Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent yet frequently underdiagnosed condition that is associated with significant cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and neurocognitive outcomes. Risk factors for OSA overlap with illnesses commonly observed in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, resulting in a disproportionately elevated burden in healthcare. This study evaluates the prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and management limitations of OSA in the ICU to identify strategies to improve awareness and outcomes in critically ill populations. An analysis of published literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. Key search terms included “obstructive sleep apnea,” “ICU,” and “critical illness.” Results showed that OSA is present in up to 60–70% of ICU patients, yet only ~5% are formally diagnosed during hospitalization. Underdiagnosis is linked to prolonged mechanical ventilation, extubation failure as high as 30%, 2-fold higher perioperative complication rates, cardiovascular instability, 1.8-fold greater 30-day ICU readmission, and 2.2-fold mortality. Standard screening tools have limited applicability in ICU patients. Emerging alternatives, such as overnight oximetry, polygraphy, and machine learning models lack validation. Our analyses reveal that current diagnostic and treatment strategies are poorly adapted to critically ill patients. Integration of OSA as a part of ICU management, diagnosis, and intervention may reduce readmissions and mortality.

Abstract:

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, motor hyperactivity and verbal and cognitive impulsivity. Impairments in executive functions (EFs), in particular working memory, monitoring and organization of daily life-are frequently observed in children diagnosed with ADHD, and are reflected in behavioural, social-emotional and learning difficulties. The development and use of technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) for ADHD have increased in recent years, using a variety of tools to support including PC, video games, wearable devices and tangible interfaces. Objectives: To systematically map the current state of research on the use of AR, VR and MR technologies to assess and/or enhance EFs in children with ADHD. To evaluate the effects on their quality of life and on families’ and caregivers’ burden reduction. To explore the interventions’ clinical validity. Methods: A scoping review according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted. A systematic search was carried out in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2015 and 2025.Empirical studies published in English that examined children with ADHD aged < 13 years were included. AR, VR, or MR-based interventions focused on EF were considered. For each study, the following features were recorded: year and country of publication, design, objectives, EFs considered, technology and hardware used, main results, and limitations. Results: Twenty studies were identified. The most frequently addressed functional domains were sustained and selective visual attention, working memory, and inhibition. Assessment interventions primarily involved the use of a head-mounted display (HMD) in conjunction with the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Training interventions included immersive VR, serious video games, VR with motor or dual-task training, and MR. The results suggest that VR can enhance cognitive performance and sustained attention; however, longitudinal studies are required to evaluate its long-term effectiveness and integrate emotional skills. Conclusions: The use of these technologies is a promising strategy for assessment and training of EFs in children with ADHD. These tools provide positive, inclusive feedback and motivating tasks. Nevertheless, larger sample studies, longitudinal follow-ups to confirm the suitability and effectiveness of the technology-based programs are warranted.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) remains an essential component of breast cancer surgery for selected patients, particularly those with clinically involved nodes or residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy. However, ALND is consistently associated with postoperative lymphatic morbidity, including seroma formation, prolonged drainage, and breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL), which adversely affect quality of life and increase healthcare utilization. This review aims to evaluate contemporary ALND strategies with a particular focus on the Total Sealing Technique (TST), a technique-centered approach that emphasizes comprehensive lymphatic sealing rather than device substitution. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to synthesize available experimental, histopathological, and clinical evidence related to TST. Studies evaluating biological mechanisms, perioperative outcomes, long-term lymphatic complications, and health economic implications of TST were reviewed and contextualized alongside data from conventional electrocautery-based techniques and energy-device substitution strategies. Results: Across published studies, TST is consistently associated with reductions in postoperative drainage volume, duration of drain placement, incidence of seroma formation, and length of hospital stay. Importantly, long-term follow-up data demonstrate a marked reduction in the incidence of BCRL compared with conventional ALND techniques. These benefits are achieved without increases in operative time, perioperative complications, or compromise of oncological safety. From a health economic perspective, reductions in inpatient hospitalization, outpatient seroma management, and long-term lymphedema-related care translate into meaningful per-patient cost savings. Conclusions: The available evidence supports TST as a reproducible and scalable surgical strategy that effectively reduces both short-term postoperative morbidity and long-term lymphatic complications following ALND. By addressing lymphatic injury at the time of initial surgery, TST aligns with contemporary priorities in breast cancer care, including survivorship, quality of life, and value-based healthcare delivery.

