Physical Sciences

Abstract: This article is a review of developed in 2007-2025 years Planck scale informational physical model that is based on 3 main points. First of all on the 2007 “The Information as Absolute” conception, where the fundamental phenomena/notions “Matter”, “Consciousness”, “Space”, “Time”, “Energy”, “Information”, which are fundamentally transcendent in conventional philosophy and sciences, are rigorously scientifically defined. The conception completely rigorously scientifically legitimates the outstanding C. F. von Weizsäcker “Ur hypothesis”, and E. Fredkin “Digital Philosophy/Physics”, which posit that Matter is constructed from some binary reversible logical elements; and on all reliable experimental data. Correspondingly in the model it is postulated that Matter’s ultimate base is the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute “Cartesian” [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice. Basing on the above in the model a number of physical problems are either solved or essentially clarified, e.g. of what is real Matter’s spacetime above, what are the physical sense of Lorentz transformations; uncertainty and wave-particle duality in QM; particles and antiparticles, etc. Besides initial Planck scale models of fundamental Gravity, Electric, and Nuclear/Strong Forces are developed, where it is shown that these Forces strengths ratio is in accordance with experimental values only if the FLE size and FLE flip time are Planck length and Planck time; the model rather probably really scientifically clarifies some cosmological problems, including the “matter-antimatter asymmetry: one. Etc. more of the problems see in the article.

Abstract: We derive the fermion mass hierarchy from the weighted Cayley graph of a 44-vector $\mathbb{Z}_3$-triality vacuum lattice, with zero free parameters. Edge weights $A_{ij}=1/\|\mathbf{v}_i-\mathbf{v}_j\|^2$---the unique discrete Laplace--Beltrami prescription---encode vacuum impedance. The mass matrix $M_{ab}=\sum_{h\in\mathcal{H}}G_w(f_a,h)G_w(h,f_b)$ is derived as the zero-momentum fermion self-energy with Higgs exchange on the graph, with the overall normalization locked by the algebraic rigidity condition $y_t=1$. The absolute mass scale emerges from a 12-level nested chain compressing $M_{\rm Pl}$ to $v_{\rm geo}\approx 185$~GeV (RG-evolved to the experimental $v_{\rm EW}=246$~GeV). Shell assignments are uniquely determined by $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ coupling range, $\mathrm{SU}(2)_L$ doublet structure, and color-singlet/hypercharge selection rules---not by fitting. The bare lattice predictions are: $m_t:m_c:m_u=1:0.0162:1.3{\times}10^{-5}$, $m_b:m_s:m_d=1:0.0145:8.9{\times}10^{-5}$, $m_\tau:m_\mu:m_e=1:0.0144:9.9{\times}10^{-7}$. After quantitative 1-loop SM renormalization group evolution from $M_{\rm Pl}$ to $M_Z$, all nine mass ratios converge to within $12\%$--$40\%$ of experiment, with the five-order-of-magnitude hierarchy correctly reproduced. The framework simultaneously determines the absolute electroweak scale ($246$~GeV) and the top quark mass ($174$~GeV) from $M_{\rm Pl}$ as the sole dimensionful input.

