Abstract: This ethnobotanical study documents medicinal plant diversity and traditional healing practices in Barguna District, a coastal region of Bangladesh. Twenty-seven traditional healers (kabiraj) were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires during April-June 2025. A total of 68 medicinal plant species representing 34 botanical families were documented. Fabaceae emerged as the most represented family (10.3%), followed by Lamiaceae (8.8%). Trees constituted the dominant growth form (35.3%), with leaves being the most frequently utilized plant part (32.4%). The documented species treat twelve major ailment categories, with gastrointestinal disorders (22.8%) being most prevalent. Informant Consensus Factor (FIC) values ranged from 0.62 to 0.89, with gastrointestinal disorders showing highest consensus (FIC = 0.89), followed by respiratory ailments (FIC = 0.85) and diabetes (FIC = 0.82). Citation Frequency (Cf) analysis revealed Azadirachta indica (Cf = 0.89), Ocimum sanctum (Cf = 0.81), and Curcuma longa (Cf = 0.78) as culturally most significant species. Decoction (34.6%) and paste application (23.4%) were predominant preparation methods, with oral administration (61.2%) being most common. The demographic profile indicated that 81.5% of healers acquired knowledge through family inheritance, highlighting intergenerational transmission patterns. However, this traditional knowledge faces erosion threats from modernization, with 44.4% of practitioners lacking formal education and 18.5% aged above 60 years. The study reveals substantial ethnomedicinal diversity in coastal ecosystems, emphasizing the urgent need for conservation strategies, sustainable harvesting protocols, and systematic pharmacological validation to preserve indigenous knowledge while supporting rural healthcare and drug discovery initiatives.

Abstract: Common bunt of wheat (Tilletia spp.) remains a significant threat to wheat production in low-input and organic farming systems, where chemical seed treatments are restricted or avoided. Host resistance represents a key component of sustainable disease control, but it’s effective deployment requires detailed knowledge of race-specific virulence and the genetic basis of resistance. In this study, we analysed the reaction of a large and diverse wheat germplasm collection to current European populations of common bunt and mapped the underlying resistance genes using SNP-based approaches. A total of 2,731 wheat accessions were phenotyped from 2012 to 2025 using up to 42 purified bunt races with well-defined virulence profiles. Based on phenotypic responses to race-specific resistance patterns , accessions were grouped, and compared with established differential lines. A total of 1504 selected accessions were genotyped using Illumina 26k SNP arrays, and resistance loci were identified by genome-wide association studies followed by fine mapping using recombination analysis. All classical Bt resistance genes from Bt1 to Bt10 and Bt13 were mapped to defined physical intervals, and the genomic positions of 16 additional race-specific resistance genes were identified in the panel of germplasm. Our results confirm that several historically defined Bt genes including Bt11 and Bt12 represent multi-gene resistance complexes rather than single loci. Also, genes established as separate genes may possibly be identical, including Bt4 being identical to Bt6, Bt10 being identical BtZ and Bt9 possibly being identical to one of the genes in the Bt11 complex. These finding highlights the need for revised nomenclature of genes and differetial set of varieties. The identified resistance haplotypes provide an improved tool for marker-assisted selection, and support the development of wheat cultivars with durable resistance to common bunt.

Abstract: The intensive use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers has raised environmental concerns. Sustainable alternatives, such as plant biostimulants and plant resistance inducers, offer promising solutions by enhancing growth, yield, stress tolerance, or activating defense responses against pathogens. However, the physiological impacts and combined effects of these products remain poorly understood, limiting evidence-based application strategies. Here, we evaluated the effects of a biostimulant and a plant defense inducer on durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), a key cereal crop in the Mediterranean Basin. Using controlled experiments, we assessed plant growth, chlorophyll content, and resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici, while considering potential trade-offs between growth promotion and defense activation. As expected, our results indicate that the biostimulant improved growth and photosynthetic performance, whereas the plant resistance inducer enhanced protection against Z. tritici. But the combination of these two treatments can trigger mitigated interaction effects, influenced by varietal genetic background. This study provides novel insights into the interactions between plant growth promotion and defense induction in durum wheat. Understanding these multi-factorial effects (in particular genotype effect) enables the identification of optimal treatment strategies, supporting the development of sustainable crop management practices that reduce chemical inputs while maintaining productivity and resilience under biotic stress.