Abstract: Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is a fundamental problem in array signal processing with applications spanning radar, sonar, and wireless communications. Traditional subspace methods like MUSIC assume white Gaussian noise and often fail to exploit the noncircular property of many communication signals. This paper presents a tractable expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm that jointly estimates DOAs and the spatially colored noise covariance matrix while exploiting signal noncircularity through an extended observation model. We derive closed-form expressions for the E-step and M-step, establish convergence properties, and provide comprehensive performance analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior resolution and accuracy compared to conventional MUSIC and noncircular MUSIC, particularly in scenarios with strong spatial noise correlation. Monte Carlo simulations show RMSE improvements of up to 60% over standard methods at low SNR conditions. The algorithm successfully resolves sources separated by as little as 2 degrees with 100% detection rate, significantly outperforming existing techniques.

Abstract: Tourism destinations exposed to chronic natural hazards require robust analytical frameworks to understand and prioritize the factors that sustain post-disaster resilience. This study examines Baños de Agua Santa (Ecuador), a volcano-exposed destination whose long recovery trajectory illustrates the complexity of socioecological adaptation. Using a multidi-mensional FAHP model grounded in expert judgments, eight dimensions and fifty-six criteria were evaluated through fuzzy triangular numbers and the extended analysis method of Chang to capture uncertainty and ambiguity in decision-making. Results show a consistent and hierarchical structure of resilience, with experiential, economic-entrepreneurial, and sociocommunitarian dimensions emerging as the most influential drivers of post-disaster adaptability. Fifteen criteria—primarily perceptual, community-based, and endogenous—achieved “very high impact” status, including risk perception, basic education, individual resilience capacities, institutional coordination, and entrepreneurial environment. Conversely, limited healthcare infrastructure, low economic diversification, and national-level vulnerabilities were identified as critical weaknesses. The study concludes that post-disaster recovery in Baños is shaped by a bot-tom-up dynamic emphasizing agency, learning, and socioecological memory, and proposes an evidence-based Action Matrix for adaptive governance to guide prioritized, time-phased interventions. The FAHP model proves effective for transparent, context-sensitive prioritization in highly uncertain tourism environments.

Abstract: Against the background of dramatic climate change, resource constraints and industrial upgrading, optimising the coupling and coordination of the water-energy-food (WEF) system in the northeast region is crucial to ensuring regional security and sustainable development. Existing research lacks long-term continuity and inter-provincial analysis. This article uses data from 2005 to 2023 to evaluate the development of the three northeastern provinces through 24 index frameworks covering safety, coordination and resilience. The methods include entropy weight method, coupling coordination model and constraint model. The result shows: (1) The overall development level fluctuates and has an upward trend, reaching a medium-coordinated level, and there are significant differences between provinces. (2) Coordination initially differentiated, and then gradually converged. From close to the improvement of the disorder to the level of moderate coordination, Liaoning Province declined under the impact of policies. (3) Systemic obstacles are structural and cross-regional, with energy self-sufficiency and water efficiency as key limiting factors. In order to achieve a high level of coordination between water, energy and food systems, it is necessary to formulate tailor-made subsystem governance policies, enhance the technological empowerment of water and energy conservation and efficiency improvement, and promote the development of resilient infrastructure. This integrated approach will systematically resolve resource competition conflicts, thus enhancing the overall resilience and sustainability of regional development.