Abstract: The empirical relation \( \sum_f n_f m_f^2 \approx 6(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \) between the colour-summed fermion mass-squared trace and the electroweak gauge-boson mass-squared trace holds at pole masses to about one percent. With the updated heavy-particle input set \( M_W=80.3692 \) GeV, \( M_Z=91.1880 \) GeV, \( M_H=125.20 \)GeV and \( M_t=172.52 \) GeV, the ratio is \( 1.008 \) including light-fermion contributions, and the top-only form is\( m_t^2/[2(M_W^2+M_Z^2)]=1.007 \). After substituting \( M_W=g_2v/2 \), \( M_Z=\sqrt{g_2^2+g_Y^2}\,v/2 \) and \( m_f=y_fv/\sqrt2 \), the vev cancels and the relation reduces, under top dominance, to the single approximate equality \( y_t^2\approx 2g_2^2+g_Y^2 \)between the top Yukawa coupling and the electroweak gauge norm. The analysis is organised around this reduction. The broader Generalized Trace Dynamics (\GTD) programme structurally addresses the colour multiplicity and the top-dominance reduction; the latter is protected by the exceptional-Jordan mass-ratio hierarchy. The gauge norm is partially programmatic through candidate constructions of \( \alpha \) and \( \sin^2\theta_W \): the \( \alpha \) part closes robustly through standard QED/QCD running, while the required correction to \( \sin^2\theta_W \)remains contingent on a broken-phase support or multiplicity-dilution mechanism not yet derived quantitatively. The ingredient not supplied at the required precision is the absolute value of \( y_t \). Four trace-dynamical attempts to derive \( y_t\approx 1 \)are examined: the spectral action, Jordan-factor corrections, two-Higgs mixing, and Adler--Millard equipartition. Each fails for a definite structural reason. The colour-summed relation is therefore best read as a pole-level or broken-saddle coincidence, not as a raw \( \overline{\rm MS} \) boundary condition; the complete NNLO weak-scale matching of the related \( M_H^2\simeq M_ZM_t \) relation gives the same lesson. The Higgs mass is absent from the colour-summed relation, but not from the broader heavy-sector coincidence web: the updated Higgs--top--\( Z \) relation \( M_H^2\simeq M_ZM_t \) and the top-dominance form \( m_t^2\simeq2(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \) imply the same top-mass target, $M_t\simeq171.898$ GeV, and are mutually equivalent to the bosonic closure \( M_H^4\simeq2M_Z^2(M_W^2+M_Z^2) \). This closure explains why the rough bridge \( M_H^2\simeq M_W^2+M_Z^2 \) is offset by about six percent. The natural surviving route is the bifermionic gap equation. The Pagels--Stokar relation in the \( 8\pi^2 \) convention reproduces the empirical electroweak vev at a compositeness scale \( \Lambda_H\simeq7.5\times10^{13} \) GeV, conditional on the usual Nambu--Jona-Lasinio critical tuning \( G_{\rm eig}/G_c-1\sim10^{-22} \), which is the gauge-hierarchy problem in composite-Higgs language. This \( \Lambda_H \) is, however, the cutoff of a minimal sharp-cutoff top-condensate reading; the programme's preferred residual-288 ontology instead takes the compositeness scale to be Planckian --- natural given a desert between the Planck and electroweak scales --- with\( v \) set separately at gravi-weak breaking. We flag that the two readings are not yet reconciled: the \( 8\pi^2 \) relation cannot reproduce the observed \( v \) at \( \Lambda\sim M_{\rm Pl} \), so a Planckian cutoff requires the sharp-cutoff truncation to be replaced by a decaying dynamical mass function. The gap-equation target is therefore sharp but conditional, and in either reading not yet a derivation.

