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Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Diversity of Helminth Parasites in the Fat Sand Rat, Psammomys obesus (Creĵschmar, 1828), from Tunisia
Ahlem Boubakri
,Hichem Kacem
,Slaheddine Selmi
,Jordi Miquel
Abstract: Psammomys obesus is a diurnal herbivorous rodent widely distributed across the arid regions of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Although it has ecological, agricultural, public-health, and biomedical importance, its helminth fauna remains poorly known. This study provides the first inventory of helminth parasites infecting P. obesus in southern Tunisia and examines variations in parasitism according to host sex, age, body condition and sampling region. A total of 152 specimens of P. obesus were captured between September 2023 and March 2026 in Tamaghza and Djebel Dahar regions. Parasitological examination revealed four helminth species: three cestodes, Sudarikovina aegyptica, Gerbillitaenia psammomi and Mesocestoides sp. larvae, and one nematode, Syphacia sp. Their respective prevalences were 63.82%, 12.50%, 0.66% and 16.45%. The findings of Mesocestoides and Syphacia species represent new records for P. obesus. Furthermore, S. aegyptica constitutes a new record for Tunisia. Host age and sampling region significantly influenced the occurrence and abundance of G. psammomi, as adults were more likely to be infected and harbored a significantly higher parasite burden than juveniles. In contrast, host sex and body condition had no significant effect. For S. aegyptica and Syphacia sp. no significant association was found between parasite occurrence or abundance and the host’s sex, age or body condition.
Abstract: Psammomys obesus is a diurnal herbivorous rodent widely distributed across the arid regions of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Although it has ecological, agricultural, public-health, and biomedical importance, its helminth fauna remains poorly known. This study provides the first inventory of helminth parasites infecting P. obesus in southern Tunisia and examines variations in parasitism according to host sex, age, body condition and sampling region. A total of 152 specimens of P. obesus were captured between September 2023 and March 2026 in Tamaghza and Djebel Dahar regions. Parasitological examination revealed four helminth species: three cestodes, Sudarikovina aegyptica, Gerbillitaenia psammomi and Mesocestoides sp. larvae, and one nematode, Syphacia sp. Their respective prevalences were 63.82%, 12.50%, 0.66% and 16.45%. The findings of Mesocestoides and Syphacia species represent new records for P. obesus. Furthermore, S. aegyptica constitutes a new record for Tunisia. Host age and sampling region significantly influenced the occurrence and abundance of G. psammomi, as adults were more likely to be infected and harbored a significantly higher parasite burden than juveniles. In contrast, host sex and body condition had no significant effect. For S. aegyptica and Syphacia sp. no significant association was found between parasite occurrence or abundance and the host’s sex, age or body condition.
Posted: 15 September 2026
Review
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Potential of Plant Derived Products for Antimalarial Combination Therapy
Shweta Singh Meena
,Pooja Rani Mina
Abstract: Background and purposeThe development of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has emerged as a major obstacle for malaria elimination programs in endemic regions, leading to their prevention failure. This poses a significant challenge for the affected population. There is a need to investigate chemotherapeutic agents with low cost and minimal toxicity to overcome drug resistance of malaria. Combination therapy is a more emerging trend guided by World Health Organization to control drug-resistant malaria. Plant-based products are readily accessible and can serve as potential complementary treatments to recommended antimalarial drugs. This review highlight importance of plant based adjuvant with their present and future clinical manifestation toward malaria control.MethodThe inclusion of a wide range of sources such as research articles, reviews, and book chapters on plant-derived combinations from the years 2010 to 2022 have been thoroughly studied and retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and others.Result/ConclusionPlant-derived products have demonstrated significant success in the discovery of antimalarial drugs. By using plant extracts or phytomolecules in combination with traditional antimalarials, effective potential against malaria has been observed in vitro parasite culture with minimal safety risk and good efficacy in mice models. Several combinational antimalarial therapies have already been made available clinically, while a few others are still in clinical trial stages. Therefore, this review express recent literature on antimalarial combination therapies, highlighting their potential and providing guidance for future research in this field.
Abstract: Background and purposeThe development of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum has emerged as a major obstacle for malaria elimination programs in endemic regions, leading to their prevention failure. This poses a significant challenge for the affected population. There is a need to investigate chemotherapeutic agents with low cost and minimal toxicity to overcome drug resistance of malaria. Combination therapy is a more emerging trend guided by World Health Organization to control drug-resistant malaria. Plant-based products are readily accessible and can serve as potential complementary treatments to recommended antimalarial drugs. This review highlight importance of plant based adjuvant with their present and future clinical manifestation toward malaria control.MethodThe inclusion of a wide range of sources such as research articles, reviews, and book chapters on plant-derived combinations from the years 2010 to 2022 have been thoroughly studied and retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and others.Result/ConclusionPlant-derived products have demonstrated significant success in the discovery of antimalarial drugs. By using plant extracts or phytomolecules in combination with traditional antimalarials, effective potential against malaria has been observed in vitro parasite culture with minimal safety risk and good efficacy in mice models. Several combinational antimalarial therapies have already been made available clinically, while a few others are still in clinical trial stages. Therefore, this review express recent literature on antimalarial combination therapies, highlighting their potential and providing guidance for future research in this field.
Posted: 25 August 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Urban Leishmaniasis in the Amazon: A One Health Framework Integrating Diagnostics, Microdiversity, Ultrastructure, and Extracellular Vesicles
Áurea Martins Gabriel
,Fabio André Campos Baía
,Juliana Mesquita Leal
,Gilvando Rodrigues Galvão
,Adan Galué-Parra
,Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira
,Ketil Winther Pedersen
,Marcela dos Santos Castro
,Rodrigo Rodrigues Virgulino
,Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
+2 authors
Abstract: Urban visceral leishmaniasis is intensifying across Amazonian cities, where ecological gradients, diagnostic divergence, and parasite adaptation complicate surveillance. We applied a One Health translational framework integrating diagnostic performance (TR DPP®, parasitology, kDNA, SSU rDNA), parasite microdiversity, ultrastructural remodel-ing, and extracellular vesicle (EV) biology across four municipalities. Among 1,499 dogs, infection burden was high and spatially heterogeneous. Agreement between TR DPP® and parasitology was substantial (κ = 0.6483), with 269 discordant outcomes reflecting distinct biological windows of infection. Blood and conjunctival swabs provided comple-mentary molecular detection, consistent with tissue specific parasitism. SSU rDNA se-quencing revealed low level polymorphisms compatible with intraregional microdiversity, while phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed genetic stability. Ultrastructural analyses identified lipid associated morphotypes and vesicle related structures supporting meta-bolic plasticity. EV release increased under thermal stress, indicating stress responsive ve-siculation with potential implications for immune modulation and diagnostic divergence. These integrated findings clarify how diagnostics, microdiversity, ultrastructure, and EV mediated communication converge to shape urban leishmaniasis dynamics and sup-port improved surveillance strategies for Amazonian endemic areas.
