Engineering

Abstract: Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) offer a liquid-fuel alternative to hydrogen-fed proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, but inconsistent designs and operating conditions hinder performance comparison. This review benchmarks experimentally tested single-cell DFAFCs across Pt-, Pd-, Pt–Pd-, and non-noble-metal catalyst systems by peak power density, catalyst loading, durability, and operating conditions. Reported peak power densities range from 20 to 550 mW cm⁻². Pd–Ni₂P/C achieved 550 mW cm⁻², while PtBiPbNiCo reached 321.2 mW cm⁻². FeTSPc-promoted Pt increased peak power density from 76.3 to 126.6 mW cm⁻² and suppressed CO-forming pathways; a Co–NCNT cathode achieved 160.7 mW cm⁻², exceeding the corresponding Pt/C reference. However, inconsistent durability tests and cell configurations prevent reliable cross-study ranking and commercial-readiness assessment. A baseline protocol is proposed, specifying operation at 60 °C with 3 M formic acid, controlled oxidant supply, defined membrane-electrode assembly geometry, liquid-compatible anode diffusion layers, and at least 100 h of durability testing. The protocol is designed to generate interoperable, machine-readable datasets, which are a prerequisite for digital twins, predictive degradation assessment and real-time energy management of DFAFC-based hybrid transport power systems. Standardized full-cell testing can distinguish catalyst improvements from configuration effects and support reproducible DFAFC development.

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Biogas is a promising source of renewable energy, particularly when produced from agro-industrial residues such as sugarcane waste. However, its utilization requires efficient H₂S removal to reduce equipment corrosion, toxicity, and catalyst deactivation. This study provides a comprehensive simulation and economic optimization of the THIOPAQ^® process for desulfurization of biogas from sugarcane residues. The process was simulated in Aspen Plus v.15 with the ENRTL-RK thermodynamic model. Three biogas compositions derived from sugarcane straw, bagasse, and filter cake were evaluated using data obtained from a local biogas plant. The process was optimized using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. In all optimization cases, the resulting biogas had an H₂S concentration of 5.00 mg/Nm³, corresponding to the upper limit imposed by the optimization model constraints. Bagasse-derived biogas had the lowest process cost (621.66 × 10³ USD/yr), followed by filter cake-derived biogas (651.85 × 10³ USD/yr) and straw-derived biogas (680.83 × 10³ USD/yr). The optimization results indicated that higher CO₂ and H₂S concentrations in the biogas and NaOH flow rates in the desulfurization process are associated with increased operating costs. Overall, the combined simulation and optimization strategy provides an effective approach to evaluate and improve the THIOPAQ^® process for biogas desulfurization from different sugarcane residues.

Abstract: Regenerative braking energy (RBE) in diode-fed DC tram networks may be curtailed when the available electrical demand is insufficient. This paper presents a measurement-based case study of the Caio Mario 600 V DC tram substation in Turin, Italy, and an idealized simulation-based assessment of electric vehicle charging equipment (EVCE) as an energy sink. Feeder-current and dc-link voltage measurements from two tram regions are used to quantify traction energy consumption and regenerative energy injected into the dc-link. An EV charging experiment demonstrates operation from the tram dc-link, with charging power limited to approximately 15 kW by the connected vehicle. The measured charging power includes energy supplied by both regenerative braking and the substation rectifier, depending on the instantaneous operating conditions. A Simulation X model representing the substation configuration is driven by the measured Reg02 current profile to assess idealized absorption limits of 40 kW and 150 kW. Over the investigated 5000 s interval, the estimated captured energy is 3.17 kWh and 5.79 kWh, respectively, corresponding to 45.42% and 82.95% of the 6.98 kWh of regenerative energy measured at the Reg02 feeder. These results are conditional estimates for the imposed profile, assuming continuous charging availability and neglecting conversion and feeder losses. They do not quantify additional recovery from onboard braking resistors or the net energy savings of the complete tram network. The study provides a site-specific assessment of the influence of charging power capacity on regenerative energy capture.

