Engineering

Abstract: To address the difficulty in identifying liquid-level reflection points arising from the susceptibility of dynamic liquid-level echoes to interference from downhole operating conditions during drilling, this study proposes a method for identifying and extracting dynamic liquid-level signals in the time–frequency (T–F) plane using the synchrosqueezing generalized phase-shifting S-transform (SS-GPST). The method introduces adjustable parameters to regulate T–F resolution and phase-shift correction to improve phase consistency between the S-transform and synchrosqueezing reassignment, thereby obtaining high-resolution T–F distributions of dynamic liquid-level signals. On this basis, two-dimensional Gaussian filtering is applied in the T–F plane to smooth and suppress background noise. The T–F region containing the liquid-level reflection signal is then extracted for inverse-transform reconstruction, and the liquid-level reflection point and its occurrence time are determined from the position at which a pronounced abrupt change first occurs in the reconstructed waveform. The results show that, compared with the T–F distributions obtained using the synchrosqueezing S-transform (SS-ST), synchrosqueezing phase-shifting S-transform (SS-PST), and synchrosqueezing generalized S-transform (SS-GST), the SS-GPST achieves higher T–F resolution and preserves more local details. The measurement error of the SS-GPST does not exceed 1.2 m, and its relative error remains within 0.083%, confirming its ability to identify and extract dynamic liquid-level signals more accurately under complex interference conditions.

Abstract: Design, implementation and control of mineral processing systems are complex processes requiring accurate decision making that often needs to be real-time. In certain cases, the problems can be described by a single function or criterion. However, most often, multiple criteria are involved, often mutually non-aligned or even conflicting. Selection of a flotation collector is a distinctive multicriteria problem where the decision-making problem must be completed even with imprecise, uncertain or unverified/missing data. The paper considers three different rough set approaches for the process of selection of a flotation collector for the rougher flotation of copper minerals. First is the dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA), second a rough-fuzzy approach and the third is a rough-grey approach by rough number-enabled grey relation analysis. The DRSA and the rough-fuzzy approach produced identical ranking of collectors, while the rough-grey approach produced a very similar ranking with reversed positions of the two highest ranked collectors. The results were also compared with PROMETHEE and ELECTRE methods’ results, which were very similar to the rough set-based methods, showing that these approaches can support collector selection in the circumstance of imprecise or uncertain data.

Abstract: Granite-hosted uranium ores exhibit heterogeneous mineral assemblages and complex pore structures, which may restrict lixiviant accessibility and uranium dissolution during acid leaching. This study investigated a mixed nonionic surfactant system comprising OP-10 and Tween 80 for sulfuric acid leaching of a granite-hosted uranium ore containing 787.5 ppm U. Mineralogical characterization, surface-tension measurements, stirred-leaching and column-leaching experiments, and kinetic modeling were conducted to evaluate the leaching performance. The ore was dominated by quartz, feldspar, and other aluminosilicate minerals, with a heterogeneous pore network. OP-10 exhibited a greater surface-tension-reducing ability than Tween 80, and a 3:1 OP-10/Tween 80 volume ratio was selected. In stirred-leaching tests at 30 °C, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5.0 mL·g⁻¹, and 20 g·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄, uranium recovery after 10 h increased from 72.4% in the H₂SO₄ system to 87.8% in the mixed-surfactant system. Separate kinetic experiments were conducted at 20 °C and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2.5 mL·g⁻¹. After 31 d of column leaching, cumulative uranium recoveries were 74.0% and 92.6% for the H₂SO₄-only and mixed-surfactant columns, respectively. Nonlinear first-order fitting yielded apparent rate constants of 0.04176 and 0.06480 d⁻¹, respectively. These column results are descriptive observations because only one independent column was tested per condition. Kinetic model comparisons did not establish a unique rate-controlling mechanism, and the possible contributions of interfacial behavior and solution transport remain to be verified. This study provides experimental evidence for evaluating mixed nonionic surfactants in granite-hosted uranium leaching and offers a basis for further optimization of surfactant-assisted leaching conditions for complex hard-rock uranium ores.