Abstract: We show that the\( \mathbb{Z}_3 \)-triality lattice introduced in Ref.[1] yields atomic orbital quantum numbers, the hydrogen energy spectrum, and a bare electromagnetic coupling. The \( K_{2,2,2} \) graph Laplacian on the octahedral root shell (\( L^2=2 \)) decomposes as \( 6 = 1\oplus3\oplus2 = s\oplus p\oplus d \), with a graph Laplacian eigenvalue \( \lambda_1^{\rm graph}=4 \) distinct from the continuum angular eigenvalue\( l(l+1)=2 \). In the radial Schr\"odinger equation, this manifests as a \( 12.5\% \) centrifugal term discrepancy at finite lattice spacing, vanishing in the continuum limit. Gauss's law on the geometric grid \( r_k\propto(\sqrt{3})^{k} \) gives \( V(r)=-\sqrt{3}/(4\pi r) \). Treating the same octahedron as the base manifold of a compact \( U(1) \) lattice gauge theory, the character expansion \( Z(\beta)=\sum_n[I_n(\beta)]^8 \), evaluated at the algebraic unit coupling \( \beta_c=1 \)---derived from the Gauss continued fraction integrality condition \( [I_1(\beta)/I_0(\beta)]^{-1}=2/\beta+1/(4/\beta+\cdots) \) whose coefficients \( a_k=2k/\beta \) are integer-valued iff \( \beta\in\{1,2\} \), with \( \beta=2 \) excluded algebraically by the uniqueness of the\( 19 \)-dimensional superalgebra---with geometric factor \( G=2F/E=4/3 \), yields \( 1/\alpha_{\rm geom} = \pi\sqrt{3}\,[I_0(1)/I_1(1)]^4 = 137.042 \). The \( 42 \)~ppm deviation from the CODATA~2022 value\( 137.035999084 \) is exactly accounted for by the topological correction \( \delta(\alpha^{-1})=(S-S^3)/(4\sqrt{3}) \), with\( S=[I_1(1)/I_0(1)]^4 \), arising from quantum interference between the\( n=0 \) vacuum and \( n=\pm1 \) instanton sectors on the octahedron. Including this correction gives \( \alpha^{-1}_{\rm phys}=137.036 \), matching CODATA to sub-ppb precision. The radial Schr\"odinger equation with \( \alpha_{\rm phys} \) reproduces hydrogen wavefunctions with overlaps above \( 0.999 \) for \( n\le3 \). No free parameters are introduced; \( \beta_c=1 \) and the \( 42 \)~ppm correction both follow from the discrete algebraic structure of the \( 19 \)-dimensional \( \mathbb{Z}_3 \)-graded Lie superalgebra.

Abstract: We derive the mixing angles and CP-violating phases of the PMNS and CKM matrices from a 44-vector discrete vacuum lattice—the 3D flavor-space projection of a 19-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_3$-graded Lie superalgebra. The central prediction is the Cabibbo angle: $\lambda = |V_{us}| = 73/324 = 0.22530864$, obtained as $\lambda = (2/9)(1+\varepsilon_q^2/2)$ with $\varepsilon_q=1/6$ and the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ quadratic Casimir $C_2=4/3$, matching the experimental value $0.225300(700)$ to $+0.01\sigma$—a precision of 8 parts per million, with zero free parameters. The PMNS predictions—compared against current global fit data—are: $\sin^2\theta_{12}=1/3-\lambda/9=0.30830$ ($-0.10\sigma$), $\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.54609$ ($+0.00\sigma$), $\sin^2\theta_{13}\in[1/46,1/44]$ (within interval). The CP phases are $\delta_{\rm CP}=240^\circ$ ($+0.26\sigma$) and $\delta_{\rm CKM}=65.3^\circ$. Projected future measurements by JUNO (targeting $\sim0.3\%$ precision on $\theta_{12}$) and DUNE (mass ordering) will provide decisive tests of these predictions. The perturbation strengths—$\varepsilon_{\nu_2}=1/36$, $\varepsilon_{\nu_3}=1/12$, $\varepsilon_q=1/6$—are obtained from the algebra's Frobenius norms and the $\mathfrak{u}(3)$ projection structure, with the Hybrid norm-filtered subclass rigorously proven to contain exactly 24 vectors. Every formula is presented with complete symbolic definitions and step-by-step derivations.

