Comprehensive studies into the various causes of this ubiquitous disease have been prompted by the worldwide increase in cancer incidence. There are many potential causes of cancer, but environmental factors are of particular concern now. This abstract explores the complex link between environmental factors and the growing cancer epidemic, shedding light on the role that our immediate environment plays in the emergence of cancers. The environment can contain carcinogenic agents that gradually influence the course of cancer, including air pollutants, water contaminants, workplace exposures, and industrial activities. The ways through which environmental carcinogens may cause DNA damage and unchecked cell proliferation are discussed in this abstract. Environmental justice and the moral necessity to reduce inequities in exposure and health effects are highlighted to underline the disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups. The study presented here highlights the need for preemptive action to reduce environmental risks. Society can reduce the hidden threat posed by environmental carcinogens through strict legislation, sustainable practices, and community-driven initiatives. In order to lessen the cancer burden and secure a healthier future for all, the authors of this abstract argue that there must be a concerted effort to create surroundings that promote health and well-being.

Modulating the gut microbiota with probiotics has been identified as a promising therapeutic method for the management of gastrointestinal illnesses. The effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders can only be determined by delving into their underlying mechanisms of action. Through an analysis of the underlying processes, this study hopes to provide light on the potential benefits of probiotics for treating a variety of gastrointestinal conditions. The study covers a wide variety of gastrointestinal conditions, such as IBS, IBD, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Modifying the gut microbiota composition, strengthening the gut barrier function, modulating the immune system, and producing beneficial metabolites are among mechanisms of action that have been investigated. The strain- and dose-specific variables essential to getting the best treatment results are also highlighted. This review, which synthesizes the current information, gives a thorough overview of the effectiveness of probiotics in treating a variety of gastrointestinal illnesses and illuminates potential avenues for further study and therapeutic use.

Tumor-associated microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms found in tumors and is part of the larger tumor microenvironment (TME). The discovery of the complex relationship between these microbial populations and the growth of cancer has prompted the creation of cutting-edge tailored methods to cancer treatment. In recent years, microbiota profiling's potential as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic optimization tool has been increasingly apparent. The diagnostic and prognostic use of microbiota profiling is explored in this abstract. Microbiota profiling shows potential for early cancer detection, improved risk stratification, and greater prediction of treatment outcomes by identifying different microbial signatures associated with early-stage tumors, aggressive characteristics, and responses to treatment. In addition, this method provides the way for individualized medicinal approaches based on an individual's specific microbiome.Microbiota profiling is investigated as a means of customizing treatment plans, illuminating how knowledge of an individual's microbiome might direct the development of individualized treatments and multimodal approaches. These kind of interventions have the potential to herald in a new era of patient-centered oncology care by increasing treatment efficacy while decreasing side effects. Despite significant promise, microbiota profiling has obstacles that must be overcome before it can be successfully translated into therapeutic practice. This abstract highlights the revolutionary potential of microbiota-based approaches in cancer care and the need for ongoing research and technology improvements to harness the power of the tumor-associated microbiome for improved patient outcomes.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a hopeful tool for helping parents with different parts of raising children by giving them personalized tips, evidence-based methods, and timely solutions. This paper talks about the difficulties and possibilities of using AI to help parents. It also talks about the possible benefits and its impact on child psychology. There are a lot of ways that AI can help parents, from giving personalized advice that fits the needs of each family to intervening quickly when it spots early signs of developmental problems or parenting stress. AI makes it easier for parents to find tools, workshops, and interactive modules that are based on research. This gives parents the knowledge and trust they need to make choices about their child's growth that are based on facts. Also, AI-powered support can connect parents with similar problems, creating a sense of community and making it less embarrassing to ask for help with parenting or mental health. But there are a few problems that need to be carefully dealt with before AI can be used to help parents in a responsible and effective way. Data privacy and security are very important to protect families' safety and well-being. Important things to think about are the ethical use of data, transparency, and educated permission. Also, the accuracy and dependability of AI programs are very important when it comes to giving good advise and suggestions. To make sure everyone gets fair and equal help, efforts must be made to find and get rid of flaws. Also, AI shouldn't replace human sense and experience; it should add to them. When parents rely too much on AI, they might forget how important human contact and mental support are. To accommodate different parenting styles and views, it is important to be sensitive to culture and circumstances. In conclusion, AI-powered parenting support has a lot of promise to help parents be better parents and help children grow and learn. AI can be a useful tool for helping parents if it can solve problems related to data privacy, ethics, reducing bias, and working together with humans. Finding a balance between technology progress and human connection is important if AI is to be used to its fullest potential to give parents more power and help children grow in the best way possible.

The body's billions of bacteria—the microbiota—influence health and illness. The microbiome—the genetic material of these microbes—affects digestion, immunological function, and mental health. Due to bacterial variety, complicated relationships, and research technique constraints, investigating the microbiota is difficult. AI and machine learning have expanded microbiome research. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can efficiently scan large microbiome datasets to help researchers understand microbial populations and their functions. AI-based predictive algorithms can analyze food impacts on microbial communities and forecast illness risks based on gut microbiota composition. AI helps find microbial biomarkers linked to specific health disorders, enabling early illness identification and targeted therapy. AI-driven medication development platforms also modulate microbiome to treat microbiota-related diseases. Understanding microbial populations' involvement in health and illness requires understanding complicated microbial interactions within the microbiome and between it and the host. AI systems improve human health by comprehending these complex relationships. AI in microbiota study must overcome various obstacles. Data quality and AI model interpretability are essential for accurate findings. Diverse and representative datasets avoid biases and strengthen AI-driven conclusions. AI in microbiota research requires data protection, informed permission, and appropriate use of sensitive data. AI is improving our understanding of the human microbiome and its health effects, changing microbiota research. Overcoming difficulties and adhering to ethical norms will enable the proper use of AI-driven findings, leading to microbiome insights and precision medical breakthroughs.

