Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive thermal analysis, design, and optimization framework for electrothermal heating systems integrated into composite wing structures. Thermal behavior is first investigated using finite volume simulations conducted with a commercial solver. An in-house thermal solver is then developed based on the governing heat transfer equations and a second-order finite difference discretization scheme. The in-house solver is validated against the commercial solver, showing a maximum deviation less than 1%. The validated solver is subsequently coupled with a genetic algorithm to perform multi-objective optimization of the electrothermal heating system. A novel correlation for the convection heat transfer coefficient over airfoil surfaces is developed based on extensive turbulent flow simulations and genetic algorithm. The developed correlation equation has significantly lower percent relative error (from 34% to 6%) compared to flat plate correlations. The developed convection coefficient is incorporated into the optimization process. Key design variables including heat generation intensity, heater strip dimensions, and the thermal conductivity of composite and surface protection materials are included in the optimization process. An original objective function is formulated to simultaneously minimize electrical power consumption, prevent ice formation on the external surface, and limit internal temperatures to safe operating ranges for composite materials. The optimized design is evaluated under both spatially varying and constant convection heat transfer coefficients to assess the impact of convection modeling assumptions. The proposed methodology provides a unified and extensible framework for the optimal design of electrothermal ice protection systems and can be readily extended to three-dimensional composite wing configurations.

Abstract: In this paper we demonstrate that the transition from a stable Dodecahedral Core (Valamontes, 2024) to the "Wild" chaotic phase corresponds physically to the "Elongated Phase" of 4-D simplicial quantum gravity (Gionti, 1997). This phase is characterized by the emergence of Besicovitch (Kakeya) needle sets—fractal structures that achieve maximal directional complexity within minimal volumetric measure. We introduce the Gyrobifastigium as the fundamental space-filling unit capable of mediating the geometric friction between the periodic dodecahedral vacuum and the aperiodic Einstein Monotile global structure. Finally, we map this geometric resolution onto a 3D temporal framework ($\tau$-space), where the "Big Bang" is redefined as a retrocausal pruning process of a "Nine-Tile" super-compatible state, effectively solving the universal NP-hard tiling problem of the vacuum through informational synchronization.

Abstract: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) produces severe problems with mood regulation, relationships and impulse control, yet its molecular basis has remained unclear because early genomic screens were too small to yield stable signals. Building on the most recent meta-analysis of genome-wide association data, with a cohort with schizophrenia and bipolar cases excluded, we re-examined the data with three complementary tools: (i) MAGMA for gene-set enrichment, (ii) linkage-disequilibrium score regression for partitioned heritability and (iii) transcriptome-wide association studies for imputed brain expression. Two a priori biological themes were tested through custom gene panels: glutamatergic synaptic plasticity and complement-mediated synaptic pruning.Across all three analytic layers, glutamate-related plasticity genes showed reproducible enrichment—1.2- to 1.5-fold increases in heritability and false-discovery-rate-adjusted p values below 0.05. Directionally, risk alleles tended to raise expression of excitatory receptor subunits (for example, GRIA1, GRIN3B) while lowering expression of scaffolding or trophic genes (for example, DLG2, NGF). In contrast, pruning panels, including a refined set with glutamatergic overlap removed, displayed no comparable signal.Taken together, the findings argue against a primary role for excessive synaptic pruning in BPD and instead point to bidirectionally disrupted NMDA/AMPA-dependent plasticity within limbic–prefrontal circuits. A model centred on malleability—rather than elimination—of synapses may account for the emotional learning deficits and interpersonal hypersensitivity that typify the disorder. This framework generates testable predictions for imaging-genetics work and suggests that therapies aimed at normalizing glutamatergic plasticity could prove beneficial.

