrecognized relationships and offers solutions to problems that have remained unsolved. In addition to eight documented ones, another is presented here, providing further evidence that the canonical postulates concerning the quark as electron-type Dirac particle and the nature of the top quark need to be revised.

Abstract: We study a non-supersymmetric ten-dimensional Ramond–Neveu–Schwarz (RNS) construction compactified on X = CP² × S². The coset descriptions CP² = SU(3)/U(2) and S² = SU(2)/U(1) identify the Standard-Model non-Abelian factors, while the remaining Abelian direction is associated with the spinc line bundle and the RNS zero-mode U(1) current. Since χ(CP²) = 3 and χ(S²) = 2, the product has Euler characteristic χ(X) = 6, giving the generation number χ(X)/2 = 3. After the physical RNS/GSO/internal projection the index-active fermionic spectrum contains 24_F = 3 × 8 states, while the complete physical spectrum satisfies N_F = N_B = 30. The affine hypercharge bookkeeping is encoded by a = (3, 2, 1, 1, 0), F = 2a·p, and Y = F/6, followed by the physical identification map Γ. The internal bosonic sector contains a surviving four-dimensional scalar \( H=c^m(A_m+\bar A_m) \). This scalar is distinct from the unstable open-string tachyon T of the coincident U(2) Chan–Paton system; tachyon condensation provides the dynamical transition to the broken phase, while the surviving compactified gauge-field mode supplies the Higgs-like scalar degree of freedom. Using the corresponding string-field-theory normalization and the quartic correction gives \( m_H^2=2 \) in Standard-Model/QFT normalization. We finally record the geometric generation splitting and mixing parameters \( \Delta m_q=\sqrt{3/2}\,y_q\rho_q \), θ_C = 0.227 rad, and Δϕ = 0.454 rad.

Abstract: We separate two questions. (Q1, empirical) Do the pole masses satisfy the Koide relation in the polar form \(\sqrt{m_i}=\mu(1+\sqrt2\cos(\varphi_0+2\pi i/3))\) with \(\varphi_0=2\pi/3+2/9\)? No: the same-scheme comparison of \(m_\mu/m_e\) gives 206.77032 vs. 206.7682830(44), i.e. \(\approx460\sigma\), with no theoretical error. (Q2, fundamental) Can a UV theory derive it? The obstruction is scheme dependence and it is large: the common-scale MS ratios differ from the pole ratios by 2.1% (\(m_\mu/m_e\)) and 3.2% (\(m_\tau/m_e\)), moving Q by \( +1.26\times10^{-3}=185\sigma \) and \( \varphi_0 \) by \( -1.19\times10^{-3} \) rad. As the charged-lepton mass anomalous dimension is flavour-universal, there is no continuous scheme dial: only the pole point and the (common-scale) MS point. Hence any UV derivation must explain why the relation holds for pole masses, and no exact \(\varphi_0\) claim is scheme-invariant (\(\Delta\varphi_0=6800\times|\varphi^*-2/9|\)). We also prove an unconditional theorem: for any rational mass triplet, the fitted phase \(\varphi^*\) is a transcendental number of radians — so \(\varphi^*=2/9\), \(1/3\), \(\sqrt2/9\), or any nonzero algebraic radian, is exactly excluded, independently of errors and schemes. Finally the conditional pole-scheme prediction \(m_\tau=1776.969\) MeV (\( 0.85\sigma \)).

Abstract: During the last thirty years, the compelling experimental evidences for oscillations of solar, reactor, atmospheric and accelerator neutrinos imply the existence of 3-neutrino mixing.Since in the Standard Model neutrinos are massless, the mechanism of generation of these small masses is unknown and different according to their nature: Dirac or Majorana? Neutrino oscillations experiments cannot give the answer. In the same way as the mixing of quarks is parametrized by the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa quark mixing matrix - which is a unitary matrix that contains information on the strength of the flavour-changing weak interaction - , neutrino mixing can be parameterized by a 3x3 leptonic mixing matrix,called the Pontecorvo Maki Nakagawa Sakata matrix (PMNS matrix). Neutrino oscillation experiments have improved and stabilised the precision on the measurements of three mixing angles and one CP violating phase, constraining strongly unitarity violation of PMNS matrix. If neutrinos are of Majorana type there are 2 additionnal phases that cannot be accessed by oscillation experiments. In this work, we will use the most recent Nu-Fit of the PMNS parameters at 3σ in normal and inverted neutrino masses hierarchies.We will first discuss the constraints on the sum of neutrino masses and mass hierarchies taking also into account cosmological bounds and KATRIN and DESI experiments. Neutrinoless double beta decay (hereafter denoted 0νββ decay) constrains the effective Majorana mass |m_ee|.Within its experimental limits we will study the sensitivity to the 2 additionnal Majorana phases α and β. We will show that only one phase - α - can be extracted from data. We finally discuss the possibility that neutrino antineutrino oscillations involving muons could be complementary to 0νββ decay to help in finding the nature of neutrinos.