The gut microbiota's part in colon cancer has become an exciting and hopeful area of study because it shows complex links that affect how cancer starts, spreads, and responds to treatments. Dysbiosis, which is an imbalance in the community of germs in the gut, has been linked to a higher risk of colon cancer by causing inflammation and making a place where tumours can grow. Researchers have found that some kinds of bugs can either help colon cancer grow or stop it from doing so. This shows how important it is to maintain a healthy gut bacteria. In both preclinical and clinical research, therapeutic treatments that target the microbiome in the gut have shown promise. Probiotics and prebiotics can change the environment around a tumour, change the balance of microorganisms in the gut, and boost immune responses that fight the cancer. Faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is being looked at as a new way to change the bacteria in the guts of people with colon cancer. By adding microbiota-targeted drugs to standard cancer treatments, it may be possible to make the treatment more effective and lessen side effects. Microbiota-focused treatments for colon cancer are still in their early stages, but they show promise. More research needs to be done to find out how they work and show that they work in the clinic. The link between the bacteria in the gut and colon cancer opens up new ways to help patients and give them better results. This might make a difference in how colon cancer is handled in the future.

The trillions of bacteria that live in and on our bodies make up the human microbiota, which is a very important part of keeping us healthy and protecting us from pathogenic infections. Dysbiosis is when there are changes in the composition and variety of the microbiota. This can upset the delicate balance between the host and its microbes, making the host more vulnerable to pathogens. Understanding the complicated link between microbiota and pathogens is important for coming up with effective ways to change microbiota and boost the body's defenses against infections. This study looks at how microbiota modulation affects the spread of pathogens and infections. It talks about how the makeup of microbiota affects how susceptible you are to pathogens. It shows how a healthy microbiota can protect you by making it hard for pathogens to grow and take over. The review also goes into detail about how the microbiota protects against pathogens, such as through competitive exclusion, the production of antimicrobial compounds, and the regulation of immune reactions. The study also looks at the idea of dysbiosis and how it is linked to pathogenic shifts. Disruptions in the microbiota can make it easier for pathogens to grow and make it harder for the host to fight off infections. It focuses on the need to recover microbial balance to improve the host's defenses and lower risks caused by pathogens. There is also talk about the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as ways to change the microbiome. The goal of these interventions is to restore the diversity and function of microbes, improve the integrity of barriers, and boost the immune system's reaction to pathogens. The review shows how these methods could be used to change the microbiota and make it easier for the body to fight off infections. In conclusion, knowing how the microbiota and pathogens work together in a complicated way can help a lot when it comes to making specific interventions for microbiota modulation. Strategies that restore the balance of microbes and boost the host's defenses could stop pathogens from taking over and making people sick. More study needs to be done in this area to improve therapeutic approaches and use the microbiota to its fullest extent to fight infectious diseases.

Probiotics have become a potential way to change the microbiota, which allows for more personalized ways to improve health results. This abstract gives an outline of the most important parts of personalized microbiota regulation through probiotics. It focuses on effectiveness and mechanisms, clinical applications, safety and tolerability, formulations and delivery methods, and customized approaches. Many studies have looked into how and why probiotics change the microbiome. These studies show that probiotics can change the makeup and function of microbial communities. Probiotics have been shown to help treat a number of health problems, such as digestive problems, immune system problems, metabolic problems, and mental health problems. It is important for the success of probiotics to find out if they are safe and can be tolerated. Studies have shown that probiotics are usually safe for most people, but there are some things that need to be taken into account to make sure they are safe, especially for people who are weak. Formulations and transport methods are very important for making sure that probiotics are alive, stable, and delivered to the right places in the GI tract. Probiotic strains work better in the gut because of improvements in how probiotic preparation technologies protect and control the release of probiotic strains. Personalized methods take into account how each person's microbiome and health are different. By using individual microbiota profiling, custom probiotic approaches can be made to address specific microbial imbalances and promote a healthier microbial environment, which could improve treatment results. Even though individual methods show promise, there are still problems, such as the need to standardize microbiota profiling techniques, figure out how to understand data, and keep track of people over time. For personalized probiotics to reach their full potential and change the way patients are cared for based on the microbiota-host relationship, more study, technological advances, and teamwork are needed. In conclusion, probiotics can be used to change your microbiome in a way that is specific to you and your health goals. By using the power of individualized microbiota profiling, personalized probiotic treatments might be able to help with certain health problems and make the microbial environment better. Putting personalized probiotics into clinical practice and changing the way patients are cared for will require more study and partnerships between different fields.

Tobacco use is bad for your health in many ways, not just your lungs. It affects many other parts of your body, including your nervous system. This abstract looks at the link between smoking and the nervous system and shows how smoking affects the nerve system in specific ways. There are a lot of different diseases and risks that can come from smoking. By weakening blood vessels and making it easier for blood clots to form, smoking makes the chance of having a stroke much higher. Using tobacco is also linked to a drop in brain function and memory problems, as well as a higher chance of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Also, people who smoke have a higher chance of getting multiple sclerosis, which is a long-term autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It can also cause peripheral neuropathy, which can damage nerves and cause tingling, pain, and stiffness in the limbs. Nicotine, the substance that makes tobacco addicting, changes the brain's reward circuits. This makes it hard to stop smoking because it leads to addiction. In addition to these effects on the body, smoking also has effects on the mind. It makes mood disorders like sadness and anxiety more likely, making the symptoms worse and hurting general health. Understanding the effects of smoking on the brain is important for improving overall health and getting people to stop smoking. Public health efforts, education, and targeted interventions are needed to make people aware of these risks and help them make choices about smoking that are based on accurate information. By looking at how smoking affects the brain, we can try to make people's lives better and protect their and their communities' well-being.

The present study analyzed the efficiency of a naturally derived fenugreek powder for removal of Congo red dye from the aqueous solution. The flocculation Studies on Congo Red (CR) a hazardous, textile dye onto Fenugreek Powder and its adsorption was analyzed. Fenugreek Powder is Eco-friendly, biodegradable and locally available in the market. The dye adsorption process was performed in different batches at varying pH, dye concentration, adsorbent concentration and contact time to get the best results. The result showed that the maximum removal of dye was 42.4% with 10mg/l of Fenugreek powder at pH 4.

