Physical Sciences

Abstract: High energy physics software uses reference particle data at all stages of modeling, reconstruction, and analysis. While programmatic access to Particle Data Group data is available through REST and Python-based solutions, there has been no native Kotlin implementation for the Java Virtual Machine ecosystem until now. This paper presents KParticle, a Kotlin-based solution for providing structured access to particle reference data using the SQLite database distribution. The system uses a multi-tiered architecture that separates client applications from database-specific implementation details, ensuring modularity and scalability. KParticle is suitable for integration into modeling environments, data analysis pipelines, validation tools, and machine learning applications, improving the integration of particle reference information.

Abstract: In complex systems theory, there are different ways to describe a system in terms of information, such as emergence (Shannon entropy), self-organisation, and complexity. These measures provide information about the dynamic behaviour of a complex system. We study the differences in entropy and complexity for many-body systems undergoing a transition from a regular to a chaotic regime. To do this, we analyse the eigenvectors of the ⁴⁸Ca nucleus for different quadrupole-type two-body interactions. We obtain the eigenvectors by diagonalising the two-body Hamiltonian for ⁴⁸Ca using the Antoine code. We then calculate the entropy and complexity for the different quadrupole-type interactions. The differences found in information entropy and complexity are clear when comparing a regular system with a chaotic one. We find that the complexity of the regular and chaotic states of ⁴⁸Ca shows differences associated with its internal interactions.

Abstract: Recent developments in particle physics require cost-effective pixel detectors capable of operating under increased energy and luminosity conditions foreseen in future collider experiments. In response, monolithic CMOS pixel sensors incorporating modern readout architectures have emerged, combining high-rate capability with substantial radiation tolerance. To optimize the performance of these sensors for application in tracking detectors, a comprehensive characterization has been done focusing on threshold and noise behaviour as a function of front-end DAC tuning parameters. The effect of radiation damage has been investigated using high-intensity X-ray irradiation, followed by a detailed comparison of sensor performance before and after irradiation. The threshold distribution is observed to be uniform across the pixel matrix. Irradiation introduces a systematic shift in the threshold, with a larger impact at low-threshold configurations, while overall uniformity is preserved. In contrast, the noise remains largely stable across the parameter space. The correlation between threshold and noise is used to identify optimal operating regions, demonstrating that stable, efficient performance can be achieved across a wide range of configurations. These results confirm the robustness of the sensor under irradiation and its suitability for operation in radiation environments relevant to future high-energy physics experiments.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.

Abstract: In order to describe the heavy ion collision dynamics in hot and very dense nuclear matter formed in the overlapping region of the two colliding nuclei, we used simulated numerical calculations for FAIR available energies. We used the anti-k_T jet-detection algorithm for highlighting the main directions of flow in Au-Au collisions at CBM energies, thus obtaining structures of the events depending on the number of flow streams. The jet-finder algorithm identified domains in the y-ψ (rapidity-azimuthal angle) plane, where the number of charged particles, momenta and energy take higher values than in other areas of this plane. The anisotropic flow coefficients vn may offer information about the pressure gradients in the early stages of the collision and about the high-density nuclear matter properties. The observation of K⁺ mesons in heavy ion collisions is of interest since K⁺ mesons, due to their strangeness, have a mean free path that exceeds the dimensions of the "fireball". In the numerical calculations the interval of rapidity 0 < y < 0.8 is highlighted, for which the fluctuations of the antiparticle to particle ratio excitation functions show non-monotonic behavior in the 10-13 A GeV energy interval.