Abstract: The spicules, flares, any plasma jets, and stellar lightning participate in the coronal heating dynamics of the Sun and Stars. The essential concept of the coronal heating problem in understanding how the upper atmosphere of stars and the Sun is heated to multi-million-degree temperatures, and its lower zone, the photosphere and chromosphere, still at 5000 K or 10000 K, remains one of the great unsolved issues in the history of astrophysics. Magnetic field dominates coronal heating dynamics since Magnetic pressure is higher than the thermal pressure of ions and particles. This tussle and equilibrium between them enhances the surface temperature and brightness of the star's outer atmosphere. The speed and temperature of the energetic particles in the plasma jets and stellar lightnings of the stars, the surface temperature, and the luminosity of stars could be determined mathematically. The particles with higher speed, momentum, and maximum equivalent temperature can leave the surface of a star with a speed higher than the escape velocity. The particles with a minimum speed and lower temperature in the plasma jets and spicules may fall back to the surface of stars as coronal rain. Particles in the Coronal mass ejection have enough energy and speed to escape from the external surface of stars as a solar wind. Plasma Jets and stellar lightning are energetic particles and ions that come out rapidly from the interior shells of the Sun and Stars to enhance coronal heating dynamics. Plasma jets and stellar lightning emerge vertically from the lower shells of stars, cause violent turbulence on their surfaces in the photosphere and chromosphere, and are involved in the coronal heating dynamics of the stars and the Sun. The central temperatures of stars range from 20 million kelvins to 3 billion kelvins due to nuclear fusion processes, causing ions and energetic particles to form powerful plasma jets, stellar lightning, nanoflares, spicules, solar wind, and coronal mass ejections on stellar surfaces. The thermal pressure prevailed over the magnetic pressure and increased the speed of energetic particles to leave the exterior surface of stars. The lifetime of stellar lightnings is a few seconds and difficult to detect with present technology, but the lifetime of spicules, stellar flares, and coronal loops is extended to several minutes and days. Maximum plasma jets and stellar lightnings may be displayed on the surface of a massive star due to the fusion of heavy elements in its fusion ball in the core, typically Oxygen, silicon, germanium, and manganese.

Abstract: High energy physics software uses reference particle data at all stages of modeling, reconstruction, and analysis. While programmatic access to Particle Data Group data is available through REST and Python-based solutions, there has been no native Kotlin implementation for the Java Virtual Machine ecosystem until now. This paper presents KParticle, a Kotlin-based solution for providing structured access to particle reference data using the SQLite database distribution. The system uses a multi-tiered architecture that separates client applications from database-specific implementation details, ensuring modularity and scalability. KParticle is suitable for integration into modeling environments, data analysis pipelines, validation tools, and machine learning applications, improving the integration of particle reference information.

Abstract: In complex systems theory, there are different ways to describe a system in terms of information, such as emergence (Shannon entropy), self-organisation, and complexity. These measures provide information about the dynamic behaviour of a complex system. We study the differences in entropy and complexity for many-body systems undergoing a transition from a regular to a chaotic regime. To do this, we analyse the eigenvectors of the ⁴⁸Ca nucleus for different quadrupole-type two-body interactions. We obtain the eigenvectors by diagonalising the two-body Hamiltonian for ⁴⁸Ca using the Antoine code. We then calculate the entropy and complexity for the different quadrupole-type interactions. The differences found in information entropy and complexity are clear when comparing a regular system with a chaotic one. We find that the complexity of the regular and chaotic states of ⁴⁸Ca shows differences associated with its internal interactions.

Abstract: Recent developments in particle physics require cost-effective pixel detectors capable of operating under increased energy and luminosity conditions foreseen in future collider experiments. In response, monolithic CMOS pixel sensors incorporating modern readout architectures have emerged, combining high-rate capability with substantial radiation tolerance. To optimize the performance of these sensors for application in tracking detectors, a comprehensive characterization has been done focusing on threshold and noise behaviour as a function of front-end DAC tuning parameters. The effect of radiation damage has been investigated using high-intensity X-ray irradiation, followed by a detailed comparison of sensor performance before and after irradiation. The threshold distribution is observed to be uniform across the pixel matrix. Irradiation introduces a systematic shift in the threshold, with a larger impact at low-threshold configurations, while overall uniformity is preserved. In contrast, the noise remains largely stable across the parameter space. The correlation between threshold and noise is used to identify optimal operating regions, demonstrating that stable, efficient performance can be achieved across a wide range of configurations. These results confirm the robustness of the sensor under irradiation and its suitability for operation in radiation environments relevant to future high-energy physics experiments.

Abstract: Background:The Standard Model (SM) has been successful, yet it fails to explain the origin of fermion masses and mixing parameters. Methods: In this study we construct the single-fermion framework “Information Flux Theory (IFT),” derived from the Unified Evolution Equation. IFT preserves gauge symmetry while replacing Standard Model fields with a single fundamental operator, yielding analytic solutions without adjustable parameters. Results: IFT reproduces all SM particle masses—including the 125 GeV Higgs mass—and the CKM matrix within current experimental precision, requiring neither additional particles nor fine-tuning. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that IFT can fully replace the Standard Model with a single-fermion description, providing a conceptually simpler yet phenomenologically complete foundation for particle physics. Supplement: This paper includes proofs for two Clay Millennium Problems: the Yang–Mills mass gap and the Navier–Stokes equations. Note Added: Furthermore, as a result of this series of studies, the origin of gravity has now been clarified.