Abstract: This article shows that the relationships between the weak interaction mediated by the non-angular dipole moment of quarks, the weak-interaction boson W as a meson composed of top quarks, and the isospin of the top quark arising from its relativistic state as a u/d quark, as revealed by the Structural Model of Particle Physics, provide a basis for extending the role of the top quark in the CKM matrix. In this way, the neutral D meson obtains a natural place alongside the neutral kaon and the neutral B mesons. This approach resolves a longstanding problem that has remained unresolved within the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Abstract: This is a review paper intended to illustrate a few critical issues concerning Dirac, Weyl and Majorana fermions and their differences. The first part consists in basic introductions to fermions, and more in detail to fermions in 4d, focusing in particular in what differentiate the three type of fermions: chirality, helicity, mass, field equations, properties under discrete symmetry transformations, Actions, Observables. On this basis we tackle a series of challenging and sometime controversial problems: the non-existence of Weyl fermion propagators, and the ways to circumvent it; the regularizations for Weyl fermion amplitudes, in particular the appropriateness of using the PV regularization; the definition of a functional integral for Weyl fermion, the difference between Weyl and massless Majorana fermions and the difference between the Dirac and Majorana mass terms. Most notably we come to the conclusion that the trick of replacing the non-existing Weyl fermion propagator with a massless Dirac one, although it may yield in some cases correct results, is flawed at the very origin by a logical loophole. We then show which is the correct way to proceed in this case. We consider also the topic of applying the Wick rotation at the classical Action level for Weyl fermions and conclude that this procedure leads to a nonequivalent theory. Finally, although anomalies are not the central focus here, we have deemed it useful to summarily review the relation, and its cohomological basis, that exists between the lack of a Weyl fermion propagator (non-invertibility of the Weyl-Dirac operator) and the appearance of dangerous anomalies in the theory.

Abstract: Active stoppers based on scintillating fibres provide fast signal formation, fine segmentation and compact geometry. On the other hand, their implementation requires a readout that can handle many silicon photomultiplier channels and a wide range of light intensities. We present a laboratory characterization of a resistively multiplexed SiPM readout for the Fibre IMPlanter concept. The readout combines 16 SiPM input nodes into four analog outputs. Localized pulsed-light excitation was used to scan individual SiPM positions, and the four signals were processed by baseline subtraction, charge integration and normalized charge-division reconstruction. In an intermediate signal range, the reconstructed position plane shows distinguishable clusters for the individual inputs, indicating that spatial information is retained after a factor-of-four reduction in readout channels. At low amplitudes, the reconstruction is limited by baseline noise and reduced signal-to-noise ratio. At high amplitudes, it is limited by SiPM non-linearity, finite microcell occupancy and distortions of the charge sharing. The results identify the signal range in which resistive multiplexing remains a practical compact readout option for SiPM-based scintillating-fibre radiation detectors.

Abstract: The recently proposed two-component Tsallis-Hagedorn Model with Transverse Flow (THMTF) function, which is the sum of thermodynamically consistent Tsallis function with embedded transverse flow and inverse power-law function (which is asymptotic of Hagedorn function at high p_T values), has described quite well simultaneously the experimental midrapidity p_T spectra of the charged pions and kaons, protons and antiprotons in the whole measured p_T range up to 20 GeV/c at all ten multiplicity classes in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 and 13 TeV at the LHC. Dependencies of non-extensivity parameter, q, kinetic freeze-out temperature parameter, T₀, momentum scale parameter, P₀, and power-index n of the two-component THMTF function on <dN_ch/dη> in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 and 13 TeV have been analyzed and interpreted. Analyzing <dN_ch/dη> dependencies of parameters T₀ and <β_T>, the border <dN_ch/dη> values of transition towards plateau region of kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) (and simultaneous emergence of transverse flow) and probable onset of deconfinement phase transition (towards QGP-like state) have been estimated to be <dN_ch/dη>≈ 7.6±0.9 and <dN_ch/dη>≈ 9.0±1.0 in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV, respectively. These estimates made using THMTF function in present work have been above but close to the corresponding <dN_ch/dη> ≈6.1±0.3 and <dN_ch/dη> ≈7.1±0.2 estimates of possible onset of deconfinement phase transition in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV, respectively, made in our earlier works using Hagedorn function with embedded transverse flow. Our estimates are consistent with and complement the corresponding early result ((dN_ch/dη) ≈ 6±1) of Campanini and Ferri for probable onset of deconfinement phase transition, obtained from analyses of the experimental <p_T> versus <dN_ch/dη> curves and extracted experimental EOSs, and squared speed of sound in proton-proton and proton-antiproton collisions in wide energy, sqrt(s)= 31-7000 GeV, interval. The mean number of partons participating in a scattering, n_α=5, has been estimated from extracted average value of power-index n in the analyzed proton-proton collisions. This suggests that g+q→meson+q and g+g→meson+g gluon fragmentation reactions are the main mechanisms for high p_T meson production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The obtained significant differences in <dN_ch/dη> dependencies of parameters q and n for pions and kaons, on the one hand, and for (anti)protons, on the other hand, can imply that pions and kaons demonstrate features of local thermalization in proton-proton collisions at the LHC with high enough multiplicity, whereas (anti)protons show significant deviations due to non-thermal production mechanisms. The Pearson coefficients of linear correlation have been calculated between various parameters of the two-component THMTF function in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)= 7 and 13 TeV and compared with those obtained recently in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC.

