Abstract: Floods are among the most damaging natural hazards, threatening human safety and causing substantial economic losses. Their risk results from the interaction between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, and has been increasing due to the rising frequency and intensity of extreme hydrometeorological events. This issue is particularly relevant in Mediterranean regions, where floods often affect small, densely populated, and highly urbanised basins.This study applies a comprehensive climate risk assessment to the Foglia River basin (Marche, Italy) using the framework and tools developed within the Horizon Europe CLIMAAX project. Locally developed flood hazard maps were integrated with exposure and vulnerability data, focusing on the city of Pesaro at the river mouth. Risk was quantified in terms of building damage and population exposure for different return periods.To further investigate changes in flood hazard, projected river discharge under climate scenarios was analysed. The results indicate a relative increase in flood recurrence exceeding 20% for the 5-, 10-, and 50-year return periods, suggesting a significant intensification of flood risk. The study provides spatially explicit estimates of potential economic losses and supports the refinement of regional climate adaptation strategies, offering valuable insights for the integration of climate risk considerations into urban and territorial planning.

Abstract: The most widely used method for trend estimation in economics is the Ho-drick-Prescott (HP) filter. The HP filter has various disadvantages as the arbitrary and frequency-dependent choice of the smoothing parameter λ, boundary problems and difficult interpretation when linking to economic theory. We suggest an alternative method by improving some of these disadvantages using a purely data-driven, endog-enous nonparametric trend estimation. A simulation study and different applications demonstrate the advantages of the nonparametric trend compared to the HP filter. We identify optimal time windows supporting the momentary growth trend. Within this window economic fundamentals smoothly change and drive the trend.

Abstract: Objectives: This study investigated the interplay between pre- and post-match physiological responses and subsequent emotional changes in elite male water polo players, focusing on differences between official championship (competitive) and non-competitive (training) settings. Methods: Sixteen male Italian Serie C water polo players participated. Salivary biomarkers (cortisol, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and uric acid) were measured, alongside psychological assessments of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Measurements were taken before and after both training and competition matches. Results: A significant anticipatory rise in salivary cortisol was observed before competition matches compared to training, highlighting the psychological stress associated with competitive events. Post-match, cortisol levels remained elevated to a greater extent after competition. Salivary IgA levels decreased significantly following both training and competition, with a more pronounced reduction after official matches, and exhibited a negative correlation with cortisol. Salivary uric acid, a marker of oxidative stress, increased post-exercise and was significantly higher after competition. Players reported higher somatic and cognitive anxiety and lower self-confidence before competition compared to training, and pre-competition cortisol levels were positively correlated with both anxiety measures and negatively correlated with self-confidence. Conclusions: These findings highlight the distinct physiological and psychological responses elicited by competitive versus non-competitive settings in water polo, emphasizing the importance of considering the emotional context when monitoring athletes' stress and recovery. The social meaning of competitive contexts may be embodied, impacting stress and immune responses.

Abstract: Sub-Andean forests of the Colombian Central Cordillera are among the most biodiverse and threatened Neotropical ecosystems, yet their floristic, structural, and carbon dynamics remain poorly documented. We characterized the floristic diversity, vegetation structure, and aboveground carbon storage of the El Mangón sub-Andean forest remnant (24 ha; 1,600–1,700 m a.s.l., Cauca, Colombia) using free collections across the total area and a structural inventory in five 50 × 4 m transects (498 individuals, 35 species). A total of 281 species, 209 genera, and 100 families were recorded; epiphytes represented 44.13% of species, exceeding typical values (25–35%) for this forest type. Diversity indices were intermediate (H′ = 2.55; DMg = 5.47; 1−D = 0.89). Palicourea crocea dominated structurally (IVI = 45.12) and concentrated 31.2% of total carbon storage (894.41 kg·ha⁻¹; total = 2,866.23 kg·ha⁻¹). Three novel carbon indices (CVI, CCEI, CSI) integrate storage magnitude with ecological efficiency and spatial stability. The CSI was highest in low-aggregation species (1,618.23), with no significant differences among spatial groups (Kruskal–Wallis, p = 0.088). El Mangón ranks among the most diverse sub-Andean remnants of southwestern Colombia, underscoring its conservation priority in an increasingly fragmented landscape.