Abstract: Gate roadways provide access, ventilation, transport and services throughout longwall panel development and retreat. Their stability depends on stress orientation, roof-bed structure, discontinuities, pillar geometry, support response and extraction sequence. In longwall top-coal caving (LTCC), the deliberate fracture and rear-window drawing of upper coal add load-transfer interactions that are not represented by bottom-slice extraction or by high-cutting single-pass longwall. This critical narrative review synthesises published field studies, case histories, numerical analyses and technical literature relevant to LTCC and thick-seam gate-road behaviour, with particular attention to Indian Gondwana conditions. Adriyala is treated as a bottom-slice comparator: its retained upper coal informs roof behaviour and monitoring, but it is not evidence of deliberate LTCC top-coal drawing. The review proposes a six-stage adaptive framework linking site characterisation, extraction geometry, layout comparison, support design, installation verification, and monitoring-led updating. A TARP response logic is presented as a site-specific management tool. The framework is a structured synthesis of the reviewed evidence, not a validated design standard; numerical dimensions and support values from individual cases are not transferable without mine-specific analysis. Instrumented prospective studies in Indian thick-seam and LTCC panels are needed to test and refine the framework.

Abstract: To address image degradation caused by dust/fog scattering and non-uniform illumination in mine surveillance footage, this paper proposes an improved dark channel prior method based on the HSV brightness component. The method constructs a dark channel using the V component of the HSV color space via morphological erosion, estimates atmospheric light through random sampling and lower-bound constraints, and refines and fuses the transmission map using multi-scale guided filtering; Gamma correction is applied after recovering the V component to enhance brightness in dark areas. Experimental images were obtained from the Gaojialiang Coal Mine; scenes with varying degrees of degradation were selected for comparative evaluation, and multiple YOLO models were used to assess the impact of the enhancement process on personnel detection. Averaged across six representative mine scenes, the proposed method achieved a mean gradient of 8.606, a mean edge density of 14.072%, and a mean NIQE of 3.279. Compared to the original images, edge density increased from 10.551% to 14.072%, and the NIQE score dropped from 4.175 to 3.279. Personnel detection case studies demonstrated that the enhancement process improved detection results in dusty and foggy scenes. The results indicate that the proposed method enhances the visibility of object contours and local details in the tested mine scenes, achieves favorable no-reference image quality assessment scores, and reduces computational complexity, thereby offering a valuable reference for image processing in mine visual surveillance.

Abstract: Longwall top-coal caving (LTCC) combines the mechanical extraction of the lower seam with caving and drawing of the coal above the cutting horizon. Its performance depends on linked geomechanical, strata-support, granular-flow, operational, and control processes: caving does not by itself ensure selective recovery. This global critical review synthesises research on stress redistribution, fracture-controlled cavability, roof rupture and weighting, drawbody and coal–gangue boundary evolution, drawing interval and sequence, support interaction, hazards, modelling, monitoring, and automation. It distinguishes recurring mechanisms from mine-specific numerical settings and appraises the evidence by study type, represented variables, and degree of field validation. The review's central contribution is a mechanism-to-control assurance framework that connects potential failure states to candidate indicators, mine-approved responses, and verification measures. It treats drawing initiation, sequence, adjustment, and termination as safety-critical decisions within a multi-objective goal of clean-coal recovery, dilution control, ground stability, and hazard management. The evidence remains dominated by simulations and mine-specific cases, with few end-to-end field-validated control demonstrations. The proposed framework is a synthesis for testing, not a validated universal controller; indicators and operating limits require site-specific calibration and field verification.

Abstract: Longwall top-coal caving (LTCC) can increase recovery from thick seams; however, its performance in overseas mines does not establish transferability to Indian coal measures. This critical integrative review combines peer-reviewed LTCC research, published and technical evidence from the Godavari Valley Coalfield (GVCF), and the statutory and safety evidence needed for controlled implementation in India. The synthesis evaluates top-coal failure and draw, first top-coal caving distance (FTCD), seam and stone-band variability, roof behaviour, in-situ stress, roadway orientation, support response, gas, spontaneous heating, and commissioning controls. Available measurements indicate a broadly north-east–south-west maximum horizontal stress direction in parts of the GVCF, with material local variation; Adriyala experience further indicates that roadway orientation can alter guttering, convergence, and reinforcement demand. Earlier GVCF screening produced divergent cavability and recovery estimates under Chinese and CSIRO-derived approaches, demonstrating model-form uncertainty rather than proving feasibility. The paper therefore proposes a staged evidence-to-decision framework linking regional screening, block qualification, three-dimensional characterisation, calibrated continuum–discontinuum modelling, multi-hazard assessment, an instrumented pilot, and independent review before expansion. LTCC is assessed as conditionally promising for selected GVCF blocks, but not demonstrated at coalfield scale. The principal limitation is the absence of an Indian LTCC production panel for calibration and the heterogeneous accessibility and quality of regional data.

