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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0268.v1

Analysis of the Sediment Dredging Activities of the PB Soedirman Banjarnegara Hydroelectric Reservoir Based on a Technical and Economic Points of View

Gentur Waluyo, Januar Aziz Zaenurrohman, Agatha Sih Piranti, FX Anjar Tri Laksono

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: dredging; sedimentation; PB Soedirman Hydroelectric reservoir; Banjarnegara; Indonesia

Online: 15 August 2022 (15:40:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0221.v1

TSR Action and Genesis Mechanism of Antimony Deposit: Evidence From Aromatic Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Bitumen in Paleo-Oil Reservoir Near Qinglong Ore Field, Southwestern Guizhou Depression, China

Yong Cheng, Yuzhao Hu, Saihua Xu, Di Wang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: palaeo-oil reservoir; aromatic hydrocarbons; thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR); Qinglong antimony deposit; Nanpanjiang basin

Online: 11 August 2022 (11:53:43 CEST)

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In Qinglong ore field, paleo-oil reservoir is found to be associated with antimony deposits, and they have close genetic relationship. In this study, aromatics geochemistry of paleo-oil reservoir bitumen was studied to further discuss the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reaction and the mechanism of antimony mineralization. A total of 124 aromatic compounds were identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis in bitumen samples, including abundant phenanthrene series, dibenzothiophene series, fluoranthene series, chrysene series, and a small number of fluorene series, naphthalene series, dibenzofuran series, biphenyl series, triaromatic steroid series. Aromatic parameters such as trimethylnaphthalene index (TMNr), methylphenanthrene index (MPI), methylphenanthrene distribution fraction (MPDF, F1 and F2), methyldibenzothiophene parameter (MDR), C28TAS-20S/(20R+20S), and benzofluoranthene/benzo[e]pyrene indicate Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir is in over maturity level. The abundance of phenanthrene and chrysene aromatic compounds and a small amount of naphthalene series, benzofluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, retene, perylene and biphenyl suggest that the parent material of the paleo-oil reservoir was mainly low aquatic organisms, mixed with a small amount of higher plant. The detected a certain number of compounds, such as retene, triaromatic steroid series and perylene, the ternary diagram of DBF–DBT–F and binary plot of Pr/Ph–DBT/P, DBT/(F+DBT)–DBF/(F+DBF) and Pr/Ph–DBT/DBF reveal that the source rock of the paleo-oil reservoir was formed in the marine environment of weak oxidation and weak reduction. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir originated from Devonian source rocks, just like other paleo-oil reservoirs and natural gas reservoirs in the Nanpanjiang basin. Abundant dibenzothiophene series were detected, indicating that the paleo-oil reservoir underwent a certain degree of TSR reaction. We believe that the paleo-gas reservoir formed by the evolution of paleo-oil reservoir participated in antimony mineralization, that is, hydrocarbon organic matter acted as reducing agent and transformed SO42− in oilfield brine into H2S through TSR, providing reduced sulfur and creating environmental conditions for mineralization.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0218.v1

A Hydrocarbon Resource Plays in Southern Pakistan´s Indus Basin

Yasir Shahzad, Rui Pena dos Reis, Maria Helena Henriques

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Deccan basalts; Indus Basin (Pakistan); Seismic interpretation; Hydrocarbon potential

Online: 14 July 2022 (11:43:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0106.v1

Seepage Characteristics Study of Single Rough Fracture Based on Numerical Simulation

Shidong Wang, Qing Zhang, Li Zhao, Yi Jin, Jiazhong Qian

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: seepage characteristics; single fracture; roughness; numerical simulation; Fluent

Online: 9 May 2022 (06:13:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0215.v1

Calculation of Water-Flooded Layers Oil Saturation Based on Modified Archie model

Weilong Wang, Bei Liu, Guinan Zhen, Jiamin Qin, Qi Li, Xiaodong Zhao

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Modified Archie model; Water-flooded layers; Oil saturation; “Double ratio” model; the same sedimentary layer

Online: 15 March 2022 (12:38:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0173.v1

Estimation of In-Situ Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity from Undisturbed Ground Temperature Profile Measured in Ground Heat Exchangers.

Claude Hugo K. Pambou, Jasmin Raymond, Mafalda M. Miranda, Nicolò Giordano

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: heat conduction; thermal properties; geothermal heat pump; damping depth

Online: 14 March 2022 (03:34:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0142.v1

The Ulug-Sair Gold-Bismuth Ore Occurrence (Western Tuva, Russia): PT Parameters, The Composition of Fluids, and Isotopy of S and O

Renat Vasilievich Kuzhuget, Natalia Nikolaevna Ankusheva, Andrey Aleksandrovich Mongush, Yury Vladimirovich Butanaev, Nadezhda V. Suge-Maadyr

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: gold; fluid inclusions; quartz; stable isotopes; gold deposits; Western Tuva

Online: 10 March 2022 (09:26:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0017.v1

Initiation of a “Lost” Large River on the East Asia Margin in the Middle Eocene

Xiaowei Fu, Rong Yang, Weilin Zhu, Shouye Yang, Jianhua Geng, Luyao Zhang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: East Asia; Detrital zircon; Large River; Rift Basin

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:07:26 CET)

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The forming of large rivers are the integral consequences of the deep earth process and the surface. In contrast to the hot topics for rivers related to orogenic domains, rift-related large rivers are largely ignored especially in deep time studies. The Cenozoic East Asia margin provides very good opportunity to observe this kind of rivers. It has been believed that basin-and-swell physiography dominated the East Asia margin and impeded the forming of large rives in the early Cenozoic. In this paper, we combined provenance analysis of East China Sea Basin, where is a crucial place to trace the river evolution in East Asia margin, and regional geologic constraints to reveal drainage reorganizations. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Early Eocene sediments of the East China Sea Basin are firstly reported. Our results together with literature data demonstrate that regional provenance changes occurred at the middle Eocene from one singe age peak at ~110 Ma of proximal sources to multiple age spectrum derived from far inland. Source to sink analysis indicated that the North China Block and Korea Peninsular provided the most detritus. Sedimentation and tectonic features of rift basins in the potential source areas indicated that rivers flowed into Bohai Basin and Jianghan Basin cannot provide terrigenous clasts for the lower reaches in the Eocene. Contrastingly, the dominantly fluvial sediments across the Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin suggested external river system and a bypassing region since the middle Eocene, coinciding with provenance change in ECSB. All these demonstrated that a large river (East Asia River) established in east Asia margin in the middle Eocene and flowed southwestward approximately 1500km to the sea in southern ECSB. This river might last to the middle Miocene. The deep earth processes driven by Izanagi-Pacific ridge subduction resulted in the overfilled stage of Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin and the post-rift subsidence in west depression of ECSB, and thus facilitated the initiation of the EAR. Our finding shed new light on the evolving landscape in East Asia and showed how subduction of deep earth process controlled the initiation of rift-related large rivers.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0188.v1

Multi-Parameters Protocol for Geocryological Test Site: A case Study Applied in European North of Russia

Vladislav Isaev, Arata Kioka, Pavel Kotov, Dmitrii O. Sergeev, Alexandra Uvarova, Andrey Koshurnikov, Oleg Komarov

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: ground temperature; monitoring; permafrost degradation; climate change; Arctic coastline; tundra area

Online: 15 February 2022 (11:21:39 CET)