Abstract: A two-component model, which is the sum of thermodynamically consistent Tsallis function with embedded transverse flow and inverse power-law function (which is asymptotic of Hagedorn function at very high p_T), has been proposed to reproduce accurately the measured long p_T ranges of midrapidity transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles at various centralities of high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. This two-component model function, called Tsallis-Hagedorn model with transverse flow (THMTF), has described quite well the experimental midrapidity transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in the whole p_T range, measured by ALICE Collaboration in minimum bias p+p collisions at √s=2.76 and 5.02 TeV, minimum bias p+Pb collisions at √s_nn=5.02 TeV, and various collision centrality intervals of Xe+Xe collisions at √s_nn=5.44 TeV and Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn =2.76 and 5.02 TeV. Dependencies of non-extensivity parameter q, kinetic freeze-out temperature parameter, T₀, momentum scale parameter, P₀, and power-index n of the two-component THMTF function on the average number of participant nucleons ( <N_part> ) as well as mean charged-particle multiplicity density (<dN_ch/dη>) in the analyzed Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC have been established. The probable border (threshold) values of collision centrality (values of <N_part>) for crossover phase transition from the dense hadronic state to that of QGP in Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn= 2.76 and 5.02 TeV, and in Xe+Xe collisions at √s_nn=5.44 TeV have been estimated. The average number of partons participating in a scattering, n_α=5, has been estimated from extracted average value of power-index n in the analyzed collisions. This has suggested that g+q→meson+q and g+g→meson+g gluon fragmentation reactions are the dominant mechanism for high p_T hadron production in the analyzed p+p, p+Pb, Xe+Xe, and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC.

Abstract: We analyze the centrality (⟨N_part⟩) dependencies of midrapidity transverse momentum (p_T) spectra for identified light-flavor hadrons (charged pions and kaons, protons and antiprotons) in asymmetric p+Pb collisions at √s_nn = 5.02 TeV at the LHC. Using the new two-component Tsallis-Hagedorn Model with Transverse Flow (THMTF), we describe the ALICE experimental data up to p_T = 20 GeV/c across seven multiplicity classes. To reveal potential system-size dependencies, these results are systematically compared with symmetric Pb+Pb collisions at √s_nn = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV. It is estimated that collective radial flow emerges at ⟨N_part⟩ ≈ 4.0 ± 0.5 along with simultaneous transitioning of kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) to a nearly plateau region in p+Pb collisions. The kinetic freeze-out temperature (T₀) appears to demonstrate distinct centrality dependencies in small and large collision systems before reaching a stable plateau. In p+Pb collisions, T₀ initially rises up to its threshold value before stabilizing, suggesting that high energy densities in central p+Pb events might cause the compact system to decouple rapidly before undergoing significant expansion. Conversely, in Pb+Pb collisions, T₀ steadily decreases up to a larger threshold ⟨N_part⟩ value before reaching a plateau. This initial downward trend of T₀ in Pb+Pb collisions is consistent with the larger volume of heavy-ion fireballs, which may undergo more prolonged hydrodynamic expansion and extensive cooling before reaching the low-density decoupling limit. In both p+Pb and Pb+Pb collision environments, central collisions point toward enhanced thermalization, as deduced from decreasing-with-centrality trend of non-extensivity parameter q. Parameter q hierarchy (q (mesons) > q (baryons)) suggests that baryons may form predominantly in the highly thermalized core. In both p+Pb and Pb+Pb systems, the momentum scale parameter (P₀) rises steadily with centrality and correlates strongly positively with the average flow velocity (< β_T >), suggesting that larger pressure gradients may simultaneously drive collective flow and high-p_T particle production. However, at high p_T, the power-index n points to potentially different dynamics between the two systems. While large-scale Pb+Pb collisions exhibit spectral flattening likely related to strong hydrodynamic pressure, the p+Pb system shows a stable n for mesons (consistent with vacuum-like jet fragmentation), but a rising-with-centrality trend of n for protons and antiprotons. This rise of power-index n may indicate intermediate-p_T baryon enhancement via parton recombination/coalescence. These different physical trends are supported by Pearson correlation analyses of extracted model parameters in p+Pb and Pb+Pb collision systems. The results of present work establish critical benchmarks for theoretical models describing the transition from microscopic interactions to collective behavior in high-energy collisions.