Abstract: Since the launch of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) in 2006, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been leading both disaster response within Japan and Sentinel Asia, which targets disasters in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as participating in the International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, which is international framework. The author was involved in these activities from 2006 to 2014. Based on this experience, this article proposes an approach to “how to utilize satellite remote sensing in the activities of disaster management users.” The methodology involves treating each activity as a case study for “how to utilize satellite remote sensing in the activities of disaster management users.” and examining them from a holistic perspective.

Abstract: Video world models have emerged as a critical framework, offering a powerful approach to modeling dynamic environments through lens of video data, and serving as a key tool for understanding and predicting complex systems. While prior papers have focused on specific domains such as 3D modeling, autonomous driving, and robotics, they have largely overlooked the growing importance of video modality in the development of future world models. These papers often concentrate on particular data representations, failing to account for how video-based representations can bridge the gap between perception, prediction, and decision-making in intelligent systems. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a standardized and systematic classification of video world models. We introduce a comprehensive taxonomy that distinguishes between implicit state deduction which, focuses on learning compact latent representations and explicit visual modeling, which emphasizes frame level video processing. Additionally, we analyze indepth review of experimental setups, specific applications, and open problems. By focusing on video world models, this paper offers a unified reference that highlights their critical role in the future of world modeling research.

Abstract: Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in children, but predictors of critical illness remain poorly defined. This study aimed to identify risk factors for critical RSV pneumonia and to develop a predictive model. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 12,035 hospitalized children with RSV infection (2019-2025) yielded 304 eligible patients after exclusions. Based on critical illness criteria, 30 critical cases and 90 randomly selected non critical controls from the remaining patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and co-infection patterns were compared. Univariate, Lasso, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors, which were then incorporated into a nomogram. Model performance was assessed using ROC curve, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis. Results: Among the 304 eligible children, 30 (9.9%) had critical illness. Co infection with three or more pathogens was most common in the critical group (43.3%), whereas single RSV infection predominated in the non critical group (38.9%). Multivariable logistic regression identified four independent predictors of critical illness: interleukin 6 (IL 6), creatine kinase MB (CK MB), serum bilirubin excretion (SBE), and neutrophil percentage. The nomogram combining these factors exhibited excellent discriminative ability (AUC = 0.921, 95% CI: 0.868-0.974). The calibration curve agreed well with the 45° reference line (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ² = 3.233, p = 0.919), and decision curve analysis demonstrated clinical benefit across threshold probabilities ranging from 0.01 to 0.99. Conclusions: Elevated IL-6, CK-MB, neutrophil percentage, and SBE are independent predictors of critical RSV infection in children. The nomogram based on these readily available biomarkers provides a robust tool for early risk stratification and clinical decision-making.

Abstract: Emerging materials often face challenges in market adoption due to limited comparability and reliability of measurement-based material information, despite their potential to drive technological innovation. While standardization is widely recognized as an important mechanism for market diffusion, existing approaches provide limited insight into how material specifications facilitate the comparative evaluation of material characteristics and their use in market decision-making. This study proposes a complementary perspective that interprets standardization as an infrastructure for organizing the generation, sharing, and evaluation of measurement-based material information across industry, standard development organizations (SDOs), and markets. Within this framework, the study distinguishes between two complementary types of standards for material specifications. Type A standards enable the structured disclosure of measured characteristic values and associated measurement uncertainties, allowing application-specific evaluation without predefined acceptance criteria. In contrast, Type B standards define predefined characteristic values and compliance criteria, providing a basis for conformity assessment, certification, and quality assurance. These two types may be understood as complementary mechanisms that fulfill different functions of comparability and compliance under varying technological and market conditions in emerging material systems. Consequently, they contribute to both innovation-oriented market evaluation and quality-assured market acceptance.

