Abstract: We present a methodology that enhances the analytical performance of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by continuously cycling the devices through gate-potential sweeps during sensing experiments. This continuous cycling method (CCM) enables real-time acquisition of full transfer curves, allowing simultaneous monitoring of multiple characteristic parameters. We show that the simultaneous temporal evolution of several OECT response parameters (VTH, VG,gmax, and gmax) provides highly sensitive descriptors for detecting pH changes and macromolecule adsorption on OECTs based on PANI and PEDOT channels. Moreover, the method allows reconstruction of IDS–time profiles at any selected gate potential, enabling the identification of optimal VG values for maximizing sensitivity. This represents a substantial improvement over traditional measurements at fixed VG, which may suffer from reduced sensitivity and parasitic reactions associated with gate polarization. Moreover, the expanded set of parameters obtained with the CCM provides deeper insight into the physicochemical processes occurring at both gate and channel electrodes. We demonstrate its applicability to monitoring polyelectrolyte and enzyme adsorption as well as detecting urea and glucose through enzyme-mediated reactions. Owing to its versatility and the richness of the information it provides, the CCM constitutes a significant advance for the development and optimization of OECT-based sensing platforms.

Abstract: The synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) a benchmark conducting polymer frequently researched for energy storage, conventionally relies on corrosive and toxic reagents leading to significant hazardous waste, conflicting with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry. This report introduces a fully photochemical, metal-free, and sustainable method that employs a single organic photoinitiator, phenacyl bromide (PAB), to achieve the in-situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) monomers. The reaction occurs at room temperature in a benign ethanol/water solvent system. A major environmental advantage is the elimination of hazardous metal waste, replaced instead by acetophenone, a non-toxic byproduct readily removed via simple precipitation. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of the doped polymer with a PEDOT:PSS molar ratio of approximately 1:3, consistent with both Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) bulk and surface measurements, respectively. As a proof-of-concept for its application in energy storage, the resulting PEDOT:PSS/Activated Carbon composite was fabricated into a symmetric supercapacitor device demonstrating an exceptional operational durability, retaining 97% of its initial capacitance after 2000 charge–discharge cycles. Moreover, this light-driven synthesis can enable spatiotemporal control, opening new pathways for sustainable advanced manufacturing, such as 3D printing of PEDOT:PSS, in line with SDG 9 goals.

Abstract: Bipolar Polymer Membranes (BPMs) enable the creation of large, stable pH gradients by drivingwater dissociation (WD) at the cation/anion junction under reverse bias, a process central to electrodialysis, CO₂ capture, and emerging acid–alkaline water electrolysis. Yet, despite decades of study, the mechanism by which intense interfacial electric fields accelerate WD remains debated and is often modeled with ad hoc assumptions. Here, we outline key limitations of existing models of field-enhanced WD in BPMs and we present a power-dissipation model and its formalism that address them. In this new framework, we emphasize that minority ions from water autoprotolysis act as carriers that continuously dissipate field-supplied power in the hydrated nanometric junction. This dissipative input raises the local probability of heterolytic O–H bond cleavage and leads analytically to the dissociation rate’s quadratic dependence on the field. Without adjustable parameters, the model reproduces the required orders of magnitude for the enhancement ratio k_d(E)/k_d(0), where k_d(E) is the field-enhanced water-dissociation rate constant and k_d(0) its zero-field value, across typical BPM fields and yields a quadratic current–voltage junction law. A proof-of-principle measurement on a commercial Fumasep® FBM confirms the quadratic current–voltage​ trend, supporting a power dissipation field-driven WD and providing a concise, falsifiable baseline for future studies.

Abstract:

This work reports the electrochemical behavior of a nickel hydroxide electrode, electrodeposited in a deep eutectic solvent (DES), in alkaline solutions of varying composition, aiming to elucidate the influence of the cation (Na⁺ vs. K⁺), urea, and carbonate ions on the mechanism and kinetics of anodic processes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to analyze the electrochemical responses of electrode processes in alkaline water electrolysis systems. For the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), the frequency-dependent characteristics were thoroughly characterized, and the impedance response was simulated according to the Armstrong–Henderson equivalent circuit. It was found that the addition of urea significantly transforms the impedance structure, sharply reducing the polarization resistance and increasing the pseudo-capacitive component of the constant phase element at low frequencies, indicating activation of the slow steps of urea oxidation via a direct mechanism and the formation of an extended adsorptive surface. It was demonstrated that, unlike conventional alkaline electrolysis where KOH-based systems are generally more effective, urea-assisted systems exhibit superior performance in NaOH-based electrolytes, which provides more favorable kinetics for the electrocatalytic urea oxidation process. Furthermore, the accumulation of carbonate ions was shown to negatively affect UOR kinetics by increasing polarization resistance and partially blocking surface sites, highlighting the necessity of controlling electrolyte composition in practical systems. These findings open new opportunities for the rational design of efficient urea-assisted electrolyzers for green hydrogen generation.

