Abstract: This study addresses the critical challenge of translating the profound social, spatial, and cultural dynamics of the traditional introverted Persian house into more tangible design metrics for contemporary Iranian housing. Relying on qualitative data from twenty-four diverse expert interviews across architecture, urban planning, and policy, the research demonstrates that the notion of replicating and duplicating historical form is unsustainable. Instead, it proves that the introverted configuration is an ontological imperative rooted in measurable performance, serving simultaneous social, cultural, psychological, and environmental paradigms. The main findings show that preserving cultural continuity requires a shift from aesthetic conservation to prescriptive configuration. This logic is synthesised into a consolidated socio-spatial framework, whose originality lies in introducing three auditable design instruments: 1) the sequenced depth and filtration protocol for spatial arrangement; 2) the controlled visual and environmental parameters for façade performance; and 3) the cultural adaptability and resilience requirement for functional programming. The framework’s prescriptive metrics, such as minimum space syntax values and the visual filtering coefficient, provide regulatory bodies with the precise technical tools necessary to enforce cultural protocols like privacy and dignity in high-density urban developments. This framework offers a pragmatic pathway for safeguarding Iranian housing’s cultural identity, ensuring future developments are certified not only for safety and structure, but for their adherence to the fundamental socio-spatial contract of the Persian dwelling.

Abstract: The digital transformation of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector requires human capital trained in collaborative methodologies. In Peru, the BIM Peru Plan establishes the mandatory nature of this methodology by 2030, posing a critical challenge for academia. This research analyzes and evaluates the proposal for curricular integration of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology at the levels of technical, university and postgraduate higher education in Peru, in accordance with the regulatory framework in force to 2025. A qualitative research design of documentary and descriptive nature was used. A categorical content analysis of the national regulations was carried out, mainly R.D. No. 004-2025-EF/63.01, using as dimensions of analysis the fundamentals, modeling and management of information under the standards of the ISO 19650 standard. A didactic progression structured in three levels was identified: technical (operational/production), university (coordination/collaboration) and postgraduate (strategic management/direction). The transition from a software tool-based approach to one focused on information requirements management is highlighted. Curricular alignment with international standards (ISO 19650) is robust; however, a gap persists between the regulations and the installed capacity in universities. It is concluded that curricular standardization is a driver for interoperability in the public sector, recommending the implementation of interdisciplinary laboratories to mitigate disciplinary isolation.

Abstract: Previous studies examining the link between urban health and land use have predominantly relied on qualitative or descriptive approaches, lacking comprehensive quantitative frameworks capable of systematically identifying influential factors and prioritizing interventions. This research introduces a multi-method analytical framework incorporating MAXQDA, Factor Analysis, and Importance–Performance Map Analysis (IPMA). In the first phase, MAXQDA was used to conduct qualitative content analysis and identify urban health indicators most influenced by land use. These indicators were assessed through a structured questionnaire comprising 41 items, distributed among residents of three neighborhood units within Phase 2 of Parand New Town, with a minimum residency requirement of five years to ensure data reliability. Factor Analysis was employed to reduce the broader set of indicators into a smaller number of latent constructs, each reflecting a distinct dimension and forming the basis for the composite Urban Health Index. Subsequently, IPMA was applied to evaluate the importance and performance of each indicator within individual neighborhoods, enabling the identification of local intervention priorities. The findings show a substantial influence of the land use system on urban health. The second neighborhood unit, characterized by superior accessibility and a broader range of land uses, achieved the highest score of 3.062. This analytical framework offers urban planners a replicable and practical tool for identifying and prioritizing interventions that promote health-oriented and sustainable urban development.