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An increase in air temperature leads to a significant transformation of the relief and landscapes of the Arctic. The rate of permafrost degradation, posing a profound change in the Arctic landscape, depends on air temperature, vegetation cover, type of soils, surface and ground waters. The existing international circumpolar programs dedicated to monitoring the temperature state of permafrost TSP (Thermal State Permafrost) and active layer thickness CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring) are not sufficient for a comprehensive characterization of geocryological conditions. Yet, no standardized protocol exists for permafrost monitoring and related processes. Here, we propose a novel multi-parameter monitoring protocol and implement for two sites in the European part of the Russian Arctic: the Yary site along the coast of the Baydaratskaya Bay in the Kara Sea (68.9°N) within the continuous permafrost area and the Hanovey site in the Komi Re-public (67.3°N) within the discontinuous permafrost one. The protocol includes drilling boreholes, determining the composition and properties (vegetation cover and soils), snow cover measure-ment, geophysical imaging, active layer estimation and continuous ground temperature meas-urements. Ground temperature measured in 2014 – 2020 revealed that amplitudes of surface tem-perature fluctuation had no significant difference between the Yary and Hanovey sites, while that the mean annual temperatures between the areas had a considerable difference of greater than 3.0 °C. The period of the presence of the active layer changed with the year (e.g., ranging between 135 and 174 days in the Yary site), showing longer when the air temperatures in summer and the preceding winter were higher. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) allowed determining the permafrost distribution and active layer thicknesses. Thermometry results were consistent with our geophysical data. Analyzing the composition and properties of frozen soils helped better interpret the data of geophysical and temperature measurements. Our work by integrating the study of the soil properties, ground temperatures, and ERT allowed fully characterize these sites, suggesting that it helps better understand the thermal state in any other research sites in the European north of Russia. Our suggested monitoring protocol enables calibrating and verifying the numerical and analytical models of the heat transfer through the earth’s surface.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0454.v1

Sinkhole Flooding and Aquifer Recharge in Arid to Dry Sub-Humid Regions: A Systematic Review

Marco Delle Rose

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: karst hydrology; closed karst basin; sinkhole discharge capacity; basin water storage; water resource planning

Online: 28 December 2021 (15:05:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0197.v1

Zircon (U-Th)/He Closure Temperature Lower than Apatite Ther-Mochronometric Systems: Reconciliation of a Paradox

Benjamin Gilles Gérard, Xavier Robert, Cécile Gautheron, Djordje Grujic, Laurence Audin, Matthias Bernet, Mélanie Balvay

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Zircon thermochronometry; α-dose; (U-Th)/He; Andes; Machu Picchu

Online: 13 December 2021 (12:33:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0015.v1

Combined Zonation of the African-Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and Geophysical-Geodynamical Data

Lev V. Eppelbaum, Youri Katz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Hydrospheric events; tectonic-geodynamic zonation; paleogeographic reconstructions; ancient man migration; Levantine Corridor; paleomagnetic correlation; deep geodynamic factors

Online: 1 December 2021 (13:06:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0477.v1

Provenance Analysis and Structural Study of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit Rocks from Iraklia Island: From the Paleozoic Basement Unroofing to the Cenozoic Exhumation

Sofia Laskari, Konstantinos Soukis, Stylianos Lozios, Daniel F. Stockli, Eirini M. Poulaki, Christina Stouraiti

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Cycladic Blueschist Unit; detrital zircon U-Pb dating; central Cyclades; Provenance

Online: 25 November 2021 (13:27:50 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0373.v1

Geoscience Fieldwork in the Age of Covid-19 and Beyond: Commentary on the Development of a Virtual Geological Field Trip to Whitefish Falls, Ontario, Canada

Alexander L. Peace, Jeremy J. Gabriel, Carolyn Eyles

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: geological fieldwork; virtual field trips; geoscience education

Online: 20 November 2021 (20:19:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0104.v1

The Effect of Rainfall, Soil Type and Slope on the Processes and Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Yan Liu, Zhiyuan Deng, Xiekang Wang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: landslides; artificial rainfall; grain size; rainfall pattern; pore water pressure

Online: 4 November 2021 (16:15:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0046.v1

Geochemical Insights From Clinopyroxene Phenocrysts Into the Magma Evolution of an Alkaline Magmatic System From the Sanshui Basin, South China

Peijia Chen, Nianqiao Fang, Xiaobo Yuan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Sanshui Basin; Clinopyroxene phenocryst; Thermobarometry; Magma mixing; Fractional crystallization

Online: 2 November 2021 (11:11:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0233.v1

Twenty-five Years of Geomorphological Evolution in the Gokurakudani Gully (Unzen Volcano): Topography, Subsurface Geophysics and Sediment Analysis

Christopher Gomez, Yoshinori Shinohara, Haruka Tsunetaka, Norifumi Hotta, Balazs Bradak, Yuichi Sakai

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Unzen Volcano; Lahars; Erosion; Entropy; LiDAR; Photogrammetry; GPR

Online: 14 September 2021 (10:37:56 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

MzS Tools: GIS Methods and Tools for Seismic Microzonation Mapping

Giuseppe Cosentino, Francesco Pennica, Emanuele Tarquini, Giuseppe Cavuoto, Francesco Stigliano

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Python; QGIS plugin; geodatabase; Seismic microzonation; SpatiaLite.

Online: 7 September 2021 (11:53:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0079.v1

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Temporal and Spatial Variation for the Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Ganga Alluvial Plain for an Agricultural Region, India

Salman Ahmed, Mohmmad Mulhim, Fazil Qureshi, Sanjay Kumar Kohli, Athar Hussain, Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan, Hafzan Eva Mansor, Elvaene James

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Groundwater quality; Shallow aquifers; agronomics; geospatial techniques; Aligarh

Online: 6 September 2021 (07:57:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0502.v1

MzS Tools: GIS Methods and Tools for Seismic Microzonation Mapping

Giuseppe Cosentino, Francesco Pennica, Emanuele Tarquini, Giuseppe Cavuoto, Francesco Stigliano

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Geological surveys; Field mapping; Python; QGIS plugin; RDBMS; Seismic microzonation; SQLite-SpatiaLite Database.

Online: 26 August 2021 (09:54:56 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Glaciation of the Blanca Massif, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colorado, during the Last Glacial Maximum: Implications for Climate

Keith A. Brugger, Eric M. Leonard, Kurt A. Refsnider, Peter Dolan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Last Glacial Maximum; paleoclimate; temperature-index model; Blanca Massif; Sangre de Cristo Mountains; Colorado

Online: 11 June 2021 (15:02:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0374.v1

Change Mechanism of Strength of Soil-rock Mixture Freezing-thawing Interface under Different Rock

Li Gang, Huang Tao, Li Zhen, Bai Miaomaio

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: soil–rock mixture, freezing–thawing interface, shear strength, shear failure surface, particle calculation model

Online: 17 May 2021 (09:34:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0406.v1

Stabilization methodology in foundation soils by ERT-3D. Application in Estepona, South Spain.

Alfonso Gutiérrez-Martín, José I. Yenes, Marta Fernández-Hernández, Ricardo Castedo

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Electric tomography; three-dimensional; electrodes; seat control; foundations; stabilization methodology.

Online: 15 April 2021 (10:50:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0385.v1

Apatite Composition and U-Pb Geochronology from the Ptarmigan and Tom Deposits, NWT Canada; Implications for Petrogenesis

Mark W. Richardson, Christopher R.M. McFarlane, David R. Lentz, Hendrik Falck

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: apatite; rare earth elements; hydrothermal fluids; Ptarmigan Mine

Online: 15 March 2021 (13:40:19 CET)

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The Ptarmigan and Tom mesothermal gold deposits are located 10 km to the northeast of the city of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories in northern Canada. Both gold deposits comprise a series of en echelon veins that are hosted within upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies ~2630 Ma (peak) rocks. Supracrustal units across the craton are intruded by the ca. 2610–2605-Ma granodiorite, tonalite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and affiliated rocks of the Concession Suite. Hydrothermal apatite is a common accessory mineral in both mineralized and non-mineralized quartz veins in the metasedimentary host rocks that constitute the Ptarmigan and Tom deposits. This study characterizes and compares turbidite-hosted hydrothermal apatite from the Ptarmigan and Tom deposits, non-mineralized veins adjacent to the ore body, and magmatic apatite from proximal LCT-pegmatites. Using electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), micro-XRF, and cathodoluminescence (CL), the major, minor, and trace element abundances have been quantified and mapped. In addition to utilizing this data to determine if the chemistry of apatite can be used to constrain the source of hydrothermal fluids, the apparent age of the apatite is also evaluated utilizing in situ U-Pb dating. The distribution and abundance of major, minor, and trace elements from in situ recovered apatite were studied to characterize the nature of mineralizing ﬂuids. Most apatite from mineralized and non-mineralized veins show different Mn, Sr, and Pb contents, as well as chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) and Y abundance patterns. REEs display five unique chondrite-normalized patterns: (1) negative sloped pattern with slight negative Eu anomaly, (2) a flat pattern with a positive Eu anomaly, (3) a positive slope with a negative Eu anomaly, (iv) light rare earth element (LREE) depleted pattern with positive Eu anomaly, and (v) bell-shaped pattern with a negative Eu anomaly. The REE patterns reflect both the source of the auriferous hydrothermal fluids and, perhaps, co-precipitating mineral phases. Apatite from the Ptarmigan vein occurs with both: (1) a flat pattern with a positive Eu anomaly and (2) bell-shaped pattern with a negative Eu anomaly. The bell-shaped and flat patterns typify orogenic gold deposits. Vein-hosted apatite commonly displays compositional zoning with a characteristic yellow cathodoluminescence (CL) emission spectra with darker cores and brighter rims. The cores have lower REE, whereas the rims are notably higher in REE. It is thought that the darker cores in CL images reflect a transition from an early low REE hydrothermal fluid to one enriched in REE. The hydrothermal apatite age of 2585 ± 15 Ma is consistent with the intrusions of the 2605 and 2590 Ma two-mica granites of the Prosperous Suite and associated LCT pegmatites.

Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0444.v1

Analysis of Ocean Bottom Pressure Anomalies and Seismic Activities in MedRidge Zone

Senol Hakan Kutoglu, Kazimierz Becek

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: GRACE; Ocean Bottom Pressure; Earthquakes; Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex.

Online: 22 January 2021 (12:15:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0299.v1

Shale Compaction Kinetics

James Smith, Edward Smith-Rowland

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: shale compaction, kinetics, activation energy, pore interfaces, grain interfaces, fractals

Online: 14 October 2020 (10:47:42 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Allanites in the Sin Quyen IOCG deposit, North Vietnam

Chau Nguyen Dinh, Jadwiga Pieczonka, Adam Piestrzynski, Phon Le Khanh, Hao Duong Van

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: allanite; REE; ore minerals; IOCG deposit; North Vietnam

Online: 18 September 2020 (11:30:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0366.v1

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Fluid Flow Simulation for the Quantitative Description of Permeability Anisotropy in Tidal Flat Carbonate

Hassan A. Eltom, Nabil A. Saraih, Oliver G. Esteva, Lundi Kusuma, Saleh Ahmed, Mohamed A. Yassin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: outcrop reservoir analog; tidal flat; reservoir performance; future drilling; reservoir quality prediction

Online: 16 September 2020 (12:56:56 CEST)

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Three-dimensional (3D) facies and petrophysical models were generated from previously published data of carbonate strata in the Dam Formation (eastern Saudi Arabia) to quantitatively investigate, describe, understand, model, and predict the permeability anisotropy of tidal flat carbonate within a sequence stratigraphic framework. The resulting 3D models were used to conduct fluid flow simulations to demonstrate how permeability anisotropy influences the production of hydrocarbons and ultimately affects decisions concerning future drilling in the exploration and development of carbonate reservoirs that have tidal flat strata. The constructed 3D facies model consists of four lithofacies associations, two of which were grain-dominated associations and two of which were mud-dominated associations. These lithofacies associations varied spatially in four reservoir zones (zones 1 to 4), which represent two fourth-order sequences in the uppermost part of the Dam Formation. Zones 1 and 3 consist of transgressive parasequences, and zones 2 and 4 consist of the regressive parasequences of these sequences. The 3D porosity and permeability models have a coherent match with the distribution of the lithofacies and the stratigraphic framework of the Dam Formation. The results suggested that the permeability anisotropy in zones 1 and 3 is controlled by the occurrence of the grain-dominated lithofacies associated with tidal flat channels. This lithofacies association overlies the sequence boundaries of sequences 1 and 3, forms reservoir bodies with relatively high permeability values, and is elongated perpendicular to the shoreline of the depositional environments. In contrast, permeability anisotropy in zones 2 and 4 is thought to be controlled by the occurrence of the grain-dominated lithofacies associated with the oolitic shoal. This lithofacies association overlies the maximum flooding surface of sequences 2 and 4, forms reservoir bodies with relatively high permeability values, and is elongated parallel to the shoreline of the depositional environments. Fluid flow simulation results suggested that the trend in hydrocarbon production from the constructed 3D models depends on permeability anisotropy in each reservoir zone. Thus, recognizing trends in permeability anisotropy, which might be predicted using sequences stratigraphy, could help to identify potential areas for future drilling.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0170.v1

Significance and Distribution of Apatite in the Doig Phosphate Zone

Pablo Lacerda Silva, R. Marc Bustin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Doig Phosphate Zone; phosphorite; apatite; coated grains

Online: 8 September 2020 (04:54:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0025.v1

Edifice of Fluvial Terrace Flights, Stacks and Rows

Wolfgang Schirmer

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: river terrace; flument (terrace body), terrace flight; terrace row; flument stack; flument overlap; valley ground

Online: 2 September 2020 (04:55:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0675.v1

Storm-Induced Boulder Displacements: Inferences from Field Survey and Hydrodynamic Equations

Marco Delle Rose, Corrado Fidelibus, Paolo Martano, Luca Orlanducci

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: wave impact assessment; characteristic wave height; Salento peninsula; Taranto Gulf; Mediterranean Sea; November 2019 storm

Online: 30 August 2020 (15:53:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0344.v1

Geochemistry Acidic Water of Banyupait River Effect Seepage of Crater Water Ijen Volcano, Asembagus, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia

Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro, Bambang Agus Irawan, Intan Paramita Haty, Dewi Sri Sayudi, Arum Suproboriniaru, Bawaningrum Sekarwati, Paramita Ismaya, Mirzam Abdurrachman, Isao Takashima

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: stratovolcano; crater; acid; REE; health

Online: 15 August 2020 (09:20:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0240.v1

Urea-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Saponite with Different Octahedral (Mg, Zn, Ni, Co) and Tetrahedral Metals (Al, Ga, B), A Review

C Ponce, J. Kloprogge

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: clay minerals; heterogeneous catalysis; saponite; synthesis; urea

Online: 10 August 2020 (06:29:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0144.v1

Chemo-Stratigraphy, Petrology and U-Pb Geochronology of Karakılıçlı Volcanic Field in NW Anatolia: Implications for Hellenic Subduction System

Ali İskenderoğlu, NAMIK AYSAL

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Western Anatolia 1; Geochronology 2; slab roll-back 3; Hellenic slab 4.

Online: 6 August 2020 (09:54:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0089.v1

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping at Two Adjacent Catchments Using Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms

Ananta Man Singh Pradhan, Yun-Tae Kim

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Deep Neural Network; Extreme Gradient Boosting; Random Forest; Landslide Susceptibility

Online: 4 August 2020 (11:13:02 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Influence of Microbial Mats on Travertine Precipitation in Active Hydrothermal Systems (Central Italy)

Giovanna Della Porta, Joachim Reitner

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: travertine; terrestrial thermal springs; Central Italy; microbial mats; EPS-mediated mineralization

Online: 30 July 2020 (10:55:30 CEST)

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The study of hydrothermal travertines contributes to the understanding of the interaction between physico-chemical processes and the role played by microbial mats and biofilms in influencing carbonate precipitation. Three active travertine sites were investigated in Central Italy to identify the types of carbonate precipitates and the associated microbial mats at varying physico-chemical parameters. Carbonate precipitated fabrics at the decimetre- to millimetre-scale and microbial mats vary with decreasing water temperature: a) at high temperature (55-44°C) calcite or aragonite crystals precipitate on microbial mats of sulphide oxidizing, sulphate reducing and anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria forming filamentous streamer fabrics, b) at intermediate temperature (44-40°C), rafts, coated gas bubbles and dendrites are associated with Spirulina cyanobacteria and other filamentous and rod-shaped cyanobacteria, c) low temperature (34-33°C) laminated crusts and oncoids in a terraced slope system are associated with diverse Oscillatoriales and Nostocales filamentous cyanobacteria, sparse Spirulina and diatoms. At the microscale, carbonate precipitates are similar in the three sites consisting of prismatic calcite (40-100 µm long, 20-40 µm wide) or acicular aragonite crystals organized in radial spherulites, overlying or embedded within biofilm EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances). Microsparite and sparite crystal size decreases with decreasing temperature and clotted peloidal micrite dominates at temperatures < 40°C, also encrusting filamentous microbes. Carbonates are associated with gypsum and Ca-phosphate crystals; EPS elemental composition is enriched in Si, Al, Mg, Ca, P, S and authigenic aluminium-silicates form aggregates on EPS. This study confirms that microbial communities in hydrothermal travertine settings vary as a function of temperature. Carbonate precipitate types at the microscale do not vary considerably, despite different microbial communities suggesting that travertine precipitation, driven by CO2 degassing, is influenced by biofilm EPS acting as template for crystal nucleation (EPS-mediated mineralization) and affecting the fabric types, independently from specific microbial metabolism.