Abstract:

The nuclear fusion reaction can be catalyzed in a suitable fusion fuel by muons (heavy electrons).“For the fractal relations, ranging from DNA knots to solar neutrino flux signals”, ever derived of scale-invariant properties distinguished between classical invariant theory & quantum invariant theory subfactors. Accompanying isomorphicity & Connes FusionTensor Product retrieved to μ-catalyzed fusion where surroundings of room temperature fusion driven by the balance in mtDNA fusion & fission. On behalf of nanometer dimension of radius of heavy electron & wavelength of UV-light,it assumed that muons can be produced by oxidation-like decay when UV-light impinging water, indicated by a magnetic field induced perhaps by a ring South-North poled element.

Abstract: Magnesium-sulfur (Mg-S) batteries present a compelling energy storage solution, characterised by their remarkable theoretical energy density and economic viability. Nonetheless, challenges arise, including swift capacity degradation and suboptimal polysulfide (acting as an electronic and ionic insulator) utilisation, mainly due to a phenomenon known as the polysulfide "shuttle effect". This effect also leads to a decline in battery performance. The B3LYP functional and 6-311G (d, p) basis set were used to examine the optoelectronic and charge-transfer properties of a polyaniline-pyrrole (PANIPyr) composite, emphasising interatomic and electronic interactions that enhance charge transport and oxidation of MgS₂. The findings demonstrate the presence of coordination bonding between hydrogen in pyrrole and the N- ion in quinonediimine of polyaniline, significantly enhancing the electrical properties of PANI. The PANIPyr_P1 configuration exhibits the lowest Ɛgap and the highest charge-transfer capacity, thereby improving reactivity towards polysulfides in comparison to pure PANI. Significant electrical interactions at this site establish accessible electrophilic and nucleophilic regions that stabilise the ionic sides of the polysulfides, reduce the shuttle effect, and improve charge transport at the interface. PANIPyr_P1 demonstrates viability for minimising polysulfide migration and enhancing cathodic efficiency in Mg-S batteries, thereby laying a foundation for future investigations into polymer-based cathode modifiers.

Abstract: Integrating nanostructured carbon materials with flexible substrates to form binder-free electrode architectures is a promising strategy for enhancing the capacitive performance and rate capability of supercapacitors, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this study, we report a facile method for the direct synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on knitted carbon fabric (CF) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), enabling their use as electrodes in all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors. The resulting CNFs exhibit two typical average diameters—approximately 25 nm and 50 nm—depending on the growth temperature, with both displaying highly graphitized structures. The electrochemical performance of CNFs/CF electrodes was evaluated in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), confirming electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) behavior. Notably, the 25 nm-CNFs/CF electrode achieves a high specific capacitance of 87.5 F/g, significantly outperforming the 50 nm-CNFs/CF electrode, which reaches 50.2 F/g. Compared to previously reported carbon nanotube (CNT)/CF electrodes, the 25 nm-CNFs/CF electrode exhibits superior capacitance and lower resistance. These results underscore its strong potential for application in flexible and wearable electronic devices. Furthermore, the structure-performance relationship revealed in this study provides valuable insights for the rational design of next-generation carbon-based energy storage systems.

Abstract: Chemical machining serves essential applications throughout the electronics industry in the manufacture of diverse metallic components. Etchants of transition metal salts are especially favored for their ability to be regenerated by simple oxidizing agents, including atmospheric oxygen, allowing steady-state processing. Despite their relevance, elementary steps in the reaction mechanisms of copper chemical machining have not yet been fully characterized. This review draws from supporting literature to assert hypotheses of intermediate coordination states in the heterogeneous electron transfer mechanism of the surface dissolution reaction by each of three common etchants of transition metal salts: ferric chloride, acidic cupric chloride, and alkaline cupric ammine chloride. Primary evidence is evaluated as well for mechanisms asserted of their aerobic regeneration pathways. Additionally, the reader is directed to relevant mathematical models cited throughout the article, and areas for further research are identified in each section.