Abstract: In art and architecture, synchronicity—the parallel emergence of related ideas without direct causal links—has long shaped the evolution of design cultures. Recently, heritage architecture across Europe has become an active stage for fashion shows, art exhibitions, and live performances, encouraging audiences to experience buildings not merely as backdrops but as performative, meaning-generating spaces. Italy offers a significant field of observation through projects positioned beside restoration. While not constituting restoration activities in a conventional sense, these interventions engage critically with existing heritage by activating processes of reuse, management, and cultural valorisation. Such strategies contribute to sustainability on multiple levels: they address architectural and conservation constraints while simultaneously supporting environmental preservation, limiting land consumption and urban sprawl, reducing waste, and broadening public access to heritage. Through the analysis of selected case studies, this paper investigates the dialogue between performance art and heritage architecture as a sustainable practice. The discussion is enriched by interviews with three professionals whose work in central Italy exemplifies innovative approaches to engaging communities with their surrounding heritage. The study argues that performative practices can operate as complementary tools to restoration, fostering new forms of cultural sustainability and expanding contemporary understandings of heritage stewardship.

Abstract: Building details are often treated as technical externalities, subordinate to form, image and architectural narrative. Reading details as liminal spaces reverses that hierarchy. The joint concentrates transitions between inside and outside, public and private, ex-posure and protection, and those transitions are constructed as intervals, experienced through thickness, reveal, edge condition, shadow, touch and the small resistances that accompany crossing. The article develops its analysis through archival hand-drawn detail drawings from the Azrieli Architectural Archive. It defines building details as both technical assem-blies and threshold devices, points where architecture becomes accountable to percep-tion as well as to climate, labor, regulation and everyday use. A semiotic reading of large-scale sheets shows how line weight, hatching, notation and layout encode priori-ties, marking boundaries between what must be precisely resolved and what may re-main adjustable. The archive is treated as a laboratory of “detail families,” recurring junction types such as windows, stairs and envelope edges that reveal office-specific languages of joining. Two case studies, by the architects Ram Karmi and Arieh Sharon with Eldar Sharon, show how micro-variations in depth, overlap and edge control tune thresholds, pro-ducing perceptual tipping points where comfort can shift into irritation, calm into un-ease and openness into vulnerability. Although grounded in a local archive, the argu-ment addresses a broader condition of contemporary practice: standardization and digital production chains can relocate authorship and responsibility away from the joint, precisely where buildings most affect everyday conduct. The paper proposes a liminal literacy of detailing as both a historiographic method and a design ethic aimed at making threshold decisions legible, contestable and accountable in present-day workflows.

Abstract: One of the gaps in green building research in Euro-Mediterranean countries is the assessment of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified projects in the context of the LEED rating system’s ongoing transition from a prescriptive to a performance-based approach. This study evaluates LEED certification strategies by analyzing the causal relationships between five independent LEED performance indicators and the overall LEED score for LEED for Existing Office Buildings version 4.1 (LEED-EB v4.1) gold-certified office projects in Sweden, Italy, Israel, Spain, Germany, and Ireland using simple linear regression. Linear regression showed that each of the six above-mentioned countries demonstrated a unique LEED certification strategy for LEED-EB v4.1 gold-certified office projects. Linear regression revealed, for the first time in the literature, that the causal relationship between the independent indicator “energy” and the dependent indicator overall LEED score was statistically insignificant (R2 = 0.04 and p = 0.359; R2 = 0.13 and p = 0.112, respectively) in LEED-EB v4.1 gold-certified office projects in Germany and Ireland. However, in Sweden, Italy, Israel and Spain, this relationship was statistically significant (R2 = 0.38, 0.46, 0.53 and 0.40 at p < 0.001 in all cases, respectively).

Abstract: Humanity is facing an unprecedented socio-ecological and climate crisis resulting from human impact on the planet, which requires a profound transformation in how we inhabit and develop our territories. Regenerative development is emerging as a key approach to strengthening living systems and improving environmental health. In this context, UNESCO Biosphere Reserves are consolidating their role as strategic instruments that link biodiversity conservation with sustainable development through integrated and par-ticipatory land management models. Mexico stands out for its regional and global leadership in implementing these areas. Participatory governance, promoted by the MAB program, encourages the active involvement of local communities. This article analyses the application of a regenerative and participatory design methodology in a Biosphere Reserve, evaluating both the process and the tools used. Beyond the fulfilment of sus-tainability objectives, it examines the lessons learned, results and scope from a regen-erative perspective, providing critical reflections on its effectiveness as a strategy for the socio-ecological management of vulnerable territories.