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in the topic of gut health and food, revealing a complex interplay that affects many facets of human health beyond just digestion. This in-depth overview investigates crucial aspects of this connection, illuminating issues including the effects of processed meals, the advantages of fermented foods, individualized diets, and the harmonious relationship between gut bacteria and dietary components. In this article, we'll take a look at how processed foods affect your digestive system, and how their convenience might backfire by upsetting your body's delicate microbial balance. The effects of these diets have been studied, and the results suggest that there may be disruptions in microbial diversity, inflammation, and metabolic health. Instead, fermented foods are explored as potential allies in the fight for gut health. These foods' high probiotic content not only improves digestion and nutrition absorption, but may also have an effect on one's state of mind. There is growing evidence that eating fermented foods can help you maintain a healthy and robust gut microbiome. Recognizing that everyone has a different gut microbiota composition, the idea of individualized nutrition has come to the forefront. One novel strategy for improving digestive health is to provide nutritional advice based on a person's unique microbial profile. This paper looks at how microbiome testing can be combined with professional advice to create food programs that feed specific bacteria communities, improving both diversity and health. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between dietary choices and the gut microbiota, and the significant impact that gut health has on numerous aspects of human health. The more we learn about the complexities of this interplay, the more we can take a holistic approach to nutrition, one that respects the uniqueness of each person's gut microbiome and encourages healthy eating habits. By taking a more all-encompassing view, we are reminded of the critical function of the gut microbiota in determining our health and of the significance of fostering this nuanced symbiotic connection.

SARS-CoV-2 has been the talk of the town ever since the beginning of 2020. The pandemic has brought the complete world on a halt. Every country is trying all possible steps to combat the disease ranging from shutting the complete economy of the country to repurposing of drugs and vaccine development. The rapid data analysis and widespread tools, software and databases have made bioinformatics capable of giving new insights to the researchers to deal with the current scenario more efficiently. Vaccinomics, the new emerging field of bioinformatics uses concepts of immunogenetics and immunogenomics with in silico tools to give promising results for wet lab experiments. This approach is highly validated for the designing and development of potent vaccines. The present in-silico study was attempted to identify peptide fragments from spike surface glycoprotein that can be efficiently used for the designing and development of epitope-based vaccine designing approach. Both B-cell and T-cell epitopes are predicted using integrated computational tools. VaxiJen server was used for prediction of protective antigenicity of the protein. NetCTL was studied for analyzing most potent T cell epitopes and its subsequent MHC-I interaction through tools provided by IEDB. 3D structure prediction of peptides and MHC-I alleles (HLA-C*03:03) was further done to carry out docking studies using AutoDock4.0. Various tools from IEDB were used to predict B-cell epitopes on the basis of different essential parameters like surface accessibility, beta turns and many more. Based on results interpretation, the peptide sequence from 1138-1145 amino acid and sequence WTAGAAAYY and YDPLQPEL were obtained as a potential B-cell epitope and T-cell epitope respectively. This in-silico study will help us to identify novel epitope-based peptide vaccine target in spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Further, in-vitro and in-vivo study needed to validate the findings.

Significant progress has made in pattern recognition technology. However, one obstacle that has not yet overcome is the recognition of words in the Brahmi script, specifically the identification of characters, compound characters, and word. This study proposes the use of the deep convolutional neural network with dropout to recognize the Brahmi words. This study also proposed a DCNN for Brahmi word recognition and a series of experiments are performed on standard Brahmi dataset. The practical operation of this method was systematically tested on accessible Brahmi image database, achieving 92.47% recognition rate by CNN with dropout respectively which is among the best while comparing with the ones reported in the literature for the same task.

4-(thiazol-2-yldiazenyl)phenol (L₁) and 2-((4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-5-nitrophenol (L₂) based on azo phenol were synthesised and used as selective colorimetric sensor for CN^- and AcO⁻ ion in DMSO/H₂O-HEPES (v/v; 1:1, pH–7.3 ± 0.2) and showed good sensitivity with large red shifts and nanomolar detection limit for CN^- and AcO^- ion. The stoichiometry of L₁ with CN⁻/AcO⁻ ion was found to be 1:1 and L₂ with CN⁻/AcO⁻ ion was found to be 1:2. Binding constant for L₁+ CN⁻, L₁ + AcO⁻, L₂ + CN⁻ and L₂ + AcO⁻ were calculated by B-H plot as 1.6 × 10³, 8.0 × 10², 8.4 × 10³ and 1.7 × 10² respectively. L₂ showed high selectivity towards CN⁻ ion with low detection limit of 81 nM and large binding constant. In addition, ¹H NMR titration and DFT studies also supported the deprotonation mechanism of receptors in the presence of selective anions.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease pandemic, affected millions of people globally, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Causing further concern, significant proportions of COVID-19 survivors suffer from the lingering health effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes COVID-19. One of the diseases manifesting as a post-acute sequela of COVID-19 is new-onset diabetes. This systematic review and meta-analysis will perform a comprehensive and systematic literature search to estimate the burden of new-onset diabetes after COVID-19. Specifically, this study will estimate the magnitude of the incidence, risk, and population-attributable fraction of new-onset diabetes. The study will also explore and summarize the data on the natural history or clinical course of the new-onset diabetes cases. Five bibliographic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, will be searched for eligible studies. The World Health Organization COVID-19 Research Database, preprint servers, and conference abstracts will also be searched. Cohort studies of COVID-19 patients of all ages providing data on new cases of diabetes in the post-acute phase of the illness will be included. The comparators to estimate the pooled risk ratio will be those with no diagnosis of COVID-19 or those infected with other respiratory tract infections. The findings of this study will likely inform clinical practice, public health guidelines, and policies for early detection and treatment of new-onset diabetes cases in the long-COVID phase. This protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: No.CRD42020200432).