Abstract: Agriculture faces escalating challenges from pests, diseases, and climatic stresses that threaten global food security [1,2]. Green nanotechnology offers a sustainable approach to enhance crop protection and productivity by using plant-based methods to synthesize metallic nanoparticles (NPs), reducing chemical inputs and environmental impacts [3,4]. This review presents the framework of green nanotechnology in agriculture, focusing on biogenic sources of nanoparticle synthesis (especially plant extracts), mechanisms of nanoparticle formation and stabilization by phytochemicals, and characterization techniques for green-synthesized NPs. We examine the application of plant-derived metallic nanoparticles as nanofertilizers to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yields, as nanopesticides to manage plant pathogens and pests, and as nano-enabled agents to enhance tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought. Recent studies demonstrate that green-synthesized NPs can significantly increase crop growth and productivity while reducing dependence on conventional agrochemicals [5]. The review also discusses key challenges limiting large-scale adoption, including production scalability, biological variability in synthesis, potential phytotoxicity at high concentrations, regulatory uncertainties, and gaps in knowledge regarding nanoparticle fate and safety [6,7]. Overall, green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles emerge as promising tools for improving crop productivity and protection in an eco-friendly manner, supporting the transition toward more sustainable agricultural systems.

Abstract: Drought is a major constraint on crop productivity, and microbial inoculants are in-creasingly explored to mitigate plant water stress. However, most inoculant discovery pipelines rely on trait-based screening performed outside the ecological context in which beneficial plant-microbe interactions naturally arise. In natural soils, drought-exposed plants can reshape the rhizosphere environment by altering carbon allocation and root exudation, thereby selectively recruiting microorganisms compatible with water-limited conditions and effectively performing an ecological pre-selection. Here, we captured this process during early seedling establishment and leveraged drought-driven rhizosphere recruitment as a nature-guided strategy to nominate bac-terial inoculant candidates. Tomato seedlings were grown in natural agricultural soil microcosms under well-watered and drought-stressed regimes, and cultivable bacteria were comparatively isolated from rhizosphere and bulk soil fractions. Recruit-ment-prioritized isolates were subsequently characterized through biochemical assays and genome-informed analyses to provide functional and taxonomic context, and were evaluated in early inoculation assays under water stress. Drought-recruited isolates displayed distinct plant-associated responses, and genome-scale taxonomy indicated that one drought-associated isolate represents a genomically distinct lineage within the genus Paracoccus. Together, these findings highlight drought-driven rhizosphere re-cruitment as an ecologically grounded framework for identifying stress-compatible bacterial candidates and uncovering previously undescribed rhizosphere diversity.

Abstract: Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) relies on hydroponic systems to achieve high yields, yet optimizing plant performance remains a challenge. Beneficial endophytic bacteria offer a sustainable solution by promoting growth and nutrient uptake. Here, we investigated the mechanistic basis of growth enhancement in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) inoculated with Pseudomonas psychrotolerans IALR632 in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system. Growth measurements showed significant increases in shoot and root biomass and leaf greenness. RNA-Seq profiling at 4, 10, and 15 days after transplanting revealed dynamic transcriptional reprogramming, with 38, 796, and 7,642 differentially expressed genes, respectively. MapMan and GO analyses indicated up regulation of pathways related to cell wall remodeling, lipid metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, and stress adaptation, alongside modulation of ethylene signaling. Root microbiome sequencing demonstrated distinct community shifts confirmed by Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) (R = 1, p = 0.028), with enrichment of genera linked to nutrient cycling and plant growth promotion. These findings provide integrated molecular and ecological evidence that IALR632 enhances lettuce growth by coordinating host gene expression and rhizobiome restructuring, offering a mechanistic framework for microbial inoculant strategies in hydroponic horticulture.

