Abstract: The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a globally invasive pest that threatens the yield of maize and other grain crops. Transgenic insect-resistant maize offers an effective management strategy, yet rigorous evaluation of resistance to it depends on rapid, particular infestation protocols. We developed and benchmarked laboratory, screenhouse, and field methods for assessing rapidly resistance using larvae aged 1–4 days post-hatch (D1–D4) and maize whorl leaves, silks, and kernels as feeding substrates. In laboratory bioassays, five D2 larvae per treatment on leaves or silks enabled resistance assessment on day 2 post-infestation, whereas two D1 larvae per treatment on kernels supported evaluation on day 3. In screenhouse trials, infesting each plant with twenty D2 larvae allowed reliable leaf-injury ratings on day 10. In field trials, thirty D3 larvae per plant with assessment on day 12 produced better outcomes. Together, these protocols provide a detailed and adaptable framework that reduces costs, shortens evaluation timelines, and offers practical guidance for resistance assessment of transgenic maize across controlled and open environments.

Abstract: The development of beekeeping in Ecuador has generated the need to strengthen the bee health program. Research on the main pathogens responsible for diseases like nosemosis, which can severely impact bee health, is of special interest. This study aims to detect and identify the Nosema apis and / or Nosema ceranae species affecting honeybee colonies located in the northern Sierra region of Ecuador through the amplification of RPB1 gene fragments by multiplex PCR and the phylogenetic analysis of N. ceranae based on the 16 S RNAr gene. Of the 164 honeybee samples collected from colonies located in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura and Pichincha, N. apis was detected in 14.63% (24/164), and N. ceranae in 21.34% (35/164). Phylogenetic analysis showed that N. ceranae from Ecuador is closely related to the sequences from Argentina and Brazil. This study is the first in the country to report the presence of these two microsporidia species, being valuable for improving diagnostic capabilities.

Abstract: Females of predaceous ladybirds use sensing chemicals in larval tracks as oviposition deterring pheromone to avoid cannibalism of eggs. We hypothesized that larvae would also respond to the presence of conspecific tracks by slowing their developmental rate and delaying pupation, thereby reducing the time spent as a defenseless pupa in the presence of feeding conspecifics. We reared larvae of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in dishes that were replaced daily by a clean one (C) or continuously in a dish with larval tracks accumulated (P). We used three larval densities (1, 4, 8 larvae per dish) for both treatments (C1, C4, C8, P1, P4, P8). We measured the developmental time of the fourth larval instar and fresh adult body mass. Developmental time increased at the highest density in the clean treatment C8 but remained unchanged across densities in the pheromone treatment (P1-P8). Body mass was significantly lower at the highest density in both treatments (C8, P8) and was slightly higher at the presence of pheromone (P). Ladybird larvae respond independently to their density and to the presence of pheromones. The compounds present in the tracks, previously known as oviposition deterring pheromone, may therefore also function as development enhancing pheromones.

Abstract:

The family Sisyridae, the Spongilla-flies, is notable for its phylogenetic position as a basal group within Neuroptera. Using the improved Schiff-Giemsa method, we analysed the behaviour of the sex chromosomes X and Y during male meiosis in Sisyra nigra (Retzius 1738). The diploid chromosome number in males was 2n = 12 + XY. In pachytene, X and Y chromosomes appeared positively heteropycnotic and loosely paired. In early diakinetic nuclei, autosomal bivalents typically exhibited one distally located chiasma, although bivalents with two chiasmata were occasionally observed. The X and Y univalents were isopycnotic with the autosomes, with the X considerably larger than the Y. During the first meiotic division, metaphase plates were radial, with autosomal bivalents forming a ring and X and Y univalents positioned centrally, well separated from each other. In metaphase cells, X and Y were located at the equator, strongly indicating their amphitelic orientation. However, they later formed a pseudobivalent from which X and Y segregated simultaneously with autosomal half bivalents at anaphase I. This achiasmatic segregation mechanism, touch-and-go pairing, has now been observed for the first time in a species carrying chromosomes with a localised centromere. At the second metaphase, two cell types were observed: one with the X chromosome and the other with the Y chromosome. The behaviour of the sex chromosomes in S. nigra is notably different from that in other Neuroptera, where sex chromosomes exhibit syntelic orientation and distance pairing at metaphase I. The unusual mechanism of sex chromosome segregation in the family Sisyridae aligns well with molecular phylogenetic findings concerning the family’s basal position within the order Neuroptera.