Abstract: Urban visceral leishmaniasis is intensifying across Amazonian cities, where ecological gradients, diagnostic divergence, and parasite adaptation complicate surveillance. We applied a One Health translational framework integrating diagnostic performance (TR DPP®, parasitology, kDNA, SSU rDNA), parasite microdiversity, ultrastructural remodel-ing, and extracellular vesicle (EV) biology across four municipalities. Among 1,499 dogs, infection burden was high and spatially heterogeneous. Agreement between TR DPP® and parasitology was substantial (κ = 0.6483), with 269 discordant outcomes reflecting distinct biological windows of infection. Blood and conjunctival swabs provided comple-mentary molecular detection, consistent with tissue specific parasitism. SSU rDNA se-quencing revealed low level polymorphisms compatible with intraregional microdiversity, while phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed genetic stability. Ultrastructural analyses identified lipid associated morphotypes and vesicle related structures supporting meta-bolic plasticity. EV release increased under thermal stress, indicating stress responsive ve-siculation with potential implications for immune modulation and diagnostic divergence. These integrated findings clarify how diagnostics, microdiversity, ultrastructure, and EV mediated communication converge to shape urban leishmaniasis dynamics and sup-port improved surveillance strategies for Amazonian endemic areas.
Posted: 24 August 2026
Hypothesis
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Modulation of Host Cell Death Signaling Platforms by Plasmodium falciparum: Implications for Eryptosis Regulation and Parasite Survival
Lina Solis-Castillero
,Ricardo Correa
,Maria F. Alves-Rosa
,Carmenza Spadafora
Abstract: Programmed cell death pathways in Plasmodium falciparum remain conceptually fragmented. Over decades, researchers have applied metazoan apoptotic, autophagic, and necrotic markers to this deep-branching protozoan, frequently clashing with the reality that the parasite lacks the canonical genetic machinery (such as true caspases or death receptors) found in multicellular eukaryotes. In this work, we shift the focus from the parasite’s disputed intrinsic death machinery to a neglected arena: the active manipulation of the host erythrocyte’s autonomous suicide program, eryptosis. We integrate existing literature on membrane remodeling, protein export, and lipid raft dynamics to propose a novel Host Protein Sequestration Hypothesis. We suggest that P. falciparum evades splenic clearance by actively dismantling the host cell’s surface death signaling platforms—Clusters of Apoptotic Signaling Molecule-Enriched Rafts (CASMERs)—and pulling these host components inward. We suggest that human FAS is internalized by the parasite and physically interacts with Plasmodium lipid-raft scaffolding proteins. This perspective offers a fundamentally fresh conceptual framework for understanding malaria survival strategies and highlights a vulnerable, non-canonical therapeutic target.
Abstract: Programmed cell death pathways in Plasmodium falciparum remain conceptually fragmented. Over decades, researchers have applied metazoan apoptotic, autophagic, and necrotic markers to this deep-branching protozoan, frequently clashing with the reality that the parasite lacks the canonical genetic machinery (such as true caspases or death receptors) found in multicellular eukaryotes. In this work, we shift the focus from the parasite’s disputed intrinsic death machinery to a neglected arena: the active manipulation of the host erythrocyte’s autonomous suicide program, eryptosis. We integrate existing literature on membrane remodeling, protein export, and lipid raft dynamics to propose a novel Host Protein Sequestration Hypothesis. We suggest that P. falciparum evades splenic clearance by actively dismantling the host cell’s surface death signaling platforms—Clusters of Apoptotic Signaling Molecule-Enriched Rafts (CASMERs)—and pulling these host components inward. We suggest that human FAS is internalized by the parasite and physically interacts with Plasmodium lipid-raft scaffolding proteins. This perspective offers a fundamentally fresh conceptual framework for understanding malaria survival strategies and highlights a vulnerable, non-canonical therapeutic target.
Posted: 17 August 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Survival Pattern of Engorged Females of Rhipicephalus microplus Exposed to Steinernema carpocapsae
Andera Neves
,Luisa Koene Conchinski
,João Paes
Abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus represents an important challenge for cattle farming due to economic losses and growing resistance to chemical acaricides. In this context, this study evaluated the temporal dynamics of survival of engorged females of R. microplus exposed to different concentrations of a commercial formulation of Steinernema carpocapsae. Three independent bioassays were conducted, in which survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves, Cox proportional hazards model and TL50 and TL90 estimates. The infectivity of nematodes recovered from engorged females was subsequently evaluated in Tenebrio molitor. The more concentrated suspensions promoted a faster reduction in survival, shorter lethal times and higher risk ratios, while the 130 mL dilution showed a later response. Despite the variation in lethal times between bioassays, a consistent pattern of response was observed between the concentrations evaluated. The recovered nematodes remained infectious, causing mortality in T. molitor. The results demonstrate that the analysis of the temporal dynamics of mortality provides a more comprehensive characterization of the activity of S. carpocapsae on R. microplus, expanding the understanding of its application as a biological control agent.
Abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus represents an important challenge for cattle farming due to economic losses and growing resistance to chemical acaricides. In this context, this study evaluated the temporal dynamics of survival of engorged females of R. microplus exposed to different concentrations of a commercial formulation of Steinernema carpocapsae. Three independent bioassays were conducted, in which survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves, Cox proportional hazards model and TL50 and TL90 estimates. The infectivity of nematodes recovered from engorged females was subsequently evaluated in Tenebrio molitor. The more concentrated suspensions promoted a faster reduction in survival, shorter lethal times and higher risk ratios, while the 130 mL dilution showed a later response. Despite the variation in lethal times between bioassays, a consistent pattern of response was observed between the concentrations evaluated. The recovered nematodes remained infectious, causing mortality in T. molitor. The results demonstrate that the analysis of the temporal dynamics of mortality provides a more comprehensive characterization of the activity of S. carpocapsae on R. microplus, expanding the understanding of its application as a biological control agent.