Abstract: Gravitational force is extremely important because it dominates the formation and evolution of the universe. However, its physical origin and intrinsic qualities have not been clearly understood for a long time. Certain observed phenomena, along with those newly discovered by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, cannot be well explained by existing theories. Furthermore, general relativity and quantum mechanics, which are the current mainstream theories explaining gravitational force, are incompatible with each other. This situation strongly points to the need for a better or even novel theory of gravitational force. Here, based on the classical space-time perspective, a different yet robust understanding of gravitational force is introduced. The author has realized that gravitational force originates from none other than the electric force. But it is a synthetic electric force produced by a large number of electric charges, including both of positive and negative charges, and thus shows very different characteristics from a simple electric force caused by either positive or negative charges. In any object, there are a large number of free and inducible net electric charges. Due to various macroscopic and microscopic reasons, the electric charge distribution in any object is non-uniform and directional, since in most cases, the centers of positive and negative charges of this non-uniform distribution cannot be exactly at the same point. Thus, almost any object becomes an electric dipole inherently. When an object exists independently, its dipole direction is randomly oriented, resulting in its overall electrical neutrality statistically. However, when two objects interact, their charge distributions change under the influence of the electric field generated by the opposing object's internal charges. This change intensifies through continuous interactions, eventually aligning dipole directions of two objects along a line. Furthermore, through a dynamically self-calibrating process, the directions of two objects’ dipoles can always point toward each other, regardless of whether the two objects are stationary, moving, or orbiting each other. Therefore, although the force direction of an electric dipole is anisotropic, because the dipole direction, determined by directional non-uniform charge distribution, can change dynamically and quickly, an object’s dipole can always maintain attraction to other object’s dipole, similar to an object exhibiting isotropic attraction to another object. The multiple electric dipoles, or even multiple groups of electric dipoles can mutually attract each other too, since multiple dipoles or multiple dipole groups can have a combined directional non-uniform charge distribution too. This is the true origin of gravitational force. Calculations have shown that, under certain conditions, the strength change rate of gravitational force deduced from the dipole model theory closely follows the law of inverse square of distance. This understanding can effectively explain observed phenomena, including confusing ones, such as flat galaxies, filamentary nebulae, the formation of the Solar System and the Milky Way galaxy, the unusual trajectories of ‘Oumuamua and 3I/ATLAS, as well as dark matter and dark energy. This understanding also naturally unifies gravitational and electromagnetic forces and opens a key door for the final unification of the four fundamental forces of nature.

Abstract: Background: Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is linked to increased cardio-vascular and metabolic risk due to oxidative stress (OS), endothelial dysfunction, and adverse body composition. Long-term systemic effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy remain insufficiently defined. This study assessed the impact of 24-month rhGH replacement on OS, vascular markers, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults with severe GHD. Methods: Fifteen adults with confirmed GHD received rhGH for 24 months. Serum insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1), oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), thioredoxin (Trx), 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were meas-ured at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Body composition and BMD were evaluated by DXA. Results: IGF-1 increased significantly at 12 and 24 months (p < 0.001). Ox-LDL decreased markedly (p < 0.00001), while Trx and OGG1 increased (p < 0.05). Levels of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 declined, indicating improved endothelial function. Lean body mass and BMD (lumbar spine and femoral neck) increased, whereas body fat percentage decreased. Lipid profiles were unchanged. Significant correlations were observed be-tween vascular markers and adiposity, and between BMD, triglycerides, and IGF-1. Conclusion: A 24-month rhGH therapy improves redox balance, vascular function, and body composition in adults with severe GHD, supporting the use of redox and vascular biomarkers to monitor treatment efficacy.