Abstract: Timelike boundaries provide a natural setting for organizing geometric, quasilocal, and coarse-grained information in general relativity. This work develops a cut-level reference framework for finite-radius timelike interfaces in Lorentzian spacetime. Starting from a timelike boundary, a tangent observer field, and observer-adapted spatial cuts, the construction assigns selected boundary quantities, coarse-grained reference structures, channel-specific comparison values, resolved deviations, local event closure, and cut-level response terms to the same geometric surface. The framework is local in its physical reading. The coarse-grained reference structure is not treated as a single resolved boundary record, but as the macroscopic comparison structure relative to which local deviations are defined. A local boundary event is represented by a boundary-relative deviation that becomes resolvable at the candidate event. The causal condition fixes the Lorentzian admissibility domain; it does not by itself define a resolved trajectory or microscopic propagation history between spacetime points. In the classical realization developed here, the selected variables are supplied by the Brown--York cut-level dictionary. Observer-adapted projections of the boundary stress tensor define surface energy density, momentum density, spatial cut stress, and isotropic pressure. A coarse-grained boundary reference package specifies which variables are resolved, on which cut they are evaluated, and which reference structure serves as their comparison level. The corresponding deviation map and channel-dependent resolution norms identify the locally resolved boundary content. The same cut-level variables also enter a classical balance structure in which cut-energy variation separates into normal exchange and tangential mechanical response. In isotropic spherical symmetry, this response reduces to the pressure--area form, linking cut-level stress to the area-response channel of a timelike shell. Timelike thin-shell dynamics and macroscopic shell-balance laws then appear as concrete realizations of the general reference-cut structure. The resulting formulation provides a classical boundary-reference language for finite-radius timelike systems, relating local Lorentzian geometry, quasilocal stress, coarse-grained reference structure, resolved deviations, causal admissibility, and area response within one common cut-level framework.

Abstract: Rigid 2D-3D image registration plays a critical role in modern image-guided interventions by enabling the alignment of intraoperative X-ray images with preoperative volumetric data such as computed tomography (CT). Accurate 2D-3D registration allows clinicians to localize anatomical structures in three-dimensional space while relying on fast and low-dose intraoperative imaging, which is essential for applications including orthopedic surgery, spine navigation, radiation therapy, and interventional radiology. Despite significant progress over the past two decades, achieving robust and accurate registration remains challenging due to factors such as limited imaging viewpoints, occlusions, imaging noise, and the large search space of rigid transformations. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of rigid 2D-3D registration methods with a particular focus on X-ray-to-CT alignment. We first introduce the mathematical formulation of the registration problem and present a taxonomy of existing approaches. We then review the key technical components underlying modern registration systems. In addition, we summarize commonly used datasets and evaluation protocols, discussing widely adopted metrics such as target registration error (TRE), pose error, and reprojection error. The survey also highlights representative clinical applications and analyzes the practical challenges that remain in real-world deployment, including robustness to imaging artifacts, variations in imaging dose, and real-time computational constraints. Finally, we discuss emerging research directions, such as differentiable rendering, deep learning based pose estimation, and multi-view registration frameworks, which are expected to further improve the accuracy, robustness, and clinical applicability of 2D-3D registration methods.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Transradial access (TRA) is the preferred route for coronary catheterization, yet its consequences for radial artery vasoreactivity and hemodynamic parameters remain incompletely characterized. We prospectively quantified TRA-induced functional impairment, its clinical determinants, and the predictive val-ue of baseline parameters. Methods: Ninety-four consecutive patients undergoing elective TRA were assessed at baseline, 24 hours, and one month using high-resolution Doppler ultrasound. Nine vascular parameters were measured: flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD), peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), resting and hyperemic velocity-time integral, hyper-emic blood flow volume, and lumen diameter. Non-parametric methods were applied throughout. Results: FMD declined at 24 hours (−31.2%; p< 0.001) and showed no sig-nificant recovery at one month (p=0.08 vs 24 hours). NMD showed a greater acute de-cline (−36.6%; p< 0.001) with partial but statistically significant recovery at one month (p< 0.001). PSV recovered fully by one month; RI fell below baseline, consistent with compensatory microvascular vasodilation. Radial artery lumen diameter remained significantly below baseline at one month. Radial artery occlusion occurred in 4 patients (4.3%), all with spontaneous recanalization. Female sex selectively predicted greater NMD reduction (ΔNMD −8.3% vs −5.8%; p=0.005) without a corresponding FMD difference (p=0.40). Older age correlated with impaired FMD recovery at one month (ρ=−0.62; p< 0.001) but not with NMD outcomes. Baseline PSV demonstrated the highest discriminatory performance for significant FMD decline (AUC=0.73). Conclu-sions: TRA causes multidomain, persistent radial artery functional impairment at one month, with distinct recovery trajectories for endothelial and smooth muscle function. Female sex and advanced age are selective determinants of injury and recovery, re-spectively. A pre-procedural phenotype comprising baseline diameter, PSV, RI, and age predicts post-procedural outcomes and supports further investigation of pre-procedural phenotyping for risk stratification.