Abstract: The fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] is the most destructive pest of maize, and nonchemical insecticide control is required. In this study, the ethanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and moringa (Moringa oleifera), as well as maize-associated bacterial isolates, were assessed for direct fumigant toxicity against FAW. GC-MS analysis revealed tissue-specific chemical diversity with eight important bioactive compounds, namely trimethyl fluorosilane and hexadecanoic acid from neem, whereas ethyl oleate and octadecanoic acid were detected in moringa. Eighty-nine bacterial isolates were tested for extracellular enzyme activities (cellulase, chitinase, glucanase, and protease) and siderophore production, among which 4 strains designated as DR-55 (Bacillus subtilis), HL-7 (Bacillus cereus), HL-37 (Bacillus cereus), and DR-63 (Enterobacter sp.) expressed >50% biocontrol activity under greenhouse conditions. Larval mortality of FAW varied depending on the stage, being higher (80-88%) in larvae, moderate (15-17%) in pupae, and low (6-7%) in adults, with LC₅₀ values of 2.16, 1.28, and 1.85, respectively. High relationships were found between in vitro antagonism and the efficacy under field conditions (r = 0.73-0.88), confirming the predictive performance of laboratory screening methods. These findings suggest that the addition of plant bioactive extracts to maize-associated microbial isolates offers a strong and non-hazardous stage-targeted integrated pest management practice, which can effectively suppress FAW while maintaining the good health of the maize plant, even with reduced application of synthetic insecticides.

Abstract: First classical biological control of an exotic invasive weed took place in India in 1795. Thus far, 174 natural enemies have been imported into India and of these, 77 have established in the field. Twelve exotic insect pests and four weeds were successfully controlled with a combination of classical, augmentative, and conservation biological control. Additionally, eight insect pests and one weed were substantially controlled. Augmentative biological control has been adopted as per the needs and availability of resources. Conservation biological control is ubiquitous and it has been facilitated by the adoption of integrated pest management. In the past, biological control activities were sporadic, however, since 1977, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Bureau for Agricultural Insect Resources has been implementing classical biological control regularly in India.

Abstract: The circadian rhythm regulates the activity of the ants according to environmental conditions. We investigated the interplay among circadian rhythm, nest homeostasis, and worker morphology in Azteca chartifex spiriti, a Neotropical arboreal species that builds large polydomous nests suspended in trees. In ten colonies, we measured internal moisture and temperature gradients in the main nest, which houses most individuals, including the reproductive female, immatures, and numerous workers. In six colonies, we assessed the polymorphism of foraging workers over a 24-h cycle in relation to external temperature variation. The results show integrated thermoregulatory mechanisms that combine passive strategies, derived from nest architecture and moisture gradients from the suspension base to the lower extremity, with active strategies linked to foraging patterns and worker polymorphism. Internal temperature remained stable despite external fluctuations, and the humidity gradient accounted for both internal population distribution and heat absorption or release. Worker size displayed a bimodal distribution during the day that shifted to a unimodal pattern at night, indicating behavioral adjustments to thermal and operational demands. These findings demonstrate that the interaction between physical structure and worker behavior maintains colony homeostasis and enhances the ability of A. chartifex spiriti to persist in environments with fluctuating climatic conditions.

Abstract: Frataxin is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that plays a key role in iron homeo-stasis & metabolism and its deficiency leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunc-tion, and neurodegeneration. Hypomagnetic fields (HMF) can lead to various biological effects including increased oxidative stress, neurological and developmental disorders, yet its acting as an environmental stressor that exacerbates the inherent metabolic vulnerabil-ities in frataxin-deficient Drosophila melanogaster flies is still unknown. In this study, the bio-effects of HMF on growth, development, reproduction and temperature stress re-sistance of frataxin-silenced flies were investigated. The results showed that HMF ex-tended egg to adult and pupa developmental durations of both control line of repo-GAL4; tub-GAL80^ts>GFP RNAi (GFP-RNAi) and frataxin-deficient line of repo-GAL4; tub-GAL80^ts>fh RNAi (fh-RNAi) compared to those reared under geomagnetic field (GMF). Compared with GMF, HMF increased the offspring fecundity of both GFP-RNAi and fh-RNAi flies, while showing no significant effects on adult weight of fh-RNAi flies. The impact of HMF on temperature stress resistance was particularly specific: it enhanced recovery from chill coma in control (GFP-RNAi) flies, while it accelerated recovery from heat shock in frataxin-silenced (fh-RNAi) flies. The mechanisms through which HMF modulates frataxin-associated phenotypes at a fundamental physical level warrant fur-ther investigation.

