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Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Variation function; Cokriging method; Collocated cokriging; Eaton method; Formation pressure prediction

Online: 31 May 2023 (03:46:00 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1891.v1

Evaluation of a Ground Subsidence Zone in an Urban Area Using Geophysical Methods

Lara De Giorgi, Dora Francesca Barbolla, Chiara Torre, Stefano Settembrini, Giovanni Leucci

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: GPR; ERT; urban area; ground subsidence risk; limestone cavity

Online: 26 May 2023 (08:19:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1765.v1

Citizen Science and the University of Queensland Seis-Mo-Graph Stations (UQSS) – A Study of Seismic T Waves in S-W Pacific Ocean

Colin John Lynam, Steve Hearn, Asanka Karunaratne

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: citizen science; seismology; earth observation; climate change; education for sustainable devel-opment; disaster preparedness; disaster alerts

Online: 25 May 2023 (08:24:14 CEST)

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Abstract: This paper summarises an early and successful piece of citizen science, performed within The University of Queensland Seismograph Stations (UQSS) observatory, in cooperation with colleagues at CSIRO. It was designed to en-courage young STEM students from Brisbane high schools to engage in “real” re-search, back in 1995. Having completed the project report, their (analog) results sat in a cupboard until the report was dusted off and the project was re-analysed in 2022 by an honors student, considering timely climate change applications for the study. This is a time when science is changing considerably from analog to digital medium and operational methods. The original project was called Earthquake generated T phases on BRS Seismograph (Brisbane, Q’ld)- a predictor for Tasman Sea Tsunamis? [1] Fortunately, seismology is a very collaborative field. The research question has since changed. There is a lot of data analysis involved in the science of recording earthquake signals, with auxiliary definitive catalogues, observers logbooks, housing of the recordings themselves (analog and digital) and the software mediums that change over time. In other words, a lot of headaches can be encountered in longitudinal data collection study such as this. The citizen science students used a pre-prepared decadal collection (1980-90) derived from the BRS observatory data catalogue. BRS is part of the global World-Wide Seismograph Station Network (WWSSN). Currently in Australia, university earth science observatories have diminished, and in their place, public seismic networks (PSN) have evolved, either in back-yard sheds or school science labs. The level of expertise required fits the role of advancing citizen science for a real science advantage. This is a topical citizen disaster preparedness action area for today’s climate emergency, which is threatening the globe and all lifeforms. Citizen engagement or mobilisation is an essential preparedness strategy. Keywords: citizen science 1; seismology 2; earth observation 3; climate change 4; education for sustainable development 5; disaster preparedness 6; disaster alerts 7

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1732.v1

Study on Surface Settlement of Subway Tunnel Engineering Site overlying Soft Soil Layer under the Action of Earthquake

Qiongyi Wang, Liang Zou, Yungang Niu, Fenghai Ma, Shasha Lu, Zhideyi Fu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: overlying soft soil layer; subway tunnel; seismic wave; ground settlement; sensitivity

Online: 25 May 2023 (04:05:53 CEST)

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In order to study the surface settlement law of subway tunnel engineering site overlying soft soil layer under the action of earthquake, ABAQUS finite element analysis software was used to study the surface settlement law of subway tunnel construction site overlying soft soil layer under the action of three different seismic waves, including El-Centro wave, Kobe wave, and artificial seismic wave with exceedance probability of 10%, based on the Dalian Metro Line 5 with overlying soft soil layer as the engineering background, and the law was analyzed theoretically. Then, the surface settlement law of tunnel top was studied based on El-Centro wave and soft soil parameters, and the sensitivity analysis of soft soil parameters on surface settlement of tunnel top was carried out by orthogonal test method. The results show that under earthquake action, the settlement of the strata within a certain range of the tunnel roof is significantly greater than that of the surrounding strata, forming a settlement trough with a width of about 8 to 20 meters. The width of the settlement trough under the El-Centro wave is the largest, about 19.6 meters, surpassing the artificially synthesized seismic waves with a probability of 10%, which is about 15.6 meters, while the width of the settlement trough under the Kobe wave is the smallest, about 8.5 meters. The ground surface within a range of about 20 meters above the tunnel roof is most strongly affected by the seismic waves and the special lithology of the overlying soft soil layer, and the settlement is the largest. The settlement law of the settlement trough in the overlying strata of the tunnel conforms to the Peck formula. Increasing the elastic modulus of the silty soil can reduce the settlement of the ground surface above the tunnel roof, increasing the Poisson's ratio of the silty soil will increase the settlement of the ground surface above the tunnel roof, increasing the cohesive force of the silty soil to 20 kPa will basically stabilize the settlement of the ground surface above the tunnel roof, and increasing the internal friction angle of the silty soil will basically not change the settlement of the ground surface above the tunnel roof. The sensitivity of the soft soil parameters to the settlement of the ground surface above the tunnel roof is in the order of Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus, cohesive force, and internal friction angle.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1358.v1

Exploration and Comparison of the Effect of Conventional and Advanced Modeling Algorithms on Landslide Susceptibility Prediction: A Case Study from Yadong Country, Tibet

Zhu Liang, Weiping Peng, Wei Liu, Houzan Huang, Jiaming Huang, Kangming Lou, Guochao Liu, Kaihua Jiang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Landslide Susceptibility; Information Value; Logistic regression; Machine learning; Deep learning; GIS

Online: 19 May 2023 (02:28:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1227.v1

Multi-Earthquakes in 1974 Induced Hydrological Anomaly in a Large Glacier-Fed River, the West Tibet, China

Jingshi Liu, Yuting Liu, Guangming Luo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: earthquake; active fault; meltwater flow; hydrological anomaly; correlation

Online: 17 May 2023 (10:25:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1226.v1

Geological Hazard Susceptibility Evaluation using Information Quantity, Deterministic Coefficient, and Logistic Regression Models and Their Comparison at Xuanwei, China

Shaohan Zhang, Shucheng Tan, Lifeng Liu, Duanyu Ding, Yongqi Sun, Jun Li

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: information model; certainty factor model; logistic regression model; geological hazard; susceptibility; Xuanwei city

Online: 17 May 2023 (10:20:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1143.v1

Revisiting Vrancea (Romania) Intermediate-Depth Seismicity: Some Statistical Characteristics and Seismic Quiescence Testing

Bogdan Enescu, Cristian Ghita, Iren-Adelina Moldovan, Mircea Radulian

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seismicity; b-value; seismic quiescence; Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes

Online: 16 May 2023 (09:43:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0672.v1

New Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Model for Nepal Himalayas Integrating Distributed Seismicity and Major Thrust Faults

Saroj Maharjan, Antoine Poujol, Christophe Martin, Gabriele Ameri, David Baumont, Kiana Hashemy, Yacine Benjelloun, Hussein Shible

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Nepal Himalayas; Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA); Seismic Source Characterization; Seismogenic Models; Main Himalayan Thrust

Online: 9 May 2023 (16:20:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0399.v2

Proposed Model for Shale Compaction Kinetics: Forward Depositional Model

James Edward Smith, Edward Millard Smith-Rowland

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: depositional model; forward model; shale compaction; kinetics; activation energy; pore interfaces; grain interfaces; fractals; experiment suggestions

Online: 9 May 2023 (03:59:47 CEST)

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Weathering and erosion transport minerals and organics toward the sea or lake bottoms over geologic time. The finest solids are deposited in lower, less turbulent areas, such as lake bottoms and continental shelves. They sometimes stack up to thicknesses of kilometers, and begin compacting. These sediment sections are called shales, and as initially deposited in water, shales can have porosities up to 50-80{\%} water, As they are buried, many alteration products from oil to slate are produced due to overburden and temperature increasess, making them important to study. A preceeding paper \cite{1} showed that pressure solution is the primary mechanism for porosity reduction, with possible mechanical compaction at shallow depths. Without naming the mineral(s) involved, it postulated that the greater the product of the water and pore interfaces, the faster the reaction would proceed. This term is $ \varphi^{4m/3}(1-\varphi)^{4n/3}$ , where $\varphi$ is porosity and m and n are numbers close to unity. The large exponents, {\em 4/3}, recognize that the reaction occurs at the molecular scale at which the surfaces are rough. A second term, $\exp^{(-E/RT)}$ , indicates that the reaction is impeded by a quantum energy barrier, E, with diminished impeding power as increased available thermal energy, represented by the absolute temperature, T, becomes available at greater depths in the Earth. These two factors combine to allow porosity $\varphi$ to reduce with time, or equivalently for the fraction of solids, $(1-\varphi)$, to increase with time,$\left. \frac{\partial(ln(1-\varphi) ) }{\partial t } \right |_{\sigma} = (\varphi )^{4m/3}( 1-\varphi )^{4n/3}Ae^{-E/(RT)}$. { \em Here it is shown that this equation can cover quantitatively any actual deposition rates which may have been experienced by the six sections studied, the actual deposition rates being unknown for these cases. Hence a time-depth depositional history for any new shale section, known in detail, would allow determination of the parameters m, n, E and a lumped proportionality constant A. This was accomplished by showing that, for a wide range of depositional rates, r, the range of E for any of the studied sections is small compared to laboratory measurements of quartz solution\cite{2}, 24+-15kJ/mol. Results were obtained over this range of r's using the previously determined m and n, and porosity and temperature profiles. The presently existing porosity profiles necessarily incorporate any overpressure or underpressure conditions that may have existed in the past or currently, as the net difference between overburden and pore pressure is a primary driving force for pressure solution. $SiO_2$ usually comprises 20-50{\%} of shales. In conclusion, pressure solution of quartz can account for vertical compaction of shales quantitatively in the studied examples. Separately, a quasi-eqivalent method for discussing reduced porosities in Macron 2 versus Macron 1 as increased vertical stress, rather than additional horizontal stress, is illustrated. Experiments are suggested to clarify the pressure solution mechanism. The role of horizontal forces is discussed.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0446.v1

