Physical Sciences

Abstract: We elaborate on computational emergence (CE), understood as the emergent acquisition of specific abilities from specific forms of computation, such as artificial neural networks and cascades of rule iterations found in cellular automata. CE leads to the acquisition of properties such as learning abilities, morphological pattern formation, and coherence, and arises from computational mechanisms. We also elaborate on emergent computation (EC), understood as the emergent acquisition of computational abilities by communities of phenomenologically interacting agents, potentially through appropriate interlinkages among them, as in emerging networks. Processes of interaction are understood generically as forms of mutually active interdependence, which can be modeled as self-generated networks. EC arises from phenomenological mechanisms of interaction among agents and leads to the acquisition of properties such as coherent behaviors, resilience, robustness, and collective intelligence. The reason for distinguishing between these two types of emergence is that doing so may open new approaches to modeling collective behavior, especially in artificial ones, such as swarms of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), where introducing parametric and structural changes is more feasible. Combining the two approaches—(a) phenomenological, networked EC arising from populations of interacting (b) in turn computationally emergent agents—allows the consideration of research directions such as identifying relationships between combinations of CE and emergently acquired computational properties within the conceptual frameworks of networked neural networks and intersected neural networks, i.e., networks that share nodes. Such research directions are expected to enable approaches for influencing collective behaviors and complex systems in a non-invasive way, including swarms of UAVs (or drones), autonomous cyborg swarms, and coherent communities of artificial devices equipped with sensors, edge artificial intelligence, and secure communications. We consider the mesoscopic nature of complexity in collective behaviors as a continuous negotiation between these two forms of emergence, with EC playing a macroscopic role and CE a microscopic role. We conclude that this general framework relates to the concept of “The Middle Way” in physics by focusing on what occurs “in between” systems (such as between intersecting neural networks and their dynamic networking) and within transient spaces where non-invasive intervention may be possible and appropriate for guiding, modifying, and inducing changes in complex emergent systems.

Abstract: The traditional paradigm of natural science treats the laws of nature as eternal and immutable. This review examines a powerful alternative tradition that views these laws as historically evolving and constructed entities, tracing this shift from ancient roots to evolutionary epistemology, radical constructivism and physics. We address the resulting methodological crisis—where different branches of science optimize their own laws and isolate from one another—by proposing a strict hierarchical framework. Under this method, invariant basic concepts are strictly separated from flexible models. Crucially, the Entropic Measure of Time (EMT) is presented as the central operational tool. By defining time through entropy production, EMT enables the deductive derivation of physical laws from specific models, restoring a unified, cohesive structure to modern science.

Abstract: We discover a synchronization admissibility boundary defined solely by the states of oscillators. The boundary is independent of structure and determines whether any two oscillators share a cluster in real time, unifying global synchronization, cluster partition, and the real-time onset of synchronization loss. This uniformity has been validated through dozens of adversarial tests. Mathematical proofs show that this boundary is mathematically equivalent to the constraint that the synchronous frequency must be a real number. This constraint is a direct corollary of a cornerstone of physics long taken for granted: all measurable physical quantities are real numbers. This equivalence reveals that the synchronous admissibility boundary (a key function) emerges directly from the principle that is logically prior to any specific structure.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to carry out measurements of the activity concentrations of radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) in homes, to calculate the annual effective inhalation dose and the induced risk of lung cancer associated with the exposure to 222Rn and 220Rn, for individuals living in the towns of Moanda and Franceville, in Gabon. One hundred (100) radon-thoron detectors of the brand RADUET were deployed in these localities, 50 per city, i.e., one detector per home. The results of the radon concentrations varied in the range 91-156 Bq m-3 in Moanda, with arithmetic and geometric mean values of 113.2 ± 2.8 Bq m−3 and 111.8 (1.0) Bq m−3, respectively, and in the range 76-139 Bq m-3 in Franceville, with arithmetic and geometric mean values of 105.0 ± 1.9 Bq m−3 and 104.2 (1.0) Bq m−3, respectively. These mean values are above the United Nations Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) worldwide average values of 40 Bq m−3 (arithmetic mean) and 45 Bq m−3 (geometric mean). For thoron, the concentrations varied in the range 3-945 Bq m−3, with arithmetic and geometric mean values of 69.5 ± 0.4 Bq m−3 and 24.4 (3.9) Bq m−3 at Moanda, and in the range 4-78 Bq m−3, with arithmetic and geometric mean values of 18.4 ± 0.4 Bq m−3 and 11.6 (0.4) Bq m−3 in Franceville. This shows that the mean concentration values of thoron were significantly higher than the UNSCEAR world average value of 10 Bq m−3. Overall, the highest concentration values were recorded in the town of Moanda and the lowest in the town of Franceville. The dose values estimated in the present study demonstrate that the population in Moanda and in Franceville may be exposed to a relatively significant potential risk of radon-and thoron-induced cancer.

Abstract: A covariant formulation of the Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) matrix is presented in the framework of a Relativistic Positioning System (RPS). By including the receiver-emitter frequency ratios, the Frequency Geometric Dilution of Precision (FGDOP) scalar is computed in terms of observable quantities, the received frequencies and the angular separation between pairs of emitters in view. Some required concepts are first introduced: the FGDOP matrix and the Gram matrix associated to k light-like vectors. From the tensor form of the FGDOP matrix and its trace, a closed form of the FGDOP scalar is obtained, extending previous matrix calculations. Clarifying computations for symmetric emitter configurations are presented. The geometric interpretation of the GDOP scalar in terms of volumes and areas defined by the relative position of the emitters on the unit celestial sphere of the user is also recovered.

Abstract: Overhead sports place high demands on the shoulder complex, making warm-up specificity relevant for acute readiness. This randomized controlled pilot trial compared the immediate effects of a shoulder-specific warm-up with a habitual routine in 24 youth competitive overhead athletes (14–20 years), allocated to an experimental group (EG = 12) and a standard warm-up group (SWG = 12). Outcome measures were collected before and immediately after warm-up and included shoulder flexion range of motion (ROM), handgrip strength, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability (CKCUES) performance, and post-warm-up Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE; Borg CR-10). A significant group-by-time interaction was found for right shoulder flexion ROM (p = 0.003, η²p = 0.346), with a significant increase in the EG from baseline to post-test (p = 0.008). No significant effects were observed for left shoulder flexion ROM, handgrip strength, or CKCUES performance. Post-warm-up RPE was significantly higher in the EG than in the SWG (p = 0.041). These preliminary findings support the practical value of more targeted warm-up strategies in overhead sports, while larger longitudinal studies are needed to confirm their broader functional relevance.

Abstract: We present a numerical study of high frequency acoustic wave scattering from two types of rigid scatterers, a circular disk and a red blood cell (RBC) shaped (biconcave) obstacle. Using an iterative frequency domain solver, we compute the steady state pressure and energy density distribution. The sound speed varies inside the source 1350 m/s and 1650 m/s with ambient medium 1500 m/s. Simulations are performed at frequencies up to 366 MHz. Results are sampled along the center line through the source center for direct comparison. Both solver produce nearly identical pressure amplitude profile, with a pronounced central pressure maximum and decaying oscillations toward the edges. As frequency increases, the number of concentric interference rings around the source grows, and the central lobe narrows (for RBC). The number of iterations required for convergence rise sharply with frequency. The simulations capture the expected wave phenomena and demonstrate that the Convergent Born series (CBS) solver remains reliable and robustness for strong scattering contrasts in presence of spatially adaptive preconditioner.

Abstract: Ecosystems can undergo abrupt, often irreversible transitions between alternative states —phenomena termed critical transitions or regime shifts— with profound consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. Early warning signals (EWS) derived from time series analysis offer the prospect of anticipating such transitions before they occur, potentially enabling preventive management intervention. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of EWS methods for ecological systems, encompassing theoretical foundations, statistical indicators, empirical applications, and emerging methodological frontiers. We examine the dynamical basis of EWS in critical slowing down theory, wherein systems approaching bifurcation points exhibit characteristic statistical signatures including rising autocorrelation, increasing variance, and spectral reddening. We present a systematic overview of proposed indicators (Table 1), discuss moving-window frameworks for their computation, and critically evaluate preprocessing requirements and sensitivity to analytical choices. Empirical applications across major ecosystem types---including lakes, coral reefs, grasslands, forests, and marine fisheries---reveal both successes and limitations, with EWS performance depending critically on data quality, transition mechanism, and system-specific dynamics (Table 2). We address recent advances including machine learning approaches, non-equilibrium thermodynamic indicators, multivariate extensions, and the important distinction between bifurcation-induced, noise-induced, and rate-induced tipping. We conclude with recommendations for specialists, emphasizing the integration of EWS within broader monitoring frameworks, systematic sensitivity analysis, and the interpretation of indicators as probabilistic assessments of changing resilience rather than deterministic predictions of imminent collapse.

Abstract: Universal Accessibility in Astronomy requires a paradigm shift from visual-centric communication to multisensory data interaction. This article explores the development and evaluation of a low-cost, multimodal tool designed to represent complex astronomical concepts—specifically stellar magnitude and color—through tactile and auditory stimuli. Unlike traditional methods, our approach focuses on the haptic-cognitive link, allowing users to "feel" data through physical relief models. We present a structured impact study involving a heterogeneous group of blind, low-vision, and sighted participants.The methodology followed a mixed-methods approach, including a participatory workshop with 20 individuals and a detailed usability assessment with a core group (N=6) of participants. Preliminary results from this pilot phase demonstrate that the multimodal integration effectively reduces the perceived mental effort for complex spatial data comprehension. Quantitative and qualitative feedback suggests that tactile-auditory sensory substitution not only improves accessibility but also enhances engagement and information retention across all user groups. These findings highlight the potential of multimodal models in transforming public scientific environments, such as museums and observatories, into inclusive, interactive spaces.

Abstract: This paper investigates the seasonal and daily responses of the zonal‑mean O₃ mass‑mixing ratio to polar‑vortex disturbances during the boreal winter of 2023/2024, using MERRA‑2 data for the period 1 October 2023–30 April 2024. In addition to the expected latitudinal coupling during SSW events, the seasonal ozone field exhibited a pronounced zonally asymmetric distribution, referred to as the zonally asymmetric ozone oscillation (ZAOO), most evident in the lower stratosphere throughout the winter months. The seasonal behaviour of the ozone tendency was also investigated. To provide a plausible explanation for the observed features, a combination of the Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), dynamical transport, and photochemical processes was considered. For the first time, TEM diagnostics were applied to individual winter seasons and specific SSW events, enabling detailed examination of ozone‑tendency variability across latitude and altitude. The results provide clear quantification of the dynamical and net chemical contributions to both the seasonal (October–April) and specific SSW event ozone tendencies. These findings support systematic assessments of each intriguing winter and SSW event, offering new opportunities to identify links between SSW type and the dominant mechanisms shaping the ozone‑tendency response.

Abstract: We present a classical theoretical framework in which combinatorial optimization emerges from nonlinear relaxation of coupled real-valued phase fields governed by a global Lyapunov energy functional. Each computational element (CF-bit) evolves in a bistable periodic potential while pairwise interactions encode problem-specific couplings, enabling gradient-descent minimization of QUBO and Ising objective functions. The key contribution is an explicit global energy functional from which all dynamics are derived, guaranteeing monotonic energy descent under damping. This distinguishes the approach from existing oscillator-based Ising machines where no closed-form Lyapunov functional exists. Numerical simulations on instances up to 20 bits demonstrate deterministic phase-locking convergence, with optional transient noise improving exploration of rugged landscapes. While limited in scale and not overcoming NP-hardness, this work provides a conceptual framework showing how discrete optimization can emerge from continuous classical dynamics with mathematically transparent energy structure.

Abstract: The structure of the direct electrical current in a conductor is discussed neither in the educa-tional nor scientific literature. This problem is directly related to the boundary condition for thenormal component of current density. The generally accepted approach to this problem requiresmore careful consideration. The following article is devoted to the analysis of the direct current dis-tribution in a conductor. In this paper, we consider two mutually exclusive approaches to explainthe structure of direct current in a conductor.