Abstract: Nexus-NRS is an open and reproducible software framework for nuclear reaction calculations, implemented in a functional-programming style (Clojure), with a focus on workflows relevant to halo systems: stable radial solvers for weakly bound states, scattering observables, and transfer reactions. The package includes optical-model potentials, Riccati–Numerov integration with regular near-origin initialization options, discrete Wronskian diagnostics for numerical stability, and a Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) implementation for single-nucleon transfer in the post form. Recent development extends the reaction layer with multipole/angular ingredients in the spirit of Austern (complex radial integrals for zero-range cluster transitions, Coulomb-barrier phase factors on multipole blocks) and with a literature-aligned benchmark for 11Li(p,p′) inelastic scattering using published global optical parameters. Nexus-NRS supports both scripting/REPL-driven studies and an interactive web dashboard for parameter exploration and visualization; a public instance is deployed at https://www.nexus-nrs.uz, and the dashboard exposes representative benchmarks through JSON endpoints (including angular dσ/dΩ for the 11Li paper workflow). The project plans to support use from an LLM chatbot for guided workflows. This manuscript describes the numerical formulation and software architecture and outlines a validation workflow aimed at producing reproducible conference-scale results.

Abstract: Consumer grade radon monitors are increasingly used for indoor air screening, rapid assessments, and Citizen‑Science activities. This study investigates the performance of the Aranet Radon‑plus monitor by comparing two units with RadonEye monitors, which also belong to the same class of low‑cost consumer instruments. The devices were tested indoors, outdoors, during dynamic changes in concentration, while being moved, under high humidity, during exposure to thoron, and in nearly radon‑tight containers for background estimation. Metrological aspects including sensitivity, counting statistics, detection limits, internal background, and the effect of a moving‑average filter implemented in the device were evaluated. The Aranet monitors reproduced the general temporal patterns of radon concentration reasonably well, although their lower sensitivity compared to the RadonEye resulted in higher statistical noise at low radon concentrations. High humidity above 90 % prevented the reporting of radon values and caused data gaps. Occasional spikes appeared after physical movement of the detectors. Internal background levels for new devices were below 2–2.5 Bq/m³. The Aranet monitor is suitable for indoor screening and moderately variable environments, provided that its limitations related to humidity, filtering, and noise at low concentrations are taken into account. One difficult issue is data smoothing that introduces artificial autocorrelation of reported data which is problematic in certain applications. In these cases, data post-processing is necessary which may be a challenge for non-expert users.

Abstract: Measurements of charge-changing cross-sections were developed as a method for determining proton radii, particularly for unstable, short-lived nuclei. Such cross-sections must be measured with high precision to determine the precise charge radii. However, there are complexities in the experimental method and leading to uncertainties in determining precise nuclear radii. Therefore, good models describing the complex physics of charged-particle interactions are needed in order to validate the experimental method and to estimate the contribution of systematic uncertainties. GEANT4 is a Monte Carlo simulation code that can describe elementary-particles and heavy-ion interactions in a broad range from typical atomic to cosmic-ray energies. An experiment has been performed to measure charge-changing cross-section of carbon isotopes, namely 10,11,12C nuclei, on different secondary reaction targets using the fragment separator FRS at GSI, Darmstadt. This work presents a comparison between the measured spectra of that experiment and the corresponding GEANT4 simulations.

Abstract: Given recent advancements in dark matter (DM) search experiments, particularly the latest LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) direct detection (DD) results, we systematically investigate the light bino–higgsino DM scenario within the natural supersymmetric framework. Requiring the electroweak fine-tuning parameter ΔEW<30 fixes the higgsino mass parameter in the range |μ|∈[100,350] GeV, while we extend the bino mass to M₁∈[10,350] GeV. Incorporating constraints from Higgs physics, rare B decays, LEP limits, and DD experiments, we find that part of the parameter space remains viable. However, the relic density of neutralino DM necessarily lies below the observed Planck value, contributing at most ∼2% of the total DM abundance. Some of the surviving parameter space is already excluded by current 13 TeV LHC searches, while the future 14 TeV HL-LHC with 3000 fb⁻¹ luminosity will probe the remaining region.