Abstract:

Dactylis glomerata L. is a globally important cool-season forage grass with high ecological and economic value. During field surveys conducted in three counties of the Ili region of Xinjiang: Zhaosu County, Tekes County, and Xinyuan County, a previously unreported root rot disease was observed on wild orchardgrass, with disease incidence ranging from 20 % to 72 %. The most severe symptoms were recorded in Zhaosu County. The pathogen was isolated and identified as Bipolaris sorokiniana based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of ITS, GAPDH, and TEF gene sequences. The results of biological characteristics showed that the optimal conditions for mycelial growth were 25℃, pH 7, continuous light for 24 h, potato sucrose agar (PSA) as the culture medium, soluble starch as the optimal carbon source, and peptone as the optimal nitrogen source. In vitro fungicide sensitivity assays indicated that all nine tested fungicides significantly inhibited mycelial growth of B. sorokiniana. Among them, difenoconazole exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.0706 mg·L^-1, followed by tebuconazole (EC₅₀ = 0.3606 mg·L^-1) and tetramycin (EC₅₀ = 0.6815 mg·L^-1). These findings provide a scientific basis for further studies on disease epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and integrated management of this disease.

Abstract:

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital commodity crop globally. The bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) is among the major insect pests constraining crop production in sub-Sharan Africa, including Zimbabwe. New cultivars with resistance to bean fly have yet to be developed, with winning traits preferred by farmers and end-users. A survey of 241 farmers was conducted to assess production constraints, farmers’ variety preferences, bean fly awareness and current management practices. Data were analysed using the Rank-Based Quotient analysis. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine farmers’ awareness of the pest. Survey results showed that insect pests, including bean fly, topped the list among production constraints, followed by diseases, drought, and input costs. Level of education, years in bean production, and access to extension service significantly (P < 0.05) influenced farmers’ awareness of the bean fly. Principal component analysis identified grain yield (with a loading score of 0.89), disease resistance (0.73), insect pest resistance (0.64), and early maturity (0.41) as the key traits that influence bean variety choice The results of this study are vital to refine the common bean target product profiles for Zimbabwe and guide the breeding programs’ efforts in developing demand-driven varieties with farmers’ preferred traits.

Abstract: Early and recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to moonlight influences the entire life cycle of plants from seed germination to vegetative growth and reproduction. Exposure to moonlight was found to induce genome reorganization in plants and significant changes in gene expression, protein, and metabolite profiles. However, the specific factors that facilitate moonlight perception are unknown. To uncover the photoreceptors responsible for moonlight perception, we analyzed Arabidopsis phototropin mutants (phot1, phot2, and phot1phot2) as well as the phytochrome mutants phyA and phyB for their response to full moonlight (FML). De-etiolation assays revealed that plants do perceive and respond to FML within 5 h of exposure. Thus, among the photoreceptor mutants analyzed, only phot1 and phot1phot2 were impaired in apical hook opening and cotyledon unfolding under FML. Interestingly, under high light intensity, all examined mutants have undergone proper de-etiolation. Further analysis showed that phot1 as well as phyB mutants were impaired in response to moonlight, displaying no changes in nuclear size and in protein profiles following exposure to FML and were comparable to plants exposed to dark. The FML (5 h exposure) did not induce the formation of fewer, large nuclear photobodies as occurred following 5 h exposure to growth room light. Our findings highlighted phot1 and phyB as photoreceptors necessary for plants to perceive and respond to FML. It is proposed that the initial perception of moonlight is facilitated by the blue light receptor phot1 and is subsequently interpreted into a functional state by the R/FR receptor phyB.

Abstract:

Variations in sweetness and bitterness among Madhuca longifolia flowers strongly influence their processing value and market acceptance, yet the chemo-diversity underlying these traits remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to unravel accession- and stage-specific differences by integrating physico-biochemical, elemental, and metabolic profiling across thirteen accessions (BM-1 to BM-13) from BUAT, Banda. Sensory and textural evaluations revealed wide diversity, with BM-5 displaying superior sweetness and aroma, whereas BM-6, BM-7, and BM-10 were differentiated by firmness, elasticity, and gumminess. Biochemical analyses across flower development showed BM-5 consistently maintained higher sugars and β-carotene, while BM-1 exhibited marked reductions in sugars and total phenolics content; antioxidant activity increased with maturity, with BM-5 remaining the most stable. ICP-MS elemental analysis confirmed BM-5 as mineral-rich compared with lower-performing accessions. GC–MS metabolomic profiling of contrasting accessions (BM-1 and BM-5) across stages identified 376 volatile and semi-volatile metabolites, and multivariate analyses (PCA, VIP, volcano plots, pathway enrichment) revealed distinct stage- and accession-dependent patterns. Mature BM-5 was enriched in fermentation- and aroma-related metabolites such as melibiose, furfural, 5-HMF, and furaneol, whereas BM-1 accumulated defense-linked compounds including catechol, benzyl nitrile, and maltol. Overall, the integrated chemo-diversity landscape identifies BM-5 as a superior accession with high processing potential and value-addition prospects.

