Abstract: We investigate the effects of dark matter on the properties of strange quark stars within the framework of general relativity with two fluids coupled only with gravity. Adopting the color-flavor locked model for strange quark matter and considering both fermionic (free fermion gas) and bosonic (polytropic) equations of state for dark matter, we systematically study the structure and tidal deformability of dark matter admixed strange stars. Our results show that the presence of dark matter significantly modifies the mass-radius relations, with the maximum mass of dark matter admixed strange stars exhibiting a non-monotonic dependence on the dark matter mass fraction χ - a minimum at an intermediate χ. The tidal deformability Λ of dark matter admixed strange stars shows complex behavior depending on both the stellar mass and dark matter fraction, with Λ − β (the compact parameter) relations deviating from the universal relations observed for pure strange stars or dark stars. Our findings demonstrate that dark matter admixed strange stars with different configurations but identical masses and radii can be distinguished by their tidal deformabilities, providing potential observational signatures for detecting dark matter in compact astrophysical objects. The results are compared with current astrophysical constraints from gravitational wave observations and pulsar measurements.

Abstract: The SI Avogadro constant (NA = 6.02214076 ×10²³ per mol) bridges microscopic particle counts to macroscopic masses but its specific scale currently has no widely accepted fundamental physical origin. In this context, we show three independent derivations for the natural kilogram-natural scale of 6.02×10²⁶ atoms/kg: (1) Computational nuclear binding energy analysis yielding precise atomic mass units from QCD saturation (~8 MeV/nucleon peak), (2) Empirical validation through kilogram-scale Faraday constant (F = 9.6435 × 10⁷ C/kg) and (3) Atomic mass number (A) based Dulong-Petit specific heat capacity formula, (25000/A J/kg·K). Notably, 1/F ≅ 1.037×10^-8 kg/C matches Planck mass (M_pl) modulated by electroweak angle (Mpl sinθW), establishing quantum gravity and charged matter unity. By using the Faraday charge, GN = ℏcF²sin²θW emerges from the “QCD-electroweak-gravity cascade” rather than empirical fitting, yielding a theoretically robust universal gravitational constant. These atom-independent origins reposition the Avogadro scale as emergent feature of unification physics. Considering our 4G model of final unification (through which string theory can be made practical), it is possible to show that, ratio of product of short-range gravitational constants and long-range gravitational constants is, [(G_weak*G_nuclear)/(G_electrromag*G_Newton)] ≅ 6.1088×10²³. This ratio plays a crucial role in understanding the hierarchy of fundamental forces. Seeing its fundamental role, we appeal to the science community and concerned authorities to rename SI Avogadro constant (per mole) with ‘Einstein-Perrin-Loschmidt-Avogadro-Newton’ Ratio (EPLAN Ratio).

Abstract: In this work, we present a detailed comparison of the SuSAv2 (SuperScaling Approach version 2) and RDWIA (Relativistic Distorted-Wave Impulse Approximation) models with measurements of charged-current neutrino-induced single-pion production from different experiments (T2K, MINERvA and MiniBooNE), studying the differences between the two theoretical descriptions. The neutrino energy range in these experiments spans from hundreds of MeV to roughly 20 GeV, and the nuclear targets are mainly composed of ¹²C. The SuSAv2 model uses the single-nucleon inelastic structure functions from the ANL-Osaka DCC model, which allows for a separation of pion production channels, distinguishing between the π⁺, π⁻ and π⁰ final states. In the RDWIA approach, the Hybrid model developed by the Ghent group is used for the description of the boson-pion-nucleon vertex.

Abstract: We review recent experimental progress in charmed baryon physics achieved by the Belle and Belle~II experiments, with an emphasis on measurements reported since 2022. Using large $e^{+}e^{-}$ data samples collected at or near the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance, Belle and Belle~II have delivered a series of precision results on hadronic weak decays of anti-triplet charmed baryons, providing critical inputs for testing flavor-symmetry approaches and dynamical models. We summarize new and improved branching fraction determinations for $\Xi_c^{0}$, $\Xi_c^{+}$, and $\Lambda_c^{+}$ decays, including channels with neutral hadrons in the final state and the first measurements of several singly Cabibbo-suppressed modes. We also highlight the first determination of the decay asymmetry parameter in $\Xi_c^{0}\to \Xi^{0}\pi^{0}$. In addition, we review the first Belle~II measurements of $CP$ asymmetries in three-body singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays of $\Xi_c^{+}$ and $\Lambda_c^{+}$, and discuss their implications for U-spin sum rules and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Finally, we look forward to exploiting the Belle~II data set to perform more stringent tests of decay dynamics.