Abstract: We prove that the null cone is enough: at every event in Minkowski spacetime, the null cone carries a two-dimensional conformal field theory with spectrum \Delta_{\ell} = \ell + 1 , unifying all massless fields of spin \ell = 0,\frac{1}{2},1,\frac{3}{2},2 through pure geometry. From two postulates—four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime and the Isometric Sampling Condition—the unique Lorentz-invariant propagator is G(x,y) = \mathrm{sinc}(\Omega \sqrt{-\sigma^2 - i\epsilon}) , where the Feynman i\epsilon prescription selects the unique L^2 branch in the spacelike region. The RKHS normalisation K(x,x) = 1 forces G = 1 on the null cone, and the full two-point function is controlled entirely by a 2D CFT on the transverse S^2 , yielding \Delta_{\ell} = \ell + 1 . Fermionic statistics arise from the \mathbb{Z}_2 holonomy of an \mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{C}) fibre bundle without any additional postulate. We provide the microscopic foundation for Jacobson's thermodynamic Einstein equation and Verlinde's entropic gravity. We extend the framework to \mathrm{SU}(N) gauge theories and derive asymptotic freedom: b_{\ell} = (12\ell^2 - 1)C_2(G) / (12\pi) > 0 for all \ell \geq 1 , reproducing the Gross-Wilczek-Politzer result for \ell = 1 . We develop the structural correspondence between the sinc kernel and the Riemann zeta function, construct a mathematical bridge to the non-trivial zeros of \zeta (s) , and identify the precise step separating the ISC framework from a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.It is worth noting that the BSS theorem establishes not merely the unitarity of the sampling map, but a categorical equivalence between \mathrm{PW}_{\Omega} and \ell^2(\mathbb{Z}) — which implies that the ISC is an intrinsic property of the Paley-Wiener space structure, rather than an externally imposed postulate. This observation is crucial for understanding the inevitability of the ISC in its four-dimensional generalization.

Abstract: We present a phenomenological Effective Field Theory (EFT) of the "Warden" field, a massive, colored topological soliton at M_W =8.21±0.4 TeV. Descending from a U(4) unification framework at M_GUT ≈ 3.2 × 10¹⁶ GeV, this EFT explores a dynamical framework for the electroweak scale, color confinement, and the fermion mass hierarchy. We propose that the Standard Model electroweak sector is anchored to a topological Warden condensate characterized by a macroscopic vacuum stiffness of f ≈ 1.1 TeV. By adopting this stiffness and a topological melting threshold of Λ_vac ≈ 259 TeV as UV boundary conditions, we show that the activation of the Warden scalar sector can introduce a stabilizing effect on the Higgs vacuum, consistent with a Higgs pole mass of m_H ≈ 125.19 GeV. Furthermore, this vacuum state is supported by a geometrically conserved U(1) baryon symmetry, offering a mechanism for proton stability. We translate this architecture into collider kinematics, projecting an ≈ 0.85 fb topological gluon fusion production cross-section at √s = 100 TeV, providing a testable signature for the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh).

Abstract: The ultimate goal of theoretical physics is unifying the microscopic quantum realm with macroscopic general relativity. This paper proposes the 4G Model of Final Unification (having 3+1 interaction dependent gravitational constants) to bridge this gap. Central to this framework is resolving the historical mystery of the gram mole. Rather than an arbitrary chemical convention, the mole is redefined as a fundamental, intrinsic gravitational charge. Consequently, the Avogadro number is physically derived as a structural limit dictated by strong force saturation and nuclear binding energy. By treating the atom as an electromagnetic particle, the model establishes a direct equivalence between microscopic and macroscopic gravitational scales. To formalize this, honouring Einstein, Perrin, Loschmidt, Avogadro and Newton, we introduce the dimensionless EPLAN ratio. This universal scaling factor authenticates the SI-defined magnitude of the Avogadro constant and extends directly into astrophysics. Integrating this ratio with nuclear magic numbers yields a quantized mass spectrum for celestial bodies. This introduces a bottom-up geometric construction of stars, successfully deriving boundaries like the Chandrasekhar mass limit from first principles and suggesting compact objects settle into discrete gravitational orbitals. Finally, the framework reveals that the four fundamental constants corresponding to the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and Newtonian forces are not isolated. Instead, they operate as synchronized gears in a cosmic clockwork. The precise interaction of these quantum gears drives the macroscopic rotation of Newtonian gravity, proving that the subatomic stability of the atom is perfectly interwoven with the grand scale stability of the entire universe. By grounding the pursuit of unification in testable, multi-disciplinary outcomes, this framework offers a practical alternative to highly abstract theoretical models, and we respectfully present it for the physics community’s serious consideration.