With cancer often classified as a disease that has an important epigenetic component, natural compounds that have the ability to regulate the epigenome become ideal candidates for study. Humans have a complex diet, which illustrates the need to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between these bioactive compounds in combination. The natural compounds withaferin A (WA), from the Indian winter cherry, and sulforaphane (SFN), from cruciferous vegetables, have numerous anti-cancer effects and some report their ability to regulate epigenetic processes. Our study is the first to investigate the combinatorial effects of low physiologically achievable concentrations of WA and SFN on breast cancer cell proliferation, histone deacetylase1 (HDAC1) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). No adverse effects were observed on control cells at optimal concentrations. There was synergistic inhibition of cellular viability in MCF-7 cells and a greater induction of apoptosis with the combinatorial approach than with either compound administered alone in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. HDAC expression was down-regulated at multiple levels. Lastly, we determined the combined effects of these bioactive compounds on the pro-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and found decreases in BCL-2 and increases in BAX. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the ability of low concentrations of combinatorial WA and SFN to promote cancer cell death and regulate key epigenetic modifiers in human breast cancer cells.

Introduction: To compare the results of patient-specific absolute dosimetry using homogeneous slab phantom and anthropomorphic heterogeneous female pelvic phantom in cervical cancer patients. Materials and method: Thirty RapidArc plans already planned on treatment planning system (TPS) for cervical cancer patients were exported on both the phantoms viz. RW3 slab phantom and AHFP and dose were calculated using an anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA). All the plans were delivered by linear accelerator (LA) and the dose for each plan was measured by a 0.6cc ion chamber. The percentage (%) variation between planned and measured doses were calculated and analyzed.Results: In the case of slab phantom, the mean percentage variations between planned and measured doses of all rapid arc QA plans were as 1.4299 and standard deviation 0.768 (t=0.00508, ρ= 0.497982) The result is not significant at p < .05. For the AHFP phantom, the mean percentage variations between planned and measured doses of all rapid arc QA plans were as 6.890 and standard deviation 2.565 (t= 3.21604, ρ= 0.001063 <0.05), the outcome is significant. Discussion: In the case of homogenous slab phantom, there is less than a 3% difference in percentage between planned and measured doses with a standard deviation of 0.7682 (t=0.00508, p= .497982. The result is not significant at p< 0.05). The deviations of planned and measured value of dose in the AHFP phantom were found as 10.67% (maximum value), 2.31% (minimum value) and 6.89% (average value) with standard deviation 2.565 (t=3.21604, p=0.001063. The result is significant at p<0.05). Also, the percentage of variation between homogeneous slab phantoms with AHFP phantom, the t-value is -11.17016. The p-value is < .00001. The result is significant at p<0.05. We can see that the outcomes differ significantly due to the influence of heterogeneous media.Conclusion: AHFP phantom results showed more dose variability than slab homogenous phantom outcomes. Therefore, patient-specific absolute dosimetry should be performed using a heterogeneous phantom that closely resembles the actual human body in terms of both density and design.

Significant progress has made in pattern recognition technology. However, one obstacle that has not yet overcome is the recognition of words in the Brahmi script, specifically the recognition of characters, compound characters, and word because of complex structure. For this kind of complex pattern recognition problem, it is always difficult to decide which feature extraction and classifier would be the best choice. Moreover, it is also true that different feature extraction and classifiers offer complementary information about the patterns to be classified. Therefore, combining feature extraction and classifiers, in an intelligent way, can be beneficial compared to using any single feature extraction. This study proposed the combination of HOG +zonal density with SVM to recognize the Brahmi words. Keeping these facts in mind, in this paper, information provided by structural and statistical based features are combined using SVM classifier for script recognition (word-level) purpose from the Brahmi words images. Brahmi word dataset contains 6,475 and 536 images of Brahmi words of 170 classes for the training and testing, respectively, and the database is made freely available. The word samples from the mentioned database are classified based on the confidence scores provided by support vector machine (SVM) classifier while HOG and zonal density use to extract the features of Brahmi words. Maximum accuracy suggested by system is 95.17% which is better than previously suggested studies.

Stress has been identified as a prominent contributor to the development and advancement of bowel cancer, however its specific involvement is intricate and diverse. This abstract tries to offer a concise summary of the correlation between stress and bowel cancer, consolidating significant discoveries from several research fields. The investigation commences by studying the molecular pathways by which chronic stress impacts the development of colon cancer. Chronic stress causes disruption in the functioning of neuroendocrine, immunological, and inflammatory pathways, leading to the development of a microenvironment within the gastrointestinal system that promotes the growth of tumours. Furthermore, changes in the composition of gut microbiota, variations in epigenetics, and alterations in immune function caused by stress also have a role in increasing the risk and advancing the advancement of cancer. Psychological aspects, including how one perceives stress, the tactics they use to cope with it, and the level of psychosocial support they receive, are crucial in determining a person's susceptibility to bowel cancer and impacting the effectiveness of treatment. Stress management therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction, have demonstrated potential in enhancing patient well-being and promoting adherence to treatment. Moreover, epidemiological studies and clinical trials offer vital knowledge regarding the correlation between stress and the risk, prognosis, and treatment results of bowel cancer. Although the evidence is inconclusive, it is essential to continue researching the intricate relationship between stress and bowel cancer. This will help us understand the connection better and create specific strategies to reduce its impact on patient outcomes.

Drug abuse is a major issue worldwide. Methylphenidate (MPH) and alprazolam (ALZ) are commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of ADHD and anxiety disorders, respectively. The limited studies suggest that abusers primarily use benzodiazepines to counteract adverse effects associated with methylphenidate usage. The main aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of drugs with DNA using spectroscopic methods. Female Wistar rats were administered with MPH (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) and ALZ (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) alone and in combination for a period of 28 days. The FT-IR and UV results reveal some spectral changes in a dose-dependent manner, which indicates interactions of drugs with DNA. Thus, the changes in spectral peaks provide some insight into the mechanism of the interaction of drugs with DNA.