Abstract: Background: Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analogue is a promising chemistry for autodissemination strategies, where mosquitoes aid in transferring insecticides to their breeding sites. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PPF exposure on Anopheles arabiensis fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body size) and pyrethroids susceptibility across three generations. Methods: Laboratory-reared, pyrethroid-resistant mosquito larvae were exposed once to sublethal PPF concentrations of (0.0003, 0.0006, 0.0008, and 0.001 mg a.i./L), which caused emergence inhibition rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, alongside a control group. Emerged adults were tested for susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin, 3.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin using WHO tube bioassays. Knockdown was recorded at 1 h, mortality at 24 h post-exposure, while fecundity, fertility, and body size were measured across three generations. Results: First-generation Anopheles arabiensis emerging from PPF-treated larvae showed reduced susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin compared to controls. Mortality from permethrin dropped from 22.7% in the controls to 11% and then 3% at 0.0003 and 0.001 mg a.i./L. For deltamethrin, mortality fell from 62.7% to 36% and then 23.3% at the same concentrations. Knockdown at 60 min was also significantly reduced, with permethrin KDT₆₀ dropping from 41.3% in controls to 9.3% and 3.3%, and deltamethrin KDT₆₀ from 79.7% to 66.7% and 65%. No significant differences were observed in subsequent generations (p > 0.05). PPF exposure also induced notable fitness costs in the first generation: mean wing length decreased from 3.07 mm in controls to 2.88–2.66 mm (6–13% reduction), mean egg production dropped from 30.1 to 13.9–18.8 eggs per female (37–54% reduction), and egg hatching rate declined from 87% to 79–82% (6–9% reduction). Conclusion: These findings suggest that sublethal PPF doses can temporarily enhance insecticide resistance without leading to heritable resistance and negatively impact key mosquito fitness traits. PPF may thus be a valuable addition to integrated vector management strategies.

Abstract:

New insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS) are being developed to manage resistance. Chlorfenapyr (Sylando^® 240SC), a pro-insecticide, is metabolised by active mosquitoes into the toxic metabolite tralopyril. This mode of action requires adapted “free flying” bioassays. A miniature-experimental hut (MEH) assay was developed within the Ifakara Ambient Chamber Test (I-ACT) with a rabbit blood host to measure residual efficacy under controlled conditions. Sylando^® 240SC was compared with SumiShield^® 50WG (clothianidin) for 12-month residual efficacy against malaria and arbovirus vectors. Residual activity was assessed on mud, wood and concrete with two huts per substrate treated with Sylando^® 240SC, one with SumiShield^® 50WG, and one untreated control. Five replicates of 20 mosquitoes per strain (malaria vectors: pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae, resistant An. arabiensis and An. funestus; culicines Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) were exposed overnight at one-week post-spraying and monthly thereafter. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression assessed non-inferiority with a 7% margin. Both products induced delayed mortality, with higher effects on malaria vectors than culicines. Across all substrates and malaria species combined over the full 12 months of observation, Sylando^® 240SC was non-inferior to SumiShield^® 50WG at 72 h (76% vs. 67%, OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.77–0.97) and 168 h (89% vs. 82%, OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.87). Sylando^® 240SC performed comparably to SumiShield^® 50WG, supporting its use as an IRS option. The new I-ACT mini-experimental-hut assay provides a practical tool for evaluating pro-insecticides. The importance of free flight evaluation methods for pro-insecticides is discussed.