Abstract: This study evaluates the integration of sewage sludge digestion with biomass co-gasification to enhance energy recovery and operational efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The activated sludge process, while effective for wastewater treatment, generates large quantities of sludge that require further stabilization. Anaerobic digestion is widely used, producing biogas but generating a biosolid that requires final disposal. Thermochemical processes, particularly gasifica-tion, offer a promising alternative to finding a valorization option for the digestate. Nevertheless, the high mineral content and ash fraction in digested sludge present operational challenges, reducing gasification efficiency and energy output. Integrating biomass as a supplementary feedstock in co-gasification addresses these limitations by increasing the mixture’s energy content and improving process performance. This study developed a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate the technical, energetic, and economic implications of this integrated approach, considering factors such as raw material prices, energy market conditions, and plant configuration. Results show that co-gasification with biomass can substantially increase available energy output (from 392 kW_elec from the digestion process to 660-804 kW_elec when integrated with sludge co-gasification). The ap-proach significantly reduces the need for auxiliary fossil fuels, leading to important savings. How-ever, the economic feasibility is highly sensitive to fluctuations in energy and raw material prices, as well as policy frameworks governing biomass utilization and sludge disposal. Sustainability is maximized when the process uses low-cost, residual biomass resources. However, feed-in tariffs are needed to ensure stability and must be linked to electricity and natural gas prices. In the present study, a value of 3 - 6 c€/kWh was needed to achieve profitability when natural gas prices fall below 50 €/MWh. Overall, integrating sludge digestion with biomass co-gasification offers a viable path-way to advance energy self-sufficiency and circular economy objectives in WWTPs.

Abstract: Mono-substituted 1-n-alkyladamantanes provide a homologous cage–chain platform for resolving chain-length effects relevant to advanced aerospace fuels. Adamantane (Ada) and its 1-methyl- to 1-pentyl-substituted homologues were examined using density functional theory, molecular descriptors, occupied-valence orbital analysis, and ¹³C NMR calculations. From Ada to peAda, the electronic spatial extent increases from 1137.99 to 5136.94 a.u. (over 4-fold); the A rotational constant decreases by approximately 10%, and the B and C constants by approximately 85%, marking the transition from a compact spherical-top cage to elongated, near-prolate asymmetric homologues. Dipole moments remain low (0.00–0.18 D). The adjacent-homologue electronic-energy increment approaches a constant contribution per added CH2 unit, with the prAda–peAda values spanning 0.203 kcal mol−1; this unbalanced increment does not measure relative stability. Across the series, the HOMO binding-energy descriptor changes by 0.174 eV and the occupied-valence count increases from 28 to 43. Calculated ¹³C NMR shifts identify C_α, C1′, and adjacent cage CH₂ sites as the principal cage–chain interface. eAda shows the largest additional local perturbation; from prAda onward, cage-carbon shifts vary little while successive methylene units generate increasingly differentiated side-chain resonances. Agreement with experiment is stronger for spectral pattern and signal ordering than for uncorrected absolute shifts. These descriptors support screening of chain-length effects without directly predicting fuel performance.

Abstract: Military capability increasingly depends on electrical energy for sensing, communications, computing, autonomy, mobility, protection, electronic warfare, and electrically enabled weapons. However, the value of a battery or energy-storage technology cannot be judged from chemistry or cell-level energy density alone. This review develops a mission-driven framework linking cell chemistry → module/pack → power electronics and thermal management → platform integration → mission effect → operational energy and contested logistics. It distinguishes energy from power and organizes military systems into four analytical battery roles: battery-integral, battery-dependent, battery-buffered, and battery-secondary. The framework is applied across soldier systems, smart munitions, unmanned systems, tactical vehicles, naval platforms, and high-power electrically enabled systems. The review finds that no universal “best military battery” exists; technology selection must reflect mission duty cycle, power demand, environmental exposure, survivability, recharge or resupply conditions, and system integration. Cell-level advantages can be reduced by pack overhead, protection, thermal management, power conversion, degradation, maintainability, and logistics. The review also proposes a cross-level evidence framework that distinguishes cell, pack, platform, modeled, demonstrated, operational, and fielded evidence. These findings support a mission-driven transition roadmap and strategic implications for force design, acquisition, research priorities, and operational-energy planning.