Abstract: This paper examines the undesirable yet inevitable influence of loading system compliance on specimen deformation measurements during testing—a problem that has become typical and remains consistently relevant in the field of mechanical materials testing. Of the two possible approaches to addressing this issue—increasing the stiffness of the loading system or applying corrections to the measurement results—this work focuses primarily on the latter. A mathematical model describing the interaction between loading system components was developed using mixed additive-multiplicative scaling, and a cost-effective method for neutralizing the effect of loading system compliance was proposed. It is demonstrated that applying this method is theoretically equivalent to conducting tests on a virtual machine with infinite loading system stiffness. The method utilizes load-displacement data obtained from two compression tests performed under identical conditions: one with the specimen and one without it. The method was validated using aluminum specimens by comparing the calculated elastic modulus (75.6 GPa) with the established reference range (72–75 GPa). Additionally, the method was used to determine the elastic modulus of amphibolite and to generate corrected load-displacement diagrams. A comparative analysis revealed a source of error inherent in the traditional compliance summation method. Overall, the proposed approach, model, and method—based on additive-multiplicative correction of compression test results—offer a structured and interpretable supplement to traditional techniques, opening new avenues for enhancing the accuracy of both direct and indirect measurements of material properties.

Abstract: Accurate prediction of drilling-fluid density and hydraulic parameters under downhole conditions is essential for the safe drilling of deep and high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells, in which the window between pore and fracture pressures is often narrow. This study develops a thermobaric model of drilling fluid in the annular space, where heat exchange and hydraulic resistance are most intense. The total differential of fluid volume with respect to temperature and pressure was combined with laboratory data for wellbore water obtained on a rig simulating downhole conditions. Correlation analysis showed that, at pressures above 10 MPa, the thermal expansion coefficient is a linear function of temperature over the range 0–100 °C (error < 1%). At the same time, the isothermal bulk modulus is a linear function of pressure at temperatures of 5 °C and above within the in-vestigated range of 0.5–8 MPa (error ≤ 1.5%) and is extrapolated to downhole pressures. Integration of the resulting differential equation yielded closed-form equations for fluid density versus depth for laminar and turbulent flow. Combined with drilling-window constraints, they form systems for selecting fluid properties and circulation velocity that prevent lost circulation, influx and pipe sticking. The model is a lightweight phys-ics-based tool for hydraulic design and real-time monitoring.

Abstract: Background: The blasting gallery (BG) method extracts thick coal seams in a single lift through floor-level development, long-hole ring blasting, remote load-haul-dump loading, and controlled caving. Its Indian record contains local successes but uncertain and sustained scalability. Methods: A retrospective multi-case synthesis examined seven Indian applications using 75 sources available until August 14, 2026. The evidence was classified as complete-cycle execution (L1), panel success (L2), sustained performance (L3), or cross-coalfield scalability (L4). Five coupled control functions and five interruption pathways were assessed. Results: All seven applications supported L1, and four supported stronger L2 evidence. L3 was limited or localised in four cases, uncertain in one case, and not located in two; L4 was not established. Three interacting pathways were identified: drilling and charging variability impairing fragmentation and remote loading, delayed caving increasing unsupported span and dynamic demand, and leakage-promoting self-heating. This interruption amplified all three. Conclusions: BG evidence demonstrates technical feasibility and selected panel success, but not comparable cross-site scalability. Assessment should prioritise full-cycle availability, retreat momentum, interruption tolerance, verified goaf control and remote resolution of abnormal states. The detailed methods, case matrices, and evidence audit trails are provided in the Supplementary Material.