Abstract: Magnesium-sulfur (Mg-S) batteries constitute a novel category of multivalent energy storage systems, including enhanced theoretical energy density, material availability, and ecological compatibility. Notwithstanding these benefits, practical implementa-tion continues to be hindered by ongoing issues such as polysulfide shuttle effects, slow Mg²⁺ transport, and significant interfacial instability. This study emphasises recent progress in utilising transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) as cathode materials and modifiers to overcome these challenges. We assess the structural, electrical, and cat-alytic characteristics of TMCs such as MoS₂, CoSe₂, WS₂, and TiS₂, highlighting their contributions to improving redox kinetics, retaining polysulfides, and enabling re-versible Mg²⁺ intercalation. The review synthesises results from experimental and theoretical studies to offer a thorough comprehension of structure-function interac-tions. Particular emphasis is placed on morphological engineering, modulation of electronic conductivity, and techniques for surface functionalisation. Furthermore, we examine insights from density functional theory (DFT) simulations that corroborate the observed enhancements in electrochemical performance and offer predictive di-rection for material optimisation. This paper delineates nascent opportunities in AI-enhanced materials discovery and hybrid system design, proposing future trajecto-ries to realise the potential of TMC-based Mg-S battery systems fully.

Abstract: Hydrogen has the potential to become a key component of the global economy by reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports, enhancing energy independence, and mitigating climate change. Its future role depends on factors such as availability, cost competitiveness, supportive legislation, public-private collaboration, and advancements in catalyst development for electrolyzers and fuel cells. In this study, carbon-supported multimetallic MoFeNiP catalysts were developed as cost-effective, platinum-free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), via polymer-metal gel precursors and subsequent pyrolysis at different temperatures. The catalysts were evaluated in both acidic (0.5 M H₂SO₄) and alkaline (1 M KOH) media, revealing that C-MoFeNiP-1200 performed best in alkaline conditions, while C-MoFeNiP-1000 showed superior activity in acidic media. Electrochemical analyses confirmed favorable kinetics, efficient charge transfer, and good long-term stability. These results demonstrate that tuning pyrolysis temperature allows precise control over catalyst structure, surface properties, and performance, offering a sustainable and practical approach for designing efficient HER electrocatalysis.

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on the performance of reverse electrodialysis stacks and suggest new designs to improve power density and fuel efficiency by using fractal concepts. Two methods are discussed, namely membrane profiling and the assembly of stacks from a number of smaller stacks.

Abstract: The replacement of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with environmentally friendly binders offers potential advantages in the development of aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) and flow batteries (FBs) incorporating solid charge carriers (so-called solid boosters). This study investigates the electrochemical stability of ethyl cellulose and cross-linked gluten as substitutes for PVDF in LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) cathodes for aqueous Li-ion battery electrodes and solid boosters for FBs. The millimetre-scaled solid booster beads must be easily produced on a large scale, and at the same time, their charging and discharging must be reversible over long durations under electrolyte tank conditions. The binders were tested under standardized conditions for discharge capacity and cycling stability. Our results demonstrate that ethyl cellulose and cross-linked gluten can rival the electrochemical stability of PVDF, maintaining initial discharge capacities near 100 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2C for LMO cathodes and exhibiting reasonable capacity retention over hundreds of cycles. This work supports the feasibility of sustainable electrode processing, provides promising directions for scalable, eco-friendly electrode fabrication methods, and highlights promising binder candidates for use in aqueous energy storage systems.

Abstract: This study was designed to systematically investigate the influence of variations in the microscopic silicon crystal size on the electrochemical performance of pre-magnesium silicate anode materials, under the premise that the macroscopic particle size remains consistent. Through precise control of the macroscopic particle distribution of silicon materials, the study focused on exploring the mechanisms by which different microscopic grain sizes affect the reaction kinetics, structural stability during the pre-magnesium process, and the properties of the final composite products.The research findings indicate that both relatively small and large silicon crystals are disadvantageous for cycling performance. When the silicon crystal grain size is 5.79 nm, the composite material demonstrates a relatively high overall capacity of 1442 mAh/g and excellent cycling stability. After 100 cycles, the capacity retention rate reaches 83.82%. EIS analysis reveals that larger silicon crystals exhibit a higher lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. As a result, the silicon electrodes show more remarkable rate performance. Even under a high current density of 1C, the capacity of the material can still be maintained at 1044 mAh/g.

