Environmental and Earth Sciences

Abstract: Increasing climate variability and the growing frequency of extreme weather events pose serious challenges to agricultural productivity worldwide. Drought is among the most limiting abiotic stresses because it restricts nutrient uptake, reduces photosynthetic effi-ciency, and ultimately lowers crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with plant roots and can improve plant performance under wa-ter-deficit conditions. This proceeding paper examines the physiological and biochemical mechanisms through which AMF may enhance wheat tolerance to drought stress. Overall, AMF symbiosis was associated with greater chlorophyll retention, reduced accumulation of osmotic stress indicators, and higher antioxidant activity, suggesting improved cellular protection under drought. These observations highlight the potential value of AMF as a sustainable biological strategy for strengthening wheat resilience under climate variability.

Abstract: Urban biodiversity monitoring increasingly combines field surveys with automated technologies, but species detected by only one approach may represent ecologically structured subsets rather than random omissions. We integrated 2025 bird records from monthly visual transect surveys, autonomous acoustic monitoring, and infrared camera traps in Shanghai Botanical Garden, China. Annual presence–absence data were analyzed without comparing absolute monitoring efficiency. Manual surveys detected 112 wild bird species and multi-source automated monitoring detected 101; 83 species were shared, 29 were manual-only, and 18 were automated-only, yielding 130 species in total (Jaccard = 0.638; Sørensen = 0.779). In a multivariable logistic model with joint detection as the outcome, resident status was positively associated with joint detection (adjusted OR = 7.76, 95% CI = 1.71–35.19, p = 0.008), whereas regional rarity in Shanghai was negatively associated with joint detection (adjusted OR = 0.287, 95% CI = 0.113–0.728, p = 0.009). These associations show that method-exclusive detections under the 2025 protocols were non-random with respect to residency and regional commonness, although unequal temporal coverage limits causal interpretation. Periodic visual surveys, continuous acoustic monitoring, image-based evidence, and expert validation provide complementary components of long-term urban bird monitoring.

Abstract: Published estimates of predation by pet cats have led to claims that pet cats are having a devastating effect on native wildlife”. This is based on data collected 32-37 years ago, that reported pet cats in Australia caught an estimated 61 to 118 million birds a year, with every pet cat, regardless of age or containment catching an average of 15.6 to 31.2 birds per year. However, reliable contemporary data on hunting by pet cats in urban Australia remain limited, and national predation estimates are sensitive to assumptions about how many cats hunt, how much prey they catch, and how much prey is not observed by carers. Our study analyzed questionnaire data from 2,405 owned and semi-owned cats enrolled in a community sterilization program in lower-income suburbs of Ipswich, Queensland, between 2022 and 2025. Questionnaire completion was required for enrolment, reducing self-selection based specifically on an interest in cat hunting or wildlife. Of 2,392 cats with hunting information, 77% were reported never to hunt and 23% to hunt sometimes or often. Even among cats with outdoor access, 58% were not reported to hunt. Among cats reported to catch prey, insects and rodents were most common, while bird captures were least common and generally low in number. National predation estimates were calculated using observed hunting prevalence, prey composition and prey counts observed in this study population, with published correction factors applied for prey not observed by owners. Median-based estimates were 0.38 million birds, 3.29 million mammals and 4.07 million reptiles annually, and for birds, the estimated rate averaged across all cats (hunters and non-hunters) was 0.10 birds per cat per year. Our estimates for birds were 161 to 311 times lower than previously published Australian estimates, which exceed the estimated urban bird population of 11 million and annual turnover of approximately 3.6 million birds. These findings demonstrate substantial variation in hunting behavior among pet cats, and show that national predation estimates are strongly influenced by the underlying data and assumptions used in extrapolation.