Working Paper ARTICLE

LiCSAR: An Automatic InSAR Tool for Measuring and Monitoring Tectonic and Volcanic Activity

Milan Lazecky, Karsten Spaans, Pablo J. González, Yasser Maghsoudi, Yu Morishita, Fabien Albino, John Elliott, Nicholas Greenall, Emma Hatton, Andrew Hooper, Daniel Juncu, Alistair McDougall, Richard J. Walters, C. Scott Watson, Jonathan R. Weiss, Tim J. Wright

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: SAR Interferometry; Sentinel-1; deformation monitoring; tectonics; volcanism; automatic processing

Online: 3 June 2020 (04:51:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0520.v1

LiCSAR: An Automatic InSAR Tool for Measuring and Monitoring Tectonic and Volcanic Activity

Milan Lazecky

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: SAR Interferometry; Sentinel-1; deformation monitoring; tectonics; volcanism; automatic processing

Online: 31 May 2020 (21:43:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0418.v1

Geological Risk Calculation through Probability of Success (PoS), Applied to Radioactive Waste Disposal in Deep Wells: A Case Study in the Pre-neogene Basement in the Northern Croatia

Tomislav Malvić, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Josipa Velić, Jasenka Sremac, Josip Ivšinović, Marija Bošnjak, Uroš Barudžija, Želimir Veinović, Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: geological risk; pre-Neogene basement; radioactive waste; waste disposal; Northern Croatia; Probability of Success (PoS)

Online: 26 May 2020 (04:11:18 CEST)

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The basic principles of geological risk calculation through Probability of Success (PoS) are mostly applied for numerical estimation of additional hydrocarbon existence in proven reservoirs or potential hydrocarbon discoveries in selected geological regional subsurface volume. It can be tailored and validated for a comprehensive input dataset collected in the selected petroleum province, adapted by dividing up geological events into several probability categories and classes. The most applied categories are (existence of) reservoir rocks, traps and isolators, source rocks, migration pathways and preservation conditions for hydrocarbons The methodology results in unique probability values as multiplication of independent statistical events, which can also be applied in the assessment of a potential hydrocarbon discovery of desired minimal volume and its value in any virtual currency like risk-neutral dollars. Such methodology has been extensively developed in the last decades in the Croatian subsurface, mostly in the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System (CPBS). Through the adaptation of geological categories, it was also applied in hybrid, i.e., stochastical, models developed in the CPBS (Drava Depression). Stochastically estimation of porosity was already applied. As the robustness of this methodology is very high, it was also modified to estimate the influence of water-flooding in increasing oil recovery in some proven Neogene sandstone reservoirs in the CPBS (Sava Depression). This new modification is being presented to be applied to geological risk calculation, intending to assess the safety of geological environment in deep wells, where depleted radioactive fuel would be disposed, a subject of great importance. The case study encompassed the magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the pre-Neogene basement of the CPBS. For disposal purpose, these are regionally lithologies considered as to be the safest ones considering petrophysical values, water saturation, recent weathering and tectonic activity.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0471.v1

Recent Advances in Geomathematics: Croatian Examples from Subsurface Geological Mapping and Biostatistics

Tomislav Malvić, Marija Bošnjak, Josipa Velić, Jasenka Sremac, Josip Ivšinović, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Uroš Barudžija

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: geomathematics; geostatistics; subsurface geological mapping; biostatistics; palaeontology; Croatia

Online: 27 April 2020 (02:54:42 CEST)

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Geomathematics is extremely important in geosciences, particularly in the geology. The key for any geomathematical analysis is the definition of a typical model to be applied for further prognosis, either through deterministical or stochastical approaches. The selection of the appropriate procedure is presented in this paper. Two different geomathematical subfield datasets were used in subsurface geological mapping and palaeontology and different biostatistics applications, representing important geomathematical subfields in the Croatian geology. The different subsurface interpolation methods, tested, validated and recommended for application, were used to obtain the best possible outcome in reservoir modelling, in the cases with small datasets. Cross-validation may be selected as the main selection criteria, applied to the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System (abbr. CPBS). Recent advances in biostatistics applied in palaeontology and case studies from Croatia are also presented, where biometric studies are of significant importance in fossil biota. Data, methods and problems in geosciences is a vast subject, and address a wide spectrum of fundamental science. Because geology includes subsurface and surface geology, and very different datasets regarding variable and number of data, here are chosen two representative case study groups with original samples from Northern Croatia. Subsurface mapping has been presented on limited petrophysical datasets from the Northern Croatian, Miocene, hydrocarbon reservoirs. Biostatistics has been presented on very different samples, allowing to achieve paleoenvironmental reconstructions of size of relevant fossils, as dinosaurs or other species and their paleoenvironments. All examples highlight examples of the valuable application of geomathematical tools in geology. The results, cautiously validated and correlated with other, non-numerical (indicator, categorical) geological knowledge, are of enormous assistance in creating better geological models.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0096.v2

A Physical and Numerical Based Model for Early Prediction of Landslides Using Wireless Sensor Network

Vinay Singh

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Landslides; Factor of Safety(FoS); Wireless Sensor Network; Slope Stability

Online: 27 February 2020 (16:04:46 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Petrographic Characteristics of Sandstones as a Basis to Evaluate their Suitability in Construction and Energy Storage Applications. A Case Study from Klepa Nafpaktias (Central Western Greece)

Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Maria Kalpogiannaki, Petros Koutsovitis, Maria-Elli Damoulianou, Nikolaos Koukouzas

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: petrographic characteristics; sandstones; physicomechanical properties; concrete petrography; CO2 storage

Online: 4 February 2020 (15:50:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0371.v1

Morphometric Characteristics, Shapes and Provenance of Holocene Pebbles from the Sava River Gravels (Zagreb, Croatia)

Uroš Barudžija, Josipa Velić, Tomislav Malvić, Neven Trenc, Nikolina Matovinović Božinović

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Quaternary; Holocene; alluvial sediments; Sava River; gravels; morphometry; Zagreb; Croatia

Online: 30 January 2020 (14:48:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0322.v1

Microscopic Laser Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Tengchongite

Linfei Qiu, Baoqun Hu, Guang Fan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Tengchongite; microscopic laser Raman spectroscopy; infrared spectroscopy; Yunnan Province

Online: 27 January 2020 (07:53:31 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Pore-Fractures of Coalbed Methane Reservoir Restricted by Coal Facies in Sanjiang-Mulinghe Coal-Bearing Basins, Northeast China

Yuejian Lu, Dameng Liu, Yidong Cai, Li Qian, Qifeng Jia

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: pore-fracture networks; coal-facies; coalbed methane reservoir; Sanjiang-Mulinghe basin

Online: 18 January 2020 (10:15:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0350.v1

Increasing Efficiency in the Field Water Re-injection during Mature Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Water-Flooding, Case Study from the Sava Depression, Northern Croatia

Tomislav Malvić, Josip Ivšinović, Josipa Velić, Jasenka Sremac, Uroš Barudžija

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: water injection; efficiency; sandstones; Neogene; Croatia

Online: 26 December 2019 (02:41:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0048.v2

Crystallographic and Seismic Anisotropies of Calcite at Different Depths: A Study Using Quantitative Texture Analysis by Neutron Diffraction

Michele Zucali, Daniel Chateigner, Bachir Ouladdiaf

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: calcite; seismic anisotropy; texture; CPO; thrust; shear zone; neutron diffraction; crust

Online: 24 December 2019 (11:03:19 CET)