Abstract: The Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) sustains more than 90% of the fishery value and volume in the Vicente Guerrero Reservoir (VGR), Northeast Mexico, but stock status is uncertain due to lack of assessments. A total of 1,792 individuals (2020-2021) were analyzed. Von Bertalanffy growth, total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortality, and exploitation rate (E) were estimated. Under a data-limited framework, four complementary approaches were applied: the LBB model, length-based indicators, empirical reference points, and ecological risk assessment. Growth was negatively allometric (b=2.89). Estimated parameters were: L∞=464 mm, K=0.2275 yr⁻¹, Z=3.591 yr⁻¹, M=0.3894 yr⁻¹, F=3.302 yr⁻¹, E=0.892. The LBB model estimated a relative biomass B/B₀=0.057 (95% CI: 0.042-0.072) and an F/M ratio of 8.48. Only 7.5% of individuals exceeded maturity length, 4.8% were at optimal length, and 2.6% were mega-spawners. Estimated fishing mortality exceeded the reference points (F_MSY=0.339 yr⁻¹; F_limit=0.508 yr⁻¹; F_crash=0.678 yr⁻¹) by 9.7, 6.5, and 4.9 times, respectively, classifying the stock as extreme high risk. The O. aureus stock in VGR is in biological collapse (B/B₀=5.7%; F/M=8.48). Increasing minimum capture length to at least 290 mm and reducing fishing effort by 80-90% is urgently required. The convergence of independent methods validates data-limited approaches for artisanal fisheries.

Abstract: Urbanisation is reshaping ecosystems and increasing human–wildlife interactions. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), a highly adaptable species, is increasingly common in European cities, where it exploits natural and anthropogenic resources, often leading to conflict. Predicting when and where wild boar enters urban areas remains challenging, particularly using scalable tools such as remote sensing. Here we show that temporal and spatial drivers of urban presence are decoupled in Barcelona over a 14-year period. Seasonal vegetation dynamics influenced the timing of urban incursions, with peaks in spring and late summer associated with changes in vegetation moisture and likely reinforced by increased energetic demands during reproduction and early lactation. However, remotely sensed vegetation indices captured these dynamics only partially, limiting their predictive power when used alone. Spatial variation in urban green area use was primarily explained by landscape structure, with proximity to streams and habitat fragmentation contributing similarly. Green areas near natural corridors concentrated higher and more variable presence, while heterogeneous landscapes likely facilitated repeated use by increasing access to foraging and refuge. Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve anticipation and management of human–wildlife conflicts.