Abstract: Ski piste development and management provide recreational and economic benefits in mountain regions. However, piste development and management often introduce anthropogenic disturbances: slope grading, technical snowmaking, and infrastructure installation may alter soil properties, vegetation structure, and microclimatic conditions, raising concerns about potential impacts on soil biochemical functioning. This study evaluated the impact of ski-piste management on soil microbial activity across one medium‑sized (MS) and three small‑sized (SS) ski resorts. Paired piste (P)-control (C) plots were established, and sampling was conducted over two consecutive summers in MS and for one year in SS ski resorts. Comparisons between P and adjacent C soils showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in enzymatic activity or microbial biomass in both ski resorts. In contrast, interannual variation was associated with significant differences in microbial biomass and most enzyme activities (p < 0.05). Piste soils consistently exhibited higher pH than control soils, although this shift did not correspond to detectable changes in biochemical functioning. Overall, ski piste management did not significantly affect soil biochemical functioning under the conditions investigated, whereas interannual variability appeared to be more strongly driven by differences in soil moisture and snow cover. Continued monitoring at broader spatial and temporal scales is essential to assess the long‑term ecological consequences of ski resorts in mountain grasslands.

Abstract: Screening-level risk assessments report single-point estimates of carcinogenic risk and hazard index. These convey neither the probability that a threshold is exceeded nor the sensitivity of the conclusion to revision of toxicity values. We examined both at an active lead–zinc slag reprocessing site in Shymkent, Southern Kazakhstan, by reanalysing a published geochemical dataset (24 transect soil samples, ICP-OES) using Monte Carlo simulation (100,000 iterations, US EPA RAGS adult outdoor-worker scenario) under the toxicity values applied in the source assessment and, separately, under the values established by the January 2025 IRIS revision of inorganic arsenic. Under the original values the probability of exceeding the 10⁻⁴ carcinogenic threshold was 69.9% and of exceeding HI = 1 was 82.1%; the reported site-mean and worst-case point estimates fell at the 76.9th and 97.2nd percentiles of the simulated distribution. Under the 2025 values mean risk was 21-fold higher and the exceedance probabilities rose to 99.3% and 97.3% respectively. The qualitative conclusion — that risk at this site is unacceptable — therefore survives both sources of uncertainty, while the quantitative estimate does not. Sensitivity analysis identified arsenic concentration (ρ = +0.867) as the binding constraint on precision under either parameterization.

Abstract: Fish farming can significantly impact benthic ecosystems, particularly through alterations in water and sediment quality, potentially disrupting ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. This study investigates the effects of fish farming on crustacean and molluscan assemblages in Güllük and Bozburun Gulfs along Turkey's Aegean coast. Macrozoobenthic samples were collected from fish farm sites and corresponding control sites, representing a baseline prior to the relocation of many farms to offshore areas in the 2010s. A total of 114 crustacean and 54 molluscan species were identified at farm sites, compared to 88 crustaceans and 52 molluscs at control sites. Crustaceans, particularly amphipods, were the most diverse group, while bivalves dominated the molluscan assemblages. Species such as Moerella donacina and Varicorbula gibba (Bivalvia) were most abundant at farm sites, whereas Chondrochelia savignyi (Tanaidacea) and Apseudopsis latreillii (Tanaidacea) were dominant at control sites. Ecological differences between Güllük and Bozburun Gulfs, as well as between farm and control sites, were evident, with faunal abundance at farm sites showing stronger correlations with environmental variables, including orthophosphate, silicate, and temperature. Biomass emerged as a key indicator for assessing ecological status, alongside abundance and species composition. Fish farm capacity, as determined by the number of fish cages, played a significant role in shaping faunal patterns, with higher capacity farms exhibiting greater ecological disturbance. This study provides a crucial baseline for future research on the long-term ecological impacts of fish farming, including ecosystem recovery and the role of environmental variables. The findings suggest the importance of incorporating biomass-based indicators and considering farm capacity and site-specific conditions in fish farming management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation.

Abstract: High-density cities increasingly treat parks, greenways, waterways, streetscapes, and urban landscapes as a connected green infrastructure (UGI) system supporting climate adaptation, biodiversity, health, and recreation. Yet these functions depend on how land-use planning, project delivery, and long-term management are connected. This study uses a qualitative, mechanism-oriented comparison to examine how Singapore governs networked urban landscapes and how these functions relate to Shanghai's policy transition. A 2025 professional study visit provided contextual evidence alongside policy and planning documents, statistics, institutional materials, and peer-reviewed research. Five interrelated mechanisms were identified in Singapore: nested planning and implementation rules; networked multifunctional land use; project-level interagency co-production; professional stewardship linked to operational data; and sustained participation combined with differentiated access. Shanghai's recent plans address several corresponding functions, including life-cycle park management, integrated spatial data, ecological monitoring, and collaborative governance, but published evidence does not establish how consistently they operate across districts, projects, and asset owners. The comparison supports conditional rather than direct transfer: governance functions should be adapted to local authority, spatial and climatic conditions, operating capacity, and accountability. The resulting implementation-chain framework links spatial connectivity with institutional continuity and helps diagnose where urban landscape and greenway objectives may become disconnected from long-term operation.