Abstract: This review synthesizes recent evidence on the use of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as a lever for circular bioeconomy strategies. We contrast industrial-scale production (standardized, capital-intensive, optimized for throughput) with arid-zone models (resource-constrained, climate-stressed, opportunity for decentralized valorization of local by-products). We examine protein and lipid yields, environmental and techno-economic metrics, supply-chain risks, regulatory bottlenecks, and quality aspects of feeds and foods. We highlight trade-offs between scale, resilience, and local integration, and identify practical priorities: stable substrates, harmonized standards, and risk-managed logistics. The review closes with a roadmap for scaling robust, region-adapted value chains.

Abstract: Caenocentron was previously hypothesized to have originated in Mesoamerica from Xiphocentronidae ancestors that dispersed from Asia to the Americas during Eocene hyperthermal events. Under this scenario, the genus underwent early diversification in Mesoamerica and reached South America only during the late Miocene, following the uplift and connection of Central America. However, the discovery of Caenocentron roosevelt sp. nov. in savanna areas of the Brazilian Amazon significantly revises this understanding. A morphology-based parsimony analysis of Caenocentron and related xiphocentronids (26 taxa, 46 characters) recovered C. roosevelt sp. nov. as the sister species to all other members of the genus. This placement implies that Caenocentron was in South America far earlier than previously inferred, likely by the late Oligocene. Caenocentron roosevelt sp. nov. is distinguished by the following combination of characters: the absence of a setose ventral projection on the coxopodite (present in all other congeners), the presence of apical lobes on tergum IX (reduced in other species), paired digitate lobes beneath the posterior margin of tergum IX (otherwise found only in one Nearctic species), and a distinct line of robust setae along the apical projection of the coxopodite (absent in other species). Additionally, a key to the males of all 10 currently recognized species of Caenocentron is provided.

Abstract: Background: In Brazil, public health programs have relied predominantly on chemical insecticides to control Aedes aegypti, Anopheles spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, triatomines, and phlebotomines. Rising vector-borne disease (VBD) incidence and mounting insecticide resistance (IR) call for a critical appraisal of historical and current control practices. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of secondary data (1901–2024) from Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar, technical notes, national reports, and ANVISA records. (3) Results: Brazil’s vector control progressed from organochlorines (e.g., DDT) to organophosphates, (1) Background: In Brazil, public health programs have relied predominantly on chemical insecticides to control Aedes aegypti, Anopheles spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, triatomines, and phlebotomines. Rising vector-borne disease (VBD) incidence and mounting insecticide resistance (IR) call for a critical appraisal of historical and current control practices. (2) Methods: We conducted a narrative review of secondary data (1901–2024) from Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar, technical notes, national reports, and ANVISA records. Results: Brazil’s vector control progressed from organochlorines (e.g., DDT) to organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators, and microbial/spinosyn larvicides, including recent dual-MOA. Ae. aegypti: Widespread resistance to temephos and pyrethroids; decreased susceptibility to pyriproxyfen; no documented Bti resistance; high resistance to pyrethroid; Anopheles spp.: Urban control lacks dedicated national campaigns; effective use of Bti/L. sphaericus with limited resistance reports; resistance likely influenced by collateral exposure from Aedes control and domestic use; Triatomines & phlebotomines: Predominant reliance on pyrethroids; most studies indicate susceptibility. Overlapping deployment of organophosphates and pyrethroids across programs likely selected resistance in non-target vectors. Conclusions: Brazil’s century-long, insecticide-centric strategy has delivered episodic gains but fostered Aedes aegypti resistance. Sustainable progress requires strengthened, nationwide IR surveillance and entomological mapping to coordinate cross-program actions.

Abstract: p-Coumaric acid is a natural phenolic compound supporting honey bee health by enhanc-27 ing detoxification, immunity and longevity. It also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflamma-28 tory and anticancer properties relevant to human health. While commonly detected in 29 honey and pollen, it is absent from nectar and sucrose-based supplements typically used 30 in beekeeping. Concerns have been raised whether supplemental saccharide feeding de-31 prives bees of this essential phytochemical. In this study, we quantified p-coumaric acid 32 in various bee-derived products and in supplementary sucrose syrup before and after 33 feeding to bees, using HPLC-HRMS analysis. Although fresh sucrose syrup contained 34 negligible amounts of p-coumaric acid, syrup stored in capped combs exhibited levels 35 comparable to or higher than those in honey. We identified propolis in combs as the pri-36 mary source of p-coumaric acid, diffusing into both honey and sucrose syrup during stor-37 age. Our findings demonstrate that supplemental feeding with sucrose syrup does not 38 diminish the bees' access to this key phytochemical and underscore the importance of 39 propolis-rich environment in bee health management.