Abstract: Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a key driver of employee well-being and performance, yet most studies examine isolated factors or private-sector settings. Evidence remains limited on how integrated IEQ conditions affect employee experience in public-sector workplaces, where diverse staff and aging infrastructure create distinct challenges. This study examined how a municipal utility’s flexible, technology-enabled WorkHub enhanced employee collaboration, satisfaction, and engagement, aiming to generate evidence-based insights for adaptive, health-supportive workplace design. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative and qualitative data. Ninety-eight employees completed the Workplace Environment Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire, evaluating 18 IEQ dimensions and five outcome categories. Open-ended responses and a think tank session with 24 employees were thematically analyzed to identify strengths, challenges, and opportunities. Quantitative results showed significantly higher satisfaction in 15 of 18 IEQ dimensions, including layout, air quality, and coworker interaction, along with improved collaboration and job satisfaction. Qualitative insights reinforced these gains, highlighting technology integration, natural light, and supportive culture, while noting needs for better acoustics and privacy. Overall, the study underscores how integrating IEQ strategies with human-centered design enhances wellbeing and organizational effectiveness.

Abstract: Urban decay and urban vitality are widely used concepts in architecture and urban stud-ies to describe the negative and positive characteristics of urban environments. However, they are commonly addressed through qualitative or static approaches, limiting their ap-plicability in neighborhood-scale spatial assessment and design-oriented deci-sion-making processes. This study proposes a matrix-based cellular automata model for analyzing urban decay and urban vitality indicators at the neighborhood scale. Indicators related to urban decay and urban vitality were identified through a comprehensive litera-ture review, and repetitive, overlapping, and context-inappropriate criteria were removed. A data-based decision matrix was then constructed using five criteria: theoretical validity, data accessibility, spatial applicability, model compatibility, and impact level. Indicators were scored on a 1–5 scale, and those with a total suitability score of four or higher were selected as model inputs. The finalized indicator set was incorporated into a cellular au-tomata model with a regular grid structure, defined for a study area of approximately 600 m × 600 m in the Semsi Tebrizi neighborhood of Konya, Turkey, using 15 m × 15 m cells. The model is not intended as a predictive tool but functions as an indicator-based deci-sion-support framework for pre-design spatial analysis and interpretation.

Abstract: Global urbanization redirects attention toward the sensory quality of the built environment as a decisive factor in public health and psychological resilience. In automated retail, façades function as sensory interfaces to mitigate the psychological alienation and sensory deprivation inherent in automated nodes. This study offers an initial empirical investigation of AI-generated biophilic façade designs based on WELL Building Standard for automated retail environments using a multimodal evaluation framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of biophilic interventions in these settings, this study pursued three specific objectives: (1) to utilize a curated series of architectural façade variations with calibrated biophilic complexity derived from an environment-based AI generative framework, (2) to quantify subconscious responses represented by gaze patterns and behavioral indicators elicited by these configurations, and (3) to analyze the correlation and potential divergence between implicit physiological responses and explicit conscious aesthetic appraisals. The multimodal experiment involving 30 participants integrated eye-tracking, facial expression analysis, and Semantic Differential scales. AOI-based visual attention analysis indicated that biophilic complexity, particularly the integration of organic patterns and natural materials, significantly enhanced subconscious visual interest and sustained engagement within specific design zones. The findings unveiled a complexity-aesthetic paradox where subconscious physiological and behavioral indicators exhibited peak engagement with high-complexity patterns while conscious aesthetic preference favored material-driven structural clarity. Statistical verification via repeated measures correlation analysis revealed a lack of significant linear association between instinctive physiological engagement and explicit aesthetic appraisal, highlighting a notable divergence between implicit and explicit responses. Thus, while individuals are instinctively attracted to AI-generated complexity, psychological comfort remains rooted in material authenticity. This research provides a scientific foundation for health-conscious retail design by recommending a material-first strategy with pattern as an enhancement.