Abstract: The study of airborne pollen and spores from regions, communities, and campuses has gained importance in recent times in Nigeria. Aerospora sampling was carried out from November 2012 to February 2013 on the University of Ibadan campus Watch Tower. The Tower is the tallest building on the campus, with a height of 253.8 m. An Aero sampler was used to collect aeropalynomorphs from the location. The recovered residues were acetolysed and studied microscopically. Meteorological data for this location were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) for the prevailing weather conditions. Statistical analysis using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between airborne pollen and spores, and meteorological parameters. A variety of palynomorphs, characteristic of rainforest, secondary/open forest, savanna, and freshwater vegetation types, were recovered. The dominant ones belonged to the Arecaceae, Anacardiaceae, Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Poaceae families, as well as fungal spores. Pollen counts with meteorological data revealed variations in palynomorph types and abundance, which reflected the influence of the location of the aerosampler, impact of weather parameters, and the degree of human activities, apart from the floral composition of the area. This work is the first aero sampling of the University of Ibadan campus and a contribution to the aeropalynological data of campuses across Southwest Nigeria.

Abstract:

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) is a hallmark of the evolution of parasitic plants, facilitated by the haustorial connection. While mitochondrial HGT is widespread, the extent of nuclear HGT and the long-term retention of foreign genetic material in holoparasitic lineages remain poorly understood. This study explores the genomic architecture of Prosopanche americana (Hydnoraceae), a non-photosynthetic holoparasite currently specialized on Fabaceae. Through a comparative phylogenomic approach integrating draft mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) and nuclear transcriptomes of P. americana, we identified a multi-layered landscape of foreign DNA. The mtDNA of P. americana contains 18 foreign regions (>500 bp) primarily derived from Solanales, Malvales, and Fabales. Notably, 13 of these regions are shared with P. panguanensis, indicating they were acquired in their common ancestor before speciation and ecological shift. In the nuclear genome, we identified 305 horizontally acquired transcripts (101 orthogroups) with high confidence. Functional analysis revealed an enrichment of foreign genes involved in metabolic pathways and plastid functions (e.g., photosystems and thylakoids) exclusively derived from the ancestral host order Solanales. Our results demonstrate that the genome of P. americana acts as a “molecular fossil,” preserving evidence of past ecological interactions with diverse host lineages. The disparity in HGT footprints between the current host (Fabaceae) and ancestral hosts suggests a period of high genomic plasticity followed by host specialization, providing new insights into the timing and dynamics of horizontal gene flow in holoparasitic Piperales

Abstract: The lack of reference genomes for non-model species hinders our understanding of aluminum (Al) tolerance and accumulation. We present the first high-quality genome assembly of Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae), an Al-accumulating species endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado. Multi-omics analyses (transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) reveal that Al is essential for its growth and development. Using a paired-end library and ABySS v2.0, we assembled a genome containing 38,034 annotated genes (63.1% "complete"). Functional annotation via SwissProt/KOG and Blast2GO identified 11 gene families linked to Al response, including ALMT, MATE, ABC, and NRAT1. GO analysis further highlighted enriched processes related to Al metabolism, notably SAM synthetase genes upregulated in roots, which are critical for DNA/RNA methylation and cell wall formation. By establishing Q. grandiflora as a genomic model for native Al hyperaccumulation species, this study provides a foundational resource for researching detoxification and ecological adaptations in metallophytes. The annotated sequence is available via NCBI (BioProject PRJNA786741), supported by leaf transcriptomic data from PRJNA358394.