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Preprint DATA DESCRIPTOR | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0269.v1

Landslide Inventory (2001-2017) of Chittagong Hilly Areas, Bangladesh

Yasin Wahid Rabby, Yingkui Li

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: landslide; landslide inventory; chittagong hilly areas; attributes of landslides

Online: 24 November 2019 (04:57:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0048.v1

Crystallographic and Seismic Anisotropies of Calcite at Different Depths: A Study Using Quantitative Texture Analysis by Neutron Diffraction

Michele Zucali, Daniel Chateigner, Bachir Ouladdiaf

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: calcite; seismic anisotropy; texture; CPO; thrust; shear zone; neutron diffraction; crust

Online: 6 November 2019 (05:09:01 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Identiﬁcation of Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals for Exploring Gold Deposit Based on SVM and PCA Using ASTER Data: A Case Study of Gulong

Kai Xu, Xiaofeng Wang, Chunfang Kong, Ruyi Feng, Gang Liu, Chonglong Wu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: gold deposit; alteration information; ASTER image; support vector machine (SVM); principal component analysis (PCA)

Online: 22 October 2019 (04:26:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0075.v2

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Archean TTG and Tremolite Schist Xenoliths in Yemadong Complex: Evidence for Mesoarchean Continental Crustal Evolution in Kongling High-grade Metamorphic Terrane, Yangtze Craton, China

Yunxu Wei, Wenxiao Zhou, Zhengxiang Hu, Xianxiao Huang, Haiquan Li, Xiaoming Zhao

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Archean TTG; Tremolite Schist; Yemadong Complex; Kongling High-grade Metamorphic Terrane; Yangtze Craton

Online: 21 October 2019 (07:46:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0118.v1

Development of Statistics-Based Estimation Model (SEM) for Landslide-Triggering Factors Using the Soil Physical Properties of the Landslide in Gneiss and Granite Areas of South Korea

Kyeong-Su Kim, Man-Il Kim, Moon-Se Lee, Eui-Soon Hwang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: statistics-based estimation model (sem); different geological condition; permeability coefficient; shearing strength; landslide-triggering factor

Online: 10 October 2019 (14:53:30 CEST)

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In South Korea, landslides are caused by localized heavy rainfall and typhoons, which often occur in the summer season at natural slopes in mountainous areas and artificial slopes in urban surroundings. Flow-type landslides frequently occur in mountainous areas. To evaluate flow-type landslides, it is essential to identify the physical characteristics of soil, giving focus to the soil on the top layers of various types of slope. This study conducts a survey and an analysis of the characteristics of landslides that occurred in the study area with different geological conditions of granite and gneiss. The characteristics of soil in the area and its surroundings that have or have not undergone landslides for every geological condition is also evaluated. Based on these characteristics and a statistics method, it extracts the triggering factors, permeability coefficients (k), and shearing strength with cohesion (c) and internal friction angel (φ) of soils that are highly related to landslides around weathered soil layers. As a result, the permeability coefficients show significant relevance with void ratio (e), the effective size of grains (D10), and uniformity coefficient (cu), while the shearing strength with the proportion of fine-grained soil (Fines), uniformity coefficient (cu), degree of saturation (S), dry weight density (rd), and void ratio (e). By obtaining this result, the study uses the regression analysis to suggest models to estimate the permeability coefficients and shearing strength. For the gneiss area, the statistics-based estimation model (SEM) is proposed as k_gn = (1.488 × 10^-02 × e) + (1.076 × D₁₀) + (-1.629 × 10^-04 × c_u) - (1.893 × 10^-02) for permeability coefficients; cgn = (-0.712 × Fines) + (-0.131 × c_u) + 15.335 for cohesion; and φgn = (27.01 × r_d) + (-12.594 × e) + 6.018 for internal frictional angle of soils. For the granite area, the statistics-based estimation model (SEM) is proposed as kgr = (8.281 × 10^-03 × e) + (0.639 × D₁₀) + (-2.766 × 10^-05 × c_u) - (9.907 × 10^-03) for permeability coefficients; c_gr = (-0.689 × Fines) + (-0.0744 × S) + 18.59 for cohesion; and φ_gr = (33.640 × r_d) + (-0.875 × e) - 9.685 for internal frictional angle of soils. The use of statistics-based estimation models (SEMs) for landslide-triggering factors that trigger landslides will support the simple calculation of permeability coefficient and shearing strength (cohesion and internal frictional angle), only requiring information about the physical properties of soil at the natural slopes that have different geological features such as gneiss and granite areas.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0075.v1

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Archean TTG and Tremolite Schist Xenoliths in Yemadong Complex: Evidence for Mesoarchean Continental Crustal evolution in Kongling High-grade Metamorphic Terrane, Yangtze Craton, China

Wenxiao Zhou, Yunxu Wei, Zhengxiang Hu, Haiquan Li, Xianxiao Huang, Xiaoming Zhao

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Archean TTG; Tremolite Schist; Yemadong Complex; Kongling High-grade Metamorphic Terrane; Yangtze Craton

Online: 8 October 2019 (05:11:07 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Climate during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Northern Sawatch Range, Colorado, USA

Keith A. Brugger, Chester A. Ruleman, Marc W. Caffee, Cody C. Mason

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Last Glacial Maximum; paleoclimate; temperature-index model; Sawatch Range; Colorado

Online: 8 September 2019 (15:59:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0195.v1

Generalized Extreme Value Statistics, Physical Scaling and Forecasts of Oil Production in the Bakken Shale

Wardana Saputra, Wissem Kirati, Tadeusz Patzek

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: EUR; shale; infill wells; (re)fracturing; pressure depletion; average well; Middle Bakken; Three Forks

Online: 19 August 2019 (12:56:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0224.v1

Geotourism through Multimedia Exhibition: Improving the Access to Urban Geoheritage

Laura Melelli

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Geotourism, Geoheritage, Urban Geology

Online: 19 July 2019 (10:17:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0045.v1

Analysis of Shear Failure of Surface Methane Capture Boreholes for Improving Efficient Drainage Period–A Lithology Perspective

Hongjie Xu, Zezhong Fang, Shuxun Sang, Jingfen Yang, Huihu Liu, Hai Ding, Xinzhao Dou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Lithology performance; shear failure; surface methane capture borehole; shear strength

Online: 2 July 2019 (11:52:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0186.v1

The Distal and Local Volcanic Ash in the Late Pleistocene Sediments of the Termination I Interval at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic, Based on Study of the Core AMK-340

Alexander Matul, Irina F. Gablina, Tatyana A. Khusid, Natalya V. Libina, Antonina I. Mikhailova

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: tephra in marine sediments; Ash Zone I in North Atlantic; tephrochronology of Termination I

Online: 19 June 2019 (15:38:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0054.v1

Climate Resilient Deep Groundwater Investigation and Development in the Ogaden Jesoma Sandstone Aquifers of Somali Region, Ethiopia

Samuel Godfrey, Getachew Hailemicheal, Charles Serele

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Groundwater; Climate resilience; Deep wells, Deep aquifers, Drought, Somali, Ethiopia

Online: 7 June 2019 (12:03:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0010.v1

Urban Design Factors Influencing Surface Urban Heat Island in the Humid Subtropical Region Based on Local Climate Zone

Yurong Shi, Yirui Xiang, Yufeng Zhang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Land surface temperature; Surface urban heat island, Local climate zone; Retrieval algorithms

Online: 3 June 2019 (09:02:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0280.v1

Controls of Depositional Environments on Reservoir Quality in Terms of Porosity and Permeability Gabo Field Niger Delta

Richmond Ideozu, Tochukwu Nduaguibe

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Porosity, permeability, skolithos, Ophiomorpha, lithofacies, reservoir, bioturbation, channel and coastal barrier systems.