Abstract: Biomass cogeneration plants supplying district heating systems operate under variable thermal loads, which affect the fuel consumption attributable to electricity generation. This paper analyzes the net specific biomass consumption allocated to electricity generation in a wood biomass cogeneration plant in Suceava, Romania, with four 30 t/h steam boilers and a 29.65 MWe steam turbine. Six years of monthly operating data were used to assess the influence of the heat delivered to the district heating system and the biomass moisture content. The thermal load was the main influencing factor, since at low heat demand more steam is condensed without heat recovery. In winter months, with 1500–2500 toe of heat delivered monthly, the specific consumption ranged between 2.0 and 3.5 toe biomass/toe electricity (average ≈2.5), whereas in summer months, with 500–1500 toe delivered monthly, it ranged between 3.0 and 5.0 toe biomass/toe electricity (average ≈4.0). Biomass moisture content (30–45%) had a secondary influence. An empirical equation is proposed for the accepted limit of the annual average specific biomass consumption as a function of the average monthly thermal load, corrected by a moisture impact factor. The equation supports assessing the energy and economic efficiency of electricity generation in such plants

Abstract: Tomoiu Internal Confinement Fusion (TICF) a hybrid chemical-thermonuclear process generates continuous net-positive thermal energy through the continuous formation of transient microplasmas rather than sustained confinement of a bulk plasma, thereby avoiding the plasma-instability challenges associated with maintaining high-temperature, long-duration plasmas in conventional fusion approaches. TICF is a hybrid chemical–thermonuclear process based on the continuous formation and interaction of transient, high-temperature microplasmas within a confined hydrogen–air–water reaction environment. The TICF utilize internally self-generated acoustic, electromagnetic, and magnetic energies to heat, compress and confine transient microplasmas without requiring externally supplied electrical power. The present study focuses specifically on the temperature and specific energy associated with transient microplasmas in the TICF Gamma-2 reactor. The experimental data analyzed were obtained during testing conducted at the City College of New York (CUNY–CCNY) by Professor Marco J. Castaldi and his team. During these experiments, no detectable gamma radiation and no indications of neutron-induced activation or structural degradation of reactor components were reported after several hundred hours of operation. Electrical signatures associated with positively charged particles and transient microplasmas bursts were also observed. These observations are interpreted as consistent with aneutronic nuclear processes involving protium and nitrogen species.

Abstract: The conversion of fast-growing non-food woody biomass into storable fuels and carbon-rich products may contribute to the diversification of regional renewable-resource systems. This exploratory pilot-scale study evaluated Paulownia wood chips in a continuously fed five-zone pyrolysis reactor at setpoint temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C. One 20 kg wet-feed run was evaluated at each setpoint at a nominal throughput of 20 kg h⁻¹ and a nominal residence time of 10 min. Reactor temperature, non-condensable gas volumetric flow, and electrical input power were recorded at 5 s intervals. Recovered biochar masses were 7.3, 7.4, and 5.8 kg, and recovered condensed-liquid masses were 9.1, 8.3, and 6.6 kg at 300, 400, and 500 °C, respectively. The combined solid-plus-liquid recovery decreased from 82.0 to 62.0% of wet feed. Because gas mass and composition were not measured, the remaining fraction cannot be interpreted as a gas yield, and a closed mass balance was not established. Mean non-condensable gas flow rates calculated from the time-series data were 1.65, 3.53, and 8.36 m³ h⁻¹, while mean measured reactor temperatures were 303.1, 398.5, and 498.0 °C. The highest observed carbon content and higher heating value of biochar occurred at 400 °C, at 76.99 wt.% and 30.47 MJ kg⁻¹. The calculated atomic H/C ratio decreased from 0.68 at 300 °C to 0.37 at 500 °C. The results describe temperature-dependent behaviour in one pilot-scale run per condition and do not provide inferential evidence of an optimum. Replicated reactor runs, gas chromatography, liquid-phase analysis, and expanded biochar characterisation are required before process efficiency or application suitability can be established.

Abstract: The article investigates different scenarios of self-production decentralized photovoltaics, aiming at the maximization of the power demand real-time coverage of five different types of final consumers: typical residences, a typical commercial facility (travel agency), an industrial facility, the Hellenic Mediterranean University main campus and the Crete Aquarium (exhibition facility). The different types of final users impose different daily power demand profiles, which highly affects the potential for real-time concurrent power production from the photovoltaics. All these facilities are located in the insular Greece, with high incident solar radiation and mild ambient temperatures during winter and summer, favoring the maximization of the panels’ efficiency. The photovoltaic plants operate only as self-production plants, without any commercial activity, namely the produced electricity is only used for real-time power demand compensation or storage, without ever being sold in the electricity market. The article is based on the investigation of alternative scenarios regarding the sizing of the photovoltaic plants and their potential support of decentralized electrochemical batteries. The process is based on the computational simulation of the plants, based on annual power demand and production time series of average hourly values. The results show high potential for real-time power demand coverage for the commercial and the exhibition facility (higher than 45% of the annual electricity consumption), thanks to the considerable power consumption during daytime, while this potential remains rather poor for residential buildings (25-28%). The payback periods may be at the range of 4-6 years. The introduction of batteries can increase considerably the annual electricity consumption compensation, reaching percentages higher than 90%, yet with deterioration of the economic feasibility of the investment (payback periods higher than 8 years).