Abstract: The era of high-quality urban development demands refined, digitalized, and visualized scientific research, and 3D point cloud acquisition technology has emerged as a key tool for tree information collection, surveys, assessment, monitoring, and management, which facilitates the innovative development of the landscape architecture industry. While existing applications primarily focus on batch acquisition of point clouds for tree communities, scattered trees in fields such as ancient and famous tree conservation still rely on backpack/handheld LiDAR devices. These devices often require multiple circular scans around individual trees to ensure point cloud completeness, but motion distortion resulting from such multi-circular mobile acquisition has been generally overlooked. Based on Popper’s falsificationism, this study employs three methods: tree parameter comparison, optical porosity analysis, and CloudCompare-based point cloud distance comparison. These methods are used to observe that motion distortion significantly impairs the accuracy of individual tree point cloud data. Results indicate that motion distortion increases point cloud volume and Euclidean distance errors. Notably, a greater number of collection circles induces random variations in tree morphological parameters and a reduction in point cloud optical porosity. Consequently, tripod-mounted LiDAR is recommended over handheld/backpack devices. Significantly, this study is the first to highlight the potential substantial impact of accumulated point cloud motion distortion on landscape tree point cloud data acquisition. It provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing the precision of dynamically acquired tree point cloud data, which in turn improves the accuracy of tree analysis, monitoring, and assessment studies based on tree point cloud data.

Abstract:

High-altitude lakes are increasingly exposed to nutrient enrichment, organic loading and wastewater-derived contamination, while predictive performance can be overstated when temporally ordered observations are randomly partitioned or target-defining measurements are reused as predictors. We analyzed 177 consecutive monthly water-quality records from the Inner Bay of Lake Titicaca, Peru (January 2011–September 2025), integrating Carlson’s composite trophic state index (CTSI), Hamed–Rao modified Mann–Kendall tests, block-bootstrap Sen slopes, Pettitt change-point detection with 12-month block permutation, nutrient stoichiometry, correlation, principal component analysis, leakage-aware contemporaneous classification and one-month-ahead forecasting. Total phosphorus was treated as elemental P and phosphate as PO4. The bay remained chronically hypereutrophic (mean CTSI 74.08 ± 4.07; 83.1% of months). BOD5 increased by 0.548 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹, chlorophyll a by 3.254 mg m⁻³ yr⁻¹, total suspended solids by 0.752 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and conductivity by 13.13 µS cm⁻¹ yr⁻¹, whereas total phosphorus declined by 0.085 mg P L⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Block-supported shifts occurred in chlorophyll-a in November 2016 (21.81 to 54.18 mg m⁻³) and BOD5 in June 2018 (6.54 to 11.77 mg L⁻¹). After removing target-defining variables and preserving temporal order, the best trophic-state classifier had balanced accuracy 0.575 and MCC 0.257. Organic-pollution classification had balanced accuracy 0.624 but sensitivity only 0.271, whereas the fecal-indicator model was unstable (MCC 0.130; ROC-AUC 0.460). Persistence was the best BOD5 forecast (RMSE 4.193 mg L⁻¹; R² 0.390). The best CTSI model explained only 4.8% of future variance, and all thermotolerant-coliform forecasts had negative out-of-time R². Persistent ecological degradation was therefore evident, but monthly observations alone were insufficient for deployment-ready early warning. Higher-frequency sensing, hydrometeorological and wastewater-load covariates, spatial replication, direct microbiological measurements and prospective validation are required.