Abstract: Green-synthesized metal nanoparticles are increasingly investigated for their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and stress-protective properties as eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical synthesis. Although agri-food wastes represent biomolecule-rich and sustainable resources, they remain less explored as biological matrices for green metal nanoparticle synthesis compared with plant and microbial extracts. The aim of this study was to optimize the synthesis and evaluate the bioactivity of silver nanoparticles derived from bergamot pomace, a polyphenol-rich agri-food waste. Synthesis parameters, including extract concentration, pH, extract-to-metal ratio, temperature, and reaction time, were optimized, and the nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and electron microscopy (TEM, STEM). ATR-FTIR and proteomic analyses were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in nanoparticle reduction, capping, and stabilization. The bergamot pomace-based silver nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm, spherical morphology, good colloidal stability, and average diameters of 15–20 nm, without irreversible aggregation. A putative synthesis mechanism was proposed, involving Ag⁺ bioreduction mediated by polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and oxidoreductase-associated proteins, followed by stabilization through protein corona formation. Seed nanopriming assays on tomato and lettuce, together with in vitro antimicrobial tests against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, demonstrated phytostimulatory and antimicrobial effects at very low nanoparticle concentrations. Overall, this study highlights bergamot pomace as a valuable resource for green silver nanoparticle synthesis supporting its applicability in sustainable agriculture.

Abstract:

formation is an important mechanism in plant evolution that serves as the material basis for human survival. After double fertilization, the development of both the embryo and the endosperm requires a large amount of nutrients, and long-distance sucrose transportation is indispensable. We recently discovered a ring-shaped structure that can affect the unloading of nutrients into seeds. This structure is formed by the deposition of callose, which blocks the transport of nutrients by reducing the pore size of the plasmodesmata (PD). If fertilization is successful, the PD gate will form, but will remain open; if fertilization fails, the PD gate will be gradually closed—a strategy that efficiently prevents energy loss. A similar gating mechanism exists in rice, indicating that this strategy has substantial potential for agricultural production.

Abstract: Background: A significant strategy for sustainable management, by decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers, can consist of technology based on suitable levels of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) seed biopriming. The main goal of this work was to demonstrate the positive effect of PGPB as seed biopriming factor on the growth of durum wheat plantlets under stress. Methods: plantlets physiological and biochemical pathways modifications were assessed in controlled growth chamber under salt stress. Results: Seeds bioprimed with bacterial strains, in particular, Bacillus pumilus (MA9), Virgibacillus halodenitrificans (MA14), Bacillus subtilis (MA17), and Bacillus pumilus (MA19), demonstrated the best development of durum wheat seedlings under salt stress. The total length and total dry weight were altogether higher in bioprimed than in unbioprimed plants. The PGPB-bioprimed plants were very sound and hydrated, and the unbioprimed plant leaves were parched within 120 mM NaCl. In contrast to explants without PGPB, all the biochemical variables, for example, auxin, proline, soluble sugars, amino acids, and protein, were essentially improved in bioprimed explants. Biopriming with MA17 fundamentally diminished the OR rate, particularly without salt stress. In any case, this impact of the hindrance of "ORs" was more pronounced under pressure. The explant antioxidant prevention agent pathways (CAT, APX) and the chlorophyll content were improved after seed biopriming with PGPB when explants with unbioprimed seeds had low cell reinforcement pathways under the two treatments, particularly under pressure. The bioprimed plants additionally had higher K+/Na+ proportions and expanded intracellular K+ ion activity. Conclusion: Hence, it can be anticipated that seed biopriming with PGPB is a novel technology that can improve healthy plant development under saline conditions. This study shows that PGPB assume a significant effect in initiating resistance under stressful conditions in plants and can be utilized to develop new bioinoculants to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.

Abstract:

RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORS (RALFs) are a family of plant peptide hormones involved in development, reproduction, and response to stresses. These versatile peptides are found throughout land plants, but their molecular mechanisms of action are best understood in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Known to science for more than 20 years, RALFs were initially viewed as apoplastic signaling molecules that elicit intracellular responses through their canonical membrane receptors, the Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) family. Recently, it was shown that RALF peptides also have structural roles by binding to LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSINS (LRXs) and pectin, forming cell wall-associated complexes. Currently the focus of state-of-the-art science, RALF peptides’ central influence on plants still leaves unanswered questions. This work is a detailed review of RALF peptides in A. thaliana, but it also encompasses the literature on other species. As new discoveries in the field are published, this review will be updated.