Abstract: Colloidal PbSe quantum dots are promising candidates as saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers, but their performance is often limited by surface-related defects and chemical instability, leading to aggregation under optical pumping. In this study, we present a freestanding PbSe/PbS quantum dot-polystyrene composite saturable absorber film, with PbS overcoating on PbSe to enhance surface passivation and oxidation resistance. The composite exhibits a saturation intensity of 5.76 kW·cm-2, a modulation depth of 33%, and an optical damage threshold of 13.6 mJ·cm-2. When integrated into a bidirectionally pumped erbium-doped fiber laser in the anomalous-dispersion regime, the device demonstrates self-starting soliton mode locking at an ultralow pump threshold of 6 mW, generating 1.06 ps pulses with a radio-frequency signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 65 dB. The spectra remain stable over a six-month period, showing excellent environmental and operational durability. These findings confirm that PbSe/PbS quantum dots in a polymer matrix offer a robust, low-threshold saturable absorber platform for ultrafast fiber lasers.

Abstract: Climate change has caused tremendous concerns in many societies on all continents. However, the decline in biodiversity, which is at least as serious a crisis, is mostly ignored. An increasing number of technological approaches for carbon dioxide reduction (CDR), which are in fact geoengineering, are being studied, partially at the pilot scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) supports technologies such as direct air capture (DAC), carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the use of captured CO2 (CCU). A new concept for objectively judging “sustainability” is described: entropy as a generally applicable criterion for sustainability, followed by an analysis of whether CDR technologies are sustainable. It becomes clear that such technologies are seriously unsustainable. Therefore, after the CDR potential of natural ecosystems is explored, the contributions of bioagriculture to CO2 capture and long-term storage (deeply in soil) are shown, as well as their impact on biodiversity recovery via fully integrated bioagriculture – which proves to be sustainable according to the entropy criterion. Practical examples are taken from the German Kattendorf biofarm (450 hectares leased pastures and fields). Their experience with solar and bioenergy will be reported, bird/plant species diversity will be detailed for selected areas, and CO2eq emissions vs. storage figures will be given for milk production, cheese manufacturing and for the whole farm. CDR by natural/renaturalized ecosystems, including bioagriculture, is not only sustainable but also much more capable than CDR technologies and contributes to biodiversity recovery, in contrast to technological approaches. We must address species decline and climate change without mitigating one crisis with approaches that exacerbate the other.

Abstract: All-inorganic metal halide perovskites exhibit excellent morphology-dependent pho-tophysical properties. Thus, detailed knowledge of photophysical behavior and mor-phological dependence of CsPbBr3 crystals is crucial for device engineering. However, the inability to directly control the morphology of CsPbBr3 crystals arises from a lim-ited understanding of their crystallization mechanism. Herein, we varied the prepara-tion parameters to investigate the perovskite growth mechanism and the impact of these parameters on size and shape of CsPbBr3 single crystals. By optimizing the solu-tion processing, the shape was tuned from the typical cubic microcrystals to more ir-regular ones. We have shown that three main factors favor the growth and formation of CsPbBr3 microcubes, namely high precursor concentration, high temperature and the use of DMSO solvent. The crystal size and density can be tuned by adjusting the precursor concentration, heating temperature, heating time and drop volume. The ob-tained crystals were of high quality and exhibited a strong photoluminescence at room temperature. This work not only introduces a distinct new morphology within the CsPbBr3 microcrystals family but also provides a fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism of these newly emerging functional materials.

Abstract: The Mediator complex is a central regulator of eukaryotic transcription, functioning as a dynamic molecular bridge between gene-specific transcription factors and RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Although decades of research have established its modular architecture and fundamental role in transcriptional control, recent advances have significantly expanded our understanding of its structural conformations, subunit-specific functions, and links to human disease. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Mediator complex, highlighting key structural and functional discoveries from the past decade and synthesizing its diverse roles in transcriptional regulation. We further discuss emerging concepts and future directions for therapeutically targeting Mediator, particularly in cancer. Together, these insights position the Mediator complex as a highly conserved yet adaptable, signal-responsive regulatory hub with broad implications for both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis.