Online: 25 April 2019 (11:16:30 CEST)

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The controls of depositional environments on reservoir quality have been evaluated in terms of porosity and permeability of the Gabo Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data used in this research include Well logs, Core data and photos, and grain size analysis for Wells 51 and 52 in the study area. Standard methods as applicable in petrophysical and sedimentological analysis has been adopted. Thirteen reservoir units have been identified in wells 51 and 52 which had 5 reservoirs cored each. The lithofacies units of the identified reservoirs across the study area, comprise pebbly sands, coarse -, medium -, fine- and very fine-grained sands, sandy mud, silty sands and heteroliths. The heteroliths – very fine-grained silty muds are highly bioturbated. Ophiomorpha and skolithos are the major trace fossils with sedimentary structures (ripple lamination, wavy lenticular and planar beds, cross bedded sands, coarsening and fining upward). The facies associations interpreted for the study area are Channel and Coastal barrier systems and the environment of deposition as distributary channel, upper and lower shoreface. The sedimentary processes that deposited facies ranged from high energy regimes, reworking by waves to low energy with periodic influx of silts and muds. The average porosity and permeability for reservoirs in Well 51 is 16.7% and 1317 Md, reservoirs in Well 52 is 28.2% and 2330Md whereas porosity range for the study area is 2% - 32% and permeability is 1.2 – 10600 Md. The reservoir quality reservoir of the sand units in Well 51 (7, 9 and 13) and Well 52 (5, 7, 9, 11 and 13) is excellent - good, this is because of the dynamics environments of deposition (upper shoreface and distributary channel) as well as the mechanisms that play out during deposition such as bioturbation, sorting, sedimentary structures formed. Whereas the poor quality across the reservoirs especially the lower shoreface and prodelta facies is as result of lack bioturbation, connectivity, multiplicity of burrows that may have been plugged by clay and intercalation of shale and sand (heteroliths). This research has shown that environments of deposition have direct influence the reservoir quality in terms of porosity and permeability.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0063.v1

Gas Seeps at the Edge of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone on Brazil’s Continental Margin

Marcelo Ketzer, Daniel Praeg, Maria A.G. Pivel, Adolpho H. Augustin, Luiz F. Rodrigues, Adriano R. Viana, Jose A. Cupertino

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Gas hydrates, gas seeps, ocean acidification

Online: 5 April 2019 (12:04:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0275.v1

Vulnerability Levels of Liquefaction Zones as a Spatial Planning Concept Based the Disaster Mitigation in Pariaman City—Indonesia

Dedi Hermon, Aprizon Putra

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: liquefaction; vulnerability; earthquake; disaster mitigation; Pariaman

Online: 29 March 2019 (08:18:36 CET)

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Knowledge about the liquefaction vulnerability in Pariaman city which is prone to an earthquake is very much needed in disaster mitigation based spatial planning. The liquefaction is an event of loss of the strength of the sandy soil layer caused by the vibration of the earthquake, where the liquefaction occurs in the sandy soil layer which has loose material in the form of sand that is not compact or not solid. This research was conducted by analyzing the potential of liquefaction vulnerability based on the Conus penetration to produce Microzonation of the susceptibility of subsidence due to liquefaction at 4 locations in Pariaman city, i.e., Marunggi village, Taluak village, Pauh Timur village and Padang Birik-Birik village. The Conus penetration testing is carried out using the piezocone (CPTU) method and mechanical Cunos penetration, and approach using Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that the potential of liquefaction was found at the sandy soil layer of sand and a mixture of sand and silt, which is characterized by the value of Cunos resistance and local resistance each smaller than 15 MPa and 150 kPa at varying depths. Based on the results of the analysis using this method, the critical conditions of liquefaction found in the medium sandy soil to solid. The fine sand layer which has the potential for liquefaction is in sand units formed from coastal deposits, coastal ridges and riverbanks. This liquefaction vulnerability zones analysis is limited to a depth of 6.00 m due to the limitations of the equipment used. The results of the analysis show that the fine sand layer which has the potential for liquefaction occurs at a depth of> 1.00-6.00 m with the division of zones, i.e., 1) High liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) <0.10 g with shallow groundwater surface; 2) Medium liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) between 0.10–0.20 g with shallow groundwater surface; and 3) Low and very low liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) between 0.20–0.30 g with an average groundwater deep enough surface.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0260.v1

Interpolation of Small Datasets in the Sandstone Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Case Study from the Sava Depression, Croatia

Tomislav Malvić, Josip Ivšinović, Josipa Velić, Rajna Rajić

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: interpolation; permeability; injected water; inverse distance weighting; sava depression; miocene; Croatia

Online: 28 February 2019 (06:54:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0063.v1

Speleothems from the Middle East: An Example of Water Limited Environments in the SISAL Database

Yuval Burstyn, Belen Martrat, Jordi F. Lopez, Eneko Iriarte, Matthew J. Jacobson, Mahjoor Ahmad Lone, Michael Deininger

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: SISAL database; speleothem; cave; isotopes; Middle East, palaeoclimate

Online: 6 February 2019 (13:32:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0150.v1

Genesis of the Koka Gold Deposit in Northwest Eritrea, NE Africa: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and C-H-O-S Isotopes

Kai Zhao, Huazhou Yao, Jianxiong Wang, Ghebsha Fitwi Ghebretnsae, Wenshuai Xiang, Yi-Qu Xiong

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: C-H-O isotopes; fluid inclusion; Koka deposit; orogenic gold deposit

Online: 15 January 2019 (09:57:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0614.v1

Kriging with Small Number of Data Supported by Jack-Knifing, Case Study in the Sava Depression (Northern Croatia)

Tomislav Malvić, Josip Ivšinović, Josipa Velić, Rajna Rajić

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: ordinary Kriging; variogram; jack-knifing; upper miocene; northern Croatia; porosity

Online: 29 November 2018 (03:53:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0610.v1

Statistical Analysis of the Mariana Trench Geomorphology Using R Programming Language

Polina Lemenkova

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: R, statistical analysis, programming, Mariana trench, oceanography, geomorphology

Online: 28 November 2018 (10:28:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0470.v1

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar Geochronology of the Malyy (Little) Murun Massif, Aldan Shield of the Siberian Craton: A Simple Story for an Intricate Igneous Complex

Alexei V. Ivanov, Nikolay V. Vladykin, Elena I. Demonterova, Viktor A. Gorovoy, Emilia Yu. Dokuchits

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Malyy (Little) Murun massif; Aldan Shield; Siberian Craton; 40Ar/39Ar dating

Online: 19 November 2018 (12:45:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0162.v1

A Review of Geological Applications of High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Data

Chunming Wu, Xiao Li, Weitao Chen, Xianju Li

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: High-spatial-resolution images; Geology; Deep learning; Remote sensing

Online: 7 November 2018 (13:17:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0083.v1

Morphological Variability of Submarine Mass Movements in the Tectonically-Controlled Calabro-Tyrrhenian Continental Margin (Southern Italy)

Daniele Casalbore, Alessandro Bosman, David Casas, Francesco Latino Chiocci, Eleonora Martorelli, Domenico Ridente

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: landslide scars; canyon; fault escarpments; contourite deposits; digital elevation model; continental slope

Online: 5 November 2018 (04:06:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0064.v1

The Significant Role of Different Magnesium: Carbonate Minerals Induced by Moderate Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2

Zuozhen Han, Wenwen Yu, Yanhong Zhao, Maurice E. Tucker, Huaxiao Yan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Moderate halophile; Carbonate minerals; Mg/Ca ratios; Different magnesium, Carbonic anhydrase; pH increase; Cell density; Growth mode

Online: 2 November 2018 (14:23:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0642.v1

3D Numerical Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis of the Processes Controlling Organic Matter Distribution and Heterogeneity. A Case Study from the Toarcian of the Paris Basin

Benjamin Bruneau, Marc Villié, Mathieu Ducros, Benoit Chauveau, François Baudin, Isabelle Moretti

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Organic Matter; TOC; Global Sensitivity Analysis; Modelling; Paris Basin, Toarcian

Online: 26 October 2018 (16:47:28 CEST)