With the evolution of computing technology in many application like human robot interaction, human computer interaction and health-care system, 3D human body models and their dynamic motions has gained popularity. Human performance accompanies human body shapes and their relative motions. Research on human activity recognition is structured around how the complex movement of a human body is identified and analyzed. Vision based action recognition from video is such kind of tasks where actions are inferred by observing the complete set of action sequence performed by human. Many techniques have been revised over the recent decades in order to develop a robust as well as effective framework for action recognition. In this survey, we summarize recent advances in human action recognition, namely the machine learning approach, deep learning approach and evaluation of these approaches.

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has fundamentally transformed our understanding of gene regulation. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis postulates that not only messenger RNAs but also other RNA transcripts, such as long non-coding RNAs and pseudogenes, can act as natural miRNA sponges. These RNAs influence each other’s expression levels by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements on their target transcripts, thereby modulating gene expression and protein activity. In recent years, these ceRNA regulatory networks have gained considerable attention in cancer research. Several studies have identified cancer-specific ceRNA networks. Nevertheless, prior bioinformatic analyses have focused on long non-coding RNAs-associated ceRNA networks. Here, we identify an extended-ceRNA network (including both long non-coding RNAs and pseudogenes) shared across a group of four hormone-dependent (HD) cancers, i.e., prostate, breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancers, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We performed a functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes in the shared ceRNA network of HD cancers, followed by a survival analysis to determine their prognostic ability. We identified two long non-coding RNAs, nine genes, and seventy-four miRNAs in the shared ceRNA network across four HD cancers. Among them, two genes and forty-one miRNAs were associated with at least one HD cancer survival. This study is the first to investigate pseudogene associated ceRNAs across a group of related cancers and highlights the value of this approach to understanding shared molecular pathogenesis in a group of related diseases.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells throughout the human life span. Single HSCs can give rise to at least eight distinct blood cell lineages. Together, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis and angiogenesis coordinate several biological processes, such as cellular interactions in development and proliferation, guided migration, lineage programming and reprogramming by transcription factors. Any dysregulation of these processes may result in hematological disorders and/or malignancies. Several studies of the molecular mechanisms governing HSC maintenance have demonstrated that protein regulation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is crucial for normal HSC function. Recent studies have shown that the reversal of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an equally important role in hematopoiesis; however, there is only limited additional information regarding the biological function of DUBs. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries that have led to a better understanding of the physiological roles of DUBs in hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. In addition, we discuss the DUBs associated with common hematological disorders and malignancies, which may potentially be therapeutic drug targets.

Magnetoelectric sensors based on microelectromechanical cantilevers consisting of TiN / AlN / Ni are investigated using finite element simulations in regard of the anisotropy of the E effect and its impact on the sensor sensitivity. The E effect is derived from the anisotropic magnetostriction and magnetization of single crystalline Nickel. The magnetic hardening of Nickel in saturation is demonstrated for the (110) as well as the (111) orientation. It is shown further, that magnetostrictive bending of the cantilever has a negligible impact on the eigenfrequency and thus sensitivity. The intrinsic E effect of Nickel decreases in magnitude depending on the crystal orientation when integrated into the magnetoelectric sensor design. The transitions of the individual magnetic domain states are found to be the dominant influencing factor on the sensitivity for all crystal orientations. The peak sensitivity was determined to 41.3 T-1 for (110) in-plane orientated Nickel at a magnetic bias flux of 1.78 mT. It is found, that the transition from domain wall shift to domain rotation along the hard axes yields much higher sensitivity than the transition from domain rotation to magnetization reversal. The results achieved in this work show that Nickel as hard magnetic material is able to reach almost identical sensitivities as soft magnetic materials, such as FeCoSiB.

Despite advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) that reduces the viral load to undetectable levels, viral eradication has not been achieved due to HIV-1 persistence in resting CD4+ T-cells. We, therefore, characterized the tat gene, which is essential for HIV-1 replication, from 20 viro-logically controlled HIV-infected (HIV+) older patients on long-term ART with improved CD4+ T-cell counts. PBMC genomic DNA from HIV+ patients were used to amplify tat gene by PCR fol-lowed by nucleotide sequencing and analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each patient’s tat sequences were confined to their own subtrees and well discriminated from other patients’ sequences. Moreover, there was a low degree of viral heterogeneity and lower estimates of genetic diversity within these patients’ tat sequences. Most patients’ Tat deduced amino acid sequences showed intact open reading frames and maintained the important functional domains for Tat functions, including transactivation, TAR binding and nuclear localization. Furthermore, Tat deduced amino acid sequences showed variation in previously characterized cytotoxic T lym-phocytes (CTL) epitopes, suggesting escape mutants. In conclusion, a low degree of genetic varia-bility and conservation of functional domains and variations in CTL epitopes were the features of tat sequences from 20 HIV+ older patients with undetectable viral load on long-term ART.

Climate change has had a significant impact on many ecosystems worldwide, prompting native population species to adapt to the current weather patterns eventually. Pre-existing genetic variation in populations explains part of this adaptation. Still, recent studies have shown that new stable phenotypes can be generated through epigenetic modifications in just a few generations, thereby contributing to the stability and survival of plants in their natural habitat as they eventually adjust to the surrounding impacts. The state of chromatin inside plant cells varies, allowing cells to fine-tune their transcriptional profiles to better adapt to stimuli from the external environment. Within a cell, chromatin state changes such as post-transcriptional histone modifications and variations, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA activity are all examples of chromatin state alterations that may epigenetically dictate certain transcriptional outputs. Recent advances in the field of ‘Omics’ in major crops has made it easier to identify epigenetic changes and their impact on plant responses to environmental stresses. These epigenetic mechanisms thus play an important role in improving crop adaptation and resilience to changing environments. This variation that has emerged can thus be exploited in crop breeding, ultimately leading to the generation of stable climate-resilient genotypes.