Abstract: Resistant mechanisms to venetoclax, a selective BCL-2 inhibitor approved for hematological malignancies, are frequently mediated by the G101V mutation in BCL-2. Sonrotoclax illustrates superior potency against both wild-type and G101V-mutated BCL-2, yet the mechanistic basis remains unclear. This study employed computational methods to investigate the binding dynamics of both inhibitors. Structures were predicted with AlphaFold, refined via molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), and ligands were docked with AutoDock Vina. Four systems were subjected to triplicate 200 ns MDS, with analyses including RMSD, RMSF, buried surface area, protein-ligand interaction fingerprint, and MM/GBSA binding free energies. Results indicate venetoclax exhibits progressive dissociation from G101V BCL-2, with elevated RMSD, reduced buried surface area, and increased unbound states. In contrast, Sonrotoclax maintains a steady correlation, shows persistence with entropy-enthalpy compensation, displays negligible unbound time, higher binding free energies, and constant van der Waals anchors. Having all these results in mind, a "Dynamic Blockade" hypothesis is proposed, where Sonrotoclax's flexibility enables sustained BH3 groove occupancy, blocking pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins and overcoming allosteric perturbations induced by G101V. This mechanistic perspective proposes the optimal approach for designing resilient inhibitors to accelerate drug repurposing and development in oncology.

Abstract: The blackbody radiation problem gave rise to Planck's hypothesis of energy quantization, which is regarded as the inception of quantum theory and ultimately led to a fundamental conceptual schism between the emerging quantum description and the established classical framework of physics. This paper argues that this historical turning point stems from a profound misunderstanding of the concept of the "quantum". Through a systematic critique of the three fundamental errors in the Rayleigh-Jeans formula, we propose, based on a revised classical electrodynamics framework, that the elimination of the ultraviolet catastrophe does not require the introduction of the assumption of energy discreteness. The key lies in recognizing that continuous energy transfer occurs only when electrons undergo accelerated or decelerated motion, and that the essence of the minimum energy unit ε is a natural measurement benchmark for this continuous process, rather than a physically discrete "energy packet". Building on this, we have derived a blackbody radiation formula that fully matches experimental data. This formula is consistent with the Rayleigh-Jeans formula in the low-frequency region and naturally exhibits exponential decay in the high-frequency region, successfully eliminating the ultraviolet catastrophe. This research fundamentally clarifies the physical origin of the "quantization" feature: it arises from the measurement discreteness of the energy transfer process and the constraints of thermodynamic statistics, rather than a change in the intrinsic nature of energy itself. This achievement not only fulfills Planck’s unfulfilled desire for a classical explanation but also demonstrates that blackbody radiation, and even a series of "quantum phenomena", can be fully explained within a purely self-consistent classical physics framework. This lays a crucial foundation for bridging the "classical-quantum" divide and reconstructing a unified theoretical system in physics.

Abstract: In this work, we report a dual-mode ferroelectrically programmable on-chip antenna. The antenna is built on a silicon wafer using Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) processes and exhibits two programmable resonant modes: one in the super high frequency (SHF) range and one in the extremely high frequency (EHF) range. The SHF mode resonates at 8.5 GHz and exhibits ultrawideband (UWB) behavior, while the EHF mode resonates at 36.6 GHz. Both resonance frequencies can be tuned in a non-volatile fashion by controlling the ferroelectric polarization state of a Hafnium Zirconium Oxide (HZO) varactor monolithically integrated into the feed line. This programmability arises from the ferroelectric switching of the embedded HZO film, which results in a non-volatile variation of its permittivity upon application of a voltage pulse. Ferroelectric switching occurs at approximately ±3 V and induces maximum resonance frequency shifts of 381 MHz for the SHF mode and 3 GHz for the EHF mode, corresponding to fractional frequency changes of 4.5% and 8.3%, respectively. Unlike previously reported ferroelectrically tunable antennas, our reported antenna combines full integration, CMOS compatibility, higher operating frequency, compact footprint, and non-volatile programmability.