Abstract: Adaptive reuse projects frequently entail major plan-level reorganisation, yet the reconfiguration of spatial hierarchy within interior layouts remains underexplored at the building scale. Background: This study investigates how spatial hierarchy is reconfigured during the adaptive reuse of an industrial building converted into a hotel, focusing on the spatial implications of programme-driven design decisions within unchanged architectural boundaries. Methods: Visibility-based Space Syntax analyses were conducted using visual integration, connectivity, and mean depth measures. Rather than relying on floor-level averages, a control-point-based comparative approach was employed to enable targeted before-and-after comparisons directly linked to plan-level architectural interventions. Results: The findings indicate that spatial accessibility and visual integration are selectively intensified at specific nodal locations on the ground floor, while upper floors maintain a more controlled and segregated spatial structure. This pattern reveals a vertical redistribution of spatial hierarchy aligned with programme requirements, rather than a uniform transformation across the building. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that spatial transformation in adaptive reuse cannot be interpreted solely through quantitative accessibility changes, but should be understood as a design-driven reorganisation of spatial priorities. Rather than seeking statistical generalisation, this study offers a transferable, design-oriented analytical framework for interpreting plan-level spatial transformations in adaptive reuse projects involving similar programme changes.

Abstract: This study develops and tests factor-based and holistic theoretical models to explain the relationships between Spatial Quality Satisfaction (SQS), Overall Dormitory Satisfaction (ODS), and Place Attachment (PA) in student dormitories. Data were collected from 450 students residing in five state-run dormitories in Kırklareli, Turkey, using a questionnaire consisting of three 5-point Likert-type scales. Content validity was ensured through expert review and a pilot study, while construct validity and reliability were established using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Cronbach’s alpha. The proposed models were tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The factor-based Model 1 indicates that most SQS factors do not significantly influence ODS and PA when considered individually, whereas “Emotional and Psychological Atmosphere” and “Flexibility of Use” emerge as key determinants. Additionally, ODS exerts a strong and positive effect on PA. Conversely, the holistic Model 2 demonstrates that SQS, when treated as an integrated construct, has a robust and significant effect on both ODS and PA, with ODS playing a critical mediating role in the relationship between SQS and PA. Overall, the findings suggest that enhancing student dormitories through a holistic SQS approach is more effective than interventions focused solely on individual spatial dimensions.

Abstract: Architect Vladimir Potočnjak (1904-1952), a cofounder of Croatian Modern Movement is almost nonexistent in the recent Croatian architectural history. The research of archival sources, accompanied by acquired drawings and books from his library, comprised thor-ough analysis of his realizations, projects and publications. Potočnjak graduated from the Architectural Department of Zagreb’s Institute of Technology in 1926 and apprenticed to Adolf Loos in Paris where he improved drawing skills, subsequently to Ernst May in Frankfurt a/M and finally to Hugo Ehrlich in Zagreb. Between 1931 and 1945 he was li-censed architectural engineer in Kingdom of Yugoslavia and successively in the Inde-pendent State of Croatia, additionally an architectural critic and theoretician preoccupied with problems of standardization. After 1945 he was appointed senior manager for archi-tecture in the collectivized Croatian Stately Design and Planning Institute. Cooperating with Zlatko Neumann, junior architects Antun Ulrich and Dragica Perak, in 1947 he won Yugoslav competition for the Federal Government Presidency Palace, later the Federal Ex-ecutive Council Palace, today the Palata “Srbije”. Fully preoccupied to its construction un-til his death, he concurrently translated Ernst Neufert’s “Bauordnungslehre” in Serbo-Croatian. Although classically educated, Potočnjak blended Modern Architectural narrative with layers of German Expressionism, visible on seminal drawings of Palata “Srbije”.