Posted: 10 August 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Spliced Leader RNA as a Minimally Invasive Molecular Biomarker for Leishmaniasis Detection
Mohanna Sadat Sajjadi Oskouei
,Juan P. Gonzalez
,Delis J. Mattei-Lopez
,Douglas A. Shoue
,Cristian Koepfli
,Mary A. McDowell
Abstract: Leishmaniasis continues to be a major neglected tropical disease, particularly in endemic areas where reliable diagnosis remains challenging. Many existing diagnostic methods are invasive, lack sufficient sensitivity, or require equipment and expertise that may not be available in resource-limited settings. Parasite-derived spliced leader (SL) RNA has recently gained attention as a promising molecular marker because it may enable the sensitive detection of viable Leishmania parasites and help track changes in infection over time. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also of growing interest because they protect and transport stable biomolecules that may provide valuable diagnostic information and influence interactions between the parasite and its host. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of detecting Leishmania-derived SL-RNA within EV-associated samples. EVs were isolated from parasite-conditioned media (PCM) and infected THP-1 macrophage (I-MP) cell-conditioned medium (CCM), followed by nanoparticle tracking analysis for EV characterization. RNA was extracted from EV preparations, reverse transcribed into cDNA and analyzed for SL-RNA amplification using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) approaches. Successful amplification of SL-RNA was detected in PCM and I-MP CCM EV samples, whereas uninfected controls showed no specific amplification. ddPCR analysis demonstrated sensitive detection across infected samples which supports the potential utility of this approach for low-abundance target detection. These findings support the feasibility of EV-associated SL-RNA as a molecular biomarker for Leishmania infection.
Abstract: Leishmaniasis continues to be a major neglected tropical disease, particularly in endemic areas where reliable diagnosis remains challenging. Many existing diagnostic methods are invasive, lack sufficient sensitivity, or require equipment and expertise that may not be available in resource-limited settings. Parasite-derived spliced leader (SL) RNA has recently gained attention as a promising molecular marker because it may enable the sensitive detection of viable Leishmania parasites and help track changes in infection over time. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also of growing interest because they protect and transport stable biomolecules that may provide valuable diagnostic information and influence interactions between the parasite and its host. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of detecting Leishmania-derived SL-RNA within EV-associated samples. EVs were isolated from parasite-conditioned media (PCM) and infected THP-1 macrophage (I-MP) cell-conditioned medium (CCM), followed by nanoparticle tracking analysis for EV characterization. RNA was extracted from EV preparations, reverse transcribed into cDNA and analyzed for SL-RNA amplification using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) approaches. Successful amplification of SL-RNA was detected in PCM and I-MP CCM EV samples, whereas uninfected controls showed no specific amplification. ddPCR analysis demonstrated sensitive detection across infected samples which supports the potential utility of this approach for low-abundance target detection. These findings support the feasibility of EV-associated SL-RNA as a molecular biomarker for Leishmania infection.
Posted: 06 August 2026
Brief Report
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling of Experimental Cerebral Malaria: A Proof-of-Concept Study
soumita Ghosh
,Arjun Sengupta
,Shobhona Sharma
,Haripalsingh M Sonawat
Abstract: Cerebral Malaria (CM) is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum. There are currently no reliable tools to predict the progression of cerebral syndromes in humans. Cerebral malaria results in mortality for approximately 1–2% of affected patients, with diagnosis generally established following the onset of neurological manifestations—such as coma, paralysis, or seizures—which may also be indicative of alternative medical conditions. More research is warranted to detect early biomolecular fingerprints of CM in biofluids. In this study, we have investigated the disease's early molecular markers in mice's urine. Our analysis has identified a significant decrease in methylmalonate in urine for mice with CM, a finding that not only provides a potential early detection tool for CM but also opens new avenues for research and intervention strategies.
Abstract: Cerebral Malaria (CM) is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum. There are currently no reliable tools to predict the progression of cerebral syndromes in humans. Cerebral malaria results in mortality for approximately 1–2% of affected patients, with diagnosis generally established following the onset of neurological manifestations—such as coma, paralysis, or seizures—which may also be indicative of alternative medical conditions. More research is warranted to detect early biomolecular fingerprints of CM in biofluids. In this study, we have investigated the disease's early molecular markers in mice's urine. Our analysis has identified a significant decrease in methylmalonate in urine for mice with CM, a finding that not only provides a potential early detection tool for CM but also opens new avenues for research and intervention strategies.
Posted: 16 July 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
A Potentially Novel Clinostomum Species Infecting Omani Aphaniops spp.: Morpho-Molecular Evidence
Manal Al Sheriyani
,Saud Al Jufaily
,Al Thuraya Al Shidhani
,Shahd Al Wahaibi
,Hanan Al Balushi
,Asekova Sovetgul
,Gilha Yoon
Abstract: Clinostomum spp. are digenetic trematodes characterized by high genetic diversity and complex life cycles involving three hosts: snails, fish, and birds. These parasites signifi-cantly impact freshwater ecosystems, particularly when infecting fish as the second in-termediate host. Despite their ecological importance, no studies have examined the morpho-molecular characteristics of Clinostomum spp. from freshwater fish species in Oman, limiting our understanding of their life cycles and potential threats to the local aquatic environment. The present study investigated Clinostomum spp. infecting killifish (Aphaniops sp.) from four locations in the Muscat region of the Sultanate of Oman (Al Amirat, Al Khoud, Darsait, and Al Bahayes) using integrated morphological and mo-lecular approaches. Metacercariae were morphologically characterized through organ measurements and molecularly identified using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. Morphometric analysis revealed that Clinostomum parasites from Omani freshwater bodies were consistently smaller than the established species C. complanatum and C. marginatum reported from other regions. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the Omani specimens were closely related to, but distinct from, Turkish C. complanatum, suggesting they may represent a potentially novel species or subspecies.
Abstract: Clinostomum spp. are digenetic trematodes characterized by high genetic diversity and complex life cycles involving three hosts: snails, fish, and birds. These parasites signifi-cantly impact freshwater ecosystems, particularly when infecting fish as the second in-termediate host. Despite their ecological importance, no studies have examined the morpho-molecular characteristics of Clinostomum spp. from freshwater fish species in Oman, limiting our understanding of their life cycles and potential threats to the local aquatic environment. The present study investigated Clinostomum spp. infecting killifish (Aphaniops sp.) from four locations in the Muscat region of the Sultanate of Oman (Al Amirat, Al Khoud, Darsait, and Al Bahayes) using integrated morphological and mo-lecular approaches. Metacercariae were morphologically characterized through organ measurements and molecularly identified using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. Morphometric analysis revealed that Clinostomum parasites from Omani freshwater bodies were consistently smaller than the established species C. complanatum and C. marginatum reported from other regions. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the Omani specimens were closely related to, but distinct from, Turkish C. complanatum, suggesting they may represent a potentially novel species or subspecies.