Abstract: Wine is widely consumed across cultures and is often perceived as a benign or even beneficial alcoholic beverage, particularly when consumed in moderation and within the context of healthy dietary patterns. At the same time, alcohol is one of the most commonly used substances to self-manage sleep problems. This short narrative review critically examines evidence published over the past decade (2015–2025) on the impact of wine and alcohol more broadly on sleep health in community-dwelling adults. Priority was given to systematic reviews and meta-analyses, followed by high-quality observational and experimental studies. Across study designs, evidence consistently demonstrates that although alcohol may reduce sleep onset latency, it disrupts sleep architecture, suppresses rapid eye movement sleep, increases sleep fragmentation, and impairs breathing during sleep, particularly during the second half of the night. Habitual alcohol consumption is associated with poorer subjective sleep quality, insomnia symptoms, and increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing. Mechanistic pathways include effects on neurotransmission, sleep homeostasis, circadian regulation, thermoregulation, and alcohol metabolism during sleep. A short section also examines the reciprocal relationship, highlighting evidence that circadian disruption, shift work, and evening chronotype are associated with higher alcohol consumption. Although wine contains bioactive compounds such as melatonin and polyphenols, current evidence does not support a clinically meaningful protective effect of wine on sleep. Overall, wine should not be considered a sleep aid, and public health messaging should emphasize dose, timing, and regularity of alcohol consumption in relation to sleep health.

Abstract: Externally applied electric fields are widely employed during thin-film deposition to im-prove film uniformity, texture and densification. Despite extensive experimental evidence, the physical mechanisms by which such fields influence nucleation, surface diffusion, is-land coalescence and interface stability remain theoretically fragmented. Classical thin-film growth models assume a field-free energetic landscape and therefore provide limited predictive guidance for field-assisted manufacturing strategies. In this work, we introduce the Field-Driven Growth Model (FDGM), a unified theoretical framework that incorporates field–matter interactions directly into the free-energy func-tional governing thin-film growth. By explicitly accounting for effective dipolar coupling arising from field-induced polarization of surface species, predominantly quadratic in the field amplitude and consistent with linear-response polarization, the model consistently modifies the fundamental processes of nucleation, surface diffusion and coalescence. At the continuum scale, the FDGM predicts a field-induced stabilization mechanism that suppresses long-wavelength roughening modes and defines a field-controlled morpho-logical crossover wavelength (field-controlled cutoff). The FDGM demonstrates that field-assisted nucleation bias, anisotropic surface diffusion, field-biased coalescence pathways and morphological stabilization are not independent phenomena, but multiscale manifestations of a single energy-minimization principle act-ing on a field-modified energy landscape. By providing analytical stability criteria and explicit links between external field parameters and morphological outcomes, the model establishes a predictive foundation for the manufacturing of thin films with improved uniformity in advanced thin-film-based devices. The framework is broadly applicable to deposition techniques such as sputtering, pulsed-laser deposition, chemical vapor depo-sition and atomic layer deposition.

Abstract: The increasing demand for high-quality dragon fruit in the European market requires efficient quality assessment methods. This study explores a non-destructive image analysis approach for classifying ripe dragon fruits based on fruit ripeness and weight. A low-cost system equipped with visible and ultraviolet lighting was employed to capture images of 60 ripe dragon fruits over a storage period, extracting parameters such as visible and ultraviolet perimeter, maximum and minimum diameter and area, and RGB color coordinates. In a first step, the main characterization magnitudes were confirmed. A ripening index was calculated based on soluble solid content and acidity. Then, a cluster analysis was used to segregate the fruits into three quality characteristics based on the ripening index and weight. In a second step, a step-by-step discriminant analysis was conducted to classify the fruits into the three quality categories (based on the laboratory measured weight, soluble solid content and total acidity) using the non-destructive magnitudes extracted from the image analysis. The proposed classification system achieved an accuracy of nearly 85 \% of well classified dragon fruits, effectively segregating dragon fruits into the three established categories. urthermore, the established model could select the very high-quality dragon fruit (riper and larger fruits) with 93 \% of correctly dentified products.Compared to conventional destructive methods, this non-destructive approach offers a promising, cost-effective, and reliable solution for quality assessment. The findings highlight the potential for integrating smart technologies into fruit classification processes, during automatic harvest and postharvest operations, ultimately improving efficiency, reducing labor costs, and enhancing product consistency in the dragon fruit industry.

Abstract: This article is devoted to constructing of fractional powers of operators and their matrix approximations. A key feature of this study is the use of a spectral approach that remains applicable even when the base operator does not generate a semigroup. Our main results include the convergence rate of matrix approximation, derived from resolvent estimates, and a practical algorithm for constructing matrix approximations. The theory is supported by examples.