Abstract: Radiation exposure from all various medical treatment remains a major health risk, with both immediate and long-term consequences ranging from acute radiation sickness to chronic diseases such as cancer. In my paper, I discussed new perspectives on how to protect human cells from radiation. I highlight from cellular level, the focus should be on the improvement of overall functions in genome repair and resistance to radiation damages, which could be artificially conducted on the genes at our choice. For the protection from radiation burning I suggest the employment of temperature cooling system rather than mere physical shielding as in the conventional approach. In a most plain view upon further examination of the core reactivities, what is often overlooked subtle yet highly efficient disabling aspect during radiation activities resides just within the equipment shell. When the shell materials become cracked, reactive activities may quickly disrupted leading to dismissed energy when bursting into ‘holiday fireworks’. My perspectives provide more insight in the protection mechanisms warranting future studies.

Abstract: The upcoming COMET and Mu2e experiments aim to search for charged-lepton flavor violation with unprecedented sensitivity, requiring an exact characterization of the muon decay-in-orbit (DIO) spectrum near its kinematic endpoint. Here, we present a testable prediction derived from rest mass dynamics and special relativistic energy conservation. In contrast to standard Quantum Electrodynamics —where the bound muon retains its invariant rest mass— our approach predicts that atomic binding intrinsically rescales the bound particle's internal dynamics. For muonic aluminum (Z=13), this yields two correlated, parameter-free signatures at the DIO endpoint: i) a downward endpoint displacement of approximately 0.95 MeV, and ii) a 0.9% horizontal compression of the spectrum corresponding to an equivalent retardation of the integrated decay rate. The simultaneous observation of these signatures would provide direct empirical evidence for the proposition that atomic binding modifies a bound particle's intrinsic rest mass.

Abstract: Recent lattice studies have revealed that the color flux tube between static quark-antiquark pairs exhibits an excess entanglement entropy (flux tube entanglement entropy, FTE²) that scales linearly with the quark separation L. In this paper, we demonstrate similar behavior in a string-net model based on SU(2)_k fusion categories, where the nontrivial object j=1/2 (analogous to color charge) cannot exist in isolation due to the fusion rules, naturally exhibiting “confinement”. We compute the entanglement entropy of the flux tube connecting two j=1/2objects using the topological definition S(R)=ln⁡(dim⁡(Hom(R))) and find an entropy density σ_k=ln⁡ d_1/2=ln⁡(2cos⁡(π/(k+2))). For k=3, the category reduces to the Fibonacci case, yielding an entropy density σ₃ = ln φ ≈ 0.481 (φ is the golden ratio), which is qualitatively comparable in magnitude to the scale inferred from lattice studies and the entropy-surface mechanism. Minimizing the free energy F=E-TS yields a confinement–deconfinement transition at T_c=J/σ_k.The parameter k offers a tunable knob, making the SU(2)_k family a computable laboratory for entropic confinement. The predicted entropy-density jump and critical scaling can be directly tested in quantum simulator platforms (e.g., Rydberg arrays or superconducting circuits) that realize Fibonacci anyonic models.

Abstract: This article is a review of developed in 2007-2025 years Planck scale informational physical model that is based on 3 main points. First of all on the 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, where the fundamental phenomena/notions “Matter”, “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, which are fundamentally transcendent in conventional philosophy and sciences, are rigorously scientifically defined. The conception completely rigorously scientifically legitimates the outstanding C. F. von Weizsäcker “Ur hypothesis”, and E. Fredkin “Digital Philosophy/Physics”, which posit that Matter is constructed from some binary reversible logical elements; and on all reliable experimental data. Correspondingly in the model it is postulated that Matter’s ultimate base is the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute “Cartesian” [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice. Basing on the above in the model a number of physical problems are either solved or essentially clarified, e.g. of what is real Matter’s spacetime above, what are the physical sense of Lorentz transformations; uncertainty and wave-particle duality in QM; particles and antiparticles, etc. Besides initial Planck scale models of fundamental Gravity, Electric, and Nuclear/Strong Forces are developed, where it is shown that these Forces strengths ratio is in accordance with experimental values only if the FLE size and FLE flip time are Planck length and Planck time; the model rather probably really scientifically clarifies some cosmological problems, including the “matter-antimatter asymmetry: one. Etc. more of the problems see in the article.