Abstract: The rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in the development, health, and therapeutic properties of Panax ginseng. Therefore, we evaluated the spatial trends in bacterial communities using a comprehensive meta-analysis of 359 sequenced rhizosphere samples from seven NCBI Sequence Read Archive BioProjects. The SILVA reference database was used to compare the Chinese and Korean sequencing datasets, focusing on quality filtering, denoising, amplicon sequence variants, and taxonomy assignment. The bacterial community structure was characterized, and differentially abundant taxa were identified using the Kruskal-Wallis test with false discovery rate correction. Co-occurrence network analysis illustrated region-specific microbial relationships and community organization, whereas functional profiles were projected to assess potential metabolic differences. Despite regional and technical variations, 37 bacterial species consistently emerged as conserved core microbiome members. Regional analyses revealed distinct bacterial drivers, such as Ligilactobacillus, Romboutsia, Nitrospira, and Bradyrhizobium in the Korean samples and Sphingoaurantiacus and Holophaga in the Chinese samples. Functional predictions showed that plant-associated defense mechanisms, nutrient mobilization, and carbon cycling varied geographically. Network studies demonstrated that community structures differed across regions. Overall, these findings indicate that although a conserved core community exists, regional differences significantly influence the composition, functional potential, and ecological relationships of the P. ginseng rhizosphere.

Abstract: The decline in ecosystem services in landscapes managed by rural communities stems largely from inappropriate human intervention. Therefore, this study examines a case within this context, considering the current challenges faced by these communities and the transitions they are beginning to undergo to better co-produce ecosystem services within their territories. The methodology employed involved the analysis of satellite imagery to study the dynamics of land-use and vegetation changes, as well as the examination of three ecosystem services: water regulation, provisioning and cultural - recreational. Participatory research was also conducted through interviews, focus groups, and direct observation. A notable dynamic of land-use change was identified, including the transformation of natural vegetation cover, a network of human activities that mutually affect one another and reduce the landscape’s potential to provide services, and a tacitly exercised power structure that manifests itself through ecological impacts. Faced with this situation, residents are debating the need not only to implement ecological measures but also to expand their networks and seek alternatives - such as glocal strategies - that will allow them to place their products in commercial chains that are more advantageous for them.

Abstract: Coarse cereals are indispensable to both national food security and the implementation of the Healthy China Initiative, underscoring the urgent need to promote their green and lowcarbon production. Using panel data from Shanxi Province spanning 2010–2020, this study first employed water footprint (WF) and carbon footprint (CF) accounting methods, together with a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of WF, CF, and their CCD for six major coarse cereal crops across the province. On this basis, the entropyweighted TOPSIS model was applied to assess the spatiotemporal patterns of comprehensive production potential (CPP), while exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) was used to detect spatial autocorrelation. Subsequently, path analysis was conducted to identify the key determinants of CPP. The results indicated that: (1) both total WF and CF per unit yield exhibited declining trends with pronounced spatial heterogeneity, generally higher in northern Shanxi, relatively balanced in the central region, and lower in the south. (2) the CCD between WF and CF showed a sustained upward trajectory over the study period.(3) the CPP of all selected coarse cereal crops increased significantly. and (4) effective irrigated area exerted the strongest positive effect on CPP, whereas the net application rate of agricultural chemical fertilizers and the proportion of leguminous coarse cereals imposed notable negative effects. Accordingly, we propose the following targeted strategies: expanding watersaving effective irrigated areas steadily, strictly curbing fertilizer overuse, tailoring dominant coarse cereal varieties to local agroecological conditions, and optimizing the regionspecific development of characteristic coarse cereals.

Abstract: Wetland vulnerability assessment is essential for identifying interacting pressures, detecting potential changes in ecological character, and supporting adaptive management of Ramsar Sites. This study develops an ecological character-based vulnerability assessment framework and applies it to the Ramsar Site Bau Sau (Crocodile Lake, Ramsar Site No. 1498) in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. The framework integrates 26 indicators within six criterion groups and three components: exposure/pressure (E), sensitivity (S), and adaptive capacity/resilience (AC). Indicators were selected to explicitly link climatic, hydrological, ecological, and anthropogenic pressures with the ecosystem components, processes, and functions that define wetland ecological character. The assessment yielded E = 0.500, S = 0.604, and AC = 0.688, resulting in an overall vulnerability index of V = 0.472, classified as moderate. Hydrological variability, inundation dynamics, and hydrological-environmental sensitivity emerged as the principal drivers of vulnerability, whereas relatively strong conservation, management, and monitoring capacity reduced overall vulnerability. The findings indicate that maintaining hydrological processes and ecological character should be central to adaptive management at Bau Sau. More broadly, the proposed framework provides a transparent and adaptable approach for linking Ramsar ecological-character principles with quantitative vulnerability assessment and management prioritization in data-limited wetlands.