Accumulation model and lithologic reservoir formation in continental fault basin A case study of the Lithologic Reservoir of Nantun Formation in Tanan Sag, Mongolia

ShaoJun Liu, Shengxian Zhao, Xuefeng Yang, Jian Zhang, Meixuan Yin, Qian Meng, Bo Li, Ziqiang Xia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Mongolia; Tanan sag; Fault basin; Lithologic reservoir; Fracturing; Hydrocarbon accumulation mode; Distribution of the oil reservoir

Online: 8 May 2023 (04:49:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0254.v1

Wind-Wave Conditions and Geomorphological Change at the Beach-Dune Barrier of Cesine Lagoon (South Italy)

Marco Delle Rose, Paolo Martano

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Wind statistics; Wave height; Coastal storm; Multi-temporal image analysis; Geographic object; Longshore transport; Shoreline dynamics; Washover fan

Online: 4 May 2023 (10:17:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0173.v2

The Dynamic Structural-Material Complexes of the Earth’s Crust

Аркадий Копылов

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lithosphere; earth's crust; structural material complexes; composition; structure; self-organization; polycyclic development

Online: 30 April 2023 (02:55:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1036.v1

Spatial Correlations of Global Seismic Noise Properties

Alexey Lyubushin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seismic noise; wavelet-based entropy; wavelet-based Donoho-Johnston index; correlations; day length

Online: 27 April 2023 (04:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0700.v1

Optimizing Semi-Airborne Electromagnetic Survey Design for Mineral Exploration

Saeed Nazari, Raphael Rochlitz, Thomas Günther

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geophysical survey; Semi-airborne electromagnetics; Inversion; Mineral exploration

Online: 21 April 2023 (09:03:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0378.v1

Crustal Deformation Pattern on the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS Observations

Sihan Yu, Xiaoning Su

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Crustal deformation; Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault zone; Slip rate; Locking depth; Slip deficit rate

Online: 17 April 2023 (03:08:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0314.v1

Sea-Level Rise Effects on Changing Hazard Exposure to Far-Field Tsunamis in a Volcanic Pacific Island

Rebecca Welsh, Shaun Williams, Cyprien Bosserelle, Ryan Paulik, Josephina Chan Ting, Alec Wild, Lameko Talia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Tsunami hazard; risk modelling; climate change; built-environment; damage impacts; Tōhoku-oki tsunami; Samoa

Online: 13 April 2023 (08:46:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0173.v1

The Dynamic Structural-Material Complexes of the Earth’s Crust

Аркадий Копылов

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lithosphere; earth's crust; structural material complexes; composition; structure; self-organization; polycyclic development

Online: 11 April 2023 (02:43:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0406.v1

Investigation of Rock Joint and Fracture Influence on Delayed Blasting Performance

Pengfei Zhang, Runcai Bai, Xue Sun, Tianheng Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Weak surface; Fracture; Displacement Field; Highwall Bench; Stress Field; Contour

Online: 23 March 2023 (02:23:20 CET)

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Geological structures such as joints and faults in rock mass have significant influence on open pit mining. Hence, it is critical to develop a understanding of dynamic joint behaviour under blasting loading. This in turn can provide both theoretical and practical guidance to improve blasting rock fragmentation and associated bucket excavating efficiency. In this paper, delayed blasting on the highwall bench at Baiyunebo open-pit mine was used as an example, a nonlinear joint blasting model was also constructed. By simplifying the blasting wave propagation velocity, the P-wave normal incidence to the joint was obtained. The peak vibration velocity was 0.33m/s at 3.0s. The S-wave reflected by the joint interface was first reflected backward and then forward, which the peak vibration velocity was 0.027 m/s. By combining the relevant stress and displacement theories of type I and II cracks, the equipotential diagrams of the stress and displacement field with the vibration velocity of the particle were obtained. σx was positive in the direction of 0~330° and subjected to tensile stress, whereas σy was positive in the direction of 0~180° and under tensile stress. The longitudinal σy along joint was low in compressive stress distribution area and did not affect surrounding rock at the time. The stress concentration appeared in the lower right corner. Based on the continuous behavior of stress wave in joints, the asymmetry and continuous changes reflected in the whole process could not be analysed by the contour diagram. Hence, ANSYS used to analyse distribution of the stress field. The intensity of the shock wave after detonation was greater than that of the rock strength. Subsequently, the sub-layer shock wave supplemented the shock wave energy that was not enough to break the rock and induced further cracking. This was able to be visualized by the degree of color change post-processing. It was concluded that with the attenuation of the detonation wave energy, the stress exhibited a decreasing trend in this process. According to distribution of the peak effective stress, it was found that the peak value first increased to 10-12 MPa and then showed a downward trend. Overall, the results were validated against the finite element simulation and mathematical analysis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0321.v1

Weathering Intensity Response to Climate Change on Different Timescales: A Record of Rb/SR Ratios From Chaonaqiu Lake Sediments, Western Chinese Loess Plateau

Lipeng Liu, Keke Yu, Aizhen Li, Chao Zhang, Le Wang, Xingxing Liu, Jianghu Lan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Rb/Sr ratios; Weathering intensity; Decadal timescales; Chaonaqiu Lake.

Online: 17 March 2023 (09:56:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0399.v1

Proposed Model For Shale Compaction Kinetics: Forward Depositional Model

James Edward Smith, Edward Millard Smith-Rowland

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: depositional model; forward model; shale compaction; kinetics; activation energy; pore interfaces; grain interfaces; fractals; experiment suggestions

Online: 23 February 2023 (06:24:15 CET)

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Over geologic time wind, rain and snow combine to disintegrate,dissolve or react with land and vegetation, and to move altered solids lower as required by gravitational forces. The finest solids are deposited in low, less turbulent areas, such as lake bottoms and continental shelves. They sometimes stack up to thicknesses of kilometers, and begin compacting. These sediment sections are called shales, and as initially deposited in water, shales can have porosities up to 50-80{\%} water, As they are buried, many alteration products from oil to slate are produced due to overburden and temperature increasess, making them important to study. Besides initial mechanical compaction, other mechanisms can contribute to reduction of porosity. A preceeding paper showed that an important process is pressure solution of some part of the shale minerals. Without naming the mineral(s) involved, it postulated that the greater the product of the water and pore interfaces, the faster the reaction would proceed. This term is $ \varphi^{4m/3}(1-\varphi)^{4n/3}$ , where $\varphi$ is porosity and m and n are numbers close to unity. The large exponents, 3/4, recognize that the reaction occurs at the molecular scale at which the surfaces are rough. A second term, $\exp^(-E/RT)$ , indicates that the reaction is impeded by a quantum energy barrier, E, with diminished impeding power as increased available thermal energy, represented by the absolute temperature, T, becomes available at greater depths in the Earth. These two factors combine to allow porosity $\varphi$ to reduce with time, or equivalently for the fraction of solids, $(1-\varphi)$, to increase with time,$\left. \frac{\partial(ln(1-\varphi) ) }{\partial t } \right |_{\sigma} = (\varphi )^{4m/3}( 1-\varphi )^{4n/3}Ae^{-E/(RT)}$. The current development recognizes that this equation provides snapshots, at all times during the burial, of the sediments at each depth. A time-depth history for a shale section, known in detail, would allow determination of the parameters m, n, E and a lumped proportionality constant A. Lacking this known history, a constant rate of solids deposition, r, can be assumed and these parameters can then be determined. This has been done here for six shale sections, and for a wide range of deposition rates. Satisfactory results were obtained over this range of r's using the previously determined m and n, and porosity and temperature profiles, presently varying only A and E. The present porosity profiles necessarily incorporate any overpressure or underpressure conditions that may have existed in the past or currently, as the net difference between overburden and pore pressure is a primary driving force for pressure solution. The derived activation energy E is close to that for pressure solution of $SiO_2$, which may comprise 20-50{\%} of shales.Experiments are suggested to clarify the pressure solution mechanism. The roles of horizontal forces and pH are discussed. An approximate method for re-casting horizontal forces as a vertical gravitational equivalent force is illustrated for the Macran 2 section.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0390.v1

Understanding Landslide Expression in SAR Backscatter Data: A Global Study

Erin Lindsay, Alexandra Jarna Ganerød, Graziella Devoli, Johannes Reiche, Steinar Nordal, Regula Frauenfelder, Lars-Christian Tokle

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: change detection; time-series; landslide detection; land cover; Sentinel-1; backscatter; Google Earth Engine;