The sudden pervasive of severe acute respiratory syndrome Covid-19 has been leading the universe into a prominent crisis. It has influenced each zone, for example, industrial area, horticultural zone, Public transportation, economic zone, and so on. So as to see how Covid-19 affected the globe, we conducted an investigation characterizing the effects of the pandemic over the world using Machine Learning (ML) method. Prediction is a typical data science exercise that helps the administration with function planning, objective setting, and anomaly detection. We propose an additive regression model with interpretable parameters that can be naturally balanced by experts with domain intuition about the time series. We focus on global data beginning from 22^nd January 2020, till 26^th April 2020 and performed dynamic map visualization of Covid-19 expansion globally by date wise and predicting the spread of virus on all countries and continents. The major advantages of this work include accurate analysis of country-wise as well as province/state-wise confirmed cases, recovered cases, deaths, prediction of pandemic viral attack and how far it is expanding globally.

Composting is one of the most economical and environmentally safe methods of recycling organic waste. Soil microorganisms play a significant role in decomposition and the availability of plant nutrients. This study was designed to prepare a suitable microbial inoculum and its evaluation on composting heap to decrease the time of waste degradation. The bacteria were isolated and molecular characterized from the soil near composting area by using 16S ribotyping technique. The identified strains of bacillus cereus used as an inoculum gives better results to expedite the degradation of organic waste. The prepared bacterial inoculum with molasses was also compared with commercial inoculum by optimizing physical and chemical parameters (temperature, oxygen, C: N, pH, and moisture content) of composting heap. Monthly reading of these parameters was taken from experimental and control treatments. The highest decomposition rate of organic waste was recorded in treatment A (experimental heap) where molasses and bacterial inoculum were added and less decomposition was observed in treatment D (experimental heap) where no inoculum and molasses were added. It was concluded from the studies that the prepared bacterial inoculum with two strains of Bacillus was effective and prepared mature compost in 2.5 months by increasing decomposition efficiency of organic waste. Furthermore, the prepared compost was also sustainable in its physical and chemical characteristic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented challenges in the care of children with cerebral palsy (CP) and other neuromuscular complex chronic conditions (NCCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare delivery. From May to August 2020, medical professionals caring for CP and NCCC patients across multiple countries and disciplines completed a self-administered cross-sectional survey comparing practices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 79 healthcare workers from 8 countries who participated—predominantly pediatric orthopedic surgeons (32%), pediatricians (30%), and pediatric physiatrists (23%)—most felt that caring for NCCC patients during the pandemic presented with unique difficulties and reported a significant decrease in in-person NCCC clinic volume (p<0.001), multidisciplinary appointments (p<0.001), surgical cases (p=0.005), and botulinum toxin/phenol injections. Most providers affirmed that institutional guidelines for perioperative emergent/urgent and elective procedures, workplace settings, and technology were modified to accommodate the ongoing public health crisis. Usage of telemedicine significantly increased for NCCC patient visits (p<0.001). During the COVID-19 pandemic, many children with NCCC lost access to routine, multidisciplinary care. Telemedicine became an integral part of communication and management. In the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic and threat of future healthcare disruptions, these data lay the foundation for trending the evolution of healthcare delivery and accelerating best practice guidelines for children with CP and NCCC.

Life-threatening inflammatory conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis often go hand in hand with severe vascular leakage. During inflammation, endothelial cell integrity and intact barrier function are crucial to limit leukocyte and plasma extravasation. Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) is a potent inflammatory lipid mediator with vasoactive properties. It has been suggested that PGD^­₂ is involved in the regulation of endothelial barrier function; however, it is unclear whether this is also true for primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, as PGD₂ is a highly promiscuous ligand, we set out to determine which receptors are important in human pulmonary endothelial cells. In the current study, we found that PGD₂ and the DP1 agonist BW245c potently strengthened pulmonary and dermal microvascular endothelial cell barrier function and protected against thrombin-induced barrier disruption. Yet surprisingly, these effects were mediated only to a negligible extent via DP1 receptor activation. In contrast, we observed that the EP4 receptor was most important and mediated the barrier enhancement by PGD₂ and BW245c. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which PGD₂ may modulate inflammation and emphasizes the role of EP4 receptors in human endothelial cell function.

Pure orbital blowout fractures occur within the confines of the internal orbital wall. Restoration of orbital form and volume is paramount to prevent functional and esthetic impairment. The anatomical peculiarity of the orbit has encouraged surgeons to develop implants with customized features to restore its architecture. This has resulted in worldwide clinical demand for patient-specific implants (PSIs) designed to fit precisely in the patient's unique anatomy. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has enabled the fabrication of implant-grade polymers such as Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), paving the way for a more sophisticated generation of biomaterials. This study evaluates the FFF 3D printed PEEK orbital mesh customized implants with a metric considering the relevant design, biomechanical, and morphological parameters. The performance of the implants is studied as a function of varying thicknesses and porous design constructs through a finite element (FE) based computational model and a decision matrix based statistical approach. The maximum stress values achieved in our results predict the high durability of the implants, and the maximum deformation values were under one-tenth of a millimeter (mm) domain in all the implant profile configurations. The circular patterned implant (0.9 mm) had the best performance score. The study demonstrates that compounding multi-design computational analysis with 3D printing can be beneficial for the optimal restoration of the orbital floor.

Water borne pathogens present a threat to human health and their disinfection from water poses a challenge, prompting search for newer methods and newer materials. Disinfection of Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and Gram-positive coccal bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in aqueous matrix was achieved within 60 and 90 minutes respectively at 35⁰C using solar-photocatalysis mediated by sonochemically synthesized Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles. The efficiency of the process increased with increase in temperature and at 55⁰C the disinfection could be achieved in 45 and 60 min respectively for the two bacteria. A new ultrasound assisted chemical precipitation technique was used for the synthesis of Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles. The characteristics of the synthesized material were established using physical techniques. The material remained stable even at 400o C. Disinfection efficiency of the Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles was confirmed in case of real world water samples from pond, river, municipal tap and was found to be better than that of pure ZnO and TiO2 (Degussa P25). When the nanoparticle based catalyst was recycled and reused for subsequent disinfection experiments, its efficiency did not change remarkably even after three cycles. The sonochemically synthesized Ag@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles have a good potential for application in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water borne pathogens.