Abstract: The growing adoption of sensor-based Particle Ore Sorting (POS) across mineral processing operations increases the need for an objective and repeatable method to assess whether and how an ore can be upgraded. Standardised POS testwork methods have recently been proposed but no universally accepted framework yet provides cross-comparable measures of material, classification and mechanical contributions. This review excludes sensor-based Batch Bulk Ore Sorting and Belt Bulk Ore Sorting and structures the POS literature into three analytical categories: Intrinsic Sortability, Sensor Amenability and Sensor Sortability. Intrinsic Sortability is represented by Sorter Feed Heterogeneity (SFH) and describes the theoretical upgrading potential under ideal separation. Sensor Amenability addresses Detection Effectiveness (DE) and Image Processing Effectiveness (IPE), which together determine Classification Effectiveness (CE). Sensor Sortability evaluates the POS process result under dynamic conditions, including CE, material presentation and Mechanical Effectiveness (ME). The review identifies inconsistent terminology and frequent overlap between these categories. The recently defined Single Particle Test (SPT), Bench Scale Test (BST), Cascade Test (CT) and Process Test (PT) clarify which combinations of SFH, CE and ME are assessed but cross-study comparability remains limited by project-lot heterogeneity, sensor configuration and operating conditions. A universal framework must retain clear system boundaries, standardise performance metrics and use Process Tests as the final validation and feasibility stage. Simulation based on SFH and CE data, supported by open reference datasets and cross-laboratory benchmarks, offers a route towards scalable and vendor-independent assessment.

Abstract: With the continuous expansion of the depth and scale of mining, the mined-out area poses a major threat to the safety of mine production, the surrounding environment, and the lives of residents. Because of the potential safety hazards caused by the large-scale collapse of the mined-out area of metal mines, a treatment plan was formulated in combination with the actual geological conditions of the mined-out area under a metal mine in Henan Province. Through the comparative analysis of the treatment scheme, the blasting caving method is preliminarily selected to control the mined-out area. Considering that the roof of the mined-out area of the mine is strong and the area of the mined-out area is large, an optimized blasting caving method—Underground induced caving and roof cutting technique scheme. Considering the influence of geological conditions and surrounding rock, Flac3D was used for numerical simulation calculation, and the design of the Underground induced caving and roof cutting technique scheme and blasting operation was formulated. By canceling the pressure relief skylight project, unnecessary engineering expenditure is avoided, and the investment structure of the project is optimized. Through the on-site blasting practice, the roof of the mined-out area gradually collapses, and the precise damage induction of the roof of the mined-out area is realized. Finally, a stable waste rock overburden is formed, which effectively prevents the occurrence of sudden roof caving and significantly reduces the risk of mine safety production. It provides technical ideas and practical experience for the treatment of mined-out areas under similar geological conditions.

Abstract: Thick and ultra-thick coal seams contain large resources; however, greater extraction heights amplify strata movement, coal wall instability, support demand, gas and fire hazards, dilution, and interruption risk. This review develops and foregrounds a conceptual six-gate, non-compensatory “study-to-assurance” framework that turns thick-seam method selection, demonstration, replication, and cross-mine transfer into an explicit evidence-to-decision pathway rather than a one-off design event. The framework specifies minimum evidence sets, auditable artifacts, and pass/conditional-hold/stop outcomes at six stages, from resource screening and geotechnical characterization to integrated design, instrumented demonstration, second-panel replication, and transfer to new blocks or mines. To support and bound this architecture, a structured critical review of literature and grey sources from 1950 to 2025 identified 300 records; 190 were screened, 145 full texts were assessed, and 120 sources were included across ten extraction or boundary option systems. Continuous miners have emerged as India’s most scalable mechanized underground system within a bounded cutting envelope, whereas high-reach single-pass longwalls deliver high outputs only within narrow geomechanical and operational windows. Although longwall top coal caving appears to address the residual height problem, it remains undeveloped in India. Historical blasting galleries, multislice, sublevel-caving, hydraulic, and descending-shield experiences are therefore not used as templates to revive but as engineering evidence that shapes the gate thresholds and failure tests. The proposed six-gate framework integrates evidence quality, geomechanical compatibility, coupled hazards, operational continuity, lifecycle economics, responsibility, and energy transition reporting. Its quantitative thresholds are demonstration minima, not statutory limits or design guarantees, and require field validation and mine-specific recalibration to be effective.