Abstract: Juniperus przewalskii Komarov, an endemic conifer in the high-altitude mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, develops its cones in a synergistic manner with the oligophagous pest Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), forming a highly specialized interaction system. However, the physiological adaptation mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unclear. Feeding by M. sabinae larvae significantly induced defense responses in J. przewalskii cones. During the early instars (2nd~3rd) of M. sabinae larvae, infested J. przewalskii cones upregulated cone protein content (48.91%; 3rd instar), significantly enhanced peroxidase (POD) activity (71.10%; 2nd instar), and specifically enriched coumarins and cinnamaldehyde derivatives (2nd instar) to increase M. sabinae larvae metabolic costs. In later instars (4th~5th) of M. sabinae larvae, the infested cones downregulated starch content (29.69%; 4th instar), reduced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity (57.34%; 4th instar), and accumulated steroid derivatives to suppress larvae development. Conversely, M. sabinae larvae demonstrated unique adaptive strategies: pre-activating glutathione S-transferase (GST) as an antioxidant defense system during early instars and significantly elevating three digestive enzyme activities in later stages to overcome host multi-layered defenses. Juniperus przewalskii counters pest infestation through dynamic nutrient modulation, temporal activation of protective enzymes, and a multi-layered chemical defense network. However, the adaptation of M. sabinae larvae to their host depends on the specialization of detoxification enzymes and the plasticity of digestive enzymes. This study provides novel insights into the physiological interactions between oligophagous insects and their specific hosts, enriching coevolution theory in alpine ecosystems.

Abstract:

Malaria control programmes across Africa and beyond are threatened by increasing insecticide resistance in the major anopheline vectors. In the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, two point-mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the voltage-dependent sodium channel gene that confer target-site knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides, have been described in several studies across the northern sudano-sahelian and the southern forested ecological zones of Cameroon. Contrarily, there is an unclear kdr status in anophelines of mountainous agro-ecosystems across the Cameroon Great-west domain. In order to determine the evolutionary profile of kdr alleles in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii sibling species both found in the Cameroon Great West domain, genotyping of the kdr locus on a total of 1172 individual specimen across five mountainous massifs, and sequencing on a minimum-size of 10 individuals per localities of a 510 base pairs fragment of the downstream exon-20, were performed. Knockdown resistance 1014F allele was found to be widespread with An. gambiae having high frequencies compared to An. coluzzii. Meanwhile 1014S-kdr allele was confined in An. gambiae populations. The results suggest that kdr alleles may have arisen through introgression. Estimates of genetic variability provided evidence of selection acting on these alleles, particularly the 1014F which was driven to fixation. Spatial occurrence of 1014F was heterogenous, being seemingly influenced by land elevation and gene flow. This study delineates the comprehensive distribution of kdr mutations in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii across Cameroonian mountainous ecosystems. Taking action to limit the spread of kdr alleles into mountainous landscapes would be helpful for the management and sustainability of malaria vector control.