Abstract: This article presents the systematization of results from the project "Communicative Interdisciplinarity" through the introduction of a system of 14 elective courses on the interdisciplinary class in Mathematics-Physics teacher training. It is demonstrated that the essential transformation of professional performance requires reconceptualizing the class not as an isolated outcome, but as an integrated organic totality. The experience, analyzed through a "complex model of systematization," revealed patterns of self-similarity and recursivity in the instructional design, foreshadowing its subsequent theoretical formalization as a fractal and neuronal system. This systematization constitutes the indispensable empirical and methodological basis that underpins the development of integrated theoretical frameworks for education.

Abstract: We study a variety of stochastic contact processes --directly related to models of rumor and disease spreading-- from the viewpoint of their constants of motion, either exact or approximated. Much as in deterministic systems, constants of motion in stochastic dynamics make it possible to reduce the number of relevant variables, confining the set of accessible states, and thus facilitating their analytical treatment. For processes of rumor propagation based on the Maki-Thompson model, we show how to construct exact constants of motion as linear combinations of conserved quantities in each elementary contact event, and how they relate to the constants of motion of the corresponding mean-field equations, which are obtained as the continuous-time, large-size limit of the stochastic process. For SIR epidemic models, both in homogeneous systems and on heterogeneous networks, we find that a similar procedure produces approximate constants of motion, whose average value is preserved along the evolution. We also give examples of exact and approximate constants of motion built as nonlinear combinations of the relevant variables, whose expressions are suggested by their mean-field counterparts.

Abstract: The challenging goal of equipping HF radars with a target classification ability has been pursued for many years, yet no satisfactory system-level methodology has been reported. This shortcoming severely limits the utility of radar information as, without knowing the nature of detected objects, there is little prospect of understanding the situation and tailoring a suitable response. In this paper, we present a framework within which a comprehensive approach to target characterization can be formulated. We proceed to explore a wide range of physical mechanisms whereby target information is impressed on HF radar echoes, illustrated with real data. The paper concludes with a commentary on the difficulty of integrating target classification, recognition and identification procedures with other radar tasks and resource management.

Abstract: Newton published his mechanics in the form of an axiomatic system just as the Euclidean geometry. The Newton’s three laws are three axioms, from which, together with the necessary definitions of physical concepts and propositions, all contents of classical mechanics can be derived. Non-Euclidean geometries tell us that one of the axioms in an axiomatic system may take different forms. Modified axioms can lead to new axiomatic systems that are logically rigorous and self-consistent. The fifth axiom in the Euclidian geometry was modified to be two other different form, and consequently, two non-Euclidean geometries were developed. We think that Newton’s second law can be modified. The second law can be simply stated as: force is the cause of acceleration. It can be modified as: force is the cause of deceleration. This results in a new axiomatic system called new classical mechanics. This paper presents the fundamental formulas of the new classical mechanics. The most distinctive feature of the new mechanics is that the direction of momentum is opposite to that of velocity, and the kinetic energy is negative, i.e., a negative sign is attached to usual positive kinetic energy (PKE). Therefore, the new classical mechanics can be called negative kinetic energy (NKE) one, while the existing classical mechanics can be called PKE one. These two parts can be collectively referred to as a whole classical mechanics, which includes both PKE and NKE parts. The formulas of these two parts have symmetry with respect to positive and negative kinetic energy. The PKE classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic matter that we can observe, while the NKE classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic matter that we cannot observe, i.e., the motion of dark matter. Our universe has symmetry with respect to PKE and NKE, which is also the symmetry with respect to matter and dark matter. The basic equations of quantum mechanics describing the motion of micro-particles also have symmetry with respect to PKW and NKE, which has been elaborated in the author’s previous work. The theory presented in this paper describe the motion of macroscopic NKE matter.

Abstract: The Discrete Extramental Clock Law proposes that objective time in chaotic systems emerges discretely from statistically significant ordinal conjunctions across multiple trajectories, modulated by a universal gating function g(τs)g(τs​) rooted in Kendall's rank correlation and Feigenbaum universality. This study provides numerical evidence for the ontological hierarchy: high local chaotic activity (e.g., positive Lyapunov exponents) does not advance objective time; only global ordinal coherence (high ∣τs∣∣τs​∣) generates effective temporal ticks. Using coupled logistic maps, the Lorenz attractor, fractional-order extensions, and empirical \textit{Aedes aegypti} population data, we demonstrate negative correlation between local variance/Lyapunov activity and the rate of emergent time advance, fractal inheritance in tntn​ (Dtn≈1.98Dtn​​≈1.98), and robust noise tolerance. These results challenge the universality of Newtonian time in chaotic regimes, supporting emergent discreteness even in classical chaos.

Abstract: Absolute Newtonian time—as a continuous, universal parameter external to physical reality—contradicts the emergent, discrete temporal structure observed in chaotic systems. This paper provides numerical validation for the hypothesis that objective time emerges discretely from ordinal patterns rather than being imposed a priori. The Discrete Extramental Clock Law, defined by tn+1 = tn +∆t·g(τs) with universal gating g(τs) rooted in Kendall’s τ variance thresholds and Feigenbaum scaling, is tested across classical and non-classical chaotic attractors. Extensive simulations reveal empirical support for three core predictions: fractal inheritance in emergent time tn (Dtn ≈ 1.98 from D ≈ 2.06), trimodal stochastic dynamics in g(τs) with high variance (σ2 ≈ 0.85) and autocorrelation (ρ1 ≈ 0.85), and ∼ 50% variance reduction in weakly coupled networks, yielding smoother collective temporality. These results demonstrate time as a fractal-stochastic emergent phenomenon, providing quantitative evidence against Newtonian absolutism and supporting Polo’s transcendental view of extramental persistence. The findings bridge physics and metaphysics, offering empirical tools for modeling synchronization in biological collectives and human agency in critical regimes, where local retrocausality enables kairos—opportune moments—from chaotic physis.

Abstract: Gait and postural symmetry are essential indicators of neuromotor development and rehabilitation. This brief report presents a single-case pilot study evaluating the feasibility of combined baropodometric and stabilometric analyses in healthy pediatric subjects. A male child (8 years old) underwent static and dynamic plantar pressure tests and stabilometric assessments under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions using a FreeMed® system. The results revealed mild asymmetry in plantar load (51% left vs. 49% right) and posterior loading tendency (62% rearfoot). Dynamic assessment indicated a longer stance duration on the left and higher propulsion forces on the right. Stabilometric analysis showed increased sway and a Romberg index >2.0 under visual deprivation, suggesting strong visual dependence for balance control. These findings demonstrate the sensitivity and feasibility of integrating baropodometric and stabilometric tools for detecting functional asymmetries, even in healthy children. This preliminary evidence supports their potential use in early screening, rehabilitation monitoring, and preventive assessment. Furthermore, the integrated approach contributes to advances in understanding gait symmetry and knee-related kinematic balance strategies during pediatric development.

Abstract: Laboratory experiments and observations of natural phenomena conducted in this research series indicates the presence of a thermally dependent component of gravitational interaction, influencing matter at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Presented herein are investigations of properties of gravitational interactions among gas molecules through a thermodynamic approach applying a two-molecule force model. Unlike conventional treatments that consider gravity as a single attractive force, the experimental interpretation in this work proposes that the net gravitational effect may arise from two components: a attractive force and a temperature-dependent repulsive force.By applying established thermodynamic data for gases, the model yielded results that: (1) support the existence of both attractive and repulsive gravitational components among gas molecules,(2) indicate both forces follow an inverse-cube dependence on the intermolecular distance, and(3) show the repulsive component varies linearly with absolute temperature, indicating a connection between thermal energy and fundamental force behavior. The magnitudes of the proposed gravitational repulsion and attraction components are calculated to be significantly larger than the classical gravitational force between molecules, suggesting that the observed weak gravitational interaction may be the small resultant of two much stronger opposing forces. This introduces the possibility that controlled manipulation of these force components could lead to new physical insights and technological applications.