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The active debate about the processes governing the organic-rich sediment deposition generally involves the relative roles of elevated primary productivity and enhanced preservation related to anoxia. However, other less spotlighted factors could have a strong impact on such deposits: e.g. residence time into the water column (bathymetry), sedimentation rate, transport behavior of organo-mineral floccules on the sea floor. They are all strongly interrelated and may be obscured in the current conceptual models inspired from most representative modern analogues (i.e. upwelling zones and stratified basins). To improve our comprehension of organic matter distribution and heterogeneities, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on the processes involved in organic matter production and preservation which have been simulated within a 3D stratigraphic forward model. The Lower-Middle Toarcian of the Paris Basin was chosen as a case study as it represents one of the best documented example of marine organic matter accumulation. The relative influence of the critical parameters (bathymetry, diffusive transport, oxygen mixing rate and primary production) on the output parameters (Total Organic Carbon, and oxygen level), determined performing a Global Sensitivity Analysis, shows that, in the context of a shallow epicontinental basin, a moderate primary productivity (> 175 gC.m^-².yr^-1) can led to local anoxia and organic matter accumulation. We argue that, regarding all the processes involved, the presence and distribution of organic-rich intervals is linked as a first-order parameter to the morphology of the basin (e.g. ramp slope, bottom topography). These interpretations are supported by very specific ranges of critical parameters which allowed to obtain output parameter values in accordance with the data. This quantitative approach and its conclusions open new perspectives about the understanding of global distribution and preservation of organic-rich sediments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0619.v1

Gas Hydrate Estimate in an Area of Deformation and High Heat Flow at the Chile Triple Junction

Lucía Villar-Muñoz, Iván Vargas-Cordero, Joaquim P. Bento, Umberta Tinivella, Francisco Fernandoy, Michela Giustiniani, Jan H. Behrmann, Sergio Calderon-Diaz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: BSR; gas hydrate; methane; seepage; active margin; Chile Triple Junction

Online: 26 October 2018 (06:18:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0470.v1

Selenium-Rich Ag-Au Mineralization at the Kremnica Au-Ag Epithermal Deposit, Slovak Republic

Martin Števko, Jiří Sejkora, Zdeněk Dolníček, Pavel Škácha

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Au-Ag low-sulphidation epithermal mineralization; Kremnica; gold; selenium; clausthalite; naumannite; miargyrite; pyrargyrite-proustite; polybasite-pearceite; diaphorite; Pb-Sb sulphosalts

Online: 22 October 2018 (05:35:42 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0322.v1

Critical metal particles in copper sulfides from the supergiant Río Blanco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Chile

Jorge Crespo, Martin Reich, Fernando Barra, Juan José Verdugo, Claudio Martínez

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: platinum-group elements, silver, gold, Pd-tellurides, porphyry Cu-Mo, Rio Blanco –Los Bronces, Chile.

Online: 15 October 2018 (14:48:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0280.v1

Interpretation of Sedimentary Processes Using Heavy Mineral Unconstrained Data

João Cascalho

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: sand particles; geological sources; grain sorting

Online: 15 October 2018 (05:34:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0109.v1

The Effect of Petrographic Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Aggregates on the Quality of Concrete

Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Panagiotis M. Stamatis, Paraskevi Lampropoulou, Basilios Tsikouras, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: petrographic characteristics; physicomechanical properties; concrete petrography

Online: 5 October 2018 (16:27:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0348.v1

A Quantitative Assessment of the Annual Contribution of Platform Down Wearing to Beach Sediment Budget: Happisburgh, England, UK

Andres Payo, Mike Walkden, Michael A. Ellis, Andrew Barkwith, David Favis-Mortlock, Holger Kessler, Benjamin Wood, Helen Burke, Jonathan Lee

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: erosion; morphodynamic; non-intrusive; down wearing; back wearing; modelling; geological ground model

Online: 18 September 2018 (11:43:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0270.v1

Geostatistical Interpolation of Subsurface Properties by Combining Measurements and Models

Wolfram Rühaak, Kristian Bär, Ingo Sass

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Subsurface temperatures; Kriging with External Drift; Conductive Numerical Modeling; Joint Interpolation; Geostatistics; Simulation

Online: 14 September 2018 (16:31:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0246.v1

The Potential of Speleothems from Western Europe as Recorders of Regional Climate: a Critical Assessment of the SISAL Database

Franziska Lechleitner, Sahar Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, Andrea Columbu, Laia Comas-Bru, Inga Labuhn, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Kira Rehfeld

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: SISAL database, speleothem, cave, oxygen isotopes, Western Europe, palaeoclimate

Online: 13 September 2018 (15:32:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0064.v1

Trace Metals Distribution in Sulfide Minerals of the Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems: Example from the Kairei Vent Field, Central Indian Ridge

Yejian Wang, Xiqiu Han, Sven Petersen, Matthias Frische, Zhongyan Qiu, Yiyang Cai, Peng Zhou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: trace elements; hydrothermal sulfides; Laser Ablation ICP-MS; ultramafic-hosted; Central Indian Ridge

Online: 4 September 2018 (12:04:28 CEST)

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The ultramafic-hosted Kairei vent field, located at 25°19′S, 70°02′E towards the northern end of the segment 1 of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR-S1) in a water depth of ~2450 m. This study aims to investigate the distribution of trace elements among sulfides of differing textures, and discuss the possible factors controlling the trace element distribution in those minerals by using LA-ICP-MS spot analyses as well as line scans. Our results show that there are distinct systematic trace element distributions throughout the different minerals：(1) Pyrite is divided into three types at the Kairei, including early-stage euhedral pyrites (py-I), sub-euhedral pyrites (py-II), and colloform pyrites (py-III). Pyrite is generally enriched in Mo, Au, As, Tl, Mn, and U. py-I have higher contents of Se, Te, Bi, and Ni, py-II are enriched in Au relative to py-I and py-III, but poor in Ni, py-III are enriched in Mo, Pb, and U but are poor in Se, Te, Bi, and Au. Variations in the concentrations of Se, Te, and Bi in pyrite are likely governed by the strong temperature gradient. Ni is generally lower than Co in pyrites, indicates that our samples precipitated at a high-temperature condition, whereas the extreme Co enrichment is likely from a magmatic heat source combined serpentinization reactions underlie the deposits. (2) Chalcopyrite is characterized by high concentrations of Co, Se, Te. The abundant of Se and Te in chalcopyrite cause by the high solubilities of Se and Te incorporated into chalcopyrite lattice at high temperature fluids. The concentration of Sb, As and Au is relatively low in chalcopyrite from the Kairei vent field. (3) Sphalerite from both the Zn-rich chimney is characterized by high concentrations of Sn, Co, Ga, Ge, Ag, Pb, Sb, As, and Cd, but depleted in Se, Te, Bi, Mo, Au, Ni, Tl, Mn, Ba, V, and U in comparison with the other minerals. The high concentration of Cd and Co is likely caused by the substitution of Cd2+ and Co2+ for Zn2+ in sphalerite. A high concentration of Pb accompanied by high Ag concentration in sphalerite indicating the Ag occurs in the microinclusions of Pb-bearing minerals such as galena. Au is generally low in sphalerite and strong correlate with Pb suggesting its presence in the microinclusions of galena. The strong correlation of As with Ge in sphalerite from Kairei suggests that they might precipitate under medium- to low-temperature with moderately reduced conditions. (4) Bornite-digenite is very low in most trace elements, except for Co, Se, and Bi. The high concentration of Se and Bi in all the sulfide minerals was observed in bornite-digenite can be explained by abundant Bi-selenide inclusions. Serpentinization in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems might play an important role on Au enrichment in pyrite with low As contents. Compared with felsic-hosted seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits, sulfide minerals from the ultramafic-hosted deposits show higher concentrations of Se and Te, but lower As, Sb, and Au concentrations attributed to the contribution of magmatic volatile input. Significant Se enrichment in chalcopyrite has been found from mafic-hosted SMSs indicate that the primary factor that controls the Se enrichment is its temperature-controlled mobility in fluids.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0406.v1

Coastal Geomorphology of a Post-Holocene Hurricane Deposit on a Pleistocene Marine Terrace from Isla Carmen (Baja California Sur, Mexico)

Markes E. Johnson, Jorge Ledesma-Váqquez, Rigoberto Guardado-France

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: hurricane storm surge; hurricane rainfall; wave hydrodynamics; Gulf of California (Mexico); Isla del Carmen; Loreto (Baja California Sur)

Online: 23 August 2018 (05:35:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0070.v2

Anatomy, Age and Origin of an Intramontane Top Basin Surface (Sorbas Basin, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