Posted: 13 July 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among Pregnant Women in Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan
Wahaj M. Mohammed
,Ahmed B. Abdlla
,Gutoof H. Taha
,Abdelhakam H. Ali
,Husham M. Taha Aloob
,Khlood K. Babiker
Abstract: Background: A common zoonotic parasite protozoan with significant effects on veterinary and public health is Toxoplasma gondii. It is believed that one-third of the world's population has come into contact with this parasite. Pregnant women in Sudan have been found to have higher seroprevalence rates, and exposure has been linked to serious gestational problems such miscarriage, preterm delivery, or stunted fetal growth. In Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan, this study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and examine epidemiological risk factors among expectant mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital and clinic-based study was carried out on 300 pregnant women in Shendi. Serum samples were collected and tested for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies with a commercial quick immunochromatographic test (ICT) cassette. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, obstetrical, and dietary behavioral information. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibodies in 300 individuals was 46.7% (n=140), indicating previous immunological exposure; no IgM antibodies were found, indicating the lack of active, acute infections during the sample period. T. gondii seropositivity was found to be significantly associated with raw or undercooked meat consumption (P=0.000), first-trimester gestational age (P=0.000), a maternal history of miscarriage (P=0.000), and prior deliveries of children with congenital abnormalities. There was no statistically significant link between age groups (P=0.989) or parity (P=0.636). Conclusion: The findings show a significant seroprevalence of latent maternal toxoplasmosis exposure in the Shendi region. The strong associations between dietary habits and unfavorable obstetric outcomes highlight the importance of early regular antenatal screening, enhanced food safety education, and preventative prenatal efforts to reduce vertical transmission risk.
Abstract: Background: A common zoonotic parasite protozoan with significant effects on veterinary and public health is Toxoplasma gondii. It is believed that one-third of the world's population has come into contact with this parasite. Pregnant women in Sudan have been found to have higher seroprevalence rates, and exposure has been linked to serious gestational problems such miscarriage, preterm delivery, or stunted fetal growth. In Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan, this study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies and examine epidemiological risk factors among expectant mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital and clinic-based study was carried out on 300 pregnant women in Shendi. Serum samples were collected and tested for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies with a commercial quick immunochromatographic test (ICT) cassette. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, obstetrical, and dietary behavioral information. Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibodies in 300 individuals was 46.7% (n=140), indicating previous immunological exposure; no IgM antibodies were found, indicating the lack of active, acute infections during the sample period. T. gondii seropositivity was found to be significantly associated with raw or undercooked meat consumption (P=0.000), first-trimester gestational age (P=0.000), a maternal history of miscarriage (P=0.000), and prior deliveries of children with congenital abnormalities. There was no statistically significant link between age groups (P=0.989) or parity (P=0.636). Conclusion: The findings show a significant seroprevalence of latent maternal toxoplasmosis exposure in the Shendi region. The strong associations between dietary habits and unfavorable obstetric outcomes highlight the importance of early regular antenatal screening, enhanced food safety education, and preventative prenatal efforts to reduce vertical transmission risk.
Posted: 08 July 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Evaluation of a Novel Rapid Detection of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs and Miracidia in Human Urine Samples by Parasimax Multicolor® Reagent
Antonio Maximiano Fernandes
,Nhacha Isac
,Evandro Carvalho
,Andreia Pina
,Emiliano Silva
,Keila Barros
,Silvia Muchanga
,Byong H. Lee
,Rosana Moreno
,Cristiane Fonseca Freitas
Abstract: Urinary schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium, is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The standard microscopic diagnosis is time-consuming and requires expertise to differentiate eggs from artifacts. A study evaluated the performance of a novel staining reagent called Parasimax multicolor® for the rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples from two endemic countries. Samples positive for Schistosoma haematobium were identified by comparing staining techniques, including Parasimax multicolor staining, wet mount preparation and auramide staining. The results showed that Parasimax staining was faster (30 seconds) and more effective for observing Schistosoma haematobium eggs and miracidia, as well as cellular elements such as red blood cells, even when observed with lower magnification lens. These results show that staining with Parasimax reagent is a potential emergency method for detecting eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma haematobium.
Abstract: Urinary schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium, is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The standard microscopic diagnosis is time-consuming and requires expertise to differentiate eggs from artifacts. A study evaluated the performance of a novel staining reagent called Parasimax multicolor® for the rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples from two endemic countries. Samples positive for Schistosoma haematobium were identified by comparing staining techniques, including Parasimax multicolor staining, wet mount preparation and auramide staining. The results showed that Parasimax staining was faster (30 seconds) and more effective for observing Schistosoma haematobium eggs and miracidia, as well as cellular elements such as red blood cells, even when observed with lower magnification lens. These results show that staining with Parasimax reagent is a potential emergency method for detecting eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma haematobium.
Posted: 16 June 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Occurrence of Sulcascaris sulcata (Rudolphi, 1819) in Stranded Mediterranean Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Along the Coasts of North-West Adriatic and Ionian Sea (Italy)
Maria Grazia Cariglia
,Stefano Castellana
,Antonio Petrella
,Angelica Bianco
,Adriana Di Castri
,Leonardo Marino
,Stefania Patrizia Grimaldi
,Eleonora Buzzi
,Federica Cavaliere
,Ilaria Pascucci
+1 authors
Abstract: The anisakid nematode Sulcascaris (S.) sulcata is one of the most frequently reported pathogenic parasite of gastrointestinal tract of sea turtles, with wide diffusion in warm marine ecosystems of Pacific, Atlantic, and Mediterranean basin. Sea turtles, including the Mediterranean loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), act as definitive hosts by ingesting infected bivalve and gastropod molluscs with fourth- larval stage. Infected sea turtles typically develop ulcerative gastritis and chronic mucosal inflammation. We molecularly characterized 19 anisakid nematodes collected from the gastric tract of stranded C. caretta (n = 19) along the Adriatic and Ionian coasts and examined at local Zooprophylactic Institutes. Stomach samples from 5 severely infested turtles were also submitted to histological analysis. Species identification was performed through two conventional PCRs targeting MT-CO1 and MT-CO2; sequencing of 35 amplicons confirmed their identity as S. sulcata species revealing high genetic homogeneity. Phylogenetic analyses showed no clustering by geographic origin or host. The pathological examination revealed mucocatarrhal gastritis with ulcerative lesions, while histological analysis showed chronic gastritis characterized by lymphocytic infiltration. These findings refine current knowledge on S. sulcata distribution and host–parasite dynamics, with implications for marine turtle health and intermediatehost ecology.