Abstract: Electroweak, QCD, and QED radiative corrections to the nucleon low-energy coupling constants gV and gA are enhanced by large perturbative logarithms between the electroweak and hadronic scale, as well as between the hadronic scale and the low-energy MeV scale. Additionally, higher-order pion-mass splitting corrections to the nucleon axial-vector charge might be large. By consistently incorporating these effects, we provide an updated relation between the lattice-QCD and physical gA, finding a total radiative correction of 3.5(2.1)% (5.6(7)%). This leads to an expected lattice-QCD result of gAQCD = 1.265(26) (gAQCD =1.240(9)) when based on a combination of lattice-QCD and data-driven (or only data-driven) inputs, respectively. Future phenomenological, chiral perturbation theory, and lattice-QCD studies can improve both the central value and the uncertainty of this estimate.

Abstract: We present a phenomenological model for nuclear binding energy, termed Field Symmetry Theory (FST), based on an effective nuclear field derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The model incorporates volume, Coulomb, symmetry, and pairing terms as physical corrections, with the logarithmic term ln A justified through renormalization group arguments. A Lorentzian correction is introduced to account for few-body effects in light nuclei, with a physical justification based on finite-size effects in quantum systems. With only eight adjustable parameters, the model achieves a mean absolute error of 0.0388 MeV per nucleon and R² = 0.99996 when compared to 3554 nuclei from the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2020 (AME2020) dataset. The model performs reasonably well for light nuclei (A < 8: MAE = 1.15 MeV/n, accuracy 65.8\%) and achieves 99.9\% accuracy for heavy nuclei (A > 150), with uranium isotopes reaching 99.9% precision. Cross-validation confirms no overfitting (generalization gap < 10^-6 MeV/n), and correlation analysis reveals expected interdependencies among base parameters while confirming the stability of correction parameters. The complete computational code is provided as supplementary material accompanying this manuscript.

Abstract: We investigate the effects of dark matter on the properties of strange quark stars within the framework of general relativity with two fluids coupled only with gravity. Adopting the color-flavor locked model for strange quark matter and considering both fermionic (free fermion gas) and bosonic (polytropic) equations of state for dark matter, we systematically study the structure and tidal deformability of dark matter admixed strange stars. Our results show that the presence of dark matter significantly modifies the mass-radius relations, with the maximum mass of dark matter admixed strange stars exhibiting a non-monotonic dependence on the dark matter mass fraction χ - a minimum at an intermediate χ. The tidal deformability Λ of dark matter admixed strange stars shows complex behavior depending on both the stellar mass and dark matter fraction, with Λ − β (the compact parameter) relations deviating from the universal relations observed for pure strange stars or dark stars. Our findings demonstrate that dark matter admixed strange stars with different configurations but identical masses and radii can be distinguished by their tidal deformabilities, providing potential observational signatures for detecting dark matter in compact astrophysical objects. The results are compared with current astrophysical constraints from gravitational wave observations and pulsar measurements.