Abstract: This work deals with the time-domain analysis of asymmetrical faults in three-phase systems. Conventional three-phase analysis provides steady-state solutions for asymmetrical faults. Transient analysis, however, is usually performed by resorting either to oversimplified approximate circuits, or to numerical methods. In this paper, a rigorous analytical methodology based on the time-domain Clarke transformation is presented for the most common asymmetrical faults in three-phase systems. In particular, it is shown that asymmetrical faults result in circuit coupling in the Clarke equivalent circuits. Circuit representation of coupling is also derived in the paper. Coupled equivalent circuits allow rigorous analytical solution of transients in case of asymmetrical faults. The analytical results derived in the paper are validated through proper numerical simulation of faulted radial systems.

Abstract: Background: Epigenomics has emerged as an essential technique of modern molecular biology, providing a critical layer of gene regulation. DNA methylation, histone modi-fications and alterations to the chromatin accessibility of DNA have been widely associated with complex diseases including cancer. The most recent developments in high-throughput sequencing technology have made it possible to profile epigenetic landscapes genomically on a large scale. However, these techniques often mask endogenous cellular heterogeneity essential for understanding complex disease stages. Objective: The purpose of the review is to assemble accessible tools and algorithms to conduct an Epigenomic study in the field of biomedical research, from bulk tissue analysis to the high-resolution frontier of single-cell epigenomics. Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of common methods used to analyze DNA methylation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, sequencing analysis and chromatin accessibility profiling. We described the standardized bioinformatics tools and pipelines required to transform raw sequencing data into mechanistic biological understanding, highlight-ing the role of quality control, peak calling, and differential analysis. Furthermore, we explore the integration of epigenomic with other "omics" layers through advanced computational frameworks, including machine learning and network-based modeling. Results: These advanced multi-omics techniques demonstrate efficient clinical utility by enabling biomarker discovery, disease subtyping, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Conclusions: Despite challenges with data complexity, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and single-cell technologies will speed up the transition toward precision medicine. This review serves as a blueprint for providing the technical and computational complexities of epigenomics to uncover the mechanisms controlling human health and disease.

Abstract: We demonstrate an 80-MHz, 350-mW, 120-fs, 770-nm femtosecond laser, based on a nonlinear compressed 1540-nm femtosecond fiber laser. The home-built 1540-nm fiber laser delivering the 80-MHz, 2.69-W, 269-fs laser pulses, was realized by employing the spectral pre-modulation and pre-chirp management inside the Er/Yb co-doped fiber power amplifier. Subsequent nonlinear fiber pulse compression stage was utilized to further nonlinearly compress the pulse duration to 128 fs, based on the Gaussian assumption. Detailed numerical simulation was also implemented to investigate the optical dynamics of the nonlinear compression process. A 0.5-mm-thick fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal was finally utilized to generate the frequency-doubled, 350-mW, 770-nm laser pulses with a 120-fs pulse duration, based on the Gaussian assumption.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Although the association between frailty and constipation in older adults has attracted attention, evidence regarding the relationship between the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and colonic transit time (CTT) remains limited. This retrospective study investigated their association using colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). Patients and Methods: We enrolled 124 older adults (64 men and 60 women) aged ≥ 65 (mean age, 74.6 ± 5.6) years who underwent CCE for colorectal polyp screening at the Aishinkai Nakae Hospital (Japan) between January 2014 and July 2024. CTT was measured at the time of CCE. Frailty was assessed using the CFS (Japanese version). Participants were classified into Robust (CFS 1–2; n=73) and Non-robust (CFS 3–7; n=51) groups. The independent association between CFS score and CTT was examined using multivariate linear regression analysis, with patient background factors as covariates (age, sex, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, laxative use, anticholinergic drug use, psychotropic drug use, hypothyroidism, smoking history, and history of abdominal surgery). Results: CTT was significantly longer in the Non-robust group than that in the Robust group (203±121 vs. 158±100 min). Sensitivity analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test also demonstrated a significant difference (U=1441.5). A stepwise prolongation of CTT was observed with increasing CFS scores (Spearman’s ρ=0.232; P=0.009). Sex-stratified analysis revealed that CTT prolongation was significant in women (200±114 vs. 155±104 min). In a multivariate linear regression analysis using CFS as a continuous variable and adjusting for 11 covariates, CFS score (β = 36.6; 95% CI: 17.3–56.0; P &lt; 0.001) and female sex (β = 48.5; 95% CI: 9.1–88.0; P = 0.016) were identified as independent factors associated with CTT prolongation (R² = 0.164; P = 0.035). Conclusions: Frailty progression is associated with delayed colonic transit in older adults, particularly in women. CCE may represent a novel and clinically valuable modality for assessing frailty-related bowel dysfunction in older adults.