Abstract: In order to describe the heavy ion collision dynamics in hot and very dense nuclear matter formed in the overlapping region of the two colliding nuclei, we used simulated numerical calculations for FAIR available energies. We used the anti-k_T jet-detection algorithm for highlighting the main directions of flow in Au-Au collisions at CBM energies, thus obtaining structures of the events depending on the number of flow streams. The jet-finder algorithm identified domains in the y-ψ (rapidity-azimuthal angle) plane, where the number of charged particles, momenta and energy take higher values than in other areas of this plane. The anisotropic flow coefficients vn may offer information about the pressure gradients in the early stages of the collision and about the high-density nuclear matter properties. The observation of K⁺ mesons in heavy ion collisions is of interest since K⁺ mesons, due to their strangeness, have a mean free path that exceeds the dimensions of the "fireball". In the numerical calculations the interval of rapidity 0 < y < 0.8 is highlighted, for which the fluctuations of the antiparticle to particle ratio excitation functions show non-monotonic behavior in the 10-13 A GeV energy interval.

Abstract: Nexus-NRS is an open and reproducible software framework for nuclear reaction calculations, implemented in a functional-programming style (Clojure), with a focus on workflows relevant to halo systems: stable radial solvers for weakly bound states, scattering observables, and transfer reactions. The package includes optical-model potentials, Riccati–Numerov integration with regular near-origin initialization options, discrete Wronskian diagnostics for numerical stability, and a Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) implementation for single-nucleon transfer in the post form. Recent development extends the reaction layer with multipole/angular ingredients in the spirit of Austern (complex radial integrals for zero-range cluster transitions, Coulomb-barrier phase factors on multipole blocks) and with a literature-aligned benchmark for 11Li(p,p′) inelastic scattering using published global optical parameters. Nexus-NRS supports both scripting/REPL-driven studies and an interactive web dashboard for parameter exploration and visualization; a public instance is deployed at https://www.nexus-nrs.uz, and the dashboard exposes representative benchmarks through JSON endpoints (including angular dσ/dΩ for the 11Li paper workflow). The project plans to support use from an LLM chatbot for guided workflows. This manuscript describes the numerical formulation and software architecture and outlines a validation workflow aimed at producing reproducible conference-scale results.

Abstract: Consumer grade radon monitors are increasingly used for indoor air screening, rapid assessments, and Citizen‑Science activities. This study investigates the performance of the Aranet Radon‑plus monitor by comparing two units with RadonEye monitors, which also belong to the same class of low‑cost consumer instruments. The devices were tested indoors, outdoors, during dynamic changes in concentration, while being moved, under high humidity, during exposure to thoron, and in nearly radon‑tight containers for background estimation. Metrological aspects including sensitivity, counting statistics, detection limits, internal background, and the effect of a moving‑average filter implemented in the device were evaluated. The Aranet monitors reproduced the general temporal patterns of radon concentration reasonably well, although their lower sensitivity compared to the RadonEye resulted in higher statistical noise at low radon concentrations. High humidity above 90 % prevented the reporting of radon values and caused data gaps. Occasional spikes appeared after physical movement of the detectors. Internal background levels for new devices were below 2–2.5 Bq/m³. The Aranet monitor is suitable for indoor screening and moderately variable environments, provided that its limitations related to humidity, filtering, and noise at low concentrations are taken into account. One difficult issue is data smoothing that introduces artificial autocorrelation of reported data which is problematic in certain applications. In these cases, data post-processing is necessary which may be a challenge for non-expert users.