Abstract: In recent years, porous carbon-based materials have demonstrated their potential as electrode materials, particularly as supercapacitors for energy storage. The specific capacity of a carbon-based material is strongly influenced by its porosity. Herein, activated biochar (BCA) from millet was prepared using ZnCl2 as an activator at temperatures of 400, 700, and 900 °C. Activation was achieved through wet and dry impregnation of millet bran powder particles. The porosity of BCAs was assessed by determining the iodine and methylene blue numbers (NI and NMB, respectively), which provide information on microporosity and mesoporosity, respectively. Characterization of the BCAs was carried out using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The data show that the BCA prepared at 700 °C following dry impregnation, P700(p), has the highest NI and the highest geometric mean value (ñ=√(N_I ×N_MB ) ), a descriptor we introduce to characterize the overall porosity of the biochars. P700(p) biochar exhibited remarkable electrochemical properties and a maximum specific capacitance of 440 F.g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A/g. These performances are best correlated with ñ. Moreover, the capacitive retention increases with cycling, up to 130%, thus suggesting electrochemical activation of the biochar during the galvanostatic charge-discharge process. To sum up, the combination of pyrolysis temperature and the method of impregnation permitted to obtaining a porous biochar with excellent electrochemical properties, meeting the requirements of supercapacitors and batteries.

Abstract: Corrosion is a complex, surface-initiated process that demands nanoscale, real-time characterization to understand its initiation and propagation. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) have emerged as powerful tools in corrosion science, enabling high-resolution imaging and electrochemical mapping under realistic conditions. This review, inspired by pioneering work at KTH by Professors Christofer Leygraf and Jinshan Pan, highlights advanced analytical strategies that extend the capabilities of AFM and SKPFM beyond traditional line-profile analysis. Techniques such as power spectral density (PSD) analysis, multimodal Gaussian histogram fitting, statistical roughness quantification, and deconvolution methods are discussed in the context of case studies on aluminum alloys, stainless steels, magnesium alloys, biomedical implants, and protective coatings. By integrating in-situ imaging, electrochemical mapping, and statistical data processing, these approaches provide deeper insights into localized corrosion, micro-galvanic coupling, and surface reactivity. Future directions include coupling AFM-based methods with high-speed imaging, machine learning, and spectro-electrochemical techniques to accelerate the development of corrosion-resistant materials and predictive diagnostics.

Abstract:

Tin-based materials have emerged as promising anode candidates for advanced lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity (e.g. 994 mAh/g for Li₄.₄Sn), moderate operating potential, and natural abundance. However, Tin-based materials suffer from severe volumeexpansion (>300%) and rapid capacity during cycling. In this work, a composite composed of tin-based materials and porous carbon (PC), i.e. SnO₂/SnS₂@PC, was in-situ synthesized to mitigate these challenges. The composite was obtained by high-temperature calcination of a mixture containing SnO₂, pe troleum asphalt and calcium carbonate, where petroleum asphalt acted as the carbon and sulfur resource, calcium carbonate acted as a pore-forming template. The prepared SnO₂/SnS₂@PC composite possed a specific surface area of 190.5 m²·g^-1 with total pore volume 0.386 cm³·g^-1, and delivered an initial specific capacity of 1431 mAh·g^-1 and retained 722 mAh·g^-1 at 100th cycle at 0.2 A·g⁻¹, which is nearly three folds that of the actual capacity(~260 mAh/g) of commercial graphite and thus shows a promising application in next-generation LIBs.

Abstract: Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the best features of both electrochemical and photoluminescence methods. In this work, we present a direct ECL-based method for the detection of fentanyl using unmodified screen-printed electrodes. The analysed system consists of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) as the luminophore and fentanyl as the co-reactant. A comprehensive optimization of the experimental parameters, such as buffer pH, luminophore concentration and working electrode material, was performed in order to maximize the ECL response. The optimal conditions are identified as PBS buffer pH 6, 2.5×10⁻³ M Ru(bpy)32+ and bare gold screen-printed electrodes. Under these conditions, the system exhibited a strong and reproducible ECL signal, with a linear response to fentanyl concentration from 1×10⁻⁷ to 1×10⁻⁵ M and a limit of detection of 6.7×10⁻⁸ M. Notably, the proposed method does not requires the electrode surface modification, sample pretreatment or complex instrumentation, offering a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for fentanyl detection. Furthermore, the storage of bare SPEs at room temperature in a dry place ensures their stability over months or even years, overcoming the limitations offered by ECL systems based on modifications of the working electrode with different nanomaterials. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed ECL approach as a robust and sensitive tool for the detection of synthetic opioids. Its simplicity, portability, and analytical performance make it particularly attractive for forensic and clinical applications where rapid and accurate opioid screening is essential.