Online: 22 February 2023 (15:33:14 CET)

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During disaster response, clouds or darkness can prevent the use of optical images for detecting consequences of natural disasters, including landslides. In these situations, radar images can be used to detect changes more rapidly. However, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter intensity images are underutilized for landslide detection. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of understanding about how to interpret landslide signatures in SAR imagery. In this study, we investigate how the morphometric features and material properties of landslides, and preexisting land cover, control their expression in SAR backscatter intensity change images. Trends in the spatial and temporal signatures of over 1000 landslides in 30 diverse case studies are investigated, using multi-temporal composites and dense time-series of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR backscatter intensity data. The results show that the orientation of landslide surfaces relative to the sensor, pre-existing land cover, and the roughness of the landslide surface, determine whether landslides will produce an increase or decrease in backscatter intensity values. In certain cases, we can identify morphometric features of landslides (e.g. scarps, transit zone, deposits, ponding) and material properties. Generally, we see that landslides appear most clearly with a strong increase in intensity when they occur in herbaceous vegetation or non-vegetated ground surfaces, due to an increase in surface roughness. While in forested or densely vegetated areas, landslides produce a more complex signature with both decreases due to radar shadow and vegetation removal, and an adjacent edge of increased intensity due to double bounce and direct return from vertical tree trunks and convex edges. In most cases, rough deposits produce an increase in intensity, while smooth deposits (e.g. from mudslides) exhibit specular reflection, and thus show decreased values. Landslides are less visible in cases with pre-event very rough ground, or mixed vegetation conditions. The conceptual model developed can aid interpretation of landslides in SAR imagery, and provide domain knowledge needed to train models for automatic landslide detection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0286.v1

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ground Subsidence and Extensional Basin Bedrock Organization: An Application of Multitemporal Multi-Satellite SAR Interferometry

Carlo Alberto Brunori, Federica Murgia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Subsidence; Time Series; PS; InSAR; Valle Umbra Basin; Buried Faults

Online: 17 February 2023 (01:38:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0251.v1

An Innovative Fiber Optic Hydrophone for Seismology: Testing Detection Capacity for Very Low-Energy Earthquakes

Sergio Guardato, Rosario Riccio, Mohammed Janneh, Marco Pisco, Giovanni Iannaccone

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: bradyseism; earthquakes recording; seismic monitoring; fiber optic hydrophone; optical fiber technology

Online: 15 February 2023 (02:54:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0467.v2

Studying the Water Supply System of the Roman Villa of Pisões (Beja, Portugal) Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geospatial Methods

Rui Jorge Oliveira, Pedro Trapero Fernández, Bento Caldeira, José Fernando Borges, André Carneiro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: GPR survey; Roman Villa of Pisões; Water Supply Location; Combined archaeological data; Roman Lusitania.

Online: 26 January 2023 (16:06:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0092.v2

Numerical Simulation and Characterization of the Hydrogeomechanical Alterations at the Zafarraya Fault Due to the 1884 Andalusia (Spain) Earthquake

Manuel Mudarra-Hernández, Juan Carlos Mosquera-Feijoo, Eugenio Sanz-Pérez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: hydrogeological effects; hydro-geomechanical modelling; Andalusia 1884 Earthquake, pore pressure effects; poroelasticity and seismicity

Online: 25 January 2023 (04:04:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0358.v1

Predicting Earthquake-Induced Landslides by Using a Stochastic Modelling Approach Which Combines Preparatory and Triggering Factors: A Case Study of the Coseismic Landslides Occurred on January and February 2001 in El Salvador, CA

Claudio Mercurio, Laura Paola Calderón-Cucunuba, Abel Alexei Argueta-Platero, Grazia Azzara, Chiara Cappadonia, Chiara Martinello, Edoardo Rotigliano, Christian Conoscenti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Landslide susceptibility; Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS); GIS; earthquake; earthquake-induced landslides; rainfall-induced landslides; El Salvador; Central America

Online: 19 January 2023 (11:54:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0251.v2

Contextual Uncertainty Assessments for InSAR-Based Deformation Retrieval Using an Ensemble Approach

Kelly Olsen, Matthew Calef, Piyush Agram

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: InSAR; deformation; synthetic data; ensemble methods; uncertainty estimate; time series analysis

Online: 19 January 2023 (11:50:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0329.v1

Geology and Structure of Uru-Ugworji Diorite Lokpanukwu, Southeastern Nigeria

Nwosu Obinnaya Chikezie Victor, Ibe Kalu Kalu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geological; Geophysical; Shale; Dolerite; Calcareous Sandstone; Asu River Group; Eze-Aku Formation

Online: 18 January 2023 (08:50:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0231.v1

Globally- vs Locally-trained Machine Learning Models for Land-slide Detection: A Case Study of a Glacial Landscape

Alexandra Jarna Ganerød, Erin Lindsay, Ola Fredin, Tor-Andre Myrvoll, Steinar Nordal, Jan Ketil Rød

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: NDVI; SAR; change detection; Norway; Sentinel-1; Sentinel-2; deep learning; U-Net; CCDC; Google Earth Engine

Online: 13 January 2023 (02:00:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0128.v1

Early Investigation of a Landslide Sliding Surface by HVSR and VES Geophysical Techniques Combined. A Case Study in Guarumales (Ecuador)

Olegario Alonso-Pandavenes, Francisco Javier Torrijo, Julio Garzón-Roca, Alberto Gracia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Landslide; HVSR; VES; Rupture surface; Guarumales (Ecuador)

Online: 6 January 2023 (13:13:54 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0067.v1

Quick Report of the ML=3.3 on 1 January 2023 Guidonia (Rome, Italy) Earthquake: Evidence of a Seismic Acceleration

Dedalo Marchetti, Kaiguang Zhu, Laura Marchetti, Yiqun Zhang, Wenqi Chen, Yuqi Cheng, Mengxuan Fan, Siyu Wang, Ting Wang, Jiami Wen, Donghua Zhang, Hanshuo Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seismic acceleration; Guidonia; earthquake; Benioff cumulative stress; Swarm; pre-earthquake processes

Online: 4 January 2023 (06:08:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0473.v1

Mobility and Location of Drainage Divides Affected by Tilting Uplift in Sado Island, Japan

Akimasa Sakashita, Noritaka Endo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Sado Island; divide migration; tilting uplift; stream capture; geomorphic indexes; topographic analysis

Online: 26 December 2022 (06:41:43 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0261.v1

Analysis and Simulation on a Sequential Rotationally Excited Circularly Polarized Multi-Dipole Antennas Array for Separated GPR in Active Remote Sensing of Deep Earth

Haifeng Fan, Yiming Zhang, Qianqian Tian, Xuhong Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Active remote sensing; Sequential rotationally excited; Circularly Polarized; GPR; SNR

Online: 15 December 2022 (03:03:26 CET)

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As an effective active remote sensing (ARS) technology for shallow underground targets, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a detection method to obtain the characteristic information of underground targets by transmitting electromagnetic wave from the antenna and analyzing the propagation law of the electromagnetic wave underground. Due to the high frequency(1MHz-3GHz) of GPR, the depth of geological exploration is shallow(0.1m-30m). In order to remote sensing the deep earth, it is necessary to increase the size of the radiation source in order to reduce the radiation frequency. At the same time, for most separated GPRs, a single dipole antenna (SD) is used as the radiation source and another antenna device placed along the electromagnetic wave propagation direction in the far field as a remote sensing sensor (RSS), both of which are horizontally linearly polarized (LP) antennas. In some cases, such a design is apt to cause problems such as multipath effect (ME) and polarization mismatch (PM). When GPR in ARS of deep earth is performed, it often results in increased errors, signal attenuation during data reception and processing. In contrast, at the radiation source, with the use of large aperture multiple-dipole antennas (MD) and multi-channel sequential rotational excitation, the electromagnetic wave can radiate outward in the form of circular polarization at a low frequency. At the RSS, the trouble caused by ME and PM can be reduced even if the LP antennas are used. A novel sequential rotationally excited (SRE) circularly polarized (CP) MD array for separated GPR in ARS of deep earth is proposed in this paper, which uses a large aperture CP MD array instead of a small size LP SD. The analysis and simulation results demonstrate that under the premise of the same transmitting power, comparing circular polarization and linear polarization, by using SRE CP MD antennas array radiation source, a significant enhancement (about 7dB) of the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) will occur by collecting the radiant energy at the RSS. More importantly, by reducing the exploration frequency to 10KHz, the exploration depth will also be greatly increased by about 10 times.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0142.v1

Contribution of High-Resolution Digital Twins for the Definition of Rockfall Activity and Associated Hazard Modelling

Carlo Robiati, Giandomenico Mastrantoni, Mirko Francioni, Matthew Eyre, John Coggan, Paolo Mazzanti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Rockfall Hazard; Remote Sensing; 3D Modelling.