Abstract: The anisakid nematode Sulcascaris (S.) sulcata is one of the most frequently reported pathogenic parasite of gastrointestinal tract of sea turtles, with wide diffusion in warm marine ecosystems of Pacific, Atlantic, and Mediterranean basin. Sea turtles, including the Mediterranean loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), act as definitive hosts by ingesting infected bivalve and gastropod molluscs with fourth- larval stage. Infected sea turtles typically develop ulcerative gastritis and chronic mucosal inflammation. We molecularly characterized 19 anisakid nematodes collected from the gastric tract of stranded C. caretta (n = 19) along the Adriatic and Ionian coasts and examined at local Zooprophylactic Institutes. Stomach samples from 5 severely infested turtles were also submitted to histological analysis. Species identification was performed through two conventional PCRs targeting MT-CO1 and MT-CO2; sequencing of 35 amplicons confirmed their identity as S. sulcata species revealing high genetic homogeneity. Phylogenetic analyses showed no clustering by geographic origin or host. The pathological examination revealed mucocatarrhal gastritis with ulcerative lesions, while histological analysis showed chronic gastritis characterized by lymphocytic infiltration. These findings refine current knowledge on S. sulcata distribution and host–parasite dynamics, with implications for marine turtle health and intermediatehost ecology.
Posted: 10 June 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Transcriptional Responses to Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1708 in Toxoplasma gondii and Human Fibroblasts
Maria Cristina Ferreira de Sousa
,Arunasalam Naguleswaran
,Kayode K. Ojo
,Wesley C. Van Voorhis
,Andrew Hemphill
Abstract: Bumped kinase inhibitors exhibit proven safety and promising efficacy against apicomplexan parasites in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide compound BKI-1708 effectively inhibited the vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and significantly reduced the cerebral parasite loads in experimentally infected pregnant mice. In vitro experiments revealed that exposure of T. gondii tachyzoites to BKI-1708 induces the formation of atypical intracellular multinucleated complexes called “baryzoites.” These forms exhibit increased expression of bradyzoite-stage proteins while still displaying classical tachyzoite markers, and can withstand prolonged drug pressure. Differential affinity chromatography of T. gondii extracts identified numerous BKI-1708-binding proteins involved in invasion/egress, redox homeostasis, and RNA processing. To understand the transcriptional implications of BKI-1708 treatment on T. gondii tachyzoites and human foreskin fibroblast host cells, T. gondii-infected host cells, either treated with BKI-1708 or untreated, were subjected to dual RNA-seq analysis. BKI-1708 induced a significant transcriptional remodeling in the parasite, with an enrichment in pathways related to translation, RNA metabolism, and stress responses. In contrast, only limited transcriptional perturbations were observed in the host cells. These findings suggest that BKI-1708 modulates the transcriptome in a predominantly parasite-specific manner, disrupting essential biological processes in T. gondii while largely preserving host cell function.
Abstract: Bumped kinase inhibitors exhibit proven safety and promising efficacy against apicomplexan parasites in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide compound BKI-1708 effectively inhibited the vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and significantly reduced the cerebral parasite loads in experimentally infected pregnant mice. In vitro experiments revealed that exposure of T. gondii tachyzoites to BKI-1708 induces the formation of atypical intracellular multinucleated complexes called “baryzoites.” These forms exhibit increased expression of bradyzoite-stage proteins while still displaying classical tachyzoite markers, and can withstand prolonged drug pressure. Differential affinity chromatography of T. gondii extracts identified numerous BKI-1708-binding proteins involved in invasion/egress, redox homeostasis, and RNA processing. To understand the transcriptional implications of BKI-1708 treatment on T. gondii tachyzoites and human foreskin fibroblast host cells, T. gondii-infected host cells, either treated with BKI-1708 or untreated, were subjected to dual RNA-seq analysis. BKI-1708 induced a significant transcriptional remodeling in the parasite, with an enrichment in pathways related to translation, RNA metabolism, and stress responses. In contrast, only limited transcriptional perturbations were observed in the host cells. These findings suggest that BKI-1708 modulates the transcriptome in a predominantly parasite-specific manner, disrupting essential biological processes in T. gondii while largely preserving host cell function.
Posted: 08 June 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Integrative Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei from a Goat in Mindanao, Philippines
Olga A. Loginova
,Albina V. Luneva
,Nanette H.N. Sumaya
,Sergei E. Spiridonov
Abstract: Trichostrongylid nematodes are globally distributed gastrointestinal parasites of major veterinary and, in some cases, medical importance. Among them, Haemonchus contortus is especially important as a highly pathogenic haematophagous species. Reliable diagnosis of trichostrongylids often requires an integrative approach because specimen damage, cryptic diversity, dimorphic species complexes, and possible hybridization may compromise identification based on morphology alone. In the Philippines, and particularly in Mindanao, previous work has been restricted largely to coproscopy, with no published studies on adult trichostrongylids using DNA-based methods or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we present an integrative characterization of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus axei recovered from a goat in Mindanao, Philippines, in 2023. Identification was based on light microscopy, SEM, morphometry with descriptive statistics, and sequence data from the CoxI and ITS regions. Phylogenetic analyses and a haplotype network for H. contortus indicated that the Philippine material belongs to a widely distributed lineage complex showing weak geographic structuring. In broadly distributed nematodes of small ruminants, the geographic origin of individual genotypes may therefore be difficult to infer from locality alone, as global host movements can facilitate admixture among parasite lineages. This study provides the first molecular record of trichostrongylid nematodes from the Philippines and the first SEM-based documentation of H. contortus in the country. These findings confirm the presence of economically important gastrointestinal nematodes in Philippine small ruminants and underscore the value of integrative diagnosis for accurate species delimitation. Broader sampling is needed to clarify parasite diversity, distribution, and genetic variation across the country.
Abstract: Trichostrongylid nematodes are globally distributed gastrointestinal parasites of major veterinary and, in some cases, medical importance. Among them, Haemonchus contortus is especially important as a highly pathogenic haematophagous species. Reliable diagnosis of trichostrongylids often requires an integrative approach because specimen damage, cryptic diversity, dimorphic species complexes, and possible hybridization may compromise identification based on morphology alone. In the Philippines, and particularly in Mindanao, previous work has been restricted largely to coproscopy, with no published studies on adult trichostrongylids using DNA-based methods or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we present an integrative characterization of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus axei recovered from a goat in Mindanao, Philippines, in 2023. Identification was based on light microscopy, SEM, morphometry with descriptive statistics, and sequence data from the CoxI and ITS regions. Phylogenetic analyses and a haplotype network for H. contortus indicated that the Philippine material belongs to a widely distributed lineage complex showing weak geographic structuring. In broadly distributed nematodes of small ruminants, the geographic origin of individual genotypes may therefore be difficult to infer from locality alone, as global host movements can facilitate admixture among parasite lineages. This study provides the first molecular record of trichostrongylid nematodes from the Philippines and the first SEM-based documentation of H. contortus in the country. These findings confirm the presence of economically important gastrointestinal nematodes in Philippine small ruminants and underscore the value of integrative diagnosis for accurate species delimitation. Broader sampling is needed to clarify parasite diversity, distribution, and genetic variation across the country.
