Abstract: We report about laser fusion research with nanotechnology improved targets embedded in special polymers. Results of the last three years are reviewed here on laser matter interaction craters, laser infrared breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy results, and a selected Thomson parabola image showing protons accelerated up to 300 keV energy. Such experiments are worth to be pursued further in order to reach nuclear fusion conditions that will be sufficient for net energy production.

Abstract: Inspired by the well-known experimental connections between X(3872), $Z_{cs}(4220)$, and Y(4620), we systematically study the recently reported strange partner of $T_{cc}$, the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, and its orbital excitation state $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$. A chiral quark model incorporating SU(3) symmetry is considered to study these two systems. To better investigate their spatial structure, we introduce a precise few-body calculation method, the Gaussian Expansion Method (GEM). In our calculations, we include all possible physical channels, including molecular states and diquark structures, and consider channel coupling effects. To identify the stable structures in the system (bound states and resonance states) we employ a powerful resonance search method, the Real-Scaling Method (RSM). According to our results, in the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain two bound states with energies of 3890 MeV and 3940 MeV, as well as two resonance states with energies of 3975 MeV and 4090 MeV. The decay channels of these two resonance states are \( DD_s^* \) and \( D^*D_s \), respectively. In the $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain only one resonance state, with an energy of 4570 MeV, and two main decay channels: \( DD_{s1}^* \) and \( D^*D_{s1}^{\prime} \). We strongly suggest that experimental groups use our predictions to search for these stable structures.

Abstract:

We present a fundamental, deterministic charge-lattice framework in which protons, neutrons, quark-like patterns, electrons, photons, and all light nuclear processes arise from discrete positive (+) and negative (-) charge units arranged in stable 3 × 3 geometric configurations. In this formulation the proton is not composed of three fundamental quarks, but is instead a structurally stable 3 × 3 charge lattice containing five positive and four negative units, thereby reproducing its net charge of +1. The neutron is the complementary lattice containing four positive and five negative units, and becomes electrically neutral when stabilized by an external negative charge. The six “quark flavors” of the Standard Model emerge naturally as the six geometric projections of these 3 × 3 charge matrices. Thus, quarks are not elementary constituents but orientation-dependent charge patterns arising from the underlying lattice geometry. The framework yields a deterministic description of atomic and nuclear transformations. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton lattice and an external negative charge (electron). During hydrogen–hydrogen fusion, an external negative charge enters the nuclear lattice, one positive charge is expelled as a photon, and one proton lattice undergoes a structural reconfiguration into a neutron lattice. As a result, deuterium is formed without invoking probabilistic quantum transitions, solely through charge balancing and lattice rearrangement. This charge-lattice approach provides a unified, mechanical explanation for proton stability, neutron formation, photon emission, and the synthesis of light nuclei. It constitutes a testable and geometrically minimal alternative to the Standard Model quark hypothesis, offering experimentally distinguishable predictions for future high-resolution hadronic imaging and fusion spectroscopy. To enhance rigor, we include mathematical formulations for lattice energy, charge form factors, testable predictions with quantitative comparisons to experimental data (e.g., proton rms radius of 0.841 fm, deuterium binding energy of 2.224 MeV), and computational verifications.

Abstract: Dirac magnetic monopoles are hypothetical elementary particles. By assuming their existence one can explain the quantization of electric charge, the August Kundt experiment, and the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the \( U(1)\times U(1) \) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number. Moreover I show that Dirac magnetic monopoles can form low-mass bound states which are analogous to mesons, baryons, atoms, and molecules. I point out that these bound states could be the major component of cold dark matter. The PandaX Collaboration reported an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.

Abstract: We demonstrate the existence of the infinitesimal, continuous and off-shell nilpotent (anti-)co-BRST symmetry transformations for the coupled (but equivalent) Lagrangian densities in the case of a four (3 + 1)-dimensional (4D) combined field-theoretic system of the free Abelian 1-form and 3-form gauge theories within the framework of Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) formalism. Using the standard theoretical tricks of the Noether theorem, we derive the Noether (anti-)co-BRST currents and corresponding conserved (anti-)co-BRST charges. We establish that the latter are not nilpotent of order two due to the presence of the {\it non-trivial} Curci-Ferrari (CF) type restrictions on our theory (which have been deduced, in our present endeavor, from two different theoretical angles). We derive the off-shell nilpotent versions of the conserved (anti-)co-BRST charges and discuss the physicality criteria w.r.t. them. We demonstrate that the physical states (existing in the total quantum Hilbert space of states) are those that are annihilated by the operator forms of the dual versions of the first-class constraints on our theory. We comment very briefly on the annihilation of the physical states by the operator forms of the first-class constraints due to the physicality criteria w.r.t. the nilpotent versions of the (anti-)BRST charges because our 4D theory also respects the nilpotent (anti-)BRST symmetries