Online: 8 December 2022 (02:56:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0093.v1

A Novel Phase-Field Based Formulation of Interface Evolution during Mechanical Compaction of Sedimentary Basins

Kunal Bhagat, Zirou Jin, Shiva Rudraraju

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: finite element method, poroelasticity, moving interface, order parameter

Online: 6 December 2022 (03:16:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0055.v1

Sparse Inversion for the Iterative Marchenko Scheme of Irregularly Sampled Data

Jingwen Zeng, Liguo Han

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Marchenko method; irregular sampling; focusing function; Green’s function; sparse inversion

Online: 5 December 2022 (02:06:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0033.v1

Residential Building Damages Related to the Geological Bedrock Variations During M_ww 5.6 Earthquake in Cianjur, West Java, on November 21, 2022

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: bedrock; building; damage; earthquake; planning

Online: 2 December 2022 (02:22:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0316.v1

Geodiversity of Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark: Hydrogeological significance of groundwater and landscape interaction. Conceptual model of functioning

África de la Hera-Portillo, Julio López-Gutiérrez, Luis Moreno-Merino, Miguel Llorente-Isidro, Rod Fensham, Mario Fernández, Marwan Ghanem, Karmah Salman, Jose Angel Sánchez-Fabián, Nicolás Gallego-Rojas, Mª del Mar Corral, Elena Galindo, Manuela Chamizo, Nour-Eddine Laftouhi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geodiversity; geosites; springs; Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp); hydrogeology; Ubierna Fault

Online: 17 November 2022 (01:08:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0298.v1

Predicting Soil Erosion Rate at Transboundary Sub-Watersheds in Ali Gharbi, Southern Iraq using RUSLE based GIS-Model

Ammar Ak. Ali, Alaa M. Al-Abbadi, Fadhil K. Jabbar, Hassan Alzahrani, Samie Hamad

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Soil erosion; GIS; RUSLE model; Iraq

Online: 16 November 2022 (08:17:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0447.v2

Seismic Signatures and Site Characterization of an Intermittent Stream in Dry and Flood Conditions: An Implication for Soil Losses and Landslide Triggering

Yawar Hussain, Helena Seivane, Gao Qiangshan, Susanne Maciel, Omar Hamza, Rogério Uagoda, Welitom Rodrigues Borges

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: change-point analysis; weak spots; spectral analysis; ambient noise RMS; georadar attribute

Online: 16 November 2022 (02:35:38 CET)

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Identifying ambient noise-based (ANb) signatures of streams can help in the estimation of their erosive potential (EP) that promotes reverie landslides and soil losses in the fluvial valleys. This is particularly imperative on flooding or rainy days, leading to stronger erosion-prone conditions (colluvium and boulders) of the valley beds inferred from georadar attribute analysis. Developing such research direction can benefit the local communities, as is the case with the Cerrado region of Brazil, where these phenomena have high destructive potential with social, economic, and climatic implications. For the present study, a seasonal stream in the Federal District of Brazil was investigated by ANb monitoring supported by Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) for site characterization. The ANb monitoring was conducted (at a safe distance) with a seismometer over several durations of dry and rainy conditions. The power spectral density (PSDs) was computed as a function of several variables, including weather conditions (rainfall, wind speed, and pressure), time-frequency spectrograms, and ambient noise displacement root mean square (RMS). This analysis also considered the single station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), where rain, wind, pressure, river flow and anthropogenic signatures were evident (at selective frequency ranges). Multi-peaks that emerged on the HVSR curve were further analyzed to identify amplitude and frequency changes, and the three peaks shift on average to a lower position during the rainy period. The GPR amplitude and waveform variation features were attributed to the stratigraphy (i.e., the boundary between valid and invalid regions and coherence value) of the floodplain and regions susceptible to erosion (erosion-prone lithological spots). This approach provides the basis for non-destructive monitoring tools enabling the detection of 'seismic signatures' and weak spots of the fluvial channels for improving environmental management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0293.v1

Different Processing of Time-domain-induced Polarisation: Application for Investigating the Marine Intrusion in the SE Iberian Peninsula

Jesús Díaz-Curiel, Bárbara Biosca, Lucía Arévalo-Lomas, María Jesús Miguel

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: marine intrusion; induced polarisation; polarizability; decay time

Online: 16 November 2022 (02:34:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0025.v1

Tectonothermal Events Revealed by Zircon U-Pb Dating of the Cretaceous Sandstones of Jingbian, Shaanxi and Their Origin

Hao Shi, Dapeng Yue, Jingbo Zhao, Rong Liu, Xiaoning Wang, Yan Zhao, Le Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Ordos Basin; red sandstone; detrital zircon U-Pb dating; tectonothermal events; origin analysis; Danxia landform area in northern Shaanxi, China

Online: 1 November 2022 (09:16:04 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0441.v1

Landscape Modifications ascribed to El Niño Events in Late pre-Hispanic Coastal Peru

Marco Delle Rose

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Desert landscape; Coastal plain; Paleoflood record; El Niño proxies; Debris flow; Slack-water deposit; Braided streams; Desert pavement; Regolith denudation

Online: 28 October 2022 (07:09:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0379.v1

Enhancing Tidal Wave Predictions at the Estuary of the Nakdong-River using Fixed-lag Smoother

Hyeonjin Choi, Bomi Kim, Garim Lee, Seong Jin Noh

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: tidal wave predictions; estuary; fixed-lag smoother; data assimilation; sensitivity analysis

Online: 25 October 2022 (07:20:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0378.v1

Subsea Methane Hydrates: Origin and Monitoring of Impact of Global Warming

Vladimir Cheverda, Denis Bratchikov, Kirill Gadylshin, Elena Golubeva, Valentina Malakhova, Galina Reshetova

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: viscoelasticity; seismic attenuation; generalized standard linear solid; multiparameter inverse problem; subsea permafrost; Arctic shelf; methane hydrate stability zone

Online: 25 October 2022 (07:05:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0352.v1

Impact of Lithologic Heterogeneity on Brittleness of Cenozoic Mixed Fine-grained Sedimentary Rock Reservoirs in Western Qaidam Basin

Xiang Li, Kunyu Wu, Jiangong Wang, Shaoyong Yang, Qinghui Zhang, Qiang Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: lithologic heterogeneity; rock-mechanical property; mixed carbonate; tight reservoirs; Qaidam basin

Online: 24 October 2022 (07:12:09 CEST)

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In order to understand the impact of lithologic heterogeneity of continental mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks on reservoir brittleness in western Qaidam basin, the mechanical properties of the rocks and their correlation with mineral composition and petrographic characteristics were studied by measns of mineralogy, petrography and triaxial stress test. The results show that the reservoir rocks can be divided into 5 different types according to the mechanical properties of the reservoir (characteristics of stress-strain curves), among them Type I and III belong to similar elastoplastic failure model, type II shows a special pulse failure mode for plastic material, type IV shows a failure mode of mixed characteristics, and type V exhibits a typical plastic failure model. The correlation between minerals and mechanical properties indicates that quartz and feldspar, which are often considered brittle minerals, do not contribute much to the brittleness of continental fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The main minerals affecting reservoir brittleness are dolomite and clay minerals, and their contributions to reservoir brittleness are positive and negative, respectively. The petrographic analysis results prove that the abnormal correlation between rock mechanical properties and quartz and feldspar is caused by the different rock fabrics. When dolomite forms a rock skeleton, it typically exhibits greater strength, brittleness and physical properties than other minerals. Based on the results, a brittleness evaluation standard for continental fine-grained sedimentary rock reservoir is proposed, and the validity of the standard is verified by the spatial correlation between the lithology probability model and the micro-seismic monitoring data, indicating that the spatial heterogeneity of dolomite-rich rock is the main controlling factor for the development of ‘sweet spot’ in the Cenozoic continental fine-grained sedimentary rock reservoir in the Western Qaidam Basin.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0467.v1

Studying the Water Supply System of the Roman Villa of Pisões (Beja, Portugal) Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Geospatial Methods

Rui Jorge Oliveira, Pedro Trapero Fernández, Bento Caldeira, José Fernando Borges, André Carneiro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: GPR survey; Roman Villa of Pisões; Water Supply Location; Combined archaeological data; Roman Lusitania.