Abstract: Malaysia's 2012 amendment to the Uniform Building By-Laws introduced mandatory water efficiency requirements for new construction, yet the extensive inventory of public buildings constructed before this regulatory milestone remains largely uncharacterized in terms of water consumption patterns and efficiency potential. This study develops a comprehensive assessment framework specifically designed for evaluating water supply and demand in four critical public building types, namely government offices, hospitals, police stations, and mosques, constructed before the UBBL 2012 amendment. Through systematic analysis of international water benchmarking literature and synthesis of building-specific consumption patterns, an integrated assessment methodology is proposed combining water auditing protocols, high-resolution metering strategies, cluster-based benchmarking approaches, and building-type-specific performance indicators. Literature synthesis reveals substantial variability in public building water consumption internationally, with hospitals demonstrating consumption ranging from 103 to 458 cubic meters per bed per year, government offices showing documented savings potential of 31 to 82 percent through systematic monitoring programs, and mosques achieving approximately 45.5 percent fresh water savings through greywater reuse from ablution facilities. However, police stations represent a critical research gap with zero documented consumption studies in the available literature. The proposed framework establishes building-type-specific indicators, standardized data collection protocols, and benchmarking clusters to enable systematic assessment and prioritization of retrofitting interventions for Malaysia's pre-2012 public building stock.

Abstract: Soil heavy metal (HM) pollution poses a severe threat to ecological security and human health. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for the human body and can regulate crop growth and development as well as HM uptake in HM-contaminated soils. The regulatory mechanisms of Se on HMs are mainly reflected in four aspects: Geochemical immobilization promotes the formation of metal selenide precipitates and the adsorption of HMs by soil colloids by regulating the rhizosphere redox potential (Eh) and pH value. Rhizosphere microbial remodeling drives the enrichment of functional microorganisms such as Se redox bacteria, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) through the dual selective pressure of Se toxicity and root exudates, so as to synergistically realize Se speciation transformation and HM adsorption/chelation. Root barrier reinforcement constructs physical and chemical dual defense barriers by inducing the formation of iron plaques on the root surface, remodeling root morphology and strengthening cell wall components such as lignin and polysaccharides. Intracellular transport regulation down-regulates the genes encoding HM uptake transporters, up-regulates the genes encoding HM efflux proteins, and promotes the synthesis of phytochelatins (PCs) to form HM complexes and finally realizes vacuolar sequestration. Finally, we summarize current research gaps in the interaction mechanisms of different Se species, precise application strategies, and long-term environmental risk assessment, providing a theoretical basis and technical outlook for the green remediation of HM-contaminated farmlands and Se biofortification of crops.

Abstract: Inflammation is a normal and essential feature of pregnancy, supporting implantation, placental development, and parturition. When dysregulated, however, inflammatory pathways contribute to major obstetric complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm birth, which account for substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This review synthesizes current understanding of the maternal–fetal immune interface, examines how inflammation contributes to pregnancy disorders, and explores therapeutic strategies that link pathogenic mechanisms to targeted interventions. The placenta functions as an active immunological hub, coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain tolerance while protecting against infection. In preeclampsia and FGR, excessive activation—driven by inflammasome signaling, Th1/Th17 polarization, and altered natural killer and macrophage function—impairs placental perfusion, promotes antiangiogenic pathways, and induces systemic endothelial dysfunction. Established therapies, including low-dose aspirin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and antenatal corticosteroids, aim to mitigate inflammation and optimize fetal outcomes, while adjunctive strategies target oxidative stress, nutritional deficits, and the maternal microbiome. Emerging approaches such as cytokine-targeted biologics, inflammasome inhibitors, and mesenchymal stem cell therapies show promise but require rigorous evaluation of safety and efficacy. A deeper understanding of placental immunology and inflammatory signaling is essential to develop precision therapies. Future research should prioritize biomarker validation, pathway-specific interventions, and equitable implementation to reduce inflammation-driven pregnancy complications.