Abstract: Pollution of coastal territories by marine litter is a pressing issue not only for large cities but also for remote and uninhabited regions such as the Arctic. At the same time, the scale of pollution is growing annually, while existing environmental monitoring methods remain labour-intensive. For the first time, an assessment of the volume and composition of marine litter was conducted for Arctic coastlines using high-resolution airphotos. The method is based on training the YOLOv8 (2023) convolutional neural network in the OBB configuration to recognise plastic, metal, fishing nets, wood, and other types of marine litter in images. Based on a comparative analysis, it was established that machine learning methods combined with remote sensing data represent a new high-precision tool for environmental monitoring, which can significantly contribute to reducing the anthropogenic pressure on the ecosystems of Arctic territories.

Abstract: Prosopis chilensis (Mesquite) is one of the world’s most aggressive invasive woody species, and its ecological impacts have drawn increasing scientific attention, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. In Sudan, it is rapidly reshaping Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) forests, yet its effects on native forest ecosystems remain poorly quantified. This study aimed to: (i) assess tree species composition and structure, (ii) evaluate the impact of P. chilensis invasion on species richness and native species abundance in H. thebaica forests. A stratified random sampling approach was employed across 59 plots within three forests reserves, namely Alhelgi, Geli and Um Bashim. P. chilensis showed overwhelming dominance in Alhelgi and Geli forests, with highest densities of 131 and 60 trees ha⁻¹, and accounting for 83% and 86% of total tree density, and relative abundance of 63% and 71% of total tree stems, respectively. In contrast, P. chilensis was absent in Um Bashim forest. H. thebaica was the dominant native tree species, with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) of 137. A total of nine species, belonging to seven genera and six families, were recorded across the studied forests. Within the invaded forests, Pearson’s correlation confirmed that increasing of P. chilensis abundance significantly reduced species richness (R= -0.34, p=0.021). While Kendall’s tau confirmed a significant decline in native species abundance at the community level (τ = −0.22, p = 0.036). At the individual species level, this negative effect was not statistically significant for most species, except for Vachellia nilotica, which showed a significant decline (τ = −0.28, p = 0.022). In addition, the findings reveal P. chilensis as a formidable and accelerating threat to Doum palm forests’ integrity. The study recommends integrated management strategies, including the control of P. chilensis and restoration of native vegetation, to safeguard these dryland ecosystems.

Abstract: Fishing Refuge Zones (FRZs) seek to promote the recovery of exploited populations and associated ecosystems, although their effectiveness depends on various factors, such as habitat condition, the reduction of local stressors, and management implementation. We evaluated changes in the reef fish community of the Akumal FRZ, in the Mexican Caribbean, ten years after its establishment, with emphasis on commercial and herbivorous fishes. In 2025, we revisited 23 shallow and deep reef front sites surveyed in 2015 using visual censuses and benthic video transects. Fish biomass, abundance, and richness were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models; size structure using kernel density estimates; and the relationship between fish biomass and benthic condition using redundancy analysis. Commercial species showed no significant differences in biomass, richness, or size structure, but had lower abundance in 2025. In contrast, herbivores showed higher biomass and a shift toward a larger modal size, although with lower abundance and richness. These changes occurred on a reef with lower coral cover in 2025 and a predominance of brown algae in both periods. The results show a partial and functionally heterogeneous response, in a context of persistent degradation and limitations in management implementation and continuity.

Abstract: Grassland degradation is a global ecological crisis that profoundly alters aboveground vegetation and soil properties, yet its impacts on soil microbial co‑occurrence networks remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated soil bacterial and fungal communities along a well‑defined five‑stage degradation gradient spanning from non‑degraded Leymus chinensis grassland to extremely degraded bare saline patches in the Songnen meadow steppe of northeastern China, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and co‑occurrence network analysis. Our results revealed that bacterial α‑diversity exhibited a unimodal (hump‑shaped) response peaking at the moderately degraded KA stage, whereas fungal diversity declined monotonically along the gradient, indicating greater sensitivity of fungi to degradation stress. Both bacterial and fungal community compositions shifted directionally with degradation, driven primarily by soil alkalization (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC). Network complexity followed a unimodal pattern for both kingdoms, maximizing at KA and collapsing at AS, suggesting a critical ecological threshold between moderate and severe degradation, while the increased proportion of positive correlations under severe degradation implied enhanced microbial cooperation in response to environmental stress. Structural equation models further revealed distinct regulatory pathways: bacterial networks were governed by both direct environmental filtering and indirect diversity‑mediated effects, whereas fungal networks responded more strongly to direct pH/EC constraints and compositional shifts. Our findings demonstrate that microbial networks exhibit nonlinear threshold responses to grassland degradation, with fungi serving as more sensitive bioindicators than bacteria, and highlight the importance of integrating network‑level properties into degradation monitoring and restoration frameworks.