Abstract: Measurements of charge-changing cross-sections were developed as a method for determining proton radii, particularly for unstable, short-lived nuclei. Such cross-sections must be measured with high precision to determine the precise charge radii. However, there are complexities in the experimental method and leading to uncertainties in determining precise nuclear radii. Therefore, good models describing the complex physics of charged-particle interactions are needed in order to validate the experimental method and to estimate the contribution of systematic uncertainties. GEANT4 is a Monte Carlo simulation code that can describe elementary-particles and heavy-ion interactions in a broad range from typical atomic to cosmic-ray energies. An experiment has been performed to measure charge-changing cross-section of carbon isotopes, namely 10,11,12C nuclei, on different secondary reaction targets using the fragment separator FRS at GSI, Darmstadt. This work presents a comparison between the measured spectra of that experiment and the corresponding GEANT4 simulations.

Abstract: Given recent advancements in dark matter (DM) search experiments, particularly the latest LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) direct detection (DD) results, we systematically investigate the light bino–higgsino DM scenario within the natural supersymmetric framework. Requiring the electroweak fine-tuning parameter ΔEW<30 fixes the higgsino mass parameter in the range |μ|∈[100,350] GeV, while we extend the bino mass to M₁∈[10,350] GeV. Incorporating constraints from Higgs physics, rare B decays, LEP limits, and DD experiments, we find that part of the parameter space remains viable. However, the relic density of neutralino DM necessarily lies below the observed Planck value, contributing at most ∼2% of the total DM abundance. Some of the surviving parameter space is already excluded by current 13 TeV LHC searches, while the future 14 TeV HL-LHC with 3000 fb⁻¹ luminosity will probe the remaining region.

Abstract: We prove that the null cone is enough: at every event in Minkowski spacetime, the null cone carries a two-dimensional conformal field theory with spectrum \Delta_{\ell} = \ell + 1 , unifying all massless fields of spin \ell = 0,\frac{1}{2},1,\frac{3}{2},2 through pure geometry. From two postulates—four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime and the Isometric Sampling Condition—the unique Lorentz-invariant propagator is G(x,y) = \mathrm{sinc}(\Omega \sqrt{-\sigma^2 - i\epsilon}) , where the Feynman i\epsilon prescription selects the unique L^2 branch in the spacelike region. The RKHS normalisation K(x,x) = 1 forces G = 1 on the null cone, and the full two-point function is controlled entirely by a 2D CFT on the transverse S^2 , yielding \Delta_{\ell} = \ell + 1 . Fermionic statistics arise from the \mathbb{Z}_2 holonomy of an \mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{C}) fibre bundle without any additional postulate. We provide the microscopic foundation for Jacobson's thermodynamic Einstein equation and Verlinde's entropic gravity. We extend the framework to \mathrm{SU}(N) gauge theories and derive asymptotic freedom: b_{\ell} = (12\ell^2 - 1)C_2(G) / (12\pi) > 0 for all \ell \geq 1 , reproducing the Gross-Wilczek-Politzer result for \ell = 1 . We develop the structural correspondence between the sinc kernel and the Riemann zeta function, construct a mathematical bridge to the non-trivial zeros of \zeta (s) , and identify the precise step separating the ISC framework from a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.It is worth noting that the BSS theorem establishes not merely the unitarity of the sampling map, but a categorical equivalence between \mathrm{PW}_{\Omega} and \ell^2(\mathbb{Z}) — which implies that the ISC is an intrinsic property of the Paley-Wiener space structure, rather than an externally imposed postulate. This observation is crucial for understanding the inevitability of the ISC in its four-dimensional generalization.

Abstract: We present a phenomenological Effective Field Theory (EFT) of the "Warden" field, a massive, colored topological soliton at M_W =8.21±0.4 TeV. Descending from a U(4) unification framework at M_GUT ≈ 3.2 × 10¹⁶ GeV, this EFT explores a dynamical framework for the electroweak scale, color confinement, and the fermion mass hierarchy. We propose that the Standard Model electroweak sector is anchored to a topological Warden condensate characterized by a macroscopic vacuum stiffness of f ≈ 1.1 TeV. By adopting this stiffness and a topological melting threshold of Λ_vac ≈ 259 TeV as UV boundary conditions, we show that the activation of the Warden scalar sector can introduce a stabilizing effect on the Higgs vacuum, consistent with a Higgs pole mass of m_H ≈ 125.19 GeV. Furthermore, this vacuum state is supported by a geometrically conserved U(1) baryon symmetry, offering a mechanism for proton stability. We translate this architecture into collider kinematics, projecting an ≈ 0.85 fb topological gluon fusion production cross-section at √s = 100 TeV, providing a testable signature for the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh).