Online: 29 September 2022 (10:10:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0447.v1

Seismic Signatures and Site Characterization of an Intermittent Stream in Dry and Flood Conditions: An Implication for Soil Losses and Landslide Triggering

Yawar Hussain Hussain, Helena Seivane, Gao Qiangshan, Susanne Maciel, Omar Hamza, Rogério Uagoda, Welitom Rodrigues Borges

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: change-point analysis; weak spots; spectral analysis; ambient noise RMS; georadar attribute

Online: 28 September 2022 (15:49:50 CEST)

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The seasonal soil losses and frequent shallow landslides in the Cerrado region of Brazil have high destructive potential with social, economic, and climatic implications. As fluvial systems substantially drive such environmental threats; therefore, it is essential to conduct geological site characterization and continuously monitor the seasonal erosive potentials of the rivers and streams. However, in such unstable and sensitive conditions, traditional intrusive investigation approaches may not be safe; therefore, the geophysical investigation might offer a good alternative. For the present study, a geophysical approach (particularly the seismic method) was adopted to examine the seismic footprints and GPR site characterization of a seasonal stream in the Rua do Matto, Brasilia, Brazil. The monitoring was conducted (at a safe distance) on the intermittent stream over several durations of dry (no rain) and rainy (flood) conditions. After pre-processing the raw data, the power spectral density (PSDs) was computed as a function of several variables (wind speed), time-frequency spectrograms, ambient noise displacement root mean square (RMS), the single station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) curves. In addition, change-point analysis was used for comparing the ambient noise with wind speed (both were well correlated). The GPR amplitude and waveform variation features were attributed to the subsurface material and the presence of boulders in the floodplain as well as regions (low coherence value) susceptible to erosion (weak spots). The river flows were evident on the mean probabilistic PSD values, spectrograms, HVSR curves and different patterns of RMS displacements (at selective ranges of frequency). The multi-peaks emerged on the HVSR curve are further analyzed for changes in amplitude, width and troughs possibly related to river activities and soil moisture due to rain. The approach provides the basis for non-destructive monitoring tools enabling the detection of 'seismic signatures' and weak spots of the fluvial channels for improving their environmental management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0107.v1

Aquatic Sedimentation Assessment Using Electromagnetic Data in the Scheme of Flood Hazard Mitigation

WIdodo Widodo, Muhammad Rezha Zamani, Sindi Hajah Patimah, Elis Agustiana

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: sedimentation, natural hazard, flood, floodplain, Electromagnetic, water level

Online: 7 September 2022 (08:26:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0268.v1

Analysis of the Sediment Dredging Activities of the PB Soedirman Banjarnegara Hydroelectric Reservoir Based on a Technical and Economic Points of View

Gentur Waluyo, Januar Aziz Zaenurrohman, Agatha Sih Piranti, FX Anjar Tri Laksono

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: dredging; sedimentation; PB Soedirman Hydroelectric reservoir; Banjarnegara; Indonesia

Online: 15 August 2022 (15:40:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0264.v1

Airborne Radiometric Surveys and Machine Learning Algorithms for Revealing Soil Texture

Andrea Maino, Matteo Alberi, Emiliano Anceschi, Enrico Chiarelli, Luca Cicala, Tommaso Colonna, Mario De Cesare, Enrico Guastaldi, Nicola Lopane, Fabio Mantovani, Maurizio Marcialis, Nicola Martini, Michele Montuschi, Silvia Piccioli, Kassandra Giulia Cristina Raptis, Antonio Russo, Filippo Semenza, Virginia Strati

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy; non-linear machine learning; potassium; clay; thorium; sand; soil texture; paleo-hydrography

Online: 15 August 2022 (12:01:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0221.v1

TSR Action and Genesis Mechanism of Antimony Deposit: Evidence From Aromatic Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Bitumen in Paleo-Oil Reservoir Near Qinglong Ore Field, Southwestern Guizhou Depression, China

Yong Cheng, Yuzhao Hu, Saihua Xu, Di Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: palaeo-oil reservoir; aromatic hydrocarbons; thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR); Qinglong antimony deposit; Nanpanjiang basin

Online: 11 August 2022 (11:53:43 CEST)

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In Qinglong ore field, paleo-oil reservoir is found to be associated with antimony deposits, and they have close genetic relationship. In this study, aromatics geochemistry of paleo-oil reservoir bitumen was studied to further discuss the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reaction and the mechanism of antimony mineralization. A total of 124 aromatic compounds were identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis in bitumen samples, including abundant phenanthrene series, dibenzothiophene series, fluoranthene series, chrysene series, and a small number of fluorene series, naphthalene series, dibenzofuran series, biphenyl series, triaromatic steroid series. Aromatic parameters such as trimethylnaphthalene index (TMNr), methylphenanthrene index (MPI), methylphenanthrene distribution fraction (MPDF, F1 and F2), methyldibenzothiophene parameter (MDR), C28TAS-20S/(20R+20S), and benzofluoranthene/benzo[e]pyrene indicate Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir is in over maturity level. The abundance of phenanthrene and chrysene aromatic compounds and a small amount of naphthalene series, benzofluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, retene, perylene and biphenyl suggest that the parent material of the paleo-oil reservoir was mainly low aquatic organisms, mixed with a small amount of higher plant. The detected a certain number of compounds, such as retene, triaromatic steroid series and perylene, the ternary diagram of DBF–DBT–F and binary plot of Pr/Ph–DBT/P, DBT/(F+DBT)–DBF/(F+DBF) and Pr/Ph–DBT/DBF reveal that the source rock of the paleo-oil reservoir was formed in the marine environment of weak oxidation and weak reduction. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir originated from Devonian source rocks, just like other paleo-oil reservoirs and natural gas reservoirs in the Nanpanjiang basin. Abundant dibenzothiophene series were detected, indicating that the paleo-oil reservoir underwent a certain degree of TSR reaction. We believe that the paleo-gas reservoir formed by the evolution of paleo-oil reservoir participated in antimony mineralization, that is, hydrocarbon organic matter acted as reducing agent and transformed SO42− in oilfield brine into H2S through TSR, providing reduced sulfur and creating environmental conditions for mineralization.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0350.v1

Using the Vertical Distribution of Magnetic Susceptibility in the Assessment of Soil Condition in the Krakow Area, Southern Poland

Anna Wojas

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: magnetic susceptibility; soil magnetometry; vertical profiles; soil contamination; Krakow

Online: 25 July 2022 (05:36:35 CEST)

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The paper concerns the distribution of apparent magnetic susceptibility in soil profiles located in the areas of topsoil magnetic susceptibility anomalies in Krakow. The type of land use, possible sources of magnetic carriers, and the type of soil were taken into account. Additionally, at each soil profile, a comparison between soil magnetic susceptibility and the results of geochemical analyzes of soil samples was made. The study shows very characteristic changes in magnetic susceptibility with depth, reflecting the interdependencies between natural and anthropogenic factors. A visible magnetic susceptibility maximum at the depth of 10-30 cm is observed at each soil profile. The maximum is associated mainly with the deposition of atmospheric dust and its vertical range depends on the level of anthropopression and natural conditions of soils. At the depth above 40 cm in the eastern part of Krakow, a correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and the soil type (chernozems de-veloped on loess) was found. All indicates that the thicknesses of contaminated upper horizons are not accidental and they depend on human interactions with the environment and the type of soil. An attempt at template establishment with the sources of magnetic particle carriers for different places in the city was made. As the result, in high urbanized sites, the extreme values of magnet-ic susceptibility rapidly change in short vertical distances can identify the richness of anthropo-genic layers with various types of anthropogenic ferrous material and/or additionally Fe-carrying objects buried in soils. In industrialized sites, anthropogenic input plays the most important role in the creation of soil magnetic characteristics. What is more, industrial pollution hides the natural magnetic properties of chernozems. In opposite, the studies at the sites under low anthropopression (mainly located in forests) allow for better insight into magnetic proper-ties arising during pedogenic processes, indirectly giving information about soil conditions. In the forest areas, the lowest values of soil magnetic susceptibility were measured. Additionally, the influence of pedogenic and lithogenic factors on forest soils is manifested in the results. Among the sites concerned, particular attention should be paid to the vicinity of the steel plant because of the agricultural land in the surroundings.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0218.v1

A Hydrocarbon Resource Plays in Southern Pakistan´s Indus Basin

Yasir Shahzad, Rui Pena dos Reis, Maria Helena Henriques

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Deccan basalts; Indus Basin (Pakistan); Seismic interpretation; Hydrocarbon potential

Online: 14 July 2022 (11:43:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0251.v1

Contextual Accuracy Assessments for InSAR Methods Using Synthetic Data

Kelly Olsen, Matthew Calef, Piyush Agram

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: InSAR; deformation; synthetic data; ensemble methods; uncertainty estimate; time series analysis

Online: 17 June 2022 (08:57:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0135.v1

Increasing the Lateral Resolution of 3D-GPR Datasets Through 2D-FFT Interpolation. Application to the Case Study of Roman Villa of Horta Da Torre (Fronteira, Portugal)

Rui Jorge Oliveira, Bento Caldeira, Teresa Teixidó, José Fernando Borges, André Carneiro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: applied geophysics; digital signal processing; enhancement of sharpness of 3D-GPR datasets; 2D Fourier interpolation; GPR data densification

Online: 9 June 2022 (04:30:02 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0097.v1

Assessing the Accuracy of Deformation Time Series Using an Automated InSAR Pipeline

Kelly M. Olsen, Matthew T. Calef, Piyush S. Agram

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: InSAR; deformation; validation; GPS; consistency

Online: 7 June 2022 (08:12:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0227.v1

The Imprint of Recent Meteorological Events on Boulder Deposits along the Mediterranean Rocky Coasts

Marco Delle Rose, Paolo Martano

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Coastal storm; Wind wave; Storm surge; Extreme coastal water level; Boulder dynamics; Geomorphological proxy; Interdisciplinary climate research

Online: 17 May 2022 (10:28:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0106.v1

Seepage Characteristics Study of Single Rough Fracture Based on Numerical Simulation

Shidong Wang, Qing Zhang, Li Zhao, Yi Jin, Jiazhong Qian

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seepage characteristics; single fracture; roughness; numerical simulation; Fluent

Online: 9 May 2022 (06:13:55 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0226.v2

Paleomagnetic-Radiometric Mapping of the Transition Zone from Ocean to the Continent: A Review

