Abstract: Symmetry is a key principle in physics that links basic invariances to the structure of matter and the evolution of the universe. In this review, we use symmetry as a unifying thread connecting nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, and dense matter, and we highlight how symmetry-based arguments connect laboratory observables to astrophysical constraints. We present the essential concepts in a form accessible to a broad physics audience.

Abstract: The Unified Evolution Equation (UEE) provides a common analytical framework that unifies reversible quantum dynamics (unitary evolution), dissipative dynamics of open systems (GKLS), and transport effects induced by boundaries and resonances (zero-area resonance kernels) as a single notion of time evolution of states. The purpose of this paper (UEE_01) is to define the UEE as a mathematically consistent analytical foundation and to establish its well-posedness, including existence, uniqueness, and invariance of states.We formulate the theory by taking the observable algebra as a von Neumann algebra and the state space as its predual, and by characterizing physically admissible time evolutions as preduals of normal, unital, completely positive maps. The UEE is formally expressed as a sum of reversible, dissipative, and resonance-transport generators. Rigorously, solutions are defined in the mild sense as trajectories generated by a strongly continuous completely positive and trace-preserving (CPTP) semigroup.Given the analytical data of the UEE, we construct the reversible, dissipative, and resonance-transport components separately as CPTP group or semigroup evolutions. Using a Chernoff/Trotter-type product formula, we prove that the composite limit evolution exists, forms a CPTP semigroup, and that its generator coincides with the closure of the sum of the individual generators. As a consequence, invariance of the set of normal states and the well-posedness of the UEE are rigorously established.This work provides a solid analytical foundation for the unified GKLS+$R$ representation employed in subsequent papers, ensuring consistency between physical modeling and operator-theoretic dynamics.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.

Abstract: In the present view on neutrinos three flavour states are recognized that are composed by a characteristic mixture of mass eigenstates. The absolute scale of these eigenstates is unknown. So far, observational experiments have revealed numerical values for the squared mass differences. In this article it is shown that mass ratios can be found as well. This enables the assessment of the absolute scale of the neutrino masses.

Abstract: The Plastino-Plastino Equation (PPE) is essential in non-extensive statistics in the study of systems that exhibit anomalous diffusion and do not fit conventional statistics, thus being a nonlinear extension of the Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE). This equation has been applied in various fields of physics (Cosmology, astrophysics and hadrons, specifically in Quark-Gluon Plasma) and other disciplines. In this work, a relativistic approach will be carried out on a system of particles for which the relativistic Boltzmann equation is obtained. Here, grazing collisions are considered to obtain the FPE integrated with special relativity. Subsequently, through fractal derivations, a modification of the FPE is made, resulting in the PPE in a relativistic context.

Abstract: We investigate temperature fluctuations in hot QCD matter using a 3-flavor Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. The high-order cumulant ratios $R_{n2}$ ($n>2$) exhibit non-monotonic variations across the chiral phase transition, characterized by slight fluctuations in the chiral crossover region and significant oscillations around the critical point. In contrast, distinct peak and dip structures are observed in the cumulant ratios at low baryon chemical potential. These structures gradually weaken and eventually vanish at high chemical potential as they compete with the sharpening of the chiral phase transition, particularly near the critical point and the first-order phase transition. Our results indicate that these non-monotonic peak and dip structures in high-order cumulant ratios are associated with the deconfinement phase transition. This study quantitatively analyzes temperature fluctuation behavior across different phase transition regions, and the findings are expected to be observed and validated in heavy-ion collision experiments through measurements of event-by-event mean transverse momentum fluctuations.

Abstract: A structure based analysis of the pion’s decay path reveals that neutrinos show up in three flavours, each built up by three identical mass eigenstates. It requires a proper understanding of the nature of charged leptons, such as why the loss of binding energy stops the lepton generation at the tauon level. The analysis reveals fundamental interrelationships between mesons, charged leptons and neutrinos. It is shown that the results of the theoretical model for neutrinos developed in the article are in agreement with the results of the phenomenological PMNS model. The article ends with a discussion on the pros and cons of a structure based theory developed from first principles and phenomenological modelling.