Abstract: The SI Avogadro constant (NA = 6.02214076 ×10²³ per mol) bridges microscopic particle counts to macroscopic masses but its specific scale currently has no widely accepted fundamental physical origin. In this context, we show three independent derivations for the natural kilogram-natural scale of 6.02×10²⁶ atoms/kg: (1) Computational nuclear binding energy analysis yielding precise atomic mass units from QCD saturation (~8 MeV/nucleon peak), (2) Empirical validation through kilogram-scale Faraday constant (F = 9.6435 × 10⁷ C/kg) and (3) Atomic mass number (A) based Dulong-Petit specific heat capacity formula, (25000/A J/kg·K). Notably, 1/F ≅ 1.037×10^-8 kg/C matches Planck mass (M_pl) modulated by electroweak angle (Mpl sinθW), establishing quantum gravity and charged matter unity. By using the Faraday charge, GN = ℏcF²sin²θW emerges from the “QCD-electroweak-gravity cascade” rather than empirical fitting, yielding a theoretically robust universal gravitational constant. These atom-independent origins reposition the Avogadro scale as emergent feature of unification physics. Considering our 4G model of final unification (through which string theory can be made practical), it is possible to show that, ratio of product of short-range gravitational constants and long-range gravitational constants is, [(G_weak*G_nuclear)/(G_electrromag*G_Newton)] ≅ 6.1088×10²³. This ratio plays a crucial role in understanding the hierarchy of fundamental forces. Seeing its fundamental role, we appeal to the science community and concerned authorities to rename SI Avogadro constant (per mole) with ‘Einstein-Perrin-Loschmidt-Avogadro-Newton’ Ratio (EPLAN Ratio).

Abstract: In this work, we present a detailed comparison of the SuSAv2 (SuperScaling Approach version 2) and RDWIA (Relativistic Distorted-Wave Impulse Approximation) models with measurements of charged-current neutrino-induced single-pion production from different experiments (T2K, MINERvA and MiniBooNE), studying the differences between the two theoretical descriptions. The neutrino energy range in these experiments spans from hundreds of MeV to roughly 20 GeV, and the nuclear targets are mainly composed of ¹²C. The SuSAv2 model uses the single-nucleon inelastic structure functions from the ANL-Osaka DCC model, which allows for a separation of pion production channels, distinguishing between the π⁺, π⁻ and π⁰ final states. In the RDWIA approach, the Hybrid model developed by the Ghent group is used for the description of the boson-pion-nucleon vertex.

Abstract: We review recent experimental progress in charmed baryon physics achieved by the Belle and Belle~II experiments, with an emphasis on measurements reported since 2022. Using large $e^{+}e^{-}$ data samples collected at or near the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance, Belle and Belle~II have delivered a series of precision results on hadronic weak decays of anti-triplet charmed baryons, providing critical inputs for testing flavor-symmetry approaches and dynamical models. We summarize new and improved branching fraction determinations for $\Xi_c^{0}$, $\Xi_c^{+}$, and $\Lambda_c^{+}$ decays, including channels with neutral hadrons in the final state and the first measurements of several singly Cabibbo-suppressed modes. We also highlight the first determination of the decay asymmetry parameter in $\Xi_c^{0}\to \Xi^{0}\pi^{0}$. In addition, we review the first Belle~II measurements of $CP$ asymmetries in three-body singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays of $\Xi_c^{+}$ and $\Lambda_c^{+}$, and discuss their implications for U-spin sum rules and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Finally, we look forward to exploiting the Belle~II data set to perform more stringent tests of decay dynamics.

Abstract: The left-handedness of neutrinos is an undeniable physical phenomenon. Because the first principles of the Standard Model are insufficient to explain this property, the issue is addressed through the chirality postulate, which implies that the weak interaction violates parity. While postulates are acceptable tools in a descriptive theory, they are less satisfactory in a conceptual theory that seeks to eliminate such assumptions. In this article, we show how the left-handedness of neutrinos emerges from first principles within the Structural Model of particle physics.

Abstract: Since the 1950s, nuclear physicists have believed that we have a complete conceptual framework for understanding the low(est)-energy excitations of atomic nuclei. This perspective has persisted in contemporary nuclear structure researches, but it now appears overly optimistic. In this Review, I present two previously unexpected discoveries, one experimental and one theoretical. Although the spherical phonon excitation spectrum has been considered as a typical paradigm of collective excitations in nuclear structure theories, it has not been supported by recent experiments. The result of the experimental discovery reveals a \textit{new} $\gamma$-soft rotational mode which has never been predicted by the previous theories. This mode differs from previous $\gamma$-soft ones and can be described by the newly proposed SU3-IBM theory, a new spherical-like $\gamma$-soft mode representing a specific shape phase.