Abstract: The left-handedness of neutrinos is an undeniable physical phenomenon. Because the first principles of the Standard Model are insufficient to explain this property, the issue is addressed through the chirality postulate, which implies that the weak interaction violates parity. While postulates are acceptable tools in a descriptive theory, they are less satisfactory in a conceptual theory that seeks to eliminate such assumptions. In this article, we show how the left-handedness of neutrinos emerges from first principles within the Structural Model of particle physics.

Abstract: Since the 1950s, nuclear physicists have believed that we have a complete conceptual framework for understanding the low(est)-energy excitations of atomic nuclei. This perspective has persisted in contemporary nuclear structure researches, but it now appears overly optimistic. In this Review, I present two previously unexpected discoveries, one experimental and one theoretical. Although the spherical phonon excitation spectrum has been considered as a typical paradigm of collective excitations in nuclear structure theories, it has not been supported by recent experiments. The result of the experimental discovery reveals a \textit{new} $\gamma$-soft rotational mode which has never been predicted by the previous theories. This mode differs from previous $\gamma$-soft ones and can be described by the newly proposed SU3-IBM theory, a new spherical-like $\gamma$-soft mode representing a specific shape phase.

Abstract: Short-lived nuclear systems with light to medium masses are showing halo phenomena in regions of the nuclear chart that where still unexplored when halo nuclei were discovered 40 years ago. We study these exotic systems with three-body models including nucleon-nucleon correlations with the aim of reproducing measurable properties like radii and electromagnetic transitions strengths.\\ \noindent On the nuclear-rich side, drip-line fluorine isotopes are showing clear signs of a halo structure \cite{Fort20,Casa20,JSin20}: recently we proposed that $^{29}$F is a moderate two-neutron halo nucleus with a large radius and a strong B(E1) response to the continuum. The three-body model place it at the borders of the island of inversion and this is corroborated by new data. According to our models, the next interesting isotope, $^{31}$F, also has large spatial extension due to p-wave components and enhanced B(E1) response, pointing to a speculative halo structure \cite{GSin22}.\\ \noindent On the proton-rich side, we have studied the $^{102}$Sb system, as composed of a $^{100}$Sn core plus a proton-neutron correlated subsystem \cite{Oish25}. We find that the weakening of the proton-neutron correlations with respect to the bare deuteron indicates that this is a one-proton emitter. We have proposed that the presence of resonant state and its decay might provide a crucial benchmark for this system.

Abstract: Critical slowing down and topological freezing in lattice gauge theory can be aggravated by thegauge-redundant link representation, which obscures simpler geometric structure available in al-ternative variables. We introduce Flux-Space Flow Matching (FFM), a generative samplingframework for 2D compact U(1) theory that operates directly on gauge-invariant flux (plaquette-angle) variables. By formulating the dynamics in flux space, the Wilson action is locally factorized,allowing us to train a continuous-time Neural ODE to approximate the equilibrium distributionwithout suffering from the stiff curvature typical of the coupled link formulation. We impose theglobal topological sector constraint via a deterministic “Relax-and-Project” mechanism and applyan independent Metropolis–Hastings accept/reject step as a bias-control procedure. Validated onL∈{48,64}lattices, FFMachievesacceptanceratesof50–70% atL= 48 andreducestheintegratedautocorrelation time of the topological charge by over 500×compared to Hybrid Monte Carlo atβ = 6.0 (on our run lengths). We validate model fidelity against thermodynamic observables, Wilsonloops, and Creutz ratios, finding agreement with the expected non-perturbative confinement scalingwithinthetestedregime. Furthermore, wedemonstratethatSpatialβ-Conditioningenableszero-shot approximation of inhomogeneous thermodynamics, spontaneously nucleating vortex–antivortexpairs in response to spatially varying coupling profiles. These results suggest that identifying theappropriate geometric degrees of freedom can be a more effective path to scalable neural samplingthan architectural complexity alone.

Abstract: Symmetry is a key principle in physics that links basic invariances to the structure of matter and the evolution of the universe. In this review, we use symmetry as a unifying thread connecting nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, and dense matter, and we highlight how symmetry-based arguments connect laboratory observables to astrophysical constraints. We present the essential concepts in a form accessible to a broad physics audience.