Abstract:

This paper presents a finite element analysis of the electrostatic field in gas ionization chambers used for beam diagnostics in laser-accelerated proton therapy systems. With the advent of laser-driven proton accelerators, such as the CLAPA-II project, there is a growing need for precise beam monitoring systems capable of handling high peak currents and large energy dispersion. Gas ionization chambers are widely employed for this purpose due to their reliability and accuracy. Using ANSYS software, this study establishes a detailed electrostatic finite element model of a multi-electrode ionization chamber. Key steps include model simplification, gas region definition, regional meshing, and solver selection. The analysis demonstrates the convergence of the electrostatic field solution and validates the model’s accuracy. The proposed modeling approach not only enhances computational efficiency but also facilitates interoperability with other simulation platforms such as Garfield++. This work provides a reliable foundation for optimizing ionization chamber design and improving beam diagnostic precision in advanced proton therapy applications.

Abstract: Wavelength-shifting (WLS) materials are used in radiation detectors to convert ultra-violet photons into visible light, enabling improved photon detection in systems such as scintillators and optical diagnostics for nuclear fusion devices. However, the long-term performance of these materials under radiation is still a critical issue in high-dose en-vironments. In this work, we investigated the radiation tolerance of three WLS com-pounds (TPB, NOL1, and SB2001), each deposited on reflective substrates (ESR and E-PTFE), resulting in six distinct WLS/substrate systems. The samples underwent gamma irradiation at absorbed doses of 100 kGy, 500 kGy, and 1000 kGy, as well as fast neutron (14.1 MeV) irradiation up to a fluence of 1.9×10¹³ n/cm². Photoluminescence and reflectance measurements were performed before and after irradiation to assess changes in optical performance. Gamma exposure caused spectral broadening in several samples, particularly those with TPB and SB2001, with Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) variations exceeding 10% at the highest doses. Neutron-induced effects were generally weaker and did not exhibit a clear fluence dependence. Reflectance degrada-tion was also observed, with variations depending on both the WLS material and the deposition method. These findings contribute to the understanding of WLS material stability under radiation and support their qualification for use in optical components exposed to harsh nuclear environments.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.

Abstract: This paper addresses high-fidelity Bell state preparation under depolarizing noise. A split-qubit approach is proposed: dynamic decoupling for the control qubit and error correction for the target qubit. Qiskit simulations show fidelity maintained at 1.0000, with error rates reduced from ~24% to 0.4%, requiring only four X gates. The method achieves low-complexity, high-fidelity entanglement preparation.

Abstract: In the Single Monad Model (SMM) and Duality of Time Theory (DTT), the magnetic monopole is interpreted as a fundamental zero-dimensional ontological source—the Monad—whose inner-time re-creation cycles project outward to generate the physical structures of fields and charges. One-dimensional projections give rise to \( U(1) \) electric charge, two-dimensional projections yield \( SU(3) \) color charge, and three-dimensional projections correspond to \( SU(2) \) weak isospin, thus recovering the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model as necessary outcomes of projection dimensionality. The orthogonality of electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves is explained as the duality of complementary projections, while polarization emerges as the geometric imprint of this duality on the Poincaré sphere. Charge quantization follows directly from the topological structure of the monopole, requiring no external quantization postulate. Furthermore, Pancharatnam--Berry phase interferometry provides an experimental probe of the underlying monopole connection in polarization space, while neutrino oscillations are interpreted as evidence of a hidden \( \mathbb{Z}_3 \) cyclic structure in inner time. Together, these results offer a unified ontological framework for understanding monopoles, charges, and polarization, while suggesting concrete experimental pathways for probing the symmetry principles that govern fundamental interactions.

Abstract: This study presents a quantum simulation of neutron superfluid under strong gravitational fields using the Qiskit framework. By mapping a modified BCS Hamiltonian onto qubits, we investigated the effects of gravitational redshift and topological breaking on the energy gap. The simulation yielded a gap of about 2.05 MeV, deviating by ~15% from the theoretical value of 1.78 MeV, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach. Limitations due to qubit scale and parameter choices are noted. This work provides a preliminary pathway for exploring nuclear matter in strong gravitational fields via quantum platforms.