Abstract: The ultimate goal of theoretical physics is unifying the microscopic quantum realm with macroscopic general relativity. This paper proposes the 4G Model of Final Unification (having 3+1 interaction dependent gravitational constants) to bridge this gap. Central to this framework is resolving the historical mystery of the gram mole. Rather than an arbitrary chemical convention, the mole is redefined as a fundamental, intrinsic gravitational charge. Consequently, the Avogadro number is physically derived as a structural limit dictated by strong force saturation and nuclear binding energy. By treating the atom as an electromagnetic particle, the model establishes a direct equivalence between microscopic and macroscopic gravitational scales. To formalize this, honouring Einstein, Perrin, Loschmidt, Avogadro and Newton, we introduce the dimensionless EPLAN ratio. This universal scaling factor authenticates the SI-defined magnitude of the Avogadro constant and extends directly into astrophysics. Integrating this ratio with nuclear magic numbers yields a quantized mass spectrum for celestial bodies. This introduces a bottom-up geometric construction of stars, successfully deriving boundaries like the Chandrasekhar mass limit from first principles and suggesting compact objects settle into discrete gravitational orbitals. Finally, the framework reveals that the four fundamental constants corresponding to the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and Newtonian forces are not isolated. Instead, they operate as synchronized gears in a cosmic clockwork. The precise interaction of these quantum gears drives the macroscopic rotation of Newtonian gravity, proving that the subatomic stability of the atom is perfectly interwoven with the grand scale stability of the entire universe. By grounding the pursuit of unification in testable, multi-disciplinary outcomes, this framework offers a practical alternative to highly abstract theoretical models, and we respectfully present it for the physics community’s serious consideration.

Abstract: Electroweak, QCD, and QED radiative corrections to the nucleon low-energy coupling constants gV and gA are enhanced by large perturbative logarithms between the electroweak and hadronic scale, as well as between the hadronic scale and the low-energy MeV scale. Additionally, higher-order pion-mass splitting corrections to the nucleon axial-vector charge might be large. By consistently incorporating these effects, we provide an updated relation between the lattice-QCD and physical gA, finding a total radiative correction of 3.5(2.1)% (5.6(7)%). This leads to an expected lattice-QCD result of gAQCD = 1.265(26) (gAQCD =1.240(9)) when based on a combination of lattice-QCD and data-driven (or only data-driven) inputs, respectively. Future phenomenological, chiral perturbation theory, and lattice-QCD studies can improve both the central value and the uncertainty of this estimate.

Abstract: We present a phenomenological model for nuclear binding energy, termed Field Symmetry Theory (FST), based on an effective nuclear field derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The model incorporates volume, Coulomb, symmetry, and pairing terms as physical corrections, with the logarithmic term ln A justified through renormalization group arguments. A Lorentzian correction is introduced to account for few-body effects in light nuclei, with a physical justification based on finite-size effects in quantum systems. With only eight adjustable parameters, the model achieves a mean absolute error of 0.0388 MeV per nucleon and R² = 0.99996 when compared to 3554 nuclei from the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2020 (AME2020) dataset. The model performs reasonably well for light nuclei (A < 8: MAE = 1.15 MeV/n, accuracy 65.8\%) and achieves 99.9\% accuracy for heavy nuclei (A > 150), with uranium isotopes reaching 99.9% precision. Cross-validation confirms no overfitting (generalization gap < 10^-6 MeV/n), and correlation analysis reveals expected interdependencies among base parameters while confirming the stability of correction parameters. The complete computational code is provided as supplementary material accompanying this manuscript.