Early Life Adversity (ELA) is closely associated with the risk for developing diseases later in life, such as autoimmune diseases, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In humans, early parental separation, physical and sexual abuse or low social-economic status during childhood are known to have great impact on brain development, in the hormonal system and immune responses. Maternal deprivation (MD), the closest animal model available to the human situation, is known to similarly induce long lasting behavioural effects, to cause changes in the HPA axis and to have an impact in the immune system. Even though the immune responses to potential pathogens after early stress have been somehow documented, the mechanisms by which they occur are still not fully understood. Here, we have demonstrated that maternal separation, in both humans and rats, significantly affects the sensitivity of the immune system in adulthood. Particularly, NK cells’ profile and response to target cell lines are significantly changed after childhood adversity. These immune cells in rats are not only less cytotoxic towards YAC-1 cells, but also show a clear increase in the expression of maturation markers after 3h of maternal separation. Similarly, individuals who suffered from ELA display significant changes in the cytotoxic profile of NK cells together with decreased degranulation capacity. Altogether, these results lead us to conclude that one of the key mechanisms by which the immune system becomes impaired after ELA might be due to a shift on the senescent state of the cells, specifically NK cells. Elucidation of such a mechanism highlights the importance of ELA prevention and how NK targeted immunotherapy might help attenuating ELA consequences.

Recent evidences support a role of menthol, a TRPM8 agonist, in enhanced energy expenditure, thermogenesis and BAT-like activity in classical WAT depots in TRPM8 dependent and independent manner. The present study was designed to analyze whether oral and topical administration of menthol is bioavailable at subcutaneous adipose tissue and is sufficient to induce desired energy expenditure effects directly. GC-FID was performed to study menthol bioavailability in serum and subcutaneous white adipose tissue following oral and topical administration. Further, 3T3L1 adipocytes were treated with bioavailable menthol doses and different parameters (lipid accumulation, “browning/brite” and energy expenditure gene expression, metal analysis, mitochondrial complex’s gene expression) were studied. No difference was observed in serum levels but significant difference was seen in the menthol concentration on subcutaneous adipose tissues after oral and topical application. Menthol administration at bioavailable doses significantly increased “browning/brite” and energy expenditure phenotype, enhanced mitochondrial activity related gene expression, increased metal concentration but didn’t alter the lipid accumulation. Further, we used pharmacological antagonism based approach to study the TRPM8 involvement in menthol effect. In conclusion, the present study provides an evidence that bioavailable menthol after single oral and topical administration is sufficient to induce “brite” phenotype in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

International migrants comprised 14% of the UK population in 2020, but migrant health in the UK has rarely been studied at a population level using primary care electronic health records (EHRs). Given the difficulty of determining migration status using EHRs, this study developed a migration phenotype and assessed its validity. We developed a phenotyping algorithm using codes for country of birth, visa status, non-English main/first language and non-UK origin. It was applied to a Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD database of 16,071,111 primary care patients between 1997 and 2018. We compared the completeness and representativeness of the identified migrant population to Office for National Statistics (ONS) country of birth and 2011 census data by year, age, sex, geographic region of birth and ethnicity. Between 1997-2018, 403,768 migrants (2.51% of the CPRD GOLD population) were identified using the phenotype. 178,749 (1.11%) of these migrants were identified by codes indicating foreign country of birth or visa status, 216,731 (1.35%) a non-English main/first language, and 8,288 (0.05%) non-UK origin. The cohort was similarly distributed compared to ONS migration statistics in terms of sex and region of birth. Recording of migration improved from identifying approximately one-tenth of the expected proportion of migrants according to the ONS in 2004 to a quarter in 2018. Younger migrants were better represented than those aged 50 and over. The migration phenotype identified a large number of migrants and can be used to undertake large-scale migration health research in CPRD GOLD to inform healthcare policy, practice and action. While the cohort was representative of the UK migrant population in terms of sex and region of birth, migration status was under-recorded in earlier years and older ages, and future studies for these groups should therefore be interpreted with caution.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of insulin production and is one of the concerning health problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. Considering the systemic toxicity associated with current antidiabetic medications and their limited efficacy, there is an urgent need to discover new plant-based natural antidiabetics. Since time immemorial, medicinal plants have played an important role in the management of health disorders. In recent years, herbal medicine has experienced exponential growth in popularity worldwide, owing to its natural origin and fewer side effects, appealing to both developing and developed nations. Ecuador has a rich cultural history in ethnobotany that plays a crucial role in their people's lives. Several Ecuadorian medicinal plants have hypoglycemic or an-ti-hyperglycemic properties that are rich with bioactive phytochemicals. These medicinal plants were extensively used in traditional medicine preparation in Ecuador for many decades to treat diabetes because of their cost-effectiveness, available traditional knowledge, and low toxicity. Many Ecuadorian medicinal plants are reported to have antidiabetic properties that reduce blood sugar levels, and oxidative stress, regulate intestinal function, improve insulin resistance, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lower gluconeogenic enzymes, stimulate glucose uptake mechanisms, and play an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism, yet there is a substantial lack of integrated approach between the existing ethnomedicinal practice and pharmacological research. Therefore, this review aims to discuss and explore the traditional medicinal plants used in Ecuador for treating DM and their bioactive phytochemicals, which are mainly responsible for their anti-diabetic properties.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease, growth of which depends upon the linked stages of the epidemic, the average number of people one person can infect and the time it takes for those people to become infectious themselves. We have studied the COVID-19 time series to understand the growth behaviour of COVID-19 cases series. A structural break occurs in the COVID-19 series at the change time form one stage to another. We have performed the structural break analysis of data available for 207 countries till April 20, 2020. There are 42 countries which have recorded five breaks in COVID cases series. This means that these countries are in the sixth stage of growth transmission and show a downward pattern in reporting in the daily cases, whereas countries with two and three breaks, record the rapid growth pattern in the daily cases. From this study, we conclude that the more the breaks in the series, there is more possibility to determine the constant or decreasing rate of daily cases. It is well fitted using lognormal distribution as this distribution is archived at its highest peak after some period and then suddenly it decreases at a longer time period. This can be seen in various countries like China, Australia, New Zealand and so on.