Abstract: Rural architectural systems in the Mediterranean reflect a long-term entanglement between human agency, material conditions, and environmental constraints. This study uses this framework to explore architectural continuity in settlements near ancient Phoenix in Türkiye. It aims to understand how rural building practices like stone masonry, traditional carpentry, and spolia reuse have persisted from antiquity. The methodology combines UAV photogrammetry, GIS analysis, and oral histories to reveal spatial patterns and craft traditions across generations. Findings show structures are transmitted through technical knowledge, with stone and timber co evolving with local livelihoods. The Aegean's technical traditions share heritage with the Dodecanese islands of Symi and Tilos, supported by fieldwork and literature comparing masonry and craft techniques. The work emphasizes the need for conservation strategies that connect digital documentation with community experience to preserve this cross-border cultural landscape amid environmental threats and declining craftsmanship.

Abstract: Rural defensive heritage sites are highly vulnerable assets that require decision-making under conditions of limited data and high uncertainty, particularly in the context of large-scale infrastructure projects and accelerating environmental processes. This study proposes a modular decision-support model for defining conservation priorities in a transparent, traceable, and data-sensitive manner, based on four selected fortress sites in the Yusufeli district of Artvin, Türkiye. The model employs a risk-based approach to quantify anthropogenic risks (AR) through the combined assessment of impact (I) and probability (P). Topographic and contextual vulnerability (TC) is structured through sub-indicators including visual dominance disruption, access discontinuities, landscape fragmentation, and microclimatic exposure, while material and intervention compatibility (MS) is evaluated as a distinct compatibility–risk component. These three modules are integrated through normalization and weighted aggregation into a single Priority Index (PI). In addition, the study introduces a Data Completeness Index (DCI) to explicitly address heterogeneity and gaps in field data, allowing prioritization outcomes to be interpreted with an associated confidence level. Laser-scanning-based documentation, deterioration mapping, and photographic records support the evidence-based construction of indicators. The proposed framework offers a transferable approach for generating intervention and monitoring priorities for rural defensive heritage under rapid landscape transformation, while explicitly managing data uncertainty rather than obscuring it.

Abstract: Two major global trends shaping 21st-century society are population aging and urbanization. Consequently, the living conditions of older adults have become an increasing focus of societal attention. Social interaction plays a crucial role in the mental health, emotional well-being, and social identity of older adults. Urban streets, as key sites for walking and social activity among older adults, can be seen as extensions of their homes—places where they regularly interact with neighbors and build new connections. Compared to built environments often termed "gray spaces," exposure to green spaces has been shown to offer greater benefits to residents' well-being. Among streetscape features, the Spatial Openness Level is closely associated with the psychological well-being of elderly individuals. The Gray-Green space Exposure Ratio (GER) and Spatial Openness Level(SOL) serve as key indicators for evaluating streetscape quality. In this study, conducted in Wuhan City, objective physiological monitoring of brainwave activity was employed to examine the responses of older adults to variations in GER and SOL. The results indicate that both GER and SOL significantly influence the emotional states of older adults.(correlation coefficient R² = 0.6062, p < 0.01) .These findings can inform human-centered urban design criteria, thereby promoting social interaction among older adults. Future research should incorporate additional environmental factors to establish a more comprehensive assessment framework for age-friendly urban spaces.

Abstract: This paper examines a political dimension of architecture in developing and post-conflict economies by shifting focus from representational aesthetics to the organisation of production. Drawing on critical theory and political economy, it contends that architecture is political not through explicit ideology but through its impact on relationships involving labour, knowledge, material systems, and institutional authority. The paper challenges the historic divide between thinker and maker, rooted in Alberti's ideas, and examines how frameworks such as critical regionalism often aestheticise marginality while overlooking construction labour and political economy. Empirically, the study analyses six architectural projects in post-war Sri Lanka from 2013 to 2023, employing a qualitative, practice-based case study approach. These projects are viewed as social processes, emphasising labour organisation, knowledge exchange, material choices, procurement, and tectonics. The results show how small architectural interventions can serve as civic and pedagogical infrastructures, revealing labour, redistributing expertise, and strategically engaging with state and donor systems. A normative framework is proposed to redirect architectural politics toward production rather than mere representation.