Abstract: The vibration properties of materials play a role in their conduction of elec-tric charges. Relevant in this respect are also ionic conductors such as electrodes and solid electrolytes. The vibration properties are typically assessed with infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and inelastic neutron scattering, which all allow for the deriva-tion of the phonon density of states (PDOS) in part of full portion of the Brioullin zone. A novel method is nuclear resonant vibration spectroscopy (NRVS), which produces the element specific PDOS from Mössbauer active isotopes in a compound. We have employed NRVS operando on a pouch cell battery containing a Li57FePO4 electrode and thus could derive the PDOS of the 57Fe in the electrode during charging and discharg-ing. The spectra reveal reversible vibrational changes associated with the two-phase conversion between LiFePO₄ and FePO₄, as well as signatures of metastable intermedi-ate states. We demonstrate how the NRVS data can be used to tune the atomistic sim-ulations to accurately reconstruct the full vibration structures of the battery materials in operando conditions. Unlike optical techniques, NRVS provides bulk-sensitive, ele-ment-specific access to the full phonon spectrum under realistic operando conditions. These results establish NRVS as a powerful method to probe lattice dynamics in work-ing batteries and to advance the understanding of ion transport and phase transfor-mation mechanisms in electrode materials.

Abstract: Background: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is indispensable for disentangling charge-transfer, capacitive, and diffusive phenomena, yet reproducible parameter estimation and objective model selection remain unsettled. Methods: We derive closed-form impedances and analytical Jacobians for seven equivalent-circuit models (Randles, CPE, Warburg variants), enforce physical bounds, and fit synthetic spectra with 2.5% and 5.0% Gaussian noise using hybrid optimization (Differential Evolution → Levenberg– Marquardt). Uncertainty is quantified via non-parametric bootstrap; parsimony is assessed with RMSE, AIC, and BIC; physical consistency is checked by Kramers–Kronig diagnostics. Results: R_s and R_ct are consistently identifiable across noise levels. CPE parameters (Q, n) and diffusion amplitude (σ) exhibit expected collinearity unless the frequency window excites both processes. Randles suffices for ideal interfaces; Randles+CPE lowers AIC when non-ideality and/or higher noise dominate; adding Warburg reproduces the 45◦ tail and improves likelihood when diffusion is present. The (R_ct + Z_W ) ∥ CPE architecture offers the best trade-off when heterogeneity and diffusion coexist. Conclusions: The framework unifies analytical derivations, hybrid optimization, and rigorous statistics to deliver traceable, reproducible EIS analysis and clear applicability domains, reducing subjective model choice. All code, data, and settings are released to enable exact reproduction.

Abstract: All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) employing Li-rich layered oxide (LLO) cathodes are regarded as promising next-generation energy storage systems owing to their outstanding energy density and intrinsic safety. Polymer-in-salt solid electrolytes (PISSE) offer advantages such as low processing costs, high ionic conductivity, and good anode compatibility; however, their practical deployment is hindered by poor oxidative stability especially under high-voltage. In this study, we report the rational design of a bilayer electrolyte architecture featuring an in situ solidified LiClO₄-doped succinonitrile (LiClO₄–SN) plastic-crystal interlayer between a Li₁.₂Mn₀.₆Ni₀.₂O₂ (LMNO) cathode and a PVDF-HFP-based PISSE. This PISSE/SN–LiClO₄ configuration exhibits a wide electrochemical stability window up to 4.7 V vs. Li+/Li and delivers a high ionic conductivity of 2.38 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C. The solidified LiClO₄-SN layer serves as an effective physical barrier, shielding the PVDF-HFP matrix from direct interfacial contact with LMNO and thereby suppressing its oxidative decomposition at elevated potentials. As a result, the bilayer polymer-based cells with LMNO cathode demonstrate an initial discharge capacity of ∼206 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C and exhibit good cycling stability with 85.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5 C under a high cut-off voltage of 4.6 V. This work not only provides a promising strategy to enhance the compatibility of PVDF-HFP-based electrolytes with high-voltage cathodes through the facile in-situ solidification of plastic interlayers but also promotes the application of LMNO cathode material in high-energy ASSLBs.