Posted: 02 June 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Lipid-Associated Morphotypes in Leishmania Promastigotes and Amastigotes Reflect Parasite Microdiversity in an Amazonian Transmission Landscape
Áurea Martins Gabriel
,Gilvando Galvão
,Adan Galué-Parra
,Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira
,Ketil Winther Pedersen
,Delia Cristina Figueira Aguiar
,Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
,Edilene Oliveira da Silva
Abstract: Lipid-rich and vesicle-like structures are recurrent features of Leishmania spp., yet their morphological diversity and stage-specific organization remain incompletely defined. Here, we provide a descriptive ultrastructural and fluorescence-based characterization of lipid-associated compartments in Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, BODIPY® staining, and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Promastigotes displayed electron-dense lipid bodies adjacent to the Golgi complex and abundant vesicle-like profiles within the flagellar pocket, whereas intracellular amastigotes exhibited rounded lipid-rich inclusions within parasitophorous vacuoles. NTA revealed stage-dependent differences in particle abundance and size distribution, interpreted strictly at the descriptive level in accordance with MISEV2023 guidelines. These findings establish a morphological baseline for lipid-associated structures across parasite stages. When contextualized with previously reported low-level genetic polymorphisms in Amazonian Leishmania populations, the observed structural heterogeneity suggests that microdiversity may contribute to variation in vacuolar lipid organization. This framework provides a foundation for future studies integrating ultrastructure, lipidomics, and parasite genomics.
Abstract: Lipid-rich and vesicle-like structures are recurrent features of Leishmania spp., yet their morphological diversity and stage-specific organization remain incompletely defined. Here, we provide a descriptive ultrastructural and fluorescence-based characterization of lipid-associated compartments in Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, BODIPY® staining, and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Promastigotes displayed electron-dense lipid bodies adjacent to the Golgi complex and abundant vesicle-like profiles within the flagellar pocket, whereas intracellular amastigotes exhibited rounded lipid-rich inclusions within parasitophorous vacuoles. NTA revealed stage-dependent differences in particle abundance and size distribution, interpreted strictly at the descriptive level in accordance with MISEV2023 guidelines. These findings establish a morphological baseline for lipid-associated structures across parasite stages. When contextualized with previously reported low-level genetic polymorphisms in Amazonian Leishmania populations, the observed structural heterogeneity suggests that microdiversity may contribute to variation in vacuolar lipid organization. This framework provides a foundation for future studies integrating ultrastructure, lipidomics, and parasite genomics.
Posted: 26 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Laboratory Colony and Wild Populations of Phlebotomus tobbi and Molecular Surveillance of Leishmania Infection
Mehmet Karakuş*
,Ayda Yılmaz
,Mert Okbay
,Metin Pekağırbaş
,Ozge Erisoz Kasap
Abstract: Sand fly midgut microbiota plays a critical role in shaping Leishmania development and vector competence, yet functional evidence from natural vector populations remains limited. In this study, sand flies were collected between 2020 and 2022 in Cukurova region, Türkiye to characterize the gut bacterial composition of Phlebotomus tobbi and evaluate the anti-leishmanial potential of cultivable isolates. A total of 1,739 sand flies were captured (878 females, 861 males), of which Ph. tobbi was the predominant species (n = 1,312). 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V4–V6) showed that the gut microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria, with Erwinia aphidicola/persicina representing the most abundant species across all analyzed groups. Fourteen cultivable bacterial species were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, including Serratia liquefaciens, Pantoea agglomerans, and Micrococcus luteus. Functional XTT assays against Leishmania infantum promastigotes demonstrated variable inhibitory activity among isolates. The strongest leishmanicidal effects were observed with S. liquefaciens (32.3%) and M. luteus (28.8%). Morphological examination confirmed promastigote rounding and cell death in isolates showing >25% activity. These findings define the gut bacterial landscape of Ph. tobbi in an endemic region and identify bacterial taxa with in vitro anti-leishmanial activity, highlighting their potential for future microbiota-based or paratransgenic control strategies.
Abstract: Sand fly midgut microbiota plays a critical role in shaping Leishmania development and vector competence, yet functional evidence from natural vector populations remains limited. In this study, sand flies were collected between 2020 and 2022 in Cukurova region, Türkiye to characterize the gut bacterial composition of Phlebotomus tobbi and evaluate the anti-leishmanial potential of cultivable isolates. A total of 1,739 sand flies were captured (878 females, 861 males), of which Ph. tobbi was the predominant species (n = 1,312). 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V4–V6) showed that the gut microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria, with Erwinia aphidicola/persicina representing the most abundant species across all analyzed groups. Fourteen cultivable bacterial species were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, including Serratia liquefaciens, Pantoea agglomerans, and Micrococcus luteus. Functional XTT assays against Leishmania infantum promastigotes demonstrated variable inhibitory activity among isolates. The strongest leishmanicidal effects were observed with S. liquefaciens (32.3%) and M. luteus (28.8%). Morphological examination confirmed promastigote rounding and cell death in isolates showing >25% activity. These findings define the gut bacterial landscape of Ph. tobbi in an endemic region and identify bacterial taxa with in vitro anti-leishmanial activity, highlighting their potential for future microbiota-based or paratransgenic control strategies.
Posted: 26 May 2026
Review
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Multitarget Therapeutic Strategies for Chagas Disease: Natural Compounds, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Cell-Based Immunomodulation
Ana María Fernández-Presas
,Katia Jarquín-Yáñez
,Adolfo Cruz-Reséndiz
,Oscar Rodríguez-Lima
,Jaime Zamora-Chimal
,Blanca Esther Blancas-Luciano
Abstract: Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major public health problem in Latin America and an emerging global health concern due to population mobility. Alt-hough benznidazole and nifurtimox remain the only approved antiparasitic drugs, their limited efficacy in chronic infection, prolonged treatment regimens, frequent adverse ef-fects, and variable activity across parasite strains highlight the need for new therapeutic strategies. In addition, the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease is driven not only by parasite persistence but also by immune-mediated tissue damage, particularly in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. In this review, we examine emerging therapeutic approaches that extend beyond conventional trypanocidal chemotherapy, with emphasis on plant-derived extracts, essential oils, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-based immuno-modulatory strategies. Plant compounds and essential oils have shown antiparasitic ac-tivity through mechanisms including oxidative stress induction, membrane disruption, interference with sterol biosynthesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while some extracts also modulate host immune responses. Antimicrobial peptides display dual potential by directly damaging parasite membranes and organelles or by reshaping infec-tion-associated inflammatory responses. In parallel, cell-based therapies such as mesen-chymal stromal cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and bone marrow-derived cells have demonstrated promising cardioprotective and immunoregulatory effects in experimental chronic Chagas disease. Collectively, these approaches support a multitarget therapeutic framework in which parasite-directed and host-directed interventions may complement each other. Further mechanistic studies, standardization, and translational validation will be essential to advance these candidates toward clinically useful therapies for Chagas disease.