Abstract: We apply the mathematical framework of Painlev\'e monodromy manifolds and WKB asymptotic analysis to analyze structural dynamics of multipolar transitions, demonstrating both topological constraints and quantitative crisis prediction. The framework models major power configurations as Riemann surfaces with holes (stable centers) and bordered cusps (instability points), where confluence operations correspond to geopolitical transitions. Historical analysis reveals the interwar period (1918--1945) as a confluence cascade: PVI (post-Versailles multipolar order) $\to$ PV bifurcation (1930--1933) $\to$ P$_V^{\text{deg}}$ deceptive simplification (1933--1936) $\to$ P$_{\text{II}}^{FN}$ three-theater global war (1941--1945). The P$_V^{\text{deg}}$ path was most dangerous because apparent stability masked geometric necessity driving toward crisis multiplication. WKB analysis validates this structure: crisis frequency during both interwar and contemporary (2001--2024) periods follows predicted $f \propto 1/\sqrt{\Delta}$ scaling (with correlation factor $r = 0.89$ and $r = 0.74$ respectively), where $\Delta(t)$ measures the power gap between hegemon and challenger. The contemporary system (2024--2025) exhibits similar PV configuration. Quantitative projections indicate critical transition 2030--2033 when crisis frequency exceeds 2.5/year (terminal instability threshold), with collapse window 2032--2036 where systemic discontinuity becomes likely (probability $>$70\% based on interwar precedent). Three trajectories remain accessible: (1) PIII managed regional competition (geometrically stable but low probability 15--25\%), (2) P$_V^{\text{deg}}$ apparent simplification leading to P$_{\text{II}}^{FN}$ within 5--10 years (moderate-high probability 40--50\%), or (3) PIV immediate escalation (moderate probability 25--35\%). Policy implications: (1) pursue PIII sphere-of-influence arrangements during 2024--2030 window, (2) recognize P$_V^{\text{deg}}$ as unstable trap not strategic success, (3) prepare comprehensively for P$_{\text{II}}^{FN}$ three-theater crisis if cascade unavoidable, and (4) implement real-time monitoring of power gap $\Delta(t)$ and crisis frequency $f(t)$ with defined decision triggers. The framework provides quantitative early warning (6--10 years advance notice) unavailable in traditional geopolitical forecasting, enabling continuous validation and strategic adjustment.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a Garmin wrist-based device for estimating heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count during incremental treadmill exercise in college-aged individuals. Eighteen males and females (mean ± SD age = 23.2 ± 4.9 years) volunteered to complete an incremental treadmill test with the Garmin Vivoactive 4 device and criterion methods (electrocardiogram, indirect calorimetry, and video recording) measuring heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE), simple linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess accuracy. Acceptable accuracy was defined as MAPE < 5% for heart rate and < 10% for energy expenditure and step count. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. The MAPE (±SD) values were 13.0 (±10.1), 19.1 (±15.0), and 4.6 (±5.3)% for heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count, respectively. The Bland-Altman regression analyses illustrated proportional bias was present for estimations of heart rate (r = 0.591, p < 0.001) and step count (r = 0.516, p = 0.028), but not energy expenditure (r = 0.351, p = 0.153). These findings indicated that the Garmin Vivoactive 4 provided acceptable accuracy metrics for step count, but not heart rate or energy expenditure.