Abstract: The current Standard Model of particle physics explains the production of new particles in colliders through "quantum field excitations" and "mass-energy conversion" based on relativistic properties. This theoretical framework suffers from fundamental ontological issues such as "fictitious particle nature" and "redundant interactions." We propose the Great Tao Model, grounded in the fundamental facts of classical physics and clear logical principles. It simplifies the basic constituents of the universe to three stable elementary particles with inherent, immutable mass: the electron, the positron, and the subston. Through the mechanisms of "temporary fragmentation of elementary particles" and "classical force coupling," this model provides a unified explanation for the hundreds of "new particle" phenomena observed in colliders. This paper first critiques the methodological fallacy of the current practice which relies on the relativistic mass-energy relationship and indirectly characterizes particle mass using energy units. It then systematically elaborates on the definition of elementary particles in the Great Tao Model, the rules of fragment formation (including the energy threshold for electron/positron fragmentation), and derives the mechanisms for classical coupling and decay (disintegration) of composite particles. Research indicates that all new particles observed in colliders are short-lived composites formed by the coupling of three fundamental particles or their fragments, with no "quantum field excitation states" involved. Electron/positron fragments can be transiently produced at MeV-scale energies; however, their extremely short lifetimes (∼10-27 s) necessitate ultra-high-energy collisions at the TeV scale to potentially obtain discernible indirect observational signals. This prediction stands in sharp conceptual opposition to the mainstream model.The paper concludes by outlining the verification pathways for the theory: the core lies in the direct detection of the subston and the classical reinterpretation of existing data; the observation of electron fragmentation at extremely high energies serves as a long-term decisive test. This framework eliminates the quantum fictions and relativistic assumptions of the Standard Model, offering a systematic explanation for collider particle phenomena that aligns with classical physical logic and entity realism.

Abstract: We report about laser fusion research with nanotechnology improved targets embedded in special polymers. Results of the last three years are reviewed here on laser matter interaction craters, laser infrared breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy results, and a selected Thomson parabola image showing protons accelerated up to 300 keV energy. Such experiments are worth to be pursued further in order to reach nuclear fusion conditions that will be sufficient for net energy production.

Abstract: Inspired by the well-known experimental connections between X(3872), $Z_{cs}(4220)$, and Y(4620), we systematically study the recently reported strange partner of $T_{cc}$, the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, and its orbital excitation state $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$. A chiral quark model incorporating SU(3) symmetry is considered to study these two systems. To better investigate their spatial structure, we introduce a precise few-body calculation method, the Gaussian Expansion Method (GEM). In our calculations, we include all possible physical channels, including molecular states and diquark structures, and consider channel coupling effects. To identify the stable structures in the system (bound states and resonance states) we employ a powerful resonance search method, the Real-Scaling Method (RSM). According to our results, in the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain two bound states with energies of 3890 MeV and 3940 MeV, as well as two resonance states with energies of 3975 MeV and 4090 MeV. The decay channels of these two resonance states are \( DD_s^* \) and \( D^*D_s \), respectively. In the $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain only one resonance state, with an energy of 4570 MeV, and two main decay channels: \( DD_{s1}^* \) and \( D^*D_{s1}^{\prime} \). We strongly suggest that experimental groups use our predictions to search for these stable structures.

Abstract:

We present a fundamental, deterministic charge-lattice framework in which protons, neutrons, quark-like patterns, electrons, photons, and all light nuclear processes arise from discrete positive (+) and negative (-) charge units arranged in stable 3 × 3 geometric configurations. In this formulation the proton is not composed of three fundamental quarks, but is instead a structurally stable 3 × 3 charge lattice containing five positive and four negative units, thereby reproducing its net charge of +1. The neutron is the complementary lattice containing four positive and five negative units, and becomes electrically neutral when stabilized by an external negative charge. The six “quark flavors” of the Standard Model emerge naturally as the six geometric projections of these 3 × 3 charge matrices. Thus, quarks are not elementary constituents but orientation-dependent charge patterns arising from the underlying lattice geometry. The framework yields a deterministic description of atomic and nuclear transformations. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton lattice and an external negative charge (electron). During hydrogen–hydrogen fusion, an external negative charge enters the nuclear lattice, one positive charge is expelled as a photon, and one proton lattice undergoes a structural reconfiguration into a neutron lattice. As a result, deuterium is formed without invoking probabilistic quantum transitions, solely through charge balancing and lattice rearrangement. This charge-lattice approach provides a unified, mechanical explanation for proton stability, neutron formation, photon emission, and the synthesis of light nuclei. It constitutes a testable and geometrically minimal alternative to the Standard Model quark hypothesis, offering experimentally distinguishable predictions for future high-resolution hadronic imaging and fusion spectroscopy. To enhance rigor, we include mathematical formulations for lattice energy, charge form factors, testable predictions with quantitative comparisons to experimental data (e.g., proton rms radius of 0.841 fm, deuterium binding energy of 2.224 MeV), and computational verifications.