Abstract: The Unified Evolution Equation (UEE) provides a common analytical framework that unifies reversible quantum dynamics (unitary evolution), dissipative dynamics of open systems (GKLS), and transport effects induced by boundaries and resonances (zero-area resonance kernels) as a single notion of time evolution of states. The purpose of this paper (UEE_01) is to define the UEE as a mathematically consistent analytical foundation and to establish its well-posedness, including existence, uniqueness, and invariance of states.We formulate the theory by taking the observable algebra as a von Neumann algebra and the state space as its predual, and by characterizing physically admissible time evolutions as preduals of normal, unital, completely positive maps. The UEE is formally expressed as a sum of reversible, dissipative, and resonance-transport generators. Rigorously, solutions are defined in the mild sense as trajectories generated by a strongly continuous completely positive and trace-preserving (CPTP) semigroup.Given the analytical data of the UEE, we construct the reversible, dissipative, and resonance-transport components separately as CPTP group or semigroup evolutions. Using a Chernoff/Trotter-type product formula, we prove that the composite limit evolution exists, forms a CPTP semigroup, and that its generator coincides with the closure of the sum of the individual generators. As a consequence, invariance of the set of normal states and the well-posedness of the UEE are rigorously established.This work provides a solid analytical foundation for the unified GKLS+$R$ representation employed in subsequent papers, ensuring consistency between physical modeling and operator-theoretic dynamics.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.

Abstract: In the present view on neutrinos three flavour states are recognized that are composed by a characteristic mixture of mass eigenstates. The absolute scale of these eigenstates is unknown. So far, observational experiments have revealed numerical values for the squared mass differences. In this article it is shown that mass ratios can be found as well. This enables the assessment of the absolute scale of the neutrino masses.

Abstract: The Plastino-Plastino Equation (PPE) is essential in non-extensive statistics in the study of systems that exhibit anomalous diffusion and do not fit conventional statistics, thus being a nonlinear extension of the Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE). This equation has been applied in various fields of physics (Cosmology, astrophysics and hadrons, specifically in Quark-Gluon Plasma) and other disciplines. In this work, a relativistic approach will be carried out on a system of particles for which the relativistic Boltzmann equation is obtained. Here, grazing collisions are considered to obtain the FPE integrated with special relativity. Subsequently, through fractal derivations, a modification of the FPE is made, resulting in the PPE in a relativistic context.

Abstract: We investigate temperature fluctuations in hot QCD matter using a 3-flavor Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. The high-order cumulant ratios $R_{n2}$ ($n>2$) exhibit non-monotonic variations across the chiral phase transition, characterized by slight fluctuations in the chiral crossover region and significant oscillations around the critical point. In contrast, distinct peak and dip structures are observed in the cumulant ratios at low baryon chemical potential. These structures gradually weaken and eventually vanish at high chemical potential as they compete with the sharpening of the chiral phase transition, particularly near the critical point and the first-order phase transition. Our results indicate that these non-monotonic peak and dip structures in high-order cumulant ratios are associated with the deconfinement phase transition. This study quantitatively analyzes temperature fluctuation behavior across different phase transition regions, and the findings are expected to be observed and validated in heavy-ion collision experiments through measurements of event-by-event mean transverse momentum fluctuations.

Abstract: A structure based analysis of the pion’s decay path reveals that neutrinos show up in three flavours, each built up by three identical mass eigenstates. It requires a proper understanding of the nature of charged leptons, such as why the loss of binding energy stops the lepton generation at the tauon level. The analysis reveals fundamental interrelationships between mesons, charged leptons and neutrinos. It is shown that the results of the theoretical model for neutrinos developed in the article are in agreement with the results of the phenomenological PMNS model. The article ends with a discussion on the pros and cons of a structure based theory developed from first principles and phenomenological modelling.

Abstract: The current Standard Model of particle physics explains the production of new particles in colliders through "quantum field excitations" and "mass-energy conversion" based on relativistic properties. This theoretical framework suffers from fundamental ontological issues such as "fictitious particle nature" and "redundant interactions." We propose the Great Tao Model, grounded in the fundamental facts of classical physics and clear logical principles. It simplifies the basic constituents of the universe to three stable elementary particles with inherent, immutable mass: the electron, the positron, and the subston. Through the mechanisms of "temporary fragmentation of elementary particles" and "classical force coupling," this model provides a unified explanation for the hundreds of "new particle" phenomena observed in colliders. This paper first critiques the methodological fallacy of the current practice which relies on the relativistic mass-energy relationship and indirectly characterizes particle mass using energy units. It then systematically elaborates on the definition of elementary particles in the Great Tao Model, the rules of fragment formation (including the energy threshold for electron/positron fragmentation), and derives the mechanisms for classical coupling and decay (disintegration) of composite particles. Research indicates that all new particles observed in colliders are short-lived composites formed by the coupling of three fundamental particles or their fragments, with no "quantum field excitation states" involved. Electron/positron fragments can be transiently produced at MeV-scale energies; however, their extremely short lifetimes (∼10-27 s) necessitate ultra-high-energy collisions at the TeV scale to potentially obtain discernible indirect observational signals. This prediction stands in sharp conceptual opposition to the mainstream model.The paper concludes by outlining the verification pathways for the theory: the core lies in the direct detection of the subston and the classical reinterpretation of existing data; the observation of electron fragmentation at extremely high energies serves as a long-term decisive test. This framework eliminates the quantum fictions and relativistic assumptions of the Standard Model, offering a systematic explanation for collider particle phenomena that aligns with classical physical logic and entity realism.