Abstract: Background: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and are now recognized as central players in tumorigenesis, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Their remarkable stability in body fluids and close integration with oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways have positioned miRNAs as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers across diverse cancers. However, the dual and context-dependent nature of many miRNAs, together with methodological heterogeneity, complicates their translation into routine clinical practice.Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from 1993 to June 2025 to identify peer-reviewed studies evaluating miRNAs in human cancers. Articles were included if they investigated miRNAs in relation to cancer biology, biomarker potential (diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive), metastasis and EMT, the tumor microenvironment, or therapeutic modulation. Mechanistic, translational, and clinical studies were all considered. Data were extracted on cancer type, sample source, miRNAs studied, assay methods, clinical associations, and functional validation. Due to heterogeneity in design and reporting, a narrative thematic synthesis was undertaken rather than meta-analysis.Results: Evidence across multiple malignancies shows that specific miRNAs function as oncomiRs, promoting proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis (for example, miR-21, miR-155, miR-10b, and the miR-17-92 cluster), while others act as tumor-suppressor miRNAs, constraining oncogenic signalling, cell-cycle progression, and metastatic spread (for example, miR-34a, miR-126, miR-145, miR-124, miR-15a/16-1, and the miR-200 family). Distinct expression signatures have been associated with early-stage disease, advanced stage, and metastatic patterns in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Circulating and exosomal miRNAs show high stability and have demonstrated potential for non-invasive cancer detection, risk stratification, and monitoring of treatment response. Several miRNAs correlate with survival outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy, targeted agents, and immunotherapies. Preclinical models support miRNA-based therapies, including mimics to restore tumor-suppressor miRNAs and inhibitors (antagomirs) to silence oncomiRs, with emerging delivery platforms such as nanoparticles and engineered exosomes.Conclusion: microRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as integrative cancer biomarkers that reflect underlying genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental complexity. Current evidence indicates their potential to improve early detection, refine prognostic stratification, and inform therapeutic decision-making. However, heterogeneity in analytical methods, reference standards, and study design, together with the dual and context-dependent functions of individual miRNAs, limits comparability and hinders routine clinical adoption. Progress will depend on rigorous assay standardization, harmonized reporting, and validation of candidate miRNAs and panels in large, prospective, multi-centre cohorts. Integrating miRNA profiles with other molecular and clinical data, and advancing safe, effective miRNA-based therapeutics, will be essential to translate this promising biomarker class into tangible benefits for patients.

Abstract: The Earth flyby anomaly—a small, unexplained residual in spacecraft velocity—remains a persistent challenge in astrodynamics. While the empirical Anderson relation captures the general trend of reported anomalies, it does not account for the suppressed or near-null results observed in several later flybys. Here we construct a geometry-aware, Earth-fixed coupling proxy based on distance-weighted surface visibility over a land-sea distribution mask. We identify a robust sign structure across the primary flyby set that remains stable under variations in weighting choice and integration window. The results indicate that Earth-fixed asymmetry acts as a modulation of the Anderson prediction rather than as an independent force, offering a potential pathway for reconciling discrepancies in anomaly magnitude.

Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, notifiable emerging arthropod-borne disease with epidemic and zoonotic potential. It poses a significant threat to public health, livestock, and food security in some African countries, including Nigeria. A phlebovirus causes RVF, a large group of RNA viruses of the family Bunyaviridae with potential for international spread and bioterrorism. RVF virus can infect several domestic and wild animals as well as humans. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood or body fluids, animal tissue, infected mosquito bites, etc. In humans, RVF is mostly associated with mild flu-like symptoms, which may develop into severe symptoms including encephalitis, hepatic disease, and hemorrhagic fever, while in animals, it causes high rates of abortion and perinatal mortality. Limited information is available in Nigeria on RVF. To gain a better understanding of the infection in livestock, we screened 368 sera collected at slaughter from cattle (n = 184) and camels (n = 184) at Kano abattoir between May and June 2022 for RVF virus antibodies. The sera were analysed using a commercial ELISA kit. Among the samples examined, female animals constituted the largest at 69.02% (254/368), compared to males at 30.97% (114/368). An overall seropositivity rate of 8.15% (30/368, CI: 5.67-11.29) was recorded. The seropositivity was higher in cattle, 8.69% (16/184, CI: 5.233-13.45), than in camels, 7.60% (14/184, CI: 4.396-12.15). Based on sex, seropositivity was slightly higher in female animals, at 8.27% (21/254, CI: 5.33-12.15), compared to males, at 7.89% (9/114, CI: 3.19-13.99). Our findings revealed that cattle and dromedary camels presented for slaughter in the Kano abattoir, northern Nigeria, have evidence of exposure to RVF virus. This may be a potential risk to humans working at the abattoir and other animal populations. A One-Health investigation is recommended to understand the risk factors, associated vectors, and human exposure to the virus to mitigate the health and socioeconomic threats posed by RVF in the region.