Abstract: Flow in fractured porous reservoirs is coupled to rock deformation and heat transfer through pressure-dependent properties, temperature-dependent viscosity, and fluid exchange between the matrix and fractures. These interactions produce contrasting spatial and temporal scales that can complicate neural approximation of the governing equations. This study investigates a Fourier-feature physics-informed neural network (Fourier-PINN) for thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) modelling of two-phase oil-water flow in a dual-continuum system. The formulation includes phase mass balances, quasi-static mechanical equilibrium, thermal constitutive relations, stress-sensitive permeability, and pressure-driven and imbibition-related exchange. An established Fourier feature map is combined with a weighted data-and-physics loss to approximate matrix pressure, fracture pressure, oil saturation in each continuum, and temperature. The assessment includes a comparison with a baseline PINN, residual diagnostics, field visualisation, and a parameter study. The reported comparisons show improved agreement with the reference data for matrix pressure, matrix oil saturation, and temperature, with R² values of 0.923, 0.923, and 0.947, respectively. The reported extrapolation error decreases from 14.7% for the baseline PINN to 4.2% for the Fourier-PINN. Scenario comparisons suggest that fracture permeability and matrix-fracture exchange influence pressure communication and matrix oil mobilisation under the investigated conditions. The framework combines coupled physical relations, continuous neural approximation, and the interpretation of scenario results to provide a structured computational approach for analysing oil-water reservoir behaviour under the investigated conditions.

Abstract: Co-gasifying agricultural waste with polymer-rich single-use trash may boost thermochemical waste valorization. Combination thermal behavior is linear additive. Heat rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1 were assessed using thermogravimetric data on coffee husk, face-mask waste, and CH/M blends (75/25, 50/50). Parent TG data indicated additive baselines, and non-additivity was assessed over 50-750 °C. All feedstocks' principal DTG peaks rose with heating rate in trials. At 10-30 °C/min, CH100 DTG peaks shifted from 314.4 to 336.3 °C and M100 from 403.7 to 432.7. All three combinations lose mass more than expected in most conversion ranges. The highest and longest-lasting non-additive reaction was CH50M50. At 50-750 °C, mean interaction deviation (experimental residual mass minus additive prediction) was -14.31, -13.43, and -12.93 percentage points at 10, 20, and 30 °C min⁻¹ Residual-mass deviations were -31.36%, -30.38%, and -28.98% at 750°C. Negative values result in reduced residual mass and increased apparent conversion at 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1 compared to additive baselines. CH50M50 residual deviations were -31.36, -30.38, and -28.98% at 750 °C. CH/mask co-processing is non-additive and not a thermal program artifact because all three experimental heating speeds interact negatively. Multiple screening rates co-value reactor-scale CH/mask waste.

Abstract: The rapid deployment of stationary, distributed, and mobile energy storage exposes a limitation of conventional storage-centred management: installed capacity does not identify the energy and power that a power system can actually access at a required location and time. This paper develops Energy and Power Banking (EPB) as a resource-centred framework for representing and coordinating such qualified availability. A problem-driven conceptual synthesis compares energy storage systems, virtual power plants, distributed-energy-resource aggregation, microgrids, energy hubs, and existing electricity-banking models according to their primary management object, functional boundary, and treatment of resource availability. The analysis identifies a gap: spatially and temporally qualified energy and power resources are generally treated as inputs to asset or portfolio operation rather than as the primary object of end-to-end management. EPB addresses this gap through resource formation, pooling, reservation, allocation, mobilisation, controlled provision, and restoration. Its scientific contribution comprises distinct but coupled representations of energy and power resources; explicit resource states that prevent double commitment; a four-layer functional architecture connecting physical assets with power-system requirements; and compatibility conditions for resource–requirement matching. Unlike an installed storage asset or an operational portfolio schedule, an EPB resource position describes what is available, reserved, allocable, or mobilisable under specified spatial, temporal, technical, and reliability constraints. The framework extends energy-storage management from installed assets to qualified resource availability and provides a testable basis for subsequent operational models and comparative validation.