Abstract: This study analyzes the restitution process of the Sümela Monastery, located in the Maçka district of Trabzon, within the framework of documenting and interpreting multilayered heritage. The monastery’s architectural evolution from the Byzantine to the Ottoman and Republican periods is examined through its spatial dialogue with the topography, revealing restitution as not merely a formal reconstruction but as a process of knowledge production and representation. The research follows the methodological logic of Letellier and Eppich’s decision-making matrix model, integrating documentation, analysis, and interpretation in a multidisciplinary sequence. Based on extensive architectural surveys, material studies, and comparative analyses, six successive construction and transformation phases were identified. Each phase reflects a different synthesis of structural continuity, material innovation, and symbolic meaning, thereby illustrating the epistemic continuity of the site. The findings demonstrate that Sümela represents a “palimpsest architecture” where physical, documentary, and sociocultural layers coexist without erasing one another. By emphasizing the ethical and cognitive dimensions of restitution, the study reframes conservation as an interpretive act that mediates between historical accuracy and conceptual integrity. Comparative analysis with other Eastern Mediterranean rock monasteries—such as Meteora, Athos, Hosios Loukas, and Panagia Hozoviotissa—further clarifies Sümela’s unique spatial identity formed through its concave relationship with the mountain mass. Ultimately, the study proposes an epistemological restitution model grounded in transparency, reversibility, and interpretive coherence, suggesting that conservation should not only preserve material authenticity but also sustain the evolving meanings accumulated over time within the cultural landscape.

Abstract: The increasing demand for permanent post-disaster housing highlights the need for rapid and high-quality construction methods. This study investigates the feasibility of prefabri-cated modular façade systems in accelerating post-disaster permanent housing construc-tion, while maintaining cost efficiency and construction quality. A mixed-methods ap-proach was adopted: semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 industry stake-holders, and thematic analysis was applied to extract qualitative insights. Subsequently, a quantitative survey involving 366 construction professionals was carried out and statisti-cally analyzed to validate the findings. Additionally, case studies from previous post-disaster reconstruction efforts were reviewed to contextualize the results. The find-ings reveal that prefabricated modular façade systems significantly reduce on-site con-struction time and overall project duration, minimize material waste, and uphold high construction standards. Most participants also noted quality control benefits inherent to factory-based production. However, the study identifies several limitations, including challenges related to cost, logistics, and workforce training. The research contributes to the evolving discourse on disaster-responsive housing policies and provides strategic rec-ommendations to enhance the adoption of modular façade technologies in construction practices.

Abstract: Despite significant global commitment to smart buildings and Digital Twin technologies within architecture research and practice, existing systems face fundamental challenges: they widely suffer from data silos, hindering comprehensive data integration; they are constrained by cognitive limitations, preventing deep learning from predicting complex behaviors and spatial intentions; their design goals are fundamentally device-centric, rather than human-centric; and they operate in a state of environmental isolation, lacking dynamic coordination with the external environment. To address these bottlenecks, this paper proposes the BLUE Building Paradigm, a novel and pioneering framework for next-generation spatial intelligence. BLUE represents four core pillars: Big-data (B), Learning (L), User (U), and Environment (E). The core contribution of the BLUE Building is the construction of a Spatio-Temporal Cognitive Operating System, which, through a unified Spatial Semantic Graph and Adaptive Reinforcement Learning, achieves a deep understanding of spatial states and user intentions, and forms a dynamic, continuously optimized closed-loop synergy with the external environment. This marks an epoch-making transition in spatial intelligence from passive automation to proactive cognition and continuous self-adaptation. This paper details the operational mechanism of the BLUE Paradigm, its key technical implementations, and cross-scale interaction strategies. Furthermore, it introduces the BLUE Building Rating and Evaluation Mechanism, including its potential for expansion, translating the paradigm's cognitive capabilities into quantifiable industry standards to drive adoption. The BLUE Building Paradigm not only sets a new benchmark for building energy efficiency and occupant well-being but also lays a solid theoretical foundation for the resilient, sustainable, and integrated development of future urban systems and the human experience.