Abstract: We report about laser fusion research with nanotechnology improved targets embedded in special polymers. Results of the last three years are reviewed here on laser matter interaction craters, laser infrared breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy results, and a selected Thomson parabola image showing protons accelerated up to 300 keV energy. Such experiments are worth to be pursued further in order to reach nuclear fusion conditions that will be sufficient for net energy production.

Abstract: Inspired by the well-known experimental connections between X(3872), $Z_{cs}(4220)$, and Y(4620), we systematically study the recently reported strange partner of $T_{cc}$, the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, and its orbital excitation state $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$. A chiral quark model incorporating SU(3) symmetry is considered to study these two systems. To better investigate their spatial structure, we introduce a precise few-body calculation method, the Gaussian Expansion Method (GEM). In our calculations, we include all possible physical channels, including molecular states and diquark structures, and consider channel coupling effects. To identify the stable structures in the system (bound states and resonance states) we employ a powerful resonance search method, the Real-Scaling Method (RSM). According to our results, in the $1^{+}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain two bound states with energies of 3890 MeV and 3940 MeV, as well as two resonance states with energies of 3975 MeV and 4090 MeV. The decay channels of these two resonance states are \( DD_s^* \) and \( D^*D_s \), respectively. In the $1^{-}$ $cc\bar{q}\bar{s}$ system, we obtain only one resonance state, with an energy of 4570 MeV, and two main decay channels: \( DD_{s1}^* \) and \( D^*D_{s1}^{\prime} \). We strongly suggest that experimental groups use our predictions to search for these stable structures.

Abstract:

We present a fundamental, deterministic charge-lattice framework in which protons, neutrons, quark-like patterns, electrons, photons, and all light nuclear processes arise from discrete positive (+) and negative (-) charge units arranged in stable 3 × 3 geometric configurations. In this formulation the proton is not composed of three fundamental quarks, but is instead a structurally stable 3 × 3 charge lattice containing five positive and four negative units, thereby reproducing its net charge of +1. The neutron is the complementary lattice containing four positive and five negative units, and becomes electrically neutral when stabilized by an external negative charge. The six “quark flavors” of the Standard Model emerge naturally as the six geometric projections of these 3 × 3 charge matrices. Thus, quarks are not elementary constituents but orientation-dependent charge patterns arising from the underlying lattice geometry. The framework yields a deterministic description of atomic and nuclear transformations. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton lattice and an external negative charge (electron). During hydrogen–hydrogen fusion, an external negative charge enters the nuclear lattice, one positive charge is expelled as a photon, and one proton lattice undergoes a structural reconfiguration into a neutron lattice. As a result, deuterium is formed without invoking probabilistic quantum transitions, solely through charge balancing and lattice rearrangement. This charge-lattice approach provides a unified, mechanical explanation for proton stability, neutron formation, photon emission, and the synthesis of light nuclei. It constitutes a testable and geometrically minimal alternative to the Standard Model quark hypothesis, offering experimentally distinguishable predictions for future high-resolution hadronic imaging and fusion spectroscopy. To enhance rigor, we include mathematical formulations for lattice energy, charge form factors, testable predictions with quantitative comparisons to experimental data (e.g., proton rms radius of 0.841 fm, deuterium binding energy of 2.224 MeV), and computational verifications.

Abstract: Dirac magnetic monopoles are hypothetical elementary particles. By assuming their existence one can explain the quantization of electric charge, the August Kundt experiment, and the conservation of baryon and lepton number. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the \( U(1)\times U(1) \) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number. Moreover I show that Dirac magnetic monopoles can form low-mass bound states which are analogous to mesons, baryons, atoms, and molecules. I point out that these bound states could be the major component of cold dark matter. The PandaX Collaboration reported an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.