Abstract: Dirac magnetic monopoles are hypothetical elementary particles. By assuming their existence one can explain the quantization of electric charge, the August Kundt experiment, and the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the \( U(1)\times U(1) \) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number. Moreover I show that Dirac magnetic monopoles can form low-mass bound states which are analogous to mesons, baryons, atoms, and molecules. I point out that these bound states could be the major component of cold dark matter. The PandaX Collaboration reported an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.

Abstract: We demonstrate the existence of the infinitesimal, continuous and off-shell nilpotent (anti-)co-BRST symmetry transformations for the coupled (but equivalent) Lagrangian densities in the case of a four (3 + 1)-dimensional (4D) combined field-theoretic system of the free Abelian 1-form and 3-form gauge theories within the framework of Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) formalism. Using the standard theoretical tricks of the Noether theorem, we derive the Noether (anti-)co-BRST currents and corresponding conserved (anti-)co-BRST charges. We establish that the latter are not nilpotent of order two due to the presence of the {\it non-trivial} Curci-Ferrari (CF) type restrictions on our theory (which have been deduced, in our present endeavor, from two different theoretical angles). We derive the off-shell nilpotent versions of the conserved (anti-)co-BRST charges and discuss the physicality criteria w.r.t. them. We demonstrate that the physical states (existing in the total quantum Hilbert space of states) are those that are annihilated by the operator forms of the dual versions of the first-class constraints on our theory. We comment very briefly on the annihilation of the physical states by the operator forms of the first-class constraints due to the physicality criteria w.r.t. the nilpotent versions of the (anti-)BRST charges because our 4D theory also respects the nilpotent (anti-)BRST symmetries

Abstract:

This paper presents a finite element analysis of the electrostatic field in gas ionization chambers used for beam diagnostics in laser-accelerated proton therapy systems. With the advent of laser-driven proton accelerators, such as the CLAPA-II project, there is a growing need for precise beam monitoring systems capable of handling high peak currents and large energy dispersion. Gas ionization chambers are widely employed for this purpose due to their reliability and accuracy. Using ANSYS software, this study establishes a detailed electrostatic finite element model of a multi-electrode ionization chamber. Key steps include model simplification, gas region definition, regional meshing, and solver selection. The analysis demonstrates the convergence of the electrostatic field solution and validates the model’s accuracy. The proposed modeling approach not only enhances computational efficiency but also facilitates interoperability with other simulation platforms such as Garfield++. This work provides a reliable foundation for optimizing ionization chamber design and improving beam diagnostic precision in advanced proton therapy applications.

Abstract: Wavelength-shifting (WLS) materials are used in radiation detectors to convert ultra-violet photons into visible light, enabling improved photon detection in systems such as scintillators and optical diagnostics for nuclear fusion devices. However, the long-term performance of these materials under radiation is still a critical issue in high-dose en-vironments. In this work, we investigated the radiation tolerance of three WLS com-pounds (TPB, NOL1, and SB2001), each deposited on reflective substrates (ESR and E-PTFE), resulting in six distinct WLS/substrate systems. The samples underwent gamma irradiation at absorbed doses of 100 kGy, 500 kGy, and 1000 kGy, as well as fast neutron (14.1 MeV) irradiation up to a fluence of 1.9×10¹³ n/cm². Photoluminescence and reflectance measurements were performed before and after irradiation to assess changes in optical performance. Gamma exposure caused spectral broadening in several samples, particularly those with TPB and SB2001, with Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) variations exceeding 10% at the highest doses. Neutron-induced effects were generally weaker and did not exhibit a clear fluence dependence. Reflectance degrada-tion was also observed, with variations depending on both the WLS material and the deposition method. These findings contribute to the understanding of WLS material stability under radiation and support their qualification for use in optical components exposed to harsh nuclear environments.