Abstract: To address the issues of significant brittleness and susceptibility to catastrophic failure in traditional gangue-based cemented backfill, this study designed and prepared steel fiber and fly ash reinforced gangue backfill (FGB). Through macroscopic mechanical testing and Discrete Element Method (DEM) numerical simulation, the synergistic effects of steel fiber (VSF=0.0~2.0%) and fly ash (ωFA=5~15%) content on the mechanical properties, energy evolution, and failure modes of the FGB were systematically investigated. The results indicate that steel fibers and fly ash significantly improve the mechanical properties and failure modes of the backfill. The steel fiber content exhibits a linear positive correlation with the strength of the backfill, while the fly ash content shows a negative correlation with strength. The incorporation of fly ash enhances energy dissipation, and steel fibers effectively regulate the distribution ratio between elastic energy and dissipated energy. The addition of steel fibers and fly ash caused the crack type in the backfill to shift from a predominantly S-type to a composite S, T, and ST failure mode, and the failure mechanism transformed from a brittle mode controlled by a single dominant crack to a ductile mode characterized by multi-crack propagation. The fibers restructured the three-dimensional stress chain network, altering stress transfer pathways, increasing horizontal contact forces and the density of stress chains, and enabling the gradual transfer of stress from localized failure zones to the entire structure. This study provides a reference for the development of high-toughness, high-performance mine backfill materials.

Abstract: A polymer transport and kinetic adsorption model is developed and applied to assist in the understanding of some recent results in polymer flow though porous media. The coupled equations in dimensionless form show that the system is governed by 3 dimensionless numbers, 2 of which are important, the Adsorption number (N_Ad) and the adsorption Damköhler number (N_Da-A). This leads to a wide range of behaviours in terms of the polymer effluent profiles which are in broad qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The hypothesis is that it is the kinetics of the system (principally N_Da-A) that is strongly controlling the experimental observations. The model also predicts that the way to establish if this is true, is to conduct polymer core flood including “shut-in” stages where flow is stopped, then resumed after some period of time, depending on the kinetic adsorption timescale. Preliminary experiments support this and a following paper will present these experimental results directly simulated using our model.

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of preliminary ultrasonic treatment on the flotation re-covery of copper from aged tailings of copper-porphyry ores. The initial sample was char-acterized by a low copper content of 0.17%, a high proportion of oxidized copper forms of 53.84%, and fine dissemination of copper-bearing minerals, which complicates their re-covery by conventional flotation. Ultrasonic treatment was applied after grinding as a physical method of surface activation. The pulp was treated at a power of 30 W and a fre-quency of 22 kHz, while the treatment duration varied from 0 to 25 min. The effects of ul-trasonic treatment on concentrate yield, copper grade, copper recovery, and enrichment efficiency were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the statistical significance of the results, and SEM analysis was performed to examine changes in particle surface morphology. The best flotation performance was obtained after 15 min of preliminary ultrasonic treatment. Under these conditions, the copper grade in the con-centrate was 1.79 ± 0.06%, copper recovery was 44.37 ± 0.21%, and enrichment efficiency was 40.06 ± 0.38%. Longer treatment times did not improve the results. SEM observations indicated particle disaggregation and partial removal of slime coatings. The results con-firm that preliminary ultrasonic treatment can improve copper flotation from aged tailings.

Abstract: Poland is the largest hard coal producer in the European Union. Economic decarbonization, undertaken to slow climate change, is reducing demand for fossil fuels. The restructuring of the hard coal mining industry in Poland is adapting the sector to new market, environmental, and social challenges. Currently, the Polish energy sector is not prepared to phase out the combustion of thermal coal. A transition period is necessary, during which the Polish hard coal mining industry must provide sufficient coal to stabilize the power grid through coal-fired power plants. Coal extraction occurs in extraction excavations, but to enable their operation, mining companies must conduct a certain amount of preparatory roadway excavations. The article analyzes the changes occurring in the basic technical parameters of excavated preparatory excavations and the difficulties affecting the length and number of excavated preparatory roadway excavations. Selected reasons for the temporary suspension of excavated preparatory roadway excavations are also analyzed. An attempt is made to identify the most important causes of these limitations and proposes recommendations. The obtained results of the statistical review of difficulties in preparatory exploitation will be used to present a picture of the current condition of the sector and to forecast possible directions of transformation of the hard coal mining sector in Poland and can potentially be used in other countries conducting similar decarbonization processes.