Abstract: In a recent study \cite{isz00}, the authors derived exact black hole solutions in the framework of Einstein gravity coupled with a nonlinear electrodynamics field, considering additional matter sources in the form of a cloud of strings and a quintessence field. Building upon this foundation, we investigate the optical properties and dynamics of neutral test particles around spherically symmetric anti-de Sitter black holes in this scenario. The black hole solution is characterized by four key parameters: the mass $M$, the nonlinear charge parameter $k$, the cloud of strings parameter $\alpha$, and the quintessence field parameters $(\mathrm{N}, w)$. We analyze null geodesics using the Lagrangian formalism to examine photon trajectories, effective potential behavior, photon sphere formation, and shadow characteristics. The photon sphere radius and shadow size show systematic dependencies on all spacetime parameters, with shadow radii varying dramatically from $6.12$ to $19.30$ as the quintessence normalization changes. We calculate the Lyapunov exponent for circular null paths and examine photon trajectory formulations. For massive test particles, we examine effective potentials, innermost stable circular orbits, fundamental frequencies relevant to quasi-periodic oscillations, and periastron precession. The innermost stable circular orbit radius increases with cloud of strings and quintessence parameters while decreasing with the nonlinear charge parameter. Periastron precession analysis reveals radius-dependent frequency modulations with measurable deviations from standard general relativity. Our findings demonstrate how combined exotic matter sources significantly modify black hole spacetime geometry and orbital dynamics.

Abstract: A newly proposed six-terms semi-empirical binding energy formula demonstrates enhanced accuracy and unified applicability across the entire periodic table, from Z=1 to 140. While retaining the foundational structure of the classical semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), this model introduces refined corrections for surface, Coulomb, and asymmetry effects. Validated against experimental data, it predicts nuclear binding energies with typical deviations below 1.5%, significantly outperforming the traditional SEMF, particularly for light nuclei, odd-A systems, and superheavy elements. The model exhibits smooth numerical behaviour, physical consistency, and structural simplicity, making it a valuable tool for nuclear structure modelling, astrophysical applications, and future studies of exotic and superheavy isotopes. In a macroscopic framework, integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques—combined with forthcoming experimental binding energy data—may enable the refinement of the six energy coefficients for improved accuracy and predictive power. From a microscopic perspective, further enhancements can be pursued to address shell effects, pairing interactions, and nuclear deformation in greater detail.

Abstract: We investigate spontaneous U(1) symmetry breaking and the associated phase transitions in rotating interacting Bose gases. Using a theoretical framework that combines mean-field analysis with rotational dynamics, we analyze how rigid rotation modifies the condensate structure and critical behavior. The study identifies the emergence of Goldstone modes and clarifies their role in the low-energy excitation spectrum. The results provide insight into the interplay between symmetry, rotation, and many-body interactions, contributing to a deeper theoretical understanding of phase structures in Bose systems.

Abstract: This article is a review of developed in 2007-2025 years Planck scale informational physical model that is based on 3 main points. First of all on the 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, where the fundamental phenomena/notions “Matter”, “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, which are fundamentally transcendent in conventional philosophy and sciences, are rigorously scientifically defined. The conception completely rigorously scientifically legitimates the outstanding C. F. von Weizsäcker “Ur hypothesis”, and E. Fredkin “Digital Philosophy/Physics”, which posit that Matter is constructed from some binary reversible logical elements; and on all reliable experimental data. Correspondingly in the model it is postulated that Matter’s ultimate base is the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute “Cartesian” [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice. Basing on the above in the model a number of fundamental physical problems are either solved or essentially clarified, e.g. of what is real Matter’s spacetime above, what are the physical sense of Lorentz transformations; uncertainty and wave-particle duality in QM; particles and antiparticles, etc. Besides initial Planck scale models of fundamental Gravity, Electric, and Nuclear/Strong Forces are developed, where it is shown that these Forces strengths ratio is in accordance with experimental values only if the FLE size and FLE flip time are Planck length and Planck time; the model rather probably really scientifically clarifies some cosmological problems, including the “matter-antimatter asymmetry: one. Etc. more of the problems see in the article. Besides in the article some rather comprehensive conventional list of fundamental problems is commented in Appendix.

Abstract: Precise determination of nuclear radii and charge radii is a cornerstone of nuclear physics, essential for understanding nuclear structure, reaction dynamics, and astrophysical phenomena. Traditional empirical models often include numerous corrections to address isotopic asymmetry, shell effects, and pairing energies, resulting in complex formulae with many fitted parameters that restrict practical use. Building on the 4G model of final unification, this work introduces a simplified, physically motivated nuclear radius framework. It separately accounts for proton and neutron contributions based on their cubic root form and incorporates an adjustable mass distribution coefficient (Cmd), empirically dependent on the fine structure ratio and the strong coupling constant. Crucially, the mass radius is formulated as the product of (Cmd) and the nuclear charge radius—a feature that directly relates unified scaling parameters to experimentally accessible quantities. Close to the stable mass numbers of Z = (2 to 118), Cmd = (1.127 to 1.382). It needs fine tuning. This novel approach’s predictive performance is rigorously benchmarked against advanced formulae incorporating detailed nuclear structure corrections. Results show that this minimalistic method achieves accuracy comparable to complex models across a broad range of nuclei while substantially reducing computational complexity. It thus provides an efficient and physically transparent tool for rapid nuclear radius estimation, suitable for both theoretical studies and practical nuclear science applications.