Abstract: Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) represent a major source of morbidity, mortality, and increasing healthcare costs. In Europe, their impact stays significant, especially in high-risk settings such as cardiovascular surgery. Despite this, the economic burden of HAIs is still insufficiently characterized. Objective: This retrospective study aims to analyze HAIs’ costs in an Italian private cardiac surgery hospital between 2022 and 2024. Methods: Starting from the HAI reports of the Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Committee, individual events were extracted and matched with costs obtained from the business management control system. The same process was applied to matched non-infected cases. A pseudonymized database was later created for analysis. Costs were assessed using a bottom-up approach and evaluated against reimbursements based on the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system, which provides standardized tariffs for acute hospital care. Results: With a mean HAI incidence of 7.3% and a prevalence of bloodstream ones, HAI patients had statistically significantly longer hospital stays, averaging 23.5 days compared to 10 days in non-HAI patients (p < 0.001). Economically, HAIs imposed a substantial burden. The average cost per infected patient was approximately 41.000€, nearly double the DRG reimbursement, resulting in a mean pecuniary loss of about 18.600€ per case. The incremental cost attributable to HAIs vs non-HAIs was 19.700€ per patient (p < 0.001), largely driven by ICU-related expenses (53%). Conclusion: These findings highlight a partial mismatch between resource consumption and DRG-based reimbursement in complex, high-intensity care, such as cardiac surgery and a significant economic burden of HAIs. Strengthening IPC strategies is essential to improve outcomes and resource allocation.

Abstract: We are concerned with the Riemann problem for the Aw-Rascle (AR) traffic flow model with variable velocity offset. The model describes the traffic flow under different road conditions. The stationary wave is introduced in the traffic flow, which is determined by an ordinary differential equation. The resonance phenomenon and coalescence of waves are analyzed. Uniqueness of the Riemann solution is also discussed. We further study the interaction of elementary waves case by case, under the framework of the characteristic analysis method. Numerical simulations are also given to verify our analysis.

Abstract: Background: Reliable normalization of gene expression data is essential for accurate interpretation of molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in broiler chickens. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is commonly used as a reference gene; however, its stability remains uncertain in adipose tissues. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, integrating evidence from transcriptomic and quantitative PCR studies. Relevant studies were identified through structured searches, citation tracking, and relevance screening, with emphasis on tissue specificity, developmental stage, and physiological variation. Results: GAPDH expression showed considerable variability across tissues and experimental conditions, particularly in adipose tissues where metabolic activity influences transcriptional regulation. In contrast, alternative reference genes, including 18S rRNA, PPIA, RPL19, and α-tubulin, demonstrated greater stability across conditions. Studies consistently reported that failure to validate reference genes introduces bias in gene expression analysis and may compromise interpretation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism pathways. Conclusions: GAPDH is not a universally stable reference gene for adipose tissue studies in broiler chickens. Therefore, validation of reference genes is essential, and the use of multiple stable genes is recommended to ensure accurate normalization and reproducibility in poultry genomics research.