Abstract: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for localized prostate cancer delivers high doses per fraction, making dose constraints to the rectum and other organs at risk critical during treatment planning. This study evaluated the association between prostate-rectum separation achieved with a biodegradable balloon rectal spacer at different anatomical levels and corresponding organ-at-risk dose patterns. Thirty-three patients underwent transperineal balloon spacer implantation followed by SBRT to 36.25 Gy in five fractions. Prostate-rectum separation at the apex, midgland, and base was measured on CT and/or MRI and categorized as < 10 mm, 10-14 mm, or ≥14 mm. Rectal dose-volume parameters and mean doses to the rectum, bladder, and penile bulb were assessed using linear regression analyses and group comparisons at 14 mm separation. Mean prostate-rectum separation was 16.6 mm overall, with minimal high-dose rectal exposure observed. Increasing separation was associated with reduced rectal dose-volume parameters at the apex and midgland, while greater base separation corresponded primarily to lower bladder mean dose. Increased apical separation was also associated with reduced penile bulb mean dose. No acute gastrointestinal toxicity was observed, and genitourinary toxicity was limited to low-grade events. These findings indicate that prostate-rectum separation varies by anatomical level and is associated with distinct organ-at-risk dose relationships in prostate SBRT.

Abstract: Splicing defects represent a significant class of human genetic disorders, yet strategies to directly correct aberrant splice-site recognition remain limited. The small nuclear RNA U1 plays a critical role in pre-messenger RNA splicing by base-pairing with the conserved 5′ splice-site ‘GU’ dinucleotide. Disruption of this interaction can lead to abnormal splicing or frameshift mutations, contributing to disease pathology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transport small, essential molecules to a cell for therapeutic applications. Thus, EVs were transfected with a U1 small nuclear RNA expression construct, resulting in approximately 120 nm diameter vesicles whose identity and purity were confirmed by the expression of several exosomal markers. When applied to HeLa cells expressing a β-globin minigene bearing a β-thalassaemia-like 5′ splice-site mutation, U1-enriched EVs corrected up to sixty percent of normal exon–intron junction recognition in a dose-dependent manner. Recovery was abolished by heat or RNase treatment, confirming that intact vesicular RNA cargo was essential for activity. These findings provide the first demonstration that EVs can transport spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs capable of reconstituting splice-site recognition in recipient cells and introduce a new class of RNA-based therapeutics that exploit the natural cargo-shuttling capacity of EVs to correct splicing defects associated with genetic disease.

Abstract: Background: Dementia and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent two of the most pressing global public health challenges of our time, both exacerbated by physical inactivity. These conditions disproportionately affect Global Majority populations, who experience earlier onset, higher prevalence, and poorer access to culturally appropriate preventive care. However, conventional research and interventions often overlook the sociocultural and structural factors that underpin this disparity. This study synthesises current evidence to understand how these three conditions intersect and to identify equitable pathways for prevention and support. Methods: A meta-narrative review approach was employed, guided by the framework of Greenhalgh et al. (2005), to integrate evidence from diverse research traditions. Databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched. Five meta-narratives were identified: biomedical and epidemiological, public health, health disparities, sociocultural and behavioural, and intervention science. Cross-narrative synthesis produced a conceptual framework linking upstream determinants, lifestyle factors, and disease outcomes. Results: The review revealed that structural inequities such as deprivation, environmental barriers and sociocultural factors including stigma, gendered norms, limited access to culturally appropriate facilities that restrict physical activity (PA) opportunities within Global Majority communities. These constraints elevate T2D and dementia risk through biological pathways involving insulin resistance, vascular injury, and neuroinflammation. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) interventions particularly those delivered in trusted cultural, or faith settings emerged as effective strategies to improve PA, glycaemic control, and cognitive wellbeing. Conclusion: This synthesis reframes dementia and diabetes as interlinked within a wider syndemic driven by structural and sociocultural inequities. The proposed framework underscores the importance of culturally grounded, community-led approaches to promote brain health, reduce risk, and achieve equitable healthy ageing among Global Majority populations.