Abstract: Since the beginning of a local egg production by Pasteur’s method in 1895 mostly two local silkworm breeds have been reared in Bulgaria, namely Yellow local and White Baghdad. The origin of Yellow local breed is supposed to be from the locally spread in North and South-West Bulgaria race in 16th – 19th century while the White Baghdad originated from Asia Minor. The Yellow local race was reared in whole North and in South West Bulgaria and was characterized with yellow cocoons with elongated shape with slight constriction. The White Baghdad race was reared in South East Bulgaria and consisted of 3 types, namely Edirne type, Improved Bulgarian type and Bulgarian type. White Baghdad race cocoon color varied from snow-white to light green, but the prevailing color was white. The cocoon shape was elongate with constriction. It was detected that the old silkworm breeds, reared in Bulgaria during 20th – 30th years of the 20th century were generally characterized with not very uniform larval color and markings, cocoon color and shape, comparatively high cocoon weight, but lower silk shell percentage and filament length as well as they were comparatively tolerant to NPV disease. Due to the long maintenance of those races in Bulgaria they were well adapted to the local food and climatic conditions. Presently the Yellow local strain displays a high hatchability and survivability, shorter 5th instar duration and a comparatively good reproduction capacity. On the other hand, the Yellow local strain manifests lower values of the main productive character values such as cocoon weight, silk shell weight and percentage, silk filament length and weight, reelability and raw silk percentage characters, compared with the commercial Bulgarian white cocoon breeds. Therefore, in order to commercialize the Yellow local strain in nowadays it needs improvement by the methods of genetics and breeding. A review of the literature about main silkworm qualitative character inheritance was made. Possible research work in improvement of the old silkworm races was recommended.

Abstract: Resistance of house flies to insecticides highlights the need for sustainable alternatives. We evaluated a biological control method combining parasitoid wasps and predatory mites under controlled laboratory conditions. The predatory mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and the parasitoids Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptorellus were tested in boxes containing 600 g of larval diet and 1,000 house fly eggs. Four treatments with 35 replicates each were compared. In the control, an average of 720 adult flies emerged. With parasitoids alone, 516 adults emerged; with predatory mites alone, 380 emerged; and with the combined treatment, only 277 adults emerged. All treatments differed significantly (p < 0.001). These results confirm that combining predatory mites and parasitoid wasps provides stronger suppression of house flies than either natural enemy alone. Such combinations represent a promising component of integrated pest management programs for house flies and may also be extended to other filth fly species such as the stable fly.

Abstract: The zoophilic and exophilic traits of outdoor-biting Anopheles has led to this group largely being overlooked for their role in malaria transmission, despite several species now recognized as locally important in regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Given the current limitations with identification of these understudied species, it is crucial to accurately correlate morphological features to molecular data. Here, we produced high quality reference sequence data for representative understudied anopheline species to better understand the phylogenetic relationships between under- and well-studied vectors of malaria. For mitochondrial genome assembly, shallow shotgun sequencing was implemented on single mosquito specimens and phylogenetic analyses were performed on the concatenated protein coding genes of the mitogenomes using a Bayesian approach. This study generated 10 complete mitogenomes focusing on less-studied taxa with an average length 15,383 bp and A-T content of 77.1% consistent with other anophelines containing 37 genes. Bayesian inference analysis yielded four main clades with molecular dating indicating that well-studied malaria vectors diverged from outdoor-biting species more than 65 million years ago. These findings support the taxonomic grouping of mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles genus based on morphological characteristics and can provide molecular diagnostics for species identification enabling more precise and adept interventions for malaria control.

Abstract:

Background: The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, a key ecological barrier in northern China, has recently experienced large-scale outbreaks of Galeruca daurica, a pest beetle, largely driven by climate change and grassland degradation. Assessing its potential geographic distribution under current and future climate scenarios is critical for ecological risk assessment and targeted pest management. Methods: We used the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling approach to predict the potential distribution of G. daurica across Inner Mongolia. A total of 122 occurrence records, combined with climatic, topographic, and edaphic variables, were analyzed. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and habitat suitability was categorized into four classes: unsuitable, low, moderate, and high. Future distributions were projected under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s. Results: The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (AUC > 0.9). The most influential environmental predictors were precipitation of the wettest month (39.6%), annual precipitation (24.0%), and annual temperature range (8.2%). At present, suitable habitats cover approximately 44.9% of Inner Mongolia, mainly concentrated in arid and semi-arid zones. Under future climate scenarios, the extent of suitable habitat is projected to decline, with the most pronounced reduction occurring under SSP2-4.5 (a 23.56% decrease by the 2070s). A northward shift in the distribution centroid is also anticipated. Conclusions: The distribution of G. daurica is strongly regulated by climatic factors, particularly precipitation and temperature variability. Climate change is likely to contract its suitable range and drive a latitudinal shift. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing early warning systems, guiding pest management strategies, and informing ecological monitoring in climate-sensitive grassland ecosystems. Future studies should integrate biotic interactions and anthropogenic influences to improve model robustness.