Abstract: For nearly a century, flotation kinetics has relied on deterministic first-order rate equations treating the cell as a homogeneous reactor, a paradigm that inherently fails for heterogeneous ores, especially coal, whose organic macerals, porosity, and oxidation susceptibility defy a single rate constant. Breaking from chronological cataloguing, this review proposes a three-dimensional taxonomy based on physical scale, inherent material heterogeneity, and epistemic certainty. We demonstrate that critical industrial prediction failures arise from structural mismatches between model physics and particle surface chemistry, notably time-dependent oxidation deactivation and selective maceral recovery. Six fundamental failure modes are identified, from neglected time-dependence of rate constants to the absence of a thermodynamic deactivation term, corroborated by experimental evidence from coal and base-metal flotation. Advanced microfluidic, automated mineralogical, surface-sensitive spectromicroscopic, CFD-DEM, and physics-informed machine learning tools are dismantling the black box of the flotation rate constant “k”. We introduce the Distributed Reactive Surface Kinetics (DRSK) framework, which embeds particle-scale heterogeneity into a population balance via an adaptive surface-sensitive selection function and treats kinetic uncertainty through stochastic differential equations. A comprehensive comparison table facilitates the transition from conventional models to the DRSK paradigm. We conclude with a roadmap for flotation kinetics 4.0, where digital twins, real-time froth analytics, and self-calibrating hybrid models transform this empirical discipline into a truly predictive engineering science. The framework is elaborated for coal and conventional minerals, underscoring why coal demands its own dedicated kinetic theory and how these lessons can revolutionize the processing of increasingly complex, low-grade ores and secondary resources.

Abstract: Wellbore attitude and trajectory are critical parameters for complex oil and gas drilling and geosteering. As global energy exploration extends to deep earth, deep water, and unconventional resources, higher demands are imposed on downhole navigation accuracy and real-time performance. This paper reviews the development status and future trends of wellbore attitude and trajectory measurement technologies. Attitude measurement mechanisms based on magnetometers and gyroscopes are comparatively analyzed, along with their respective research focuses. Recent advances in magnetic interference compensation and accuracy enhancement for magnetometer-based schemes are summarized. Differences in attitude determination algorithms between reduced and full gyroscopes configurations are compared, and the common issue of performance degradation in near-vertical sections due to reduced accelerometer SNR is examined via numerical simulation. For trajectory measurement, traditional discrete reconstruction methods and their station-interval-induced accuracy limitations are evaluated, highlighting the urgent need for a transition from static discrete to dynamic continuous measurement. Strapdown inertial navigation based real-time estimation methods are discussed, with error propagation characteristics analyzed. Kinematic constraints such as depth increments and zero-velocity updates are identified as effective means to mitigate inertial error divergence. Finally, future prospects are outlined, emphasizing that an integrated “underground positioning system” leveraging AI, quantum sensing, and multi-sensor fusion will be key to enabling intelligent drilling measurement and control.

Abstract: Elevated salinity can significantly affect the rheological behavior, thickening time, and early strength development of API Class G cement slurries. This study experimentally investigated the effect of NaCl additions of 0, 4, and 8 wt.% BWOC on cement slurries with densities of 1.5 and 1.9 g/cm³ at temperatures of 25, 50, 75, and 90 °C. Rheological parameters, the time required to reach a consistency of 30 Bc under atmospheric pressure, the times required to attain selected compressive strength thresholds, and the ultrasonic cement analyzer (UCA)-estimated compressive strength after 12 and 24 h were evaluated.The results demonstrated that the effect of NaCl was not pro-portional to its concentration but depended on slurry density, temperature, and the property being evaluated. NaCl generally reduced plastic viscosity and yield stress, whereas gel strength exhibited a non-uniform response with a pronounced dependence on temperature. Its influence on thickening time and early strength development was likewise non-monotonic. Under certain test conditions, higher NaCl concentrations accelerated the attainment of the initial strength thresholds; however, they did not consistently increase the UCA-estimated compressive strength after 24 h or improve all evaluated operational properties. Among the investigated salinity levels, the slurry containing 4 wt.% NaCl exhibited the most balanced overall performance in terms of rheological behavior, thickening time, and early mechanical properties across both slurry densities and the investigated temperature range. Nevertheless, this concentration did not provide the best performance for every individual parameter or under all test conditions. The findings provide a basis for the further op-timization of cement slurry formulations intended for use in high-salinity environments. Since the experimental program did not include independent repetitions, the observed differences should be interpreted as descriptive trends that require statistical validation in future studies.