Abstract:

The article presents a technology for the physical recycling of printed circuit boards (PCBs) that is consistent with the principles of circular economy and sustainable production. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for PCB recycling using shredding, grinding and physical and physicochemical processes such as electrostatic separation, gravity separation and flotation for the separation of metals and plastics. On the basis of this assessment and the selectivity criterion, electrostatic separation was found to be the best separation method used after shredding and cryogenic grinding. Furthermore, the financial potential of recycling and other benefits that recycling can bring to the economics of the business and to the protection of the environment were presented. The possibility of using non-metallic fraction (plastic) generated during the recycling as an additive in the production of composite materials was assessed. The functional properties of the composite were assessed (static tensile, hardness, pin-on-disc, and Schopper-Schlobach abrasion tests), as well as the ecotoxicity of the powder added to polymeric materials such as polyester and epoxy resins, and silicone, used in the production of consumer goods.

Abstract: For years the “Sage-on-the-Stage,” characterized by teacher-cantered lectures and passive students listening, has been the dominant form in education. In contrast, the constructivist ideal of the "Guide-on-the-Side," who is a facilitator rather than an instructor in active student-learning, has been challenged by pragmatic and scalability issues. This paper argues that educational technology (EdTech) is the key enabler for the transformation of this pedagogical logic into systemic practice. We show how certain EdTech features are changing the teacher’s role and what happens in the classroom. We explore four enabling transformative processes linked with EdTech: (1) the mechanisms through which basic knowledge acquisition is automated (e.g. flipped learning); (2) personalized, adaptive learning options; (3) collaborative learning through digital learning networks; and (4) real-time, user-cantered information for educators. Together these are driving three evident changes: the reconfiguration of physical classrooms into flexible learning spaces, the shifting teacher expertise that aligns more with guidance and data-driven coaching, and a notable increase in student agency. This “silent revolution” demonstrates that the definitive contribution of EdTech is not in digitizing traditional pedagogy, but in humanizing pedagogy – technology, by automating their mass and scale tasks, releases educators to engage in their deeply human work of crafting meaningful learning experiences and mentoring students in ways that help identify each students’ own potential.

Abstract: IQSEC2 (IQ motif and SEC7 domain-containing protein 2) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and synaptic dysfunction. No targeted pharmacological treatments are currently available. IQSEC2 functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) regulating ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), particularly ARF6, a key regulator of synaptic vesicle trafficking and neuronal signaling. In this study, we performed in silico molecular docking to evaluate the binding potential of two natural compounds, Polydatin and Amentoflavone, against ARF isoforms (ARF1–ARF6), IQSEC2, IQSEC1, and Ras-related Rab/Ras GTPases. Polydatin demonstrated strong binding affinity to ARF6 (−9.1 kcal/mol) and favorable interactions with IQSEC2 (−7.6 kcal/mol) and IQSEC1 (−7.6 kcal/mol). Amentoflavone exhibited even stronger binding to multiple ARFs and IQSEC proteins, with particularly high affinity for ARF3 (−9.7 kcal/mol) and IQSEC2 (−9.5 kcal/mol). Polydatin also showed significant interactions with Rab and Ras family proteins, including Rab-4A, Rab-5A, Rab-6B, Rab-18, Rab-31, and HRas (−9.6 to −10.5 kcal/mol), suggesting network-level modulation.These findings indicate that both Polydatin and Amentoflavone are computationally plausible probes for experimental studies on IQSEC2 dysfunction, with potential to modulate the IQSEC2–ARF6 axis and associated GTPase signaling. These results remain predictive and require in vitro and in vivo validation, but they provide a strong rationale for prioritizing these natural compounds in IQSEC2-related research. Future studies should include cell-based ARF6/IQSEC2 assays.