Lev V. Eppelbaum, Youri I. Katz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: paleomagnetic mapping; paleomagnetic profiling; radiometric dating; tectonic-structural interpretation; integrated study

Online: 5 May 2022 (05:00:57 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0226.v1

Paleomagnetic-Radiometric Mapping of the Transition Zone from Ocean to the Continent: A Review

Lev V. Eppelbaum, Youri I. Katz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: paleomagnetic mapping; paleomagnetic profiling; radiometric dating; tectonic-structural inter-pretation; integrated study

Online: 26 April 2022 (04:24:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0361.v1

Monitoring the Microseismicity through a Dense Seismic Array and a Similarity Search Detection Technique: Application to the Gas-Storage Site of Collalto, North Italy

Antonio Scala, Guido Maria Adinolfi, Matteo Picozzi, Francesco Scotto di Uccio, Gaetano Festa, Grazia De Landro, Enrico Priolo, Stefano Parolai, Rosario Riccio, Marco Romanelli

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Induced seismicity Monitoring; seismic arrays; sensor network technology; microearthquake detection

Online: 28 March 2022 (11:12:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0041.v2

Reconstructing the 26 June 1917 Samoa Tsunami Disaster

Laura Sischka, Cyprien Bosserelle, Shaun Williams, Josephina Chan Ting, Ryan Paulik, Malcolm Whitworth, Lameko Talia, Paul Viskovic

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: coastal inundation; historical tsunami records; hazard exposure; impacts; BG-Flood; RiskScape

Online: 22 March 2022 (11:56:13 CET)

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The 26 June 1917 tsunamigenic earthquake in Samoa is considered the largest historical event on record to have impacted this region in terms of earthquake magnitude and intensity. Yet, very little is known about the scale and distribution of tsunami impacts compared with the recent 2009 event which originated about 150 km east along the subduction zone bend of the Northern Tonga Trench (NTT). In this study we set out to: 1) reconstruct the 1917 tsunami from source to inundation to understand its hazard risk characteristics in the Samoan islands of Savai’i and Upolu; and 2) assess the hazard implications of tsunamis sourced from different locations along the subduction zone bend of the NTT on present-day exposure of coastal assets relative to the 2009 tsunami benchmark. We use the BG-Flood numerical modelling suite to produce model outputs representing inundation extent and hazard depth intensities at spatially flexible grid resolution (10 m, 20 m and 40 m). These are validated using available tide gauge records in Apia harbour and limited observations of runup that were derived from historical records. We then combine the inundation model with available digital distributions of buildings in the RiskScape multi-hazard risk analysis software, to produce exposure metrics for understanding the likely impacts on present-day coastal asset and population distributions if a similar tsunami were to occur. Results of the tsunami modelling indicate variable modelled-to-observed consistency using available source models, wave and runup validation data. Discrepancies in recorded vs modelled wave arrival time at Apia of between 30—40 mins are observed, with modelled runup underestimated in southeast Upolu Island compared with the rest of the country where runup observations are available (e.g., Savai’i Island). These differences likely reflect complexities in the tsunami source mechanism which might not currently be represented in our modelling. Nevertheless, our results suggest that a larger proportion of people would be exposed in Savai’i island (71% of exposure total), compared with Upolu island if a characteristic 1917-type event were to occur. While this study provides the first detailed inundation model of the 1917 tsunami in the Samoan region, the observed discrepancies suggest that further investigation is required to constrain potential tsunami source complexities which might not be accounted for in this study. Notwithstanding these limitations, our findings help to reinforce an appreciation of the risk to the greater Samoan region faced by local tsunamis sourced at different locations along the subduction zone bend of the NTT.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0215.v1

Calculation of Water-Flooded Layers Oil Saturation Based on Modified Archie model

Weilong Wang, Bei Liu, Guinan Zhen, Jiamin Qin, Qi Li, Xiaodong Zhao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Modified Archie model; Water-flooded layers; Oil saturation; “Double ratio” model; the same sedimentary layer

Online: 15 March 2022 (12:38:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0173.v1

Estimation of In-Situ Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity from Undisturbed Ground Temperature Profile Measured in Ground Heat Exchangers.

Claude Hugo K. Pambou, Jasmin Raymond, Mafalda M. Miranda, Nicolò Giordano

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: heat conduction; thermal properties; geothermal heat pump; damping depth

Online: 14 March 2022 (03:34:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0142.v1

The Ulug-Sair Gold-Bismuth Ore Occurrence (Western Tuva, Russia): PT Parameters, The Composition of Fluids, and Isotopy of S and O

Renat Vasilievich Kuzhuget, Natalia Nikolaevna Ankusheva, Andrey Aleksandrovich Mongush, Yury Vladimirovich Butanaev, Nadezhda V. Suge-Maadyr

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: gold; fluid inclusions; quartz; stable isotopes; gold deposits; Western Tuva

Online: 10 March 2022 (09:26:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0521.v2

Challenges with Regard to Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) Measurement of River Surface Velocity Using Doppler Radar

Filippo Bandini, Monica Coppo Frías, Jun Liu, Kasparas Simkus, Sofia Karagkiolidou, Peter Bauer-Gottwein

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: UAS; drone; Doppler radar; PIV; river; velocity

Online: 7 March 2022 (14:55:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0041.v1

Reconstructing the 26th June, 1917 Samoa Tsunami Disaster and Implications on Present-day Hazard Exposure

Laura Sischka, Cyprien Bosserelle, Shaun Williams, Josephina Chan Ting, Ryan Paulik, Malcolm Whitworth, Lameko Talia, Paul Viskovic

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: coastal inundation; historical tsunami records; hazard exposure; impacts; BG-Flood; RiskScape

Online: 2 March 2022 (10:07:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0017.v1

Initiation of a “Lost” Large River on the East Asia Margin in the Middle Eocene

Xiaowei Fu, Rong Yang, Weilin Zhu, Shouye Yang, Jianhua Geng, Luyao Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: East Asia; Detrital zircon; Large River; Rift Basin

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:07:26 CET)

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The forming of large rivers are the integral consequences of the deep earth process and the surface. In contrast to the hot topics for rivers related to orogenic domains, rift-related large rivers are largely ignored especially in deep time studies. The Cenozoic East Asia margin provides very good opportunity to observe this kind of rivers. It has been believed that basin-and-swell physiography dominated the East Asia margin and impeded the forming of large rives in the early Cenozoic. In this paper, we combined provenance analysis of East China Sea Basin, where is a crucial place to trace the river evolution in East Asia margin, and regional geologic constraints to reveal drainage reorganizations. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Early Eocene sediments of the East China Sea Basin are firstly reported. Our results together with literature data demonstrate that regional provenance changes occurred at the middle Eocene from one singe age peak at ~110 Ma of proximal sources to multiple age spectrum derived from far inland. Source to sink analysis indicated that the North China Block and Korea Peninsular provided the most detritus. Sedimentation and tectonic features of rift basins in the potential source areas indicated that rivers flowed into Bohai Basin and Jianghan Basin cannot provide terrigenous clasts for the lower reaches in the Eocene. Contrastingly, the dominantly fluvial sediments across the Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin suggested external river system and a bypassing region since the middle Eocene, coinciding with provenance change in ECSB. All these demonstrated that a large river (East Asia River) established in east Asia margin in the middle Eocene and flowed southwestward approximately 1500km to the sea in southern ECSB. This river might last to the middle Miocene. The deep earth processes driven by Izanagi-Pacific ridge subduction resulted in the overfilled stage of Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin and the post-rift subsidence in west depression of ECSB, and thus facilitated the initiation of the EAR. Our finding shed new light on the evolving landscape in East Asia and showed how subduction of deep earth process controlled the initiation of rift-related large rivers.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0188.v1

Multi-Parameters Protocol for Geocryological Test Site: A case Study Applied in European North of Russia

Vladislav Isaev, Arata Kioka, Pavel Kotov, Dmitrii O. Sergeev, Alexandra Uvarova, Andrey Koshurnikov, Oleg Komarov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ground temperature; monitoring; permafrost degradation; climate change; Arctic coastline; tundra area

Online: 15 February 2022 (11:21:39 CET)

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An increase in air temperature leads to a significant transformation of the relief and landscapes of the Arctic. The rate of permafrost degradation, posing a profound change in the Arctic landscape, depends on air temperature, vegetation cover, type of soils, surface and ground waters. The existing international circumpolar programs dedicated to monitoring the temperature state of permafrost TSP (Thermal State Permafrost) and active layer thickness CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring) are not sufficient for a comprehensive characterization of geocryological conditions. Yet, no standardized protocol exists for permafrost monitoring and related processes. Here, we propose a novel multi-parameter monitoring protocol and implement for two sites in the European part of the Russian Arctic: the Yary site along the coast of the Baydaratskaya Bay in the Kara Sea (68.9°N) within the continuous permafrost area and the Hanovey site in the Komi Re-public (67.3°N) within the discontinuous permafrost one. The protocol includes drilling boreholes, determining the composition and properties (vegetation cover and soils), snow cover measure-ment, geophysical imaging, active layer estimation and continuous ground temperature meas-urements. Ground temperature measured in 2014 – 2020 revealed that amplitudes of surface tem-perature fluctuation had no significant difference between the Yary and Hanovey sites, while that the mean annual temperatures between the areas had a considerable difference of greater than 3.0 °C. The period of the presence of the active layer changed with the year (e.g., ranging between 135 and 174 days in the Yary site), showing longer when the air temperatures in summer and the preceding winter were higher. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) allowed determining the permafrost distribution and active layer thicknesses. Thermometry results were consistent with our geophysical data. Analyzing the composition and properties of frozen soils helped better interpret the data of geophysical and temperature measurements. Our work by integrating the study of the soil properties, ground temperatures, and ERT allowed fully characterize these sites, suggesting that it helps better understand the thermal state in any other research sites in the European north of Russia. Our suggested monitoring protocol enables calibrating and verifying the numerical and analytical models of the heat transfer through the earth’s surface.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0369.v1