Abstract: Controlled nuclear fusion remains a primary objective in advanced energy research, traditionally requiring massive external energy inputs for plasma heating and confinement. This study presents an empirical investigation into Tomoiu Internal Confinement Fusion (TICF), a hybrid chemical-thermonuclear approach designed to generate and confine transient, high-temperature microplasmas within a localized hydrogen-air-water environment using internally self-generated acoustic, magnetic and electromagnetic energies without requiring externally supplied electrical power. Systematic experimental testing of multiple reactor configurations—including the Gamma-series architecture—was conducted from 2019 to 2025 across multiple academic and accredited institutional facilities, including the City College of New York (CUNY-CCNY) and the University of Maryland (UMD). Calorimetric measurements and thermal-energy balances demonstrated sustained thermal output-to-input ratios (Q-values) ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 for several reactors configuration. Comprehensive diagnostics tracked reactant mass-flow rates, reactor/exhaust temperatures, exhaust enthalpies, and transient microplasmas electrical signatures. To investigate and isolate the mechanisms responsible for the observed excess thermal energy production, a series of control experiments were conducted. These experiments included varying the water-injection rate, replacing water with inert gases, using deuterium- and boron-depleted water, and substituting the hydrogen fuel stream with carbon monoxide (CO). The addition of water to air-fuel mixtures correlated with anomalous increases in reactor core temperatures and product enthalpies under conditions where the calculated adiabatic flame temperature based upon the respective heat and material balance have decreased. In CO-fueled configurations, where hydrogen was absent, excess thermal signatures persisted, identifying injected water as the primary source of protium. Experimental results demonstrate sustained net-positive thermal energy generation accompanied by the production of positively charged particles. Measurements performed with a Digilert-50 radiation meter detected no gamma radiation, and no indications of neutron-induced activation or structural degradation were observed on reactor components after several hundred hours of operation. The lack of neutron activation and gamma emissions, combined with the observed charged-particle production, is consistent with the hypothesized aneutronic Protium–(_1^15)N fusion channel operating within the TICF reactor.

Abstract: A reproducible calculation of ideal single-junction photovoltaic efficiency is presented using the ASTM G173 AM1.5G terrestrial spectrum and the full ASTM E490 AM0 extraterrestrial spectrum. The analysis separates incident-spectrum effects from the assumed optical emission boundary and compares a Lambert-W maximum-power solution with numerical maximization of the same idealdiode model. At 300 K, the one-emitting-side AM1.5G case reaches 33.693% at a bandgap of 1.3365 eV; equal front and rear emission reduces this result to 33.080%. With the full E490 integrated irradiance of 1366.091 W m−2, the one-emitting-side AM0 case reaches 30.243% at 1.2450 eV, corresponding to 413.15 W m−2 electrical output. Analytic and numerical maximum-power values differ by approximately 10−15 in relative power over the tested bandgaps. Bandgap steps of 1 meV or finer change the terrestrial maximum by less than 0.001 percentage points. A deterministic sensitivity study combining temperature, irradiance scale, and spectral resampling gives 33.568–33.797% for one-sided AM1.5G emission. The contribution is an auditable implementation and comparison of specified modeling conventions, not a new efficiency limit or experimentally validated device model.

Abstract: Offshore wind energy is a cornerstone of the global energy transition, yet its economic viability remains constrained by operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, which typically account for 20–30% of total lifecycle expenditure. This article presents an integrated, simulation-based framework that links empirical wind turbine reliability data with techno-economic optimization of offshore O&M strategies. Drawing on maintenance records from three onshore wind farms comprising 97 turbines (145.5 MW) in the province of Burgos, Spain, a subsystem-level reliability model is developed that translates onshore failure statistics into offshore failure rate estimates by means of empirical environmental and power-rating stress factors; the uncertainty inherent in this extrapolation is explicitly quantified through bounding scenarios. A Monte Carlo simulation engine (10,000 iterations) then compares corrective-only, single-visit and dual-visit planned intervention policies over a 25-year project lifetime, showing that a dual-visit strategy improves simulated wind farm availability by 7.2% and reduces the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) by 12.5% relative to corrective-only maintenance. Building on this validated baseline, the article proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced predictive maintenance architecture combining SCADA-based gradient-boosted fault classifiers, Bayesian reliability networks and deep reinforcement learning scheduling agents. Evaluated within the same simulation environment, the proposed architecture achieves an additional 13.4% LCOE reduction, i.e. a cumulative reduction of approximately 24% versus corrective-only strategies; these AI results represent simulated expected performance and their field validation with offshore SCADA data is identified as future work. Finally, a sensitivity analysis across eight parameters shows that the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), the capacity factor and turbine reliability dominate LCOE, providing operators and investors with a quantitative basis for prioritizing de-risking, siting and reliability-improvement decisions. The main novelty of the work is the seamless integration—within a single reproducible framework—of empirical failure data, stress-factor reliability translation, stochastic O&M simulation and AI-based scheduling, enabling a like-for-like economic comparison of conventional and intelligent maintenance policies.

Abstract: This study aims to reduce biases in diffuse irradiance modelling at sub-hourly time scales, which is critical for accurate photovoltaic system performance simulations. Typically, this process involves estimating diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) from global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and then applying a decomposition model to determine the irradiance on the PV module plane. While models like Erbs and Perez are standard, they introduce biases when applied to shorter time scales (e.g., 1-minute) without adaptation. Leveraging global ground-based datasets, this work compares common DHI and decomposition models and reparametrizes their coefficients specifically for subhourly scales. The results demonstrate that these improvements reduce mean bias in yearly simulation estimates. We also discuss requirements for further improvements.

Abstract: Green hydrogen produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy is central to the energy transition, but high production costs remain a major barrier. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind farms are dominant renewable sources, yet each has drawbacks: PV is inexpensive but limited in operating hours, while wind is costlier but offers steadier output. This paper introduces the Combined Hydrogen and Power (CHyP) concept, a co-production configuration in which hydrogen and electricity are treated as primary products for an industrial off-taker within a hydrogen hub. The electrolyzer is sized from the generation duration curve to maximize annual hydrogen output and is operated at nominal load to limit failures and maintenance. The resulting surplus electricity is sold to a nearby end user, integrating electricity revenues as a cost offset in the LCOH. Simulations of 500 MW hybrid wind–photovoltaic plants across Spain identify an optimal wind share of 27%. Assuming a surplus electricity price of 60 €/MWh, minimum LCOH values range from 1.68 to 4.40 €/kg, with values below 2 €/kg in selected locations.

Abstract: PVsyst version 8.1 introduces subhourly simulation capabilities, which require the adoption of a transient photovoltaic (PV) module temperature model to capture the thermal inertia of PV modules. We present the PVsyst transient temperature model, an adaptation of Prilliman's exponentially weighted moving average model, and validate it analytically and against published 1-minute measurements from an open-field and a rooftop PV array. The model's impact on simulated energy yield is analysed by comparing the existing steady-state temperature model to its transient extension, with particular attention to the dependence on model parameter choice and simulation time step duration. The transient model is shown to reduce the module temperature RMSE by about 2 °C, leading to an RMSE reduction of up to 0.9 % on the simulated DC yield.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to assess whether a 3.2/3.2 mm fully tempered double-glass PV architecture laminated with soft PDMS provides sufficient glass-level stiffness while enabling room-temperature mechanical delamination with recovery of intact glass sheets. It is compared with a lightweight 1.6/1.6 mm semitempered glass architecture laminated with crosslinked EVA. Under identical loading, geometry, and support conditions, the estimated EVA-to-PDMS deflection ratio is approximately 2 at 25 °C and approximately 8 at 85 °C. These analytical estimates indicate the stiffness advantage of the 3.2/3.2 mm PDMS laminate; they are not complete-module measurements. The key contribution of this article is the optimization of the mechanical delamination of a PDMS-laminated double-glass PV panel at room temperature while preserving both glass sheets intact. Successive process optimization reduced the complete-cycle time within the observed range from 16 to 4 minutes. Four minutes was the shortest cycle achieved without visible glass fracture, and the maximum local front-propagation speed without visible fracture was approximately 40 mm/s. Published reports of glass/EVA/TPT PV panel delamination required thermal assistance and did not demonstrate equivalent room-temperature intact-glass delamination.