Abstract: To find the diquark correlation in baryons, the baryon spectra with different light-heavy quark combinations are calculated with the help of Gaussian expansion method in naive quark model and chiral quark model. By calculating the diquark energies and separations between any two quarks in baryons, we analyze the diquark effect in the ud-q/Q, us-Q, ss-q/Q, QQ-q/Q(q=u,d, or s; Q=c,b) systems. The results shown that there are diquark correlations in baryons, especially for qq-Q and QQ-q systems, the same diquark has almost the same energy and size in different baryons. For the orbital ground states of baryons, compared to the vector-isovector diquark, the scalar-isoscalar diquarks have lower energy and smaller size, making them good diquarks. For QQ-q systems, the larger the mass of Q, the smaller the diquark separation, and the more pronounced the diquark effect. For qq-Q systems, the separation between two light quarks is still larger than the separation between light and heavy quarks, so structure of these diquarks must be considered. By comparing the naive quark model and the chiral quark model, the introducing of meson exchange increases the size of diquark a little in most systems.

Abstract: The very high energy electron (VHEE) beams, with energies ranging from 50 to 300 or to 400 MeV, are the subject of intense research investigation, drawing considerable interest in radiotherapy due to their accurate penetration into large and deeply seated tissue, sharp beam edges, high sparing properties, and low sensitivity to tissue density. The Very-High Energy Electron beam ranges from 50 to 400 MeV, and Ultra-High Energy Electron even to 1-2 GeV beams are considered extremely effective for human tumor therapy, while avoiding the spatial requirements and cost of proton and heavy ion facilities. Many research laboratories have developed advanced testing infrastructures with VHEE beams in the USA, Europe, Japan, and other countries. Those facilities aim to accelerate the transition to clinical application, following extensive simulations for beam transport that support preclinical trials and imminent clinical deployment. However, the clinical implementation of VHEE for FLASH radiation therapy requires advances in several areas: developing compact, stable, and efficient accelerators, defining sophisticated treatment planning, and establishing clinically validated protocols. In addition, the perspective of VHEE to access ultra-high dose–rate (UHDR) dosimetry regime presents a promising procedure for the practical integration of FLASH radiotherapy of deep tumors, enhancing normal tissue sparing while maintaining the inherent dosimetric advantages. In this paper, we explore the technological progress and the electron accelerator beam energy technology evolution getting via the ASTRA code simulation results for the VHEE and UHEE beam development provided to medical applications.

Abstract: We propose a geometric-topological framework in which fermion flavor mixing, confinement, CP violation, and the existence of exactly three generations arise from the dynamics of an internal \( S^3 \) fiber space over Lorentzian spacetime. A unit-norm vector field—the \emph{chronon}—maps each spacetime point to a phase angle on the Hopf fiber, encoding flavor identity.Fermions are modeled as solitons of the chronon field, with flavor mixing determined by overlap amplitudes between fiber angles. Minimizing a mass-weighted coherence functional reproduces the CKM and PMNS matrices. CP violation emerges from local time-reversal asymmetry induced by chronon winding, offering a natural origin for the Jarlskog invariant.Confinement follows from a topological selection rule forbidding fractional winding, and the three fermion generations correspond to the only stable minima in the fiber angle landscape. These results yield a unified geometric origin for flavor structure rooted in internal time topology. While promising, the present framework remains phenomenological and lacks a full dynamical field-theoretic formulation of the chronon on curved spacetime. Future work will aim to construct a covariant action, derive the soliton sector from first principles, and identify experimental signatures distinguishing this theory from standard gauge-based approaches.

Abstract: In many engineering applications, multi-objective optimization problems can be reformulated as single-objective problems with multiple constraints to improve computational efficiency. This paper discusses the characteristics and challenges of RF accelerating structure optimizations, and proposes an enhanced single-objective optimization strategy based on progressive exploration method to find the global optimal solution within a large solution space characterized by a continuous and confined distribution of feasible solutions. It begins from an arbitrary feasible solution and progressively slides and expands the solution space fragment along the distribution path of feasible solutions to rapidly explore the entire space. By incorporating a re-initialization mechanism to enhance swarm diversity and introducing penalty factors in place of constraints to increase the number of feasible solutions, the algorithm significantly improves its ability to escape local optima traps. The proposed algorithm is applied to optimize a DAA accelerating structure, yielding satisfactory results and convergence speed.