Abstract: This paper addresses high-fidelity Bell state preparation under depolarizing noise. A split-qubit approach is proposed: dynamic decoupling for the control qubit and error correction for the target qubit. Qiskit simulations show fidelity maintained at 1.0000, with error rates reduced from ~24% to 0.4%, requiring only four X gates. The method achieves low-complexity, high-fidelity entanglement preparation.

Abstract: In the Single Monad Model (SMM) and Duality of Time Theory (DTT), the magnetic monopole is interpreted as a fundamental zero-dimensional ontological source—the Monad—whose inner-time re-creation cycles project outward to generate the physical structures of fields and charges. One-dimensional projections give rise to \( U(1) \) electric charge, two-dimensional projections yield \( SU(3) \) color charge, and three-dimensional projections correspond to \( SU(2) \) weak isospin, thus recovering the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model as necessary outcomes of projection dimensionality. The orthogonality of electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves is explained as the duality of complementary projections, while polarization emerges as the geometric imprint of this duality on the Poincaré sphere. Charge quantization follows directly from the topological structure of the monopole, requiring no external quantization postulate. Furthermore, Pancharatnam--Berry phase interferometry provides an experimental probe of the underlying monopole connection in polarization space, while neutrino oscillations are interpreted as evidence of a hidden \( \mathbb{Z}_3 \) cyclic structure in inner time. Together, these results offer a unified ontological framework for understanding monopoles, charges, and polarization, while suggesting concrete experimental pathways for probing the symmetry principles that govern fundamental interactions.

Abstract: This study presents a quantum simulation of neutron superfluid under strong gravitational fields using the Qiskit framework. By mapping a modified BCS Hamiltonian onto qubits, we investigated the effects of gravitational redshift and topological breaking on the energy gap. The simulation yielded a gap of about 2.05 MeV, deviating by ~15% from the theoretical value of 1.78 MeV, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach. Limitations due to qubit scale and parameter choices are noted. This work provides a preliminary pathway for exploring nuclear matter in strong gravitational fields via quantum platforms.

Abstract: In a recent study \cite{isz00}, the authors derived exact black hole solutions in the framework of Einstein gravity coupled with a nonlinear electrodynamics field, considering additional matter sources in the form of a cloud of strings and a quintessence field. Building upon this foundation, we investigate the optical properties and dynamics of neutral test particles around spherically symmetric anti-de Sitter black holes in this scenario. The black hole solution is characterized by four key parameters: the mass $M$, the nonlinear charge parameter $k$, the cloud of strings parameter $\alpha$, and the quintessence field parameters $(\mathrm{N}, w)$. We analyze null geodesics using the Lagrangian formalism to examine photon trajectories, effective potential behavior, photon sphere formation, and shadow characteristics. The photon sphere radius and shadow size show systematic dependencies on all spacetime parameters, with shadow radii varying dramatically from $6.12$ to $19.30$ as the quintessence normalization changes. We calculate the Lyapunov exponent for circular null paths and examine photon trajectory formulations. For massive test particles, we examine effective potentials, innermost stable circular orbits, fundamental frequencies relevant to quasi-periodic oscillations, and periastron precession. The innermost stable circular orbit radius increases with cloud of strings and quintessence parameters while decreasing with the nonlinear charge parameter. Periastron precession analysis reveals radius-dependent frequency modulations with measurable deviations from standard general relativity. Our findings demonstrate how combined exotic matter sources significantly modify black hole spacetime geometry and orbital dynamics.

Abstract: A newly proposed six-terms semi-empirical binding energy formula demonstrates enhanced accuracy and unified applicability across the entire periodic table, from Z=1 to 140. While retaining the foundational structure of the classical semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), this model introduces refined corrections for surface, Coulomb, and asymmetry effects. Validated against experimental data, it predicts nuclear binding energies with typical deviations below 1.5%, significantly outperforming the traditional SEMF, particularly for light nuclei, odd-A systems, and superheavy elements. The model exhibits smooth numerical behaviour, physical consistency, and structural simplicity, making it a valuable tool for nuclear structure modelling, astrophysical applications, and future studies of exotic and superheavy isotopes. In a macroscopic framework, integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques—combined with forthcoming experimental binding energy data—may enable the refinement of the six energy coefficients for improved accuracy and predictive power. From a microscopic perspective, further enhancements can be pursued to address shell effects, pairing interactions, and nuclear deformation in greater detail.