Phytophthora. infestans is a well known late blight causing oomycetes pathogen. It evolves and adapts to the host background and new fungicide molecules rapidly within a few years of their release, may be due to the predominance of transposable elements in its genome. Frequent and huge applications of fungicides cause environmental concerns. Here we developed target specific RNA interference based molecules, that are capable of effectively reducing the late blight infection. cDNA microarray expression data was used for the selection of genes involved in the early stage of infection process, sporulation etc. The in vitro synthesis of double stranded RNA molecule, targeting SDH, EF-1α, GPI-HAM344, PLD-3 and HSP-90 encoding genes revealed the reduction in growth, sporulation and symptom expression, which were subsequently assessed by culture bioassay, detached leaf assay and topical application methods. The multiple genes targeted dsRNA nano clay sprayed plants showed enhanced disease resistance (4% disease severity) and least sporulation (<1x103), compared to naked dsRNA spray. Use of nano clay was assumed to be involved in the effective delivery, protection and boosting the action of RNAi in potato plants. A significant difference in the growth, sporulation count, disease severity and reduced expression of the genes and confocal microscopy imaging authenticates the effects of SIGS on late blight disease progression. Our research demonstrated that topical dsRNA nano clay spray under the open-air environment could be an alternative to chemical fungicides and transgenic approaches as a novel plant protection strategy for late blight in an environmentally friendly manner.

The clinical features of increasing muscle weakening are shared by a diverse set of illnesses known as muscular dystrophies. In early childhood, males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exhibit proximal muscle weakening and calf enlargement, making it the most frequent X-linked disease of muscular dystrophy in children. Development of motor skills is typically delayed, and wheelchair confinement eventually leads to early death from heart or lung problems. In terms of function, ambulation, quality of life, and life expectancy, treatment approaches like corticosteroid therapy and intermittent positive pressure breathing have improved. This is a case report of a 6-year-old kid who had early ambulatory stage Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and complained to the neuro-physiotherapy department about frequent falls, walking difficulties, and dyspnea when walking. Other grievances included being unable to get off the ground and having trouble ascending stairs. He had physiotherapy and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization for his complaints. The main goals of treatment were educating the family, respiratory training, preventing ankle plantar flexors, maintaining strength, balance and gait training.

Introduction: The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the association between human blood type and COVID-19 infection in both inpatient and longitudinal populations at our institution in South Florida and (2) identify the association between blood type and severity of COVID-19 infection via presence of cellular biomarkers of severe infection in hospitalized individuals. Methods: This study consists of (1) a single-center retrospective analysis of 669 of 2,741 COVID-19 positive screened patients seen from January 1, 2020 until March 31, 2021 at the University of Miami Emergency Department (ED) who tested positive for COVID-19 infection and had a documented ABO blood type and (2) a longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 immunity study (“CITY”) at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine consisting of 185 survey participants. COVID-19 outcome rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each ABO blood type and Rh group using Chi-squared tests for categorical and ANOVA for continuous variables in the inpatient cohort and Chi-squared tests for the longitudinal cohort, all executed in R studio. Results: Our inpatient cohort had a mean age of 53.6 (± 17.9) years with 48% males and 52% females. When compared to patients with other blood types, those with O- demonstrated less risk of developing COVID-19 pneumonia (26.7% for O- vs. 69.2% for type A-, 56.5% for A+, 71.4% for AB+, 53.7% for B+, 51.5% for O+, p-value= 0.003 via Chi-squared test) and decreased mortality due to COVID-19 infection (17.0% mortality for O vs. 26.3% for A, 29.2% for B, p-value= 0.012 via Chi-squared test). Blood type O- demonstrated less elevated levels of LDH than did other blood types (p-value= 0.001, ANOVA) and a higher frequency of clinically accepted baseline levels of troponin (0.04 ng/mL) (p-value= 0.026, ANOVA) (Figure 1). Most of the longitudinal cohort was ABO blood grouping type O (47% (87/185)), with 33.5% type A, 14.1% B, and 5.4% AB. Most individuals were Rh positive (85.9%). There was no significant association found between COVID status (infection vs. non-infection) and ABO (Chi-squared test (3, N = 185) = 1.8, p = 0.6) or Rh (Chi-squared test (1, N = 185) = 0.16, p = 0.7) blood typing. Nearly all participants had been vaccinated (95.1% (176/185)), with a majority reporting primary vaccination with Pfizer (57.8% (107/185)), followed by Moderna (33% (61/185)), and Johnson & Johnson (4.3% (8/185)). 8 participants (4.3%) were unvaccinated. Conclusions: In an inpatient setting, blood type O sustained less risk of COVID-19 mortality and O- demonstrated less risk of developing COVID-19 pneumonia. In a longitudinal setting, there was no association found between blood type and COVID-19 severity. As the novelty of COVID-19 infection declines with time, further studies on risk-stratification by blood type are encouraged.

Indigenous peoples around the world are revitalizing their ancestral beliefs, practices, and languages, including traditional understandings of health and wellbeing. In the Aotearoa (New Zealand) context, a number of ground-breaking Māori health and wellbeing related models have emerged, each with their own unique applications and offerings. We sought in these qualitative studies to explore and identify some key sources of wellbeing for Māori individuals. Nine interviews were conducted with members of Māori communities to identify key themes of Māori wellbeing. A Reflexive Thematic Analysis was performed on these data, and then a further fifteen interviews were conducted to revise, refine, and reposition the previously generated themes. The Ngaruroro describes wellbeing as the embodied and active process of being in good relation with your 1) here tāngata (social and familial ties), 2) te taiao (the environment), and 3) taonga tuku iho (cultural treasures), while doing what you can to make lifestyle choices that are conducive to the health of your 4) tinana (body) and 5) wairua (spirit), while cultivating a balanced 6) ngākau (inner-system), fulfilling 7) matea (core needs), and exercising your 8) mana (authority). These themes illustrate and reiterate that Māori wellbeing is dynamic, interconnected, and holistic.