Martin Stokes, Anne E. Mather, Ángel Rodés, Samantha H. Kearsey, Shaun Lewin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: intramontane basin; pediment; glaci; alluvial fan; river terrace; DEM; interpolation; cosmonuclide; base level

Online: 18 August 2018 (08:50:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0072.v1

Impacts of Material Engineering Properties on Slope Wash and Stability in Fine-Grained Bedrock Slopes at Fossil-Bearing Sites, Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA

Larry D. Stetler

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: badlands; erosion; slope processes; fine-grained materials; entrainment velocity

Online: 4 July 2018 (11:43:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0070.v1

Anatomy, Age and Origin of an Intramontane Top Basin Surface (Sorbas Basin, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

Martin Stokes, Anne E. Mather, Ángel Rodés, Samantha H. Kearsey, Shaun Lewin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: intramontane basin; pediment; glaci; alluvial fan; river terrace; DEM; interpolation; cosmonuclide; base level

Online: 4 July 2018 (11:06:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0430.v1

Specifying the External Impact on Fluvial Lowland Evolution: the Last Glacial Tis(Z)a Catchment In Hungary and Serbia

Jef Vandenberghe, Kees Kasse, Dragan Popov, Slobodan Markovic, Dimitri Vandenberghe, Sjoerd Bohncke, Gyula Gabris

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Tisza, Tisa, Pannonian Basin, fluvial evolution, terrace development, tectonic impact, local conditions, last glacial, OSL-dating

Online: 26 June 2018 (15:55:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0362.v1

The Impact of Secondary Phyllosilicate Minerals on the Engineering Properties of Various Igneous Aggregates from Greece

Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Paraskevi Lampropoulou, Eleni Koutsopoulou, Dimitrios Papoulis, Basilios Tsikouras, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: phyllosilicate minerals; serpentine; chlorite; clay minerals; aggregates; physicomechanical properties

Online: 22 June 2018 (15:38:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0246.v1

Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014-15 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

Sonia Calvari, Gaetana Ganci, Sónia Silva Victória, Pedro A. Hernandez, Nemesio Perez, Vera Alfama, José Barrancos, Jeremias Cabral, Nadir Cardoso, Samara Dionis, Paulo Fernandes, Gladys Melian, José Pereira, Hélio Semedo, Germán Padilla, Fátima Rodriguez

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: remote sensing monitoring; Fogo volcano; effusive eruption; lava flow inflation; lava tubes; time averaged effusion rate (TADR); magma supply rate (SR)

Online: 15 June 2018 (05:58:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0058.v1

Migration of Barchan Dunes in Qatar—Controls of the Shamal, Teleconnections, Sea-Level Changes and Human Impact

Max Engel, Fabian Boesl, Helmut Brückner

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: Aeolian geomorphology; Arabian Peninsula; Arabian/Persian Gulf; remote sensing; Holocene landscape change

Online: 3 May 2018 (08:51:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0317.v1

Uncertainty Analysis in the Optimization Process of Groundwater Exploitation Scheme Based on SVR Method—A Case Study of Hetao Plain

Yongkai An, Wenxi Lu, Xueman Yan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: surrogate model; SVR; simulation-optimization; uncertainty analysis

Online: 24 April 2018 (16:56:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0092.v1

Fracture and Lineament Patterns across the Midcontinent Indicate Post-Cretaceous Reactivation of Basement-Involved Faults

Caroline M. Burberry, Jerlyn L. Swiatlowski, Mindi L. Searls, Irina FIlina

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: fractures; potential fields; lineament analysis; fault reactivation; Midcontinent rift system; Nemaha uplift

Online: 8 April 2018 (10:52:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0218.v1

The Influence of Knowledge and Education in Public Risk Perception. A Case Study in Calabria (Southern Italy)

Roberto Coscarelli, Loredana Antronico, Francesco De Pascale, Francesca Condino

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: risk perception; geo-hydrological risk; education; Southern Italy

Online: 26 March 2018 (14:17:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0023.v1

The Validation Process of the Method of Balancing Gas Contained in the Pore Space of Rocks via Rock Comminution

Mateusz Kudasik, Anna Pajdak, Norbert Skoczylas

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: porosity; gas; outburst; dolomite, copper ore mines

Online: 2 March 2018 (12:47:16 CET)

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The article discusses the validation process of a certain method of balancing gas contained in the pore space of rocks. The validation was based upon juxtaposition of the examination of rocks' porosity and the effects of comminution in terms of assessing the possibility of opening the pore space. The tests were carried out for six dolomite samples taken from different areas of the 'Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ copper mine in Poland. Before the rock material was ground, it was examined using the porosimetric method and subsequently subjected to the SEM analysis. After grinding, the research material was subjected to the granulometric analysis. Prior to the grinding process, the rocks' porosity fell in the range of 0.3-14.8%, while the volume of the open pores was included in the 0.01-0.06 cm3/g range. The research material was also characterized by inhomogeneous distribution of the pore volume. The grinding process was performed using an original device – the GPR analyzer. The ground samples were characterized by similar particle size distribution and mean diameters D_3.2 of about 4.0-4.5 µm. The SEM analysis revealed pores of various size and shape on the surface of the rock cores, while at the same time demonstrating lack of pores following the grinding process. The grain size distribution curves were compared with the cumulative pore volume curves of the cores before grinding. The resulting intersection points of both curves were seen as testifying to the presence of openings in the rock pores and release of the accumulated gas. The opening percentage of the pore space was associated with the coordinates of the curves' intersections. In order to confirm the argument put forward in this paper – i.e. that comminution of a rock to grains of a size comparable with the size of the rock's pores results in the release of gas contained in the pore space – the amount of gas released as a result of the comminution process was studied. The results of gas balancing demonstrated that the pore space of the investigated dolomites was filled with gas in amounts from 3.19 cm3/kg to 45.86 cm3/kg. The obtained results of the rock material comminution to grains comparable – in terms of size – to the size of the pores of investigated rocks, along with asserting the presence of gas in the pore space of the studied dolomites, were regarded as a proof that the method of balancing gas in rocks via rock comminution is correct.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0020.v1

Preliminary Description of the Origin of a Sedimentary – Exhalative Ore Deposit, in Molango, Hidalgo Mexico

Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz, Ventura Rodríguez-Lugo, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Demetrio Mendoza-Anaya, Ma. Isabel Reyes-Valderrama, Rosa A. Vázquez-García, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: rare earths; platinum; SEDEX ore body; rift mega structure; transgression

Online: 2 March 2018 (08:58:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0288.v1

Rare Earth Element Phases in Bauxite Residue

Johannes Vind, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain, Petros E. Tsakiridis, Alan H. Tkaczyk, Vicky Vassiliadou, Dimitrios Panias

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: bauxite; bauxite residue; red mud; rare earth elements; rare earth minerals; rare earth ferrotitanate; perovskite; loparite

Online: 30 January 2018 (20:42:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0100.v2

Mapping of Cold-Water Coral Carbonate Mounds Based on Geomorphometric Features: An Object-Based Approach

Markus Diesing, Terje Thorsnes

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: cold-water coral; carbonate mound; habitat mapping; spatial prediction; image segmentation; GEOBIA; random forest; accuracy, confidence

Online: 18 January 2018 (16:08:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0123.v1

Three-Dimensional Facies Analysis using Object-Based Geobody Modeling: A Case Study for the Farewell Formation, Maui Gas Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

AKM Eahsanul Haque, Md. Aminul Islam, Mohamed Ragab Shalaby

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: geobody modeling, object-based facies modeling (OBFM), variogram analysis, farewell formation, paleo-depositional environment

Online: 15 January 2018 (10:01:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0076.v1

Physico- Chemical and Microbial Properties of Surface and Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Kogi State, Central Nigeria

Seyi Mepaiyeda, Kakaba Madi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: cations; groundwater; heavy metals; pollution; anions; surface water; microbes

Online: 9 January 2018 (07:39:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0032.v1

An 1-D Integrated Hydro-Mechanical Model to Unravel Different Hydrological Triggering Processes of Debris Flows

Theo W.J. van Asch, Bin Yu, Wei Hu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Geology Keywords: triggering of debris flows; overland flow; infiltration; laboratory experiments; modelling; rain intensity-duration threshold curves

Online: 5 January 2018 (07:54:11 CET)

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