Abstract: Seed germination and early root growth are decisive for crop establishment, yet responses to ionic environments can be strongly genotype-dependent. This study evaluated the effect of supplementing an agar-based in vitro system with a commercial NPK fertilizer on the germination dynamics and early morphometry of Raphanus sativus L. Three commercial varieties were tested (Agrosad, AS; Agrícola Santo Domingo, ASD; Garden Elite, GE) under two media: 1.5% agar without fertilizer (A) and 1.5% agar + NPK fertilizer at 3 g/L (AF), using a completely randomized 3×2 factorial design. Germination was recorded at 24, 48, and 72 h to compute final germination (%G), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed index (IVG), and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG); root length was measured at 72 h. MANOVA (Pillai’s trace) indicated significant effects of Variety, Fertilization, and their interaction, confirming that fertilizer responses depended on genotype. While AS and GE maintained high %G (>88%) under AF, fertilization generally delayed germination (higher MGT) and reduced vigor (lower IVG). ASD showed the strongest inhibition, with %G dropping from 88.89% (A) to 25.93% (AF) and the lowest IVG (1.23). Root elongation was significantly reduced by fertilization in ASD and GE, whereas AS exhibited consistently shorter roots with no significant response. PCA summarized 86.36% of the total variance in the first two components, separating treatments along a vigour/architecture axis (IVG and root length positive; MGT negative) and a germination capacity axis (%G), and hierarchical clustering identified five response groups. Overall, a low-cost agar + fertilizer system effectively discriminated genotype-specific sensitivity to an ionic environment during early establishment, highlighting the need to consider variety-dependent thresholds when using commercial fertilizers for in vitro screening.

Abstract: Grasslands degradation, a critical ecological problem worldwide, threatening ecosystem integrity and functional service. Although previous studies have documented the drivers regarding climate change, overgrazing and anthropogenic perturbation, research concerning invasive alien plant impact on grassland ecosystem remains insufficient. The present study, integrating of pairwise field investigation -Ageratina adenophora invasion and non-invasion plots across heterogeneous grassland types (tropical grasslands, TG; tropical shrub-grasslands, TS; warm-temperate grasslands, WG; and warm-temperate shrub-grasslands, WS) and A. adenophora-indigenous plants phytotoxicity bioassay, aims to assess the invasibility and resilience of heterogeneous grassland landscape to A. adenophora invasion. The field investigation demonstrated the greater vulnerability of TG and TS to A. adenophora invasion, whereas WG and WS possessing higher resilience. In addition, regression analysis revealed significant reductions of Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index as the A. adenophora important value reach the threshold 0.36. Bioassay showed that A. adenophora aqueous extracts inhibit seeds germination and seedlings growth of recipient plants, with Saccharum arundinaceum exhibiting the highest tolerance to A. adenophora stress. In summary, our finding not only highlights the flora communities dynamics and invasibility of diverse grasslands driven by A. adenophora invasion in the subtropic regions but also verifies S. arundinaceum potential for A. adenophora replacement management.

Abstract: High-resolution action spectra of photosynthetic Emerson enhancement were determined using a unique, custom-built three-beam oxygen electrode system in the Joliot configuration, featuring a bare platinum cathode. This specialized apparatus utilized three independent light beams—including one modulated at 10 Hz to precisely quantify real-time changes in the quantum yield of Photosystem II resulting from the simultaneous excitation of Photosystem I. This methodology provides a direct and physiologically relevant analysis of radiant energy distribution between the two photosystems in intact algal cells, achieving a level of precision that remains a benchmark in the field. Comprehensive spectra were obtained for key representatives of five major algal divisions: Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Cyanobacteria. The results demonstrate that enhancement spectra vary systematically according to the excitation balance between the photosystems. Furthermore, photoadaptation studies in Glenodinium sp. and Rhodomonas D3 revealed taxon-specific responses in energy distribution under high irradiance. By integrating these high-resolution measurements with contemporary photosynthetic theory, this work clarifies fundamental biophysical mechanisms of spectral photoadaptation and provides critical insights into the ecological zonation of algal species in coastal aquatic environments.