Abstract: This article presents a design-led environmental media prototype for translating saproxylic beetle evidence into a web-based narrative about slow forest degradation in Crete. The prototype uses five interface scenes to convert ecological constructs, including deadwood continuity, decay-stage diversity, microclimate refuge, drought-stress coupling, pathogen/vector risk, and fragmentation, into comparison, gradient, threshold, and reachability tasks. The contribution is methodological rather than ecological: it proposes an evidence-to-interface translation matrix and an anti-cutesification/anti-spectacle grammar for making proxy variables, uncertainty cues, and versioned sources inspectable in public-facing environmental media. A small mixed-background reader-response session (N = 18) is used as a boundary test of readability. The session suggests that many readers could retell the deadwood-removal inference and distinguish structural loss from simple character appeal, while also revealing recurring misreadings around proxy status, scenario precision, and particle-haze risk cues. The article therefore positions the prototype as a proof-of-concept for auditable environmental-media translation, with broader claims about public use, institutional uptake, and long-term durability reserved for future comparative and longitudinal testing.

Abstract: Northeast India sits within the Indo-Burma and Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspots, yet its forests face accelerating loss from extractive industries, infrastructural expansion, and weak governance. Although global conservation discourse increasingly recognises community-based approaches, the contributions of vernacular grassroots organisations from frontier regions remain insufficiently documented in peer-reviewed scholarship. This article addresses that gap. It examines the conservation praxis of Nature's Beckon, an independent activist organisation founded in Dhubri, Assam, in 1982, and the work of its founder-director Soumyadeep Dutta, an Ashoka Fellow and naturalist-writer. The study adopts a qualitative, analytical methodology that integrates historical and ecocritical approaches. Data are drawn from organisational records, Dutta's published Assamese-language corpus, news media, government notifications, and peer-reviewed scientific literature on protected-area outcomes. Four case studies are analysed: the Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary movement (1983–1995); the Dehing Patkai rainforest campaign (1992–2021); primate conservation focused on the golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) and western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock); and the Village Sanctuary institutional model. Findings indicate that Nature’s Beckon has played a documented and substantial role in measurable conservation outcomes, including the gazettement of two protected areas with a combined area of approximately 277.22 km². The article advances an ecology of the margins framework to characterise the organisation's distinctive integration of scientific documentation, vernacular advocacy, and community institution-building. Practical policy implications include formal recognition of community-conserved areas, integration of vernacular knowledge into protected-area management, replication of the eco-emissary training framework, and alignment of conservation funding cycles with the multi-decadal time horizons that durable place-based conservation requires.

Abstract: Stachys fontqueri is a strict endemic species of the Moroccan Rif that depends on specific ecological conditions. To understand the effect of climate change on the potential evolu-tion of the species' geographic range under current and future climatic scenarios, ecologi-cal niche modelling was performed using MaxEnt algorithm based on five bioclimatic variables. To model the effect of climate change, four climatic scenarios were used, namely CSM2- SSP1-2.6, CSM2-SSP5-8.5, MIROC6-SSP1-2.6, and MIROC6-SSP5-8.5, for the period 2061–2080. The results demonstrated high model performance, with an AUC ranging from 0.921 to 0.930 and a TSS from 0.81 to 0.83. Three bioclimatic variables contributed significantly to determining the suitable potential distribution area of the species, namely Precipitation Seasonality (Bio15), Temperature Annual Range (Bio7), and Annual Mean Temperature (Bio1). The suitable area covered 3,244 km² under the current climate and is projected to decrease by 23.25% to 29.59% under future climate scenarios. This contraction of suitable habitat due to climate change could be exacerbated by human activities, there-by requiring urgent in situ and ex situ conservation measures to ensure the species' resilience.