Anomalous Geomagnetic Signal Emphasized Before the Mw8.2 Coastal Alaska Earthquake, Occurred on 29 July 2021

Dragoș Armand Stănică

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geomagnetic polarization parameters; precursory geomagnetic; Mw8.2earthquake; CMO and NEW observatories -Alaska

Online: 25 January 2022 (08:30:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0471.v1

A Fractal Description of Fluvial Networks in Chile: a Geography not as Crazy as Thought

Francisco Martinez, Hermann Manriquez, Alberto Ojeda, Gabriel Olea

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: fluvial networks; Chilean’s watersheds; monofractal dimension; morphometry; structural control

Online: 29 December 2021 (15:57:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0014.v4

Investigation of the Time-Lapse Changes with the DAS Borehole Data at the Brady Geothermal Field Using Deconvolution Interferometry

Hilary Chang, Nori Nakata

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Distributed Acoustic Sensing; Borehole; Time-Lapse

Online: 29 December 2021 (12:39:03 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0454.v1

Sinkhole Flooding and Aquifer Recharge in Arid to Dry Sub-Humid Regions: A Systematic Review

Marco Delle Rose

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: karst hydrology; closed karst basin; sinkhole discharge capacity; basin water storage; water resource planning

Online: 28 December 2021 (15:05:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0220.v1

Finite-Element Modeling of Spontaneous Potential in an Axisymmetric Reservoir Model with Account of Its Shale Content

Mikhail Epov, Anastasia Glinskikh, Oleg Nechaev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: spontaneous potential logging; electrochemical potential; finite element method; numerical modelling; synthetic and practical data; clayey sandstone reservoir

Online: 14 December 2021 (08:01:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0197.v1

Zircon (U-Th)/He Closure Temperature Lower than Apatite Ther-Mochronometric Systems: Reconciliation of a Paradox

Benjamin Gilles Gérard, Xavier Robert, Cécile Gautheron, Djordje Grujic, Laurence Audin, Matthias Bernet, Mélanie Balvay

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Zircon thermochronometry; α-dose; (U-Th)/He; Andes; Machu Picchu

Online: 13 December 2021 (12:33:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0169.v1

Characterisation of the Dynamics of Leachate Contamination Plumes in the Surrounding of the Hulene - B Waste Dump, Maputo, Mozambique

Bernardino Bernardo, Carla Candeias, Fernando Rocha

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Plumes; dynamics; resistivity; contamination; groundwater

Online: 10 December 2021 (11:28:20 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0015.v1

Combined Zonation of the African-Levantine-Caucasian Areal of Ancient Hominin: Review and Integrated Analysis of Paleogeographical, Stratigraphic and Geophysical-Geodynamical Data

Lev V. Eppelbaum, Youri Katz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Hydrospheric events; tectonic-geodynamic zonation; paleogeographic reconstructions; ancient man migration; Levantine Corridor; paleomagnetic correlation; deep geodynamic factors

Online: 1 December 2021 (13:06:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0013.v1

Estimating Water Content in Water-oil Mixtures and Porous Media they Saturate: Joint Interpretation of NMR Relaxometry and Dielectric Spectroscopy

Mariya Shumskayte, Andrey Mezin, Elena Chernova, Aleksandra Burukhina, Nikita Golikov, Svetlana Melkozerova

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance; dielectric spectroscopy; water-oil mixture; relaxation characteristic; drill cuttings; West Siberia

Online: 1 December 2021 (12:53:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0477.v1

Provenance Analysis and Structural Study of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit Rocks from Iraklia Island: From the Paleozoic Basement Unroofing to the Cenozoic Exhumation

Sofia Laskari, Konstantinos Soukis, Stylianos Lozios, Daniel F. Stockli, Eirini M. Poulaki, Christina Stouraiti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Cycladic Blueschist Unit; detrital zircon U-Pb dating; central Cyclades; Provenance

Online: 25 November 2021 (13:27:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0422.v1

Real-Time Tephra Detection and Dispersal Forecasting by a Ground-Based Weather Radar

Magfira Syarifuddin, Susanna F. Jenkins, Ratih Indri Hapsari, Qingyuan Yang, Benoit Taisne, Andika Bayu Aji, Nurnaning Aisyah, Hanggar Ghanara Mawanda, Djoko Legono

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: tephra; ground-based weather radar; Bayesian approach; nowcasting; ensemble prediction system

Online: 23 November 2021 (13:00:31 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0373.v1

Geoscience Fieldwork in the Age of Covid-19 and Beyond: Commentary on the Development of a Virtual Geological Field Trip to Whitefish Falls, Ontario, Canada

Alexander L. Peace, Jeremy J. Gabriel, Carolyn Eyles

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geological fieldwork; virtual field trips; geoscience education

Online: 20 November 2021 (20:19:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0283.v1

Rock Acoustics of Diagenesis and Cementation

José M. Carcione, Davide Gei, Stefano Picotti, Ayman Qadrouh, Mamdoh Alajmi, Jing Ba

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: shales; sandstone; diagenesis; cementation; compaction; seismic velocities; granular media; Gassmann equation

Online: 16 November 2021 (09:12:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0014.v3

Investigation of the Time-Lapse Changes with the DAS Borehole Data at the Brady Geothermal Field Using Deconvolution Interferometry

Hilary Chang, Nori Nakata

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Distributed Acoustic Sensing; Borehole; Time-Lapse

Online: 8 November 2021 (13:15:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0104.v1

The Effect of Rainfall, Soil Type and Slope on the Processes and Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Yan Liu, Zhiyuan Deng, Xiekang Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: landslides; artificial rainfall; grain size; rainfall pattern; pore water pressure

Online: 4 November 2021 (16:15:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0099.v1

Experimental Estimation of Deviation Frequency Within the Spectrum of Scintillations of the Carrier Phase of GNSS Signals

Vladislav Demyanov, Ekaterina Danilchuk, Yury Yasyukevich, Maria Sergeeva

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ionosphere; scintillations; carrier phase; GNSS; GPS; GLONASS; Galileo; SBAS; GNSS signals; deviation frequency

Online: 4 November 2021 (09:41:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0046.v1

Geochemical Insights From Clinopyroxene Phenocrysts Into the Magma Evolution of an Alkaline Magmatic System From the Sanshui Basin, South China

Peijia Chen, Nianqiao Fang, Xiaobo Yuan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Sanshui Basin; Clinopyroxene phenocryst; Thermobarometry; Magma mixing; Fractional crystallization

Online: 2 November 2021 (11:11:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0261.v1

On the Potential of 3D Transdimensional Surface Wave Tomography for Geothermal Prospecting of the Reykjanes peninsula

Amin Rahimi Dalkhani, Xin Zhang, Cornelis Weemstra

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Seismic interferometry; Transdimensional tomography; Surface wave dispersion; probabilistic inversion; Markov chain Monte Carlo

Online: 19 October 2021 (08:23:56 CEST)

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Seismic travel time tomography using surface waves is an effective tool for three-dimensional crustal imaging. Historically, these surface waves are the result of active seismic sources or earthquakes. More recently, however, also surface waves retrieved through the application of seismic interferometry are exploited. Conventionally, two-step inversion algorithms are employed to solve the tomographic inverse problem. That is, a first inversion results in frequency-dependent, two-dimensional maps of phase velocity, which then serve as input for a series of independent, one-dimensional frequency-to-depth inversions. As such, a two-dimensional grid of localized depth-dependent velocity profiles are obtained. Stitching these separate profiles together subsequently yields a three-dimensional velocity model. Relatively recently, a one-step three-dimensional non-linear tomographic algorithm has been proposed. The algorithm is rooted in a Bayesian framework using Markov chains with reversible jumps, and is referred to as transdimensional tomography. Specifically, the three-dimensional velocity field is parameterized by means of a polyhedral Voronoi tessellation. In this study, we investigate the potential of this algorithm for the purpose of recovering the three-dimensional surface-wave-velocity structure from ambient noise recorded on and around the Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland. To that end, we design a number of synthetic tests that take into account the station configuration of the Reykjanes seismic network. We find that the algorithm is able to recover the 3D velocity structure at various scales in areas where station density is high. In addition, we find that the standard deviation on the recovered velocities is low in those regions. At the same time, the velocity structure is less well recovered in parts of the peninsula sampled by fewer stations. This implies that the algorithm successfully adapts model resolution to the density of rays. Also, it adapts model resolution to the amount of noise on the travel times. Because the algorithm is computationally demanding, we modify the algorithm such that computational costs are reduced while sufficiently preserving non-linearity. We conclude that the algorithm can now be applied adequately to travel times extracted from (time-averaged) station-station cross correlations by the Reykjanes seismic network.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0122.v2