Abstract: Neural machine translation (NMT) has revolutionized the field of natural language processing by enabling high-quality automatic translation between languages using deep neural networks. This comprehensive survey examines the evolution of machine translation from statistical methods to modern neural approaches, with particular emphasis on the transformer architecture and its variants that have dominated the field since 2017. We systematically review the fundamental architectures including encoder-decoder models, attention mechanisms, and transformer-based systems, analyzing their theoretical foundations and practical implementations. The survey explores critical challenges in multilingual NLP including low-resource translation, zero-shot learning, cross-lingual transfer, and multimodal translation. We investigate recent advances in massively multilingual models, examining architectures that can translate between hundreds of language pairs within a single model. Furthermore, we discuss the emergence of large language models in translation tasks, analyzing their capabilities and limitations compared to dedicated translation systems. The paper also addresses practical considerations including evaluation metrics, data augmentation techniques, and deployment strategies for production systems. We provide insights into current research trends including document-level translation, simultaneous translation, and neural translation with external knowledge. By synthesizing research from over 100 papers, this survey offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidance for researchers and practitioners working in neural machine translation and multilingual natural language processing.

Abstract: This study seeks to establish how financial leverage mediates the relationship between corporate governance and firm financial performance of 58 carbon-intensive firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange for a period 2015-2023. The research employed a two-step system generalized method of moments to address endogeneity issues. The study indicates that leverage negatively impacts firm financial performance; but leverage does not mediate the relationship between corporate governance and firm financial performance in carbon-intensive firms. The results of the study also reveal that board remuneration negatively influences firm financial performance, yet board independence shows insignificant impact on firm performance. These results underscore the need for carbon-intensive companies to reassess their remuneration policies to ensure alignment with short-term financial benefits and long-term sustainability initiatives. The findings also suggest that sustainability projects financed predominantly by debts may negatively impact short- firm financial performance, indicating the importance of balanced capital structure during the decarbonisation process.

Abstract:

Background: The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is estimated at approximately 3% in Korea, and it is also accompanied by extra-hepatic manifestations as well as chronic hepatitis. Of these, HBV glomerulonephritis occurs due to the immune complex deposit; it is a serious condition that may cause renal failure. Methods: We analyzed the data obtained from adults aged 19 years or older who participated in the KNHANES V-2 and 3 (2011 and 2012) and VI-1 and 2 (2013 and 2014), for which we estimated the prevalence of HBV infection and compared albuminuria and spot urine ACR between the HBV infection group and the control group. Results: A total of 20,024 subjects were enrolled in the current study. The prevalence of HBV infection was 3.8%. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of albuminuria (5.6±1.0 % vs. 6.9±0.2 %, respectively) (P=0.233) and spot urine ACR (22.23±8.95 vs. 17.87±1.05 mcg/mg, respectively) (P=0.629) between the HBV infection group and the control group. In addition, according to a subgroup analysis, there was also no significant difference in the prevalence of albuminuria between the HBV infection group, accompanied by chronic diseases such as HTN, DM, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia, and the control group. Conclusions: Based on our results, it can be concluded that only a regular follow-up rather than a meticulous monitoring of microalbuminuria would be sufficient in the subjects with HBV infection.

Abstract: An up-to-date catalog of resident space objects orbiting Earth is essential for effective space environment management, which requires the orbital propagation of tens of thousands of objects. Although ephemeris data are publicly accessible through catalogs such as NORAD, other organizations generate independent datasets based on their own observations. Due to the large number of objects, orbit propagators have become indispensable tools that must balance accuracy with computational efficiency. High-fidelity numerical propagators provide accurate results at the expense of computational intensity, whereas analytical models, such as SGP4, offer greater efficiency at the expense of neglecting certain dynamical effects. Hybrid orbit propagators have been proposed as an alternative by combining classical propagators to integrate the deterministic motion with machine learning or statistical time-series techniques to predict unmodeled effects and address intrinsic uncertainties. This work presents a hybrid version of the SGP4 propagator, particularly fitted for Galileo-type orbits. HSGP4 employs machine learning techniques and operates with a Hybrid Two-Line Element set (HTLE), which extends the classical TLE by including model parameters. The propagation process integrates standard SGP4 outputs with a forecast of SGP4 error, yielding more accurate ephemerides while maintaining its computational efficiency.