Abstract: Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major public health problem in Latin America and an emerging global health concern due to population mobility. Alt-hough benznidazole and nifurtimox remain the only approved antiparasitic drugs, their limited efficacy in chronic infection, prolonged treatment regimens, frequent adverse ef-fects, and variable activity across parasite strains highlight the need for new therapeutic strategies. In addition, the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease is driven not only by parasite persistence but also by immune-mediated tissue damage, particularly in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. In this review, we examine emerging therapeutic approaches that extend beyond conventional trypanocidal chemotherapy, with emphasis on plant-derived extracts, essential oils, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-based immuno-modulatory strategies. Plant compounds and essential oils have shown antiparasitic ac-tivity through mechanisms including oxidative stress induction, membrane disruption, interference with sterol biosynthesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while some extracts also modulate host immune responses. Antimicrobial peptides display dual potential by directly damaging parasite membranes and organelles or by reshaping infec-tion-associated inflammatory responses. In parallel, cell-based therapies such as mesen-chymal stromal cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and bone marrow-derived cells have demonstrated promising cardioprotective and immunoregulatory effects in experimental chronic Chagas disease. Collectively, these approaches support a multitarget therapeutic framework in which parasite-directed and host-directed interventions may complement each other. Further mechanistic studies, standardization, and translational validation will be essential to advance these candidates toward clinically useful therapies for Chagas disease.
Posted: 14 May 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Protective Effect Against Acute Experimental Toxoplasmosis Conferred by Intranasal Immunisation with Toxoplasma gondii Membrane Proteins Plus CpG Adjuvant
Carina Brito
,Daniela Teixeira
,Paula Goulart
,Beatriz Rodrigues
,Nuno Carvalho
,Manuel Vilanova
,Alexandra Correia
,Margarida Borges
Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of the global human population. Primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy can induce miscarriage or congenital infection, leading to irreversible damage to the foetus. Moreover, reactivation of T. gondii infection in immunosuppressed individuals can result in fatal outcomes. No vaccine exists to prevent human disease caused by this parasite. Thus, a vaccine that could induce complete and lasting protection against human toxoplasmosis is an unmet need. In this work, a subunit vaccine, consisting of T. gondii membrane proteins (TGMP) from the T. gondii Me49 strain plus CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant (CpG), was tested using BALB/cByJ mice. Intranasal immunisation with TGMP plus CpG (TGMP+CpG) raised TGMP-specific serum IgG and intestinal IgA antibody levels, and parasite-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. Dense granule proteins (GRA) 2 and 7, surface antigen (SAG)-related sequences 25, 29B, and 34A, microneme protein (MIC) 10, toxofilin, nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) domain-containing protein and NAC subunit beta were identified as immunogenic proteins in the TGMP. Mice immunised with TGMP+CpG were challenged with T. gondii tachyzoites and showed a significant reduction in the parasitic burden in the peritoneal exudate, spleen, and lungs, compared to mice sham-immunised with CpG alone. Altogether, these results indicate that mucosal immunisation with TGMP plus CpG adjuvant is worth exploring as a vaccination approach to prevent toxoplasmosis.
Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of the global human population. Primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy can induce miscarriage or congenital infection, leading to irreversible damage to the foetus. Moreover, reactivation of T. gondii infection in immunosuppressed individuals can result in fatal outcomes. No vaccine exists to prevent human disease caused by this parasite. Thus, a vaccine that could induce complete and lasting protection against human toxoplasmosis is an unmet need. In this work, a subunit vaccine, consisting of T. gondii membrane proteins (TGMP) from the T. gondii Me49 strain plus CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant (CpG), was tested using BALB/cByJ mice. Intranasal immunisation with TGMP plus CpG (TGMP+CpG) raised TGMP-specific serum IgG and intestinal IgA antibody levels, and parasite-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. Dense granule proteins (GRA) 2 and 7, surface antigen (SAG)-related sequences 25, 29B, and 34A, microneme protein (MIC) 10, toxofilin, nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) domain-containing protein and NAC subunit beta were identified as immunogenic proteins in the TGMP. Mice immunised with TGMP+CpG were challenged with T. gondii tachyzoites and showed a significant reduction in the parasitic burden in the peritoneal exudate, spleen, and lungs, compared to mice sham-immunised with CpG alone. Altogether, these results indicate that mucosal immunisation with TGMP plus CpG adjuvant is worth exploring as a vaccination approach to prevent toxoplasmosis.
Posted: 01 May 2026
Review
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Beyond Bacteria and Fungi: Cystic Fibrosis and Possible Association with Intestinal Parasitic Diseases
Gehan L. Labib
,Salma A. Mahmoud
Abstract: The gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems are severely affected in both homozygous and heterozygous cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting epithelial ion transport and multiple organ systems. While bacterial and fungal comorbidities are well studied, parasitic infections remain underexplored. This narrative review addresses an unexplored area, inspired by the common gastrointestinal symptoms observed in both CF and certain intestinal parasites. It aims to explore potential links between CF and intestinal parasitic diseases, based on clinical case reports, literature reviews, and research articles. In this study, we used various search engines, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Wiley, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. This was constructed by employing keywords such as Cystic fibrosis, CFTR, cystic fibrosis associated with pathogens, intestinal inflammation, bowel disease, intestinal protozoa, and helminthic infections. Once similar symptoms and molecular/immune mechanisms were detected, our keywords extended to include specific parasites associated with CF and/or CFTR, as well as chronic lung inflammation, pancreatitis, or diabetes. This review also examines immunomodulation in CF, with or without parasitic infection, and the influence of CF on predisposition to parasitic infection, diagnosis, or treatment. In a nutshell, we found only a few case reports on CF-protozoan infection comorbidities in non-Middle Eastern countries, and even those are dated two decades ago. This indicates the underestimation of the possibility of CF-comorbidity, which might be life-threatening. Hence, CF diagnosis in patients with intestinal parasitic infections, family pedigree reviews before treatment, and in vivo/ex vivo research studies are recommended.
Abstract: The gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems are severely affected in both homozygous and heterozygous cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting epithelial ion transport and multiple organ systems. While bacterial and fungal comorbidities are well studied, parasitic infections remain underexplored. This narrative review addresses an unexplored area, inspired by the common gastrointestinal symptoms observed in both CF and certain intestinal parasites. It aims to explore potential links between CF and intestinal parasitic diseases, based on clinical case reports, literature reviews, and research articles. In this study, we used various search engines, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Wiley, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. This was constructed by employing keywords such as Cystic fibrosis, CFTR, cystic fibrosis associated with pathogens, intestinal inflammation, bowel disease, intestinal protozoa, and helminthic infections. Once similar symptoms and molecular/immune mechanisms were detected, our keywords extended to include specific parasites associated with CF and/or CFTR, as well as chronic lung inflammation, pancreatitis, or diabetes. This review also examines immunomodulation in CF, with or without parasitic infection, and the influence of CF on predisposition to parasitic infection, diagnosis, or treatment. In a nutshell, we found only a few case reports on CF-protozoan infection comorbidities in non-Middle Eastern countries, and even those are dated two decades ago. This indicates the underestimation of the possibility of CF-comorbidity, which might be life-threatening. Hence, CF diagnosis in patients with intestinal parasitic infections, family pedigree reviews before treatment, and in vivo/ex vivo research studies are recommended.
Posted: 21 April 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Genes, Codon Usage and Translational Efficiency in Leishmania infantum
Ariel Nájera-Peso
,Andrés Carrazco
,Javier Adán-Jiménez
,Jose M. Requena
Abstract: Background/Objectives: Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are causative agents of a group of devastating human diseases, known as leishmaniasis. These microorganisms possess very unusual mechanisms of gene expression that are poorly understood. This study was aimed at analyzing the tRNA repertoire encoded in the Leishmania infantum genome, a species responsible for the most severe form of disease, visceral leishmaniasis. tRNAs are adaptor molecules aimed at decoding mRNAs into proteins. Results: A total of 92 tRNA genes, dispersed on 38 loci were identified; often located in regions where unidirectional gene arrays converge. Putative intronic sequences were inferred for three tRNA genes, and, remarkably, 9 tRNAs were identified within the protein-coding sequences of annotated genes. According to structural predictions, the L. infantum tRNA repertoire covers 49 of the 61 possible anticodons, but because of the well-documented wobble phenomenon, these are sufficient to decode all codons in the 8532 protein-coding genes currently annotated in its genome. As illustrated in this study, codon usage is a well-conserved trait among different Leishmania species but differs substantially regarding the codon usage of its human host. Finally, we analyzed tRNA adaptation index (tAI) parameters, codon usage metrics, and relative protein expression levels. Conclusions: Apart from providing the tRNA gene repertoire and its genome distribution, we have shown the existence of a statistically significant, positive correlation between the tAI scores and protein expression levels in L. infantum promastigotes.
Abstract: Background/Objectives: Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are causative agents of a group of devastating human diseases, known as leishmaniasis. These microorganisms possess very unusual mechanisms of gene expression that are poorly understood. This study was aimed at analyzing the tRNA repertoire encoded in the Leishmania infantum genome, a species responsible for the most severe form of disease, visceral leishmaniasis. tRNAs are adaptor molecules aimed at decoding mRNAs into proteins. Results: A total of 92 tRNA genes, dispersed on 38 loci were identified; often located in regions where unidirectional gene arrays converge. Putative intronic sequences were inferred for three tRNA genes, and, remarkably, 9 tRNAs were identified within the protein-coding sequences of annotated genes. According to structural predictions, the L. infantum tRNA repertoire covers 49 of the 61 possible anticodons, but because of the well-documented wobble phenomenon, these are sufficient to decode all codons in the 8532 protein-coding genes currently annotated in its genome. As illustrated in this study, codon usage is a well-conserved trait among different Leishmania species but differs substantially regarding the codon usage of its human host. Finally, we analyzed tRNA adaptation index (tAI) parameters, codon usage metrics, and relative protein expression levels. Conclusions: Apart from providing the tRNA gene repertoire and its genome distribution, we have shown the existence of a statistically significant, positive correlation between the tAI scores and protein expression levels in L. infantum promastigotes.
Posted: 20 April 2026
Article
Biology and Life Sciences
Parasitology
Affino-Proteomic Analysis of Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1708 in Toxoplasma gondii and Human Fibroblast Host Cells
Maria Cristina Ferreira de Sousa
,Joachim Müller
,Manfred Heller
,Anne-Christine Uldry
,Sophie Braga-Lagache
,Kayode K. Ojo
,Wesley C. Van Voorhis
,Andrew Hemphill
Abstract:
Bumped kinase inhibitor 1708 (BKI-1708), previously demonstrated to target apicomplexan kinases and CDPK1 and MAPKL1, exhibits remarkable activity against Toxoplasma gondii infection both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, BKI-1708 does not affect the viability of mammalian cells. Upon exposure to BKI-1708 exposure, T. gondii tachyzoites form large multinucleated complexes named baryzoites and remain trapped in within host cells. In this study, additional potential molecular targets for BKI-1708 were identified in soluble extracts of T. gondii ME49 tachyzoites and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) using differential affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (DAC-MS). Beyond kinases, secondary interactions in T. gondii involved the binding of proteins associated with cell division, cytoskeleton, vesicular trafficking, secretory organelles, and transcriptional and translational regulators. In non-infected HFFs, BKI-1708 interactors included cytoskeletal regulators along with multiple RNA/DNA-binding proteins. Upon infection, this profile shifted, with cytoskeletal components no longer detected, while nucleic acid–binding proteins remained present, consistent with infection-induced chromatin and transcriptional remodeling. This multi-target interference could contribute to the impaired cytokinesis and the formation of multinucleated baryzoites, aligning with the concept that antiprotozoal drugs exert efficacy through coordinated perturbation of multiple cellular processes rather than a single dominant target.
Abstract:
Bumped kinase inhibitor 1708 (BKI-1708), previously demonstrated to target apicomplexan kinases and CDPK1 and MAPKL1, exhibits remarkable activity against Toxoplasma gondii infection both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, BKI-1708 does not affect the viability of mammalian cells. Upon exposure to BKI-1708 exposure, T. gondii tachyzoites form large multinucleated complexes named baryzoites and remain trapped in within host cells. In this study, additional potential molecular targets for BKI-1708 were identified in soluble extracts of T. gondii ME49 tachyzoites and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) using differential affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (DAC-MS). Beyond kinases, secondary interactions in T. gondii involved the binding of proteins associated with cell division, cytoskeleton, vesicular trafficking, secretory organelles, and transcriptional and translational regulators. In non-infected HFFs, BKI-1708 interactors included cytoskeletal regulators along with multiple RNA/DNA-binding proteins. Upon infection, this profile shifted, with cytoskeletal components no longer detected, while nucleic acid–binding proteins remained present, consistent with infection-induced chromatin and transcriptional remodeling. This multi-target interference could contribute to the impaired cytokinesis and the formation of multinucleated baryzoites, aligning with the concept that antiprotozoal drugs exert efficacy through coordinated perturbation of multiple cellular processes rather than a single dominant target.
Posted: 15 April 2026
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