Airborne Validation of ICESat-2 ATLAS Data Over Crevassed Surfaces and Other Complex Glacial Environments: Results From Experiments of Laser Altimeter and Kinematic GPS Data Collection From a Helicopter Over a Surging Arctic Glacier (Negribreen, Svalbard)

Ute Christina Herzfeld, Matthew Lawson, Thomas Trantow, Thomas Nylen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ICESat-2; Laser Altimetry; Kinematic GPS Experiments; Glaciology; Surge Glaciers; Svalbard; Density Dimension Algorithm for Ice Surfaces; Airborne Validation of Satellite Data

Online: 13 October 2021 (10:45:21 CEST)

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The topic of this paper is the airborne evaluation of ICESat-2 Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) measurement capabilities and surface-height-determination over crevassed glacial terrain, with a focus on the geodetical accuracy of geophysical data collected from a helicopter. To obtain surface heights over crevassed and otherwise complex ice surface, ICESat-2 data are analyzed using the density-dimension algorithm for ice surfaces (DDA-ice), which yields surface heights at the nominal 0.7~m along-track spacing of ATLAS data. As the result of an ongoing surge, Negribreen, Svalbard, provided an ideal situation for the validation objectives in 2018 and 2019, because many different crevasse types and morphologically complex ice surfaces existed in close proximity. Airborne geophysical data, including laser altimeter data (profilometer data at 905~nm frequency), differential Global Positioning System (GPS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data, on-board-time-lapse imagery and photographs, were collected during two campaigns in summers of 2018 and 2019. Airborne experiment setup, geodetical correction and data processing steps are described here. To date, there is relatively little knowledge of the geodetical accuracy that can be obtained from kinematic data collection from a helicopter. Our study finds that (1)~Kinematic GPS data collection with correction in post-processing yields higher accuracies than Real-Time-Kinematic (RTK) data collection. (2)~Processing of only the rover data using the Natural Resources Canada Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) software is sufficiently accurate for the sub-satellite validation purpose. (3)~Distances between ICESat-2 ground tracks and airborne ground tracks were generally better than 25~m, while distance between predicted and actual ICESat-2 ground track was on the order of 9~m, which allows direct comparison of ice-surface heights and spatial statistical characteristics of crevasses from the satellite and airborne measurements. (4)~The Lasertech Universal Laser System (ULS), operated at up to 300~m above ground level, yields full return frequency (400~Hz) and 0.06-0.08~m on-ice along-track spacing of height measurements. (5)~Cross-over differences of airborne laser altimeter data are 0.1918 $\pm$ 2.385~m along straight paths over generally crevassed terrain, which implies a precision of approximately 2.4~m for ICESat-2 validation experiments. (6)~In summary, the comparatively light-weight experiment setup of a suite of small survey equipment mounted on a Eurocopter (Helicopter AS-350) and kinematic GPS data analyzed in post-processing using CSRS-PPP leads to high accuracy repeats of the ICESat-2 tracks. The technical results (1)-(6) indicate that direct comparison of ice-surface heights and crevasse depths from the ICESat-2 and airborne laser altimeter data is warranted. The final result of the validation is that ICESat-2 ATLAS data, analyzed with the DDA-ice, facilitate surface-height determination over crevassed terrain, in good agreement with airborne data, including spatial characteristics, such as surface roughness, crevasse spacing and depth, which are key informants on the deformation and dynamics of a glacier during surge.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0122.v1

Airborne Validation of ICESat-2 ATLAS Data Over Crevassed Surfaces and Other Complex Glacial Environments: Results From Experiments of Laser Altimeter and Kinematic GPS Data Collection From a Helicopter Over a Surging Arctic Glacier (Negribreen, Svalbard)

Ute Christina Herzfeld, Matthew Lawson, Thomas Trantow, Thomas Nylen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ICESat-2; Laser Altimetry; Kinematic GPS Experiments; Glaciology; Surge Glaciers; Svalbard; Density Dimension Algorithm for Ice Surfaces; Airborne Validation of Satellite Data

Online: 7 October 2021 (15:13:55 CEST)

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The topic of this paper is the airborne evaluation of ICESat-2 Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) measurement capabilities and surface-height-determination over crevassed glacial terrain, with a focus on the geodetical accuracy of geophysical data collected from a helicopter. To obtain surface heights over crevassed and otherwise complex ice surface, ICESat-2 data are analyzed using the density-dimension algorithm for ice surfaces (DDA-ice), which yields surface heights at the nominal 0.7~m along-track spacing of ATLAS data. As the result of an ongoing surge, Negribreen, Svalbard, provided an ideal situation for the validation objectives in 2018 and 2019, because many different crevasse types and morphologically complex ice surfaces existed in close proximity. Airborne geophysical data, including laser altimeter data (profilometer data at 905~nm frequency), differential Global Positioning System (GPS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data, on-board-time-lapse imagery and photographs, were collected during two campaigns in summers of 2018 and 2019. Airborne experiment setup, geodetical correction and data processing steps are described here. To date, there is relatively little knowledge of the geodetical accuracy that can be obtained from kinematic data collection from a helicopter. Our study finds that (1)~Kinematic GPS data collection with correction in post-processing yields higher accuracies than Real-Time-Kinematic (RTK) data collection. (2)~Processing of only the rover data using the Natural Resources Canada Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) software is sufficiently accurate for the sub-satellite validation purpose. (3)~Distances between ICESat-2 ground tracks and airborne ground tracks were generally better than 25~m, while distance between predicted and actual ICESat-2 ground track was on the order of 9~m, which allows direct comparison of ice-surface heights and spatial statistical characteristics of crevasses from the satellite and airborne measurements. (4)~The Lasertech Universal Laser System (ULS), operated at up to 300~m above ground level, yields full return frequency (400~Hz) and 0.06-0.08~m on-ice along-track spacing of height measurements. (5)~Cross-over differences of airborne laser altimeter data are 0.1918 $\pm$ 2.385~m along straight paths over generally crevassed terrain, which implies a precision of approximately 2.4~m for ICESat-2 validation experiments. (6)~In summary, the comparatively light-weight experiment setup of a suite of small survey equipment mounted on a Eurocopter (Helicopter AS-350) and kinematic GPS data analyzed in post-processing using CSRS-PPP leads to high accuracy repeats of the ICESat-2 tracks. The technical results (1)-(6) indicate that direct comparison of ice-surface heights and crevasse depths from the ICESat-2 and airborne laser altimeter data is warranted. The final result of the validation is that ICESat-2 ATLAS data, analyzed with the DDA-ice, facilitate surface-height determination over crevassed terrain, in good agreement with airborne data, including spatial characteristics, such as surface roughness, crevasse spacing and depth, which are key informants on the deformation and dynamics of a glacier during surge.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0047.v1

The Mechanism of Destruction Under the Influence of Shock Waves

Igor Shcherbakov, Khairullo Makhmudov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: shock waves; mechanism and dynamics of destruction; quartz; granites; calcite

Online: 4 October 2021 (11:03:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0521.v1

Measuring River Surface Velocity with Doppler Radar and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs)

Filippo Bandini, Monica Coppo Frias, Jun Liu, Kasparas Simkus, Sofia Karagkiolidou, Peter Bauer-Gottwein

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: UAS; drone; Doppler radar; PIV; river; velocity

Online: 30 September 2021 (14:53:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0406.v1

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring

Kurt Martin Strack, Andri Yadi Paembonan, Sofia N. Davydycheva, Tilman Hanstein, Maxim Y Smirnov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Array electromagnetics, magnetotellurics, controlled source electromagnetics, microseismics, reservoir monitoring, enhanced oil recovery, recovery factor improvement

Online: 23 September 2021 (12:27:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0233.v1

Twenty-five Years of Geomorphological Evolution in the Gokurakudani Gully (Unzen Volcano): Topography, Subsurface Geophysics and Sediment Analysis

Christopher Gomez, Yoshinori Shinohara, Haruka Tsunetaka, Norifumi Hotta, Balazs Bradak, Yuichi Sakai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Unzen Volcano; Lahars; Erosion; Entropy; LiDAR; Photogrammetry; GPR

Online: 14 September 2021 (10:37:56 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

MzS Tools: GIS Methods and Tools for Seismic Microzonation Mapping

Giuseppe Cosentino, Francesco Pennica, Emanuele Tarquini, Giuseppe Cavuoto, Francesco Stigliano

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Python; QGIS plugin; geodatabase; Seismic microzonation; SpatiaLite.

Online: 7 September 2021 (11:53:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0079.v1

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Temporal and Spatial Variation for the Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Ganga Alluvial Plain for an Agricultural Region, India

Salman Ahmed, Mohmmad Mulhim, Fazil Qureshi, Sanjay Kumar Kohli, Athar Hussain, Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan, Hafzan Eva Mansor, Elvaene James

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Groundwater quality; Shallow aquifers; agronomics; geospatial techniques; Aligarh

Online: 6 September 2021 (07:57:47 CEST)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences