Chemistry and Materials Science

Abstract: Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings suffer from t′ phase destabilization and insufficient thermal insulation above 1200 ℃. In this work, YbO_1.5-stabilized ZrO₂ (xYbSZ, x = 4–12 mol%) powders were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation, consolidated by spark plasma sintering, and systematically evaluated at 1300 ℃ in terms of phase stability, sintering behavior, thermal conductivity, and fracture toughness. A common compositional boundary near 8 mol% YbO_1.5 was identified across all four responses. 8YbSZ retained the metastable t′ phase with a monoclinic content below 10 mol% after 300 h at 1300 ℃, whereas the 4–6 mol% compositions destabilized rapidly and the 10–12 mol% compositions progressively developed the cubic phase. Grain coarsening accelerated markedly above 8 mol%, and the thermal-conductivity reduction efficiency per unit doping at 1000 ℃ was approximately halved beyond this composi-tion, with κ decreasing from 2.41 to 1.96 W·m^-1·K^-1 across the series, consistent with the saturation of point-defect phonon scattering. In the as-prepared state the fracture toughness decreased monotonically with doping, and the toughness gain produced by thermal treatment fell from 34% (4YbSZ) to about 10% (10–12YbSZ) as the dominant toughening mechanism shifted from transformation and microcrack toughening (4–6 mol%) to ferroelastic domain switching (8 mol%), both being lost in the cubic-dominated compositions. These results identify 8 mol% YbO_1.5 as the optimal composition balancing phase stability, sintering resistance, thermal insulation, and mechanical integrity for TBC applications at 1300 ℃.

Abstract: Helichrysum italicum is a Mediterranean medicinal plant whose phloroglucinol (PG) α-pyrones constitute a structurally distinctive and pharmacologically relevant metabolite class, yet no systematic high-resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) study has comprehensively characterized them. In this study, the acetone extract of inflorescences from Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don was profiled by UHPLC–Orbitrap–MS in negative ion mode using full-scan and data-dependent MS/MS acquisition; exact-mass elemental composition assignment and HCD fragmentation analysis were combined with unsupervised clustering of fragment-ion and neutral-loss intensity matrices, validated against a manually curated annotation table using the adjusted Rand index (ARI) and cluster purity. From a total of 59 annotated compounds, 23 corresponded to known PG-α-pyrones previously reported from Helichrysum and 36 represented structures not previously described from the genus. Diagnostic fragment ions (FIs) and neutral losses (NLs) were established for identifying specific substituents of the α-pyrone and PG moieties. Semi-quantification gave a total PG-α-pyrone content of 0.019% dry weight, dominated by arzanol. This study establishes a UHPLC–HRMS framework for profiling phloroglucinol α-pyrone derivatives and confirms H. italicum as a rich source of this class.

Abstract: Psidium guajava L. leaves are a valuable source of phenolic compounds, particularly glycosylated flavonoids, with possible applications as standardized nutraceutical ingredients. However, the intrinsic variability of botanical matrices requires reproducible production processes integrating extraction optimization, phytochemical characterization, and biological validation. This study aimed to develop an integrated workflow for obtaining a standardized P. guajava leaf extract from a pilot cultivation in southeastern Sicily. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, implemented by MODDE software, was used to optimize the aqueous extraction process. The optimal extraction conditions were a drug-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 (w/v) and an extraction temperature and time of 95 °C and 24 min., respectively. The optimized crude extract yielded a dry residue of 0.81% w/v, with total polyphenol contents of 0.253% w/v and a total flavonoid content of 0.052% w/v. Comparative HPLC-DAD screening of two macroporous resins identified Resin B as the most effective material for flavonoid enrichment, mainly targeting avicularin, guaijaverin, and hyperoside, three biomarker compounds highly characteristic of this plant species. The resulting enriched extract showed a dry residue of 3.22% w/w and a total flavonoid content of 11.071% w/v, including 3.019% w/v avicularin, 2.845% w/v guaijaverin, and 1.196% w/v hyperoside. The enriched extract was subsequently formulated on a maltodextrin carrier to obtain a standardized ingredient with a total flavonoid content of 7.75% w/v. The final formulation exhibited strong antioxidant activity in cell-free assays and significantly reduced nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, supporting its possible use as a reproducible botanical ingredient for nutraceutical applications.

Abstract: A novel multifunctional isocyanate curing agent, denoted as TCI, was facilely synthesized via a one-step reaction involving 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The structural design of TCI incorporates a rigid triazine ring core and three additional urethane linkages, enabling the construction of high-performance crosslinked networks within glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)-based energetic elastomers. By systematically comparing TCI with the commercially available curing agent N100, the structure–property relationships were elucidated through a combination of curing kinetics, spectroscopic characterization, mechanical testing, and thermal analysis. TCI exhibits superior reactivity toward GAP, effectively compensating for the low reactivity of secondary hydroxyl groups. Structural characterization via XRD, SAXS, and FTIR demonstrated that TCI facilitates the formation of dense and stable hydrogen-bonding networks, which reduce the intermolecular chain spacing (0.424 nm for TCI–GAP vs. 0.436 nm for N100–GAP) and optimize the microphase separation behavior of the elastomer networks.Mechanical testing demonstrated that the tensile strength and elongation at break of TCI–GAP reach 1.74 MPa and 297.7%, respectively, representing increases of 95.5% and 163% over N100–GAP (0.85 MPa and 105.8%). Morphological analysis confirmed the presence of uniformly distributed crosslinking junctions and ductile fracture features in TCI–GAP, which are responsible for the improved load-bearing capacity and energy dissipation efficiency. Dynamic hydrogen-bonding interactions were identified as the key mechanism governing the mechanical and thermal performance of TCI-GAP. DMA and LF-NMR results indicated that TCI–GAP possesses higher storage modulus and more restricted segmental motion, leading to excellent thermomechanical stability. The novel TCI curing agent offers a facile and effective approach to simultaneously improve the mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal stability of GAP-based networks, showing great promise for applications in advanced solid propellants and energetic materials.

Abstract: The phase-pure syntheses of Fe(dca)₂ and Fe(dca)₂(NH₃)₂ have enabled comprehensive investigation of their structural and magnetic properties. Fe(dca)₂ crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm, with Fe²⁺ ions octahedrally coordinated by six dca ligands, forming a rutile-like 3D network. Temperature-dependent structural analysis reveals minor distortions and a slight unit cell volume contraction (~2.5 ų) from 300 K to 25 K. Fe(dca)₂(NH₃)₂ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c, featuring two axial ammonia ligands and dca-bridged Fe²⁺ ions forming layers. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of Fe(dca)₂ reveal a ferrimagnetic transition at T_C = 19.1 K, con-firmed by SQUID data, Mößbauer spectroscopic measurements and low-temperature neutron diffraction. A magnetic hysteresis at 5 K indicates long-range cooperative magnetic ordering. ATR-IR spectroscopic measurements support the structural models and confirm the chemical composition of both compounds. TGA shows the thermal decomposition of Fe(dca)₂.

Abstract: The field of skin tissue engineering has rapidly advanced in recent years. This advancement has been driven by the increasing need to address biocompatibility, fabrication techniques, antimicrobial properties, hemostatic properties, and porosity of the materials used for tissue repair and regeneration. This review focuses on three common materials for scaffold fabrication in skin tissue engineering, cellulose, chitosan, and gelatin. As the most common natural organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is a readily available and renewable material that is distinguished by a remarkable combination of advantages. These advantages include biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and good mechanical strength, rendering it a nontoxic and environmentally friendly substance. The benefits of chitosan include its antimicrobial and hemostatic properties, while gelatin enhances cell adhesion and proliferation, contributing to the scaffold’s overall biocompatibility. The inherent porous structure of these materials supports fluid flow, cell infiltration, and nutrient transport, creating a conducive environment for tissue repair and regeneration. In addition, this review highlights improved techniques in fabricating a durable scaffold. It also addresses the challenges in fabrication, such as controlling the pore size and uniformity of the pores and structure within the scaffold. This is crucial for cell growth and tissue regeneration. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of tissue repair and underscore the importance of using scaffolds and multilayered materials in skin tissue regeneration. Further research in skin tissue engineering will be essential for overcoming existing challenges and realizing the full potential of cellulose, chitosan, and gelatin in tissue engineering.

Abstract: The growing demand for environmentally friendly energy storage materials has sparked interest in biomass-derived activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes. The study looks at the physicochemical properties of chicken litter as a prelude to biochar manufacturing for supercapacitor applications. Poultry litter samples were characterised using proximal, ultimate and compositional analysis to determine their suitability for carbon material synthesis. The results revealed that poultry litter comprises 43.06% carbon, 6.13% hydro-gen, and 40.68% oxygen, as well as 70.26% volatile matter and 18.51% fixed carbon. The inorganic fraction contained large amounts of calcium (4.12%), potassium (3.42%), and silicon (0.89%), which could influence porosity growth during activation. The higher heating value (16.86 MJ kg⁻¹) implies moderate energy content. Based on these properties, poultry litter shows promise as a low-cost, abundant feedstock for producing porous car-bon materials suitable for supercapacitor electrodes, especially when combined with ap-propriate activation strategies to increase surface area and electrochemical performance.

Abstract: In scientific literature biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and synthesis of these nanoparticles using small organic molecules such as citrate have been called ´green´. In abstracts of scientific publications gold or silver nanoparticles obtained by ´green´ synthesis have been rather frequently characterized as biocompatible. Biocompatible means: having no negative impact on exposed organisms. Two kinds of reasons have been used as underpinning for this characterization. The first is the biocompatibility of the substances used in ´green´ synthesis and coating nanoparticles. This reason lacks a solid empirical basis. The second reason given for biocompatibility is limited testing of the nanoparticles obtained by ´green´ synthesis, mainly in vitro testing. Such limited testing is inconclusive. Use-specific comprehensive in vitro and in vivo testing, including clinical studies, and control of hazardous substances such as lipopolysaccharide and flagellins is needed to provide a solid basis for the characterization biocompatible for humans.

Abstract: The 17-e anion, [Fe(CO)₄]^- , was first characterised in 1981 by Breeze et al. We subsequently challenged their interpretation, suggesting that they had produced [Fe(CO)₃]^-. In the light of new calculations here, we withdraw that view. We confirm that [Fe(CO)₄]^- has the C_3v structure (as previously reported) and we have calculated the following, new, energy-factored force constants: k₁ = 1437.2 k₂ = 1456.2 k₁₁ = 48.6 k₁₂ = 47.7 where k₁ refers to the three chemically identical equatorial CO groups and k₂ refers to the sole axial CO group ( k₁₁ and k₁₂ are the CO,CO interaction constants). This force field is significantly different from that originally proposed.

Abstract: EPR measurements on Fe- and Mn-doped SiCN samples, annealed at various temperatures, revealed that they were superparamagnetic. As well, their EPR spectra depended significantly on the sizes of the nanoparticles. The magnetism of SiCN/Fe is due mainly to the presence of Fe5Si3 and α-Fe superparamagnetic nanoparticles, distributed within the SiCN matrix. On the other hand, the main source of magnetism in SiCN/Mn ceramics is the presence of Mn₅Si₃C_x and α-Mn nanoparticles. The magnetization measurements on SiCN/Fe reveal that the difference between the ZFC (zero-field cooling) and FC (field cooling) magnetizations decreased with increasing annealing temperatures of the samples, implying that the homogeneity in the distribution of the sizes of nanoparticles increased with increasing annealing temperature. This result can be exploited for practical applications of Fe-doped SiCN nanoceramics as functional materials by annealing these samples at temperatures even higher than 1400 °C. The magnetization and EPR studies of Mn-doped SiCN ceramic indicate the presence of a variety of Mn-containing nanocrystallites, mainly ferromagnetic Mn₅Si₃C_x nanoparticles. There is also the possibility of presence of ferromagnetic Mn₅Si₃ nanoparticles with a rather high Curie temperature. The EPR spectra reveal that both Fe- and Mn-doped SiCN nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetism, or single domain ferromagnetism, depending on their average sizes. They are thus potentially useful in being developed as high-temperature magnetic sensor devices due to SiCN being very stable to temperature variations, and being suitable functional materials for applications to electronics, spintronics and tunable soft magnetics for MEMS/NEMS (micro/nanoelectromechanical systems) devices, requiring homogeneous and uniform material.

Abstract: Iron–air batteries (IABs) represent a novel energy storage system based on the iron redox reaction. They offer several advantages such as high energy density (≈ 200 Wh kg⁻¹), environmental friendliness, and low cost, with broad application prospects in large-scale long-duration energy storage, peak-valley power regulation, and emergency power supply. However, hydrogen evolution side reactions easily occur during IAB charging, reducing Coulombic efficiency. Additionally, passivation of the iron anode limits reaction kinetics and cycle life. Thermal imbalance in air batteries also reduces stability. Existing research has addressed these issues by focusing on optimizing electrolyte compositions, additives, structural stability of the iron anode, and material design. We systematically review the progress and application of IABs as energy storage devices in the steel industry, with a systematic outlook on future research directions and applications.

Abstract: Nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanodispersions produced from single monoacylglycerols or from their combinations with fatty acids or other amphiphiles have attracted interest owing to their structural versatility and tunability. In this study, we investigated the effect of dilinolein (DLO) incorporation on the structural features of Pluronic F127-stabilized monolinolein (MLO) nanodispersions using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We report on a lipid composition-dependent direct colloidal transformation from hexosomes, defined as nanoparticles with an ordered internal inverse hexagonal (H₂) phase, to emulsified L₂ phases (ELPs), which are nanoparticles with a more disordered internal inverse micellar (L₂) phase) upon the partial replacement of MLO by DLO. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements showed that, at relatively low DLO content, the MLO-rich MLO:DLO 90:10 (w/w) nanodispersion ) retained an ordered internal H₂ phase, with three well-defined characteristic Bragg peaks; whereas the SAXS patterns recorded for all nanodispersions containing ≥ 20 wt% DLO displayed broad correlation peaks consistent with internal L₂ nanostructures. Similarly, the control nanodispersion prepared from DLO alone, displayed a single broad correlation peak, supporting its assignment as an internal L₂ phase. For the assigned internal L₂ phases, the SAXS-derived characteristic distance decreased monotonically from 4.53 to 2.87 nm as the DLO fraction increased. The experimental findings show that DLO modifies lipid packing at the MLO-water interface and promotes more negative spontaneous curvature, driving the direct H₂-to-L₂ phase transition. The ability to tune the internal nanostructure by lipid composition while maintaining nanoscale particle size and low dispersity makes these nanodispersions attractive platforms for drug nanocarrier development.

Abstract: The increasing occurrence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystem integrity and public health, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and portable analytical technologies. Herein, a MXene-supported dual single-atom Fe–Co nanozyme nanocomposite (FeCo-SA/MXene) is proposed as a high-performance electrocatalytic platform for the ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of antibiotic contaminants in water. The nanocomposite integrates the exceptional electrical conductivity and abundant surface functionalities of Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene with atomically dispersed Fe–N₄ and Co–N₄ catalytic sites, enabling accelerated electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic activity. The structural characterization confirmed successful formation of isolated Fe–Co active sites without detectable metal nanoparticles, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated a substantial reduction in charge-transfer resistance from 185 Ω for the bare glassy carbon electrode to 26 Ω after FeCo-SA/MXene modification, accompanied by a 3.5-fold increase in electrochemically active surface area. The proposed sensor exhibited wide linear detection ranges of 0.5 nM–100 μM for tetracycline, 1 nM–80 μM for ciprofloxacin, 2 nM–100 μM for sulfamethoxazole, and 5 nM–120 μM for chloramphenicol, with corresponding detection limits of 0.12, 0.28, 0.45, and 0.83 nM, respectively. The sensor further demonstrated excellent selectivity against common interfering species, retained 96% of its initial response after 30 consecutive measurements and 94% after 4 weeks of storage, and achieved recoveries of 95.9–103.1% with relative standard deviations below 3.5% in environmental water samples. These findings demonstrate the potential of FeCo-SA/MXene nanozyme nanocomposites as a promising platform for developing next-generation electrochemical sensors for rapid, ultrasensitive, and reliable monitoring of emerging antibiotic contaminants in aquatic environments.

Abstract: Hectorite intercalated with octadecyl trimethylammonium ions was synthesized with one-pot synthesis and the octadecyl trimethylammonium modified hectorite was used as adsorbent to remove phenol from aqueous solution. The pH and content of adsorbent were studied to obtain optimized condition to the adsorption of phenol. As for the 50 ml of 100 mg/L initial phenol solution at pH 12, the phenol removal rate attains about 92.3% when 0.5 g adsorbent is used. As for the adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir and Freundlich model were appropriate. The adsorption kinetic was in accord with the pseudo-second-order and the activation energy (Ea) was about 11.15 kJ/mol. The modified hectorite could be recycled and reused, maintaining a high adsorption amount after five times.

Abstract: Cellulose crystallinity is frequently associated with lignocellulosic biomass digestibility, yet its development during multistep biorefinery processing and its relationship with enzymatic hydrolysis remain difficult to isolate. This study investigated the evolution of cellulose crystallinity in wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) during Hot-Water Pretreatment (HWP), Water Pretreatment (WP), Organosolv extraction, sequential washing, and drying, and related these changes to enzymatic glucose yield. Crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction and an ATR-FTIR-based PLS model, while enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated by HPLC-based glucose quantification. HWP caused a temperature-dependent decrease in crystallinity from 47.5 ± 1.3% in untreated straw to 27.0 ± 2.2% at 120 °C, whereas WP at room temperature caused no significant change. However, without subsequent Organosolv extraction, both pretreatments alone resulted in low glucose yields of approximately 10%, indicating that cellulose crystallinity is only one of several factors governing enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. During washing after Organosolv extraction, crystallinity increased from 40.6 ± 2.1% to 54.2 ± 1.3%, while glucose yield was more closely associated with residual ethanol under the tested conditions rather than by crystallinity changes. Drying had the strongest effect, increasing crystallinity by up to 53,6% relative to the wet state. Overall, cellulose crystallinity should be considered as one of several interacting factors governing enzymatic digestibility, and sample moisture history must be carefully controlled when comparing crystallinity data.

Abstract: AlSb film has attracted the attention for its excellent properties, and many preparation methods have been explored. Herein, AlSb thin films were prepared by DC magnetron co-sputtering method and the interfacial behavior between the films and air molecules were investigated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) testing and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidated the deliquescence process of AlSb thin films and its underlying mechanism. The results revealed that AlSb thin film exhibited Sb₂O₄ and Sb₂O₅ phases while the thin films doped Cu no longer showed any Sb oxide phases after the film exposed to air for one day. The chemical state of aluminum in the film remained stable along the depth direction, whereas antimony exhibited a pronounced gradient in chemical state from the surface to the interior. The oxidation state of Sb ions varied from -3 in the interior to +5 at the surface. The interaction between the (111) crystal plane of the AlSb film and air molecules is an exothermic process, with water molecules exhibiting the highest adsorption energy on the film surface, followed by oxygen molecules. The adsorption energies for nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules were the lowest. Consequently, AlSb molecules readily combine with H₂O molecules. Furthermore, doping the AlSb film with copper or zinc atoms effectively reduced the adsorption energy for water and oxygen molecules, offering a new approach to suppress the deliquescence and oxidation of AlSb thin films. This study provides an important theoretical foundation for subsequent research on this material system.

Abstract: The treatment of Ce(OH)₄ in thionyl chloride and dimethoxyethane (DME) resulted in the formation of a highly unstable red Ce(IV) complex with the composition [CeCl₄(DME)₂] (1). From the reaction of 1 with the tripodal Kläui ligand η⁵-cyclopentadienyltris(dimethylphosphonato)cobaltate(III), [Co(η⁵-C₅H₅){P(O)(OMe)₂}₃]– (L_OMe), the two new cerium(III) complexes [Ce(L_OMe)₂(H₂O)₂]Cl·2.5H₂O (2), 1D-[Ce(μ-Cl)(L_OMe)(H₂O)₃]Cl (3) and the cerium(IV) complex [CeCl₂(L_OMe)₂]·acetone (4) were obtained and structurally characterized. The complexes 3 and 4 are the first cerium complexes featuring the L_OMe ligand together with chlorido ligands. Due to the potential exchange of the chloride counterions and ligands in 2 - 4, these complexes could serve as precursors in molecular cerium coordination chemistry. The assigned cerium oxidation states are supported by the bond valence sum (BVS) method. The ³¹P-NMR spectra with d(³¹P) = 160.20 ppm (2) and 159.43 ppm (3) are diagnostic of cerium(III).

Abstract: The increasing demand for functional beverages has stimulated interest in developing non-alcoholic beers with enhanced nutritional and health-promoting properties. This study investigated the effect of replacing 20–30% of barley malt with wheat bran enriched with linseed or sunflower seeds on the antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, vitamin composition, mineral profile, and selected physicochemical properties of non-alcoholic beer. The impact of adding oak chips (2% or 4% of the grist) during the third or fourth stage of mashing was also evaluated. Eight beer formulations were produced using different proportions of wheat bran, linseed, and sunflower seeds. The experimental beers were compared with a commercial Polish non-alcoholic beer, Żywiec 0%. The results demonstrate that partial substitution of barley malt with wheat bran enriched with linseed or sunflower seeds is an effective approach for producing non-alcoholic beer with enhanced antioxidant capacity and improved nutritional value, offering potential for the development of functional beer products.

Abstract: This study presents a comparative analysis of the effect of the structural-mineralogical type of clay matrices on the phase and structure formation in composite aluminosilicate materials within the multi-component Fe-Al-C-Si system. Highly plastic Saryozek montmorillonite clay and moderately plastic Alekseevskaya kaolinite-illite clay were investigated as binding matrices to consolidate iron-aluminosilicate fly ash from the Almaty CHPP-2. The raw materials and binary batches containing 10 to 50 wt.% fly ash were evaluated using XRD, XRF, TG/DTA, and SEM techniques. The results demonstrate that the superior plastic and binding properties of the Saryozek clay ensure enhanced consolidation of the non-plastic, fragmented ash particles. Simultaneous thermal analysis reveals that increasing the compaction pressure from 20 to 30 MPa induces a kinetic shift in the montmorillonite dehydroxylation interval toward higher temperatures (580 °C –720 °C) due to increased partial water vapor pressure within the dense green body. This thermal shift scientifically necessitates introducing an isothermal dwell at 600°C to mitigate firing defects. The optimal composite properties are achieved at a molding pressure of 30 MPa, a firing temperature of 1050 °C, and a fly ash concentration of 10–20 wt.%, yielding a peak compressive strength of 38.4 MPa. SEM analysis confirmed that under these conditions, the locally formed silicate melt uniformly encapsulates the crystalline mullite and quartz microparticles, whereas increasing the ash content to 50 wt.% results in a loose, highly porous structure that degrades strength down to 17.9 MPa. These findings lay a scientifically substantiated foundation for optimizing composite ceramic synthesis and reducing structural defects.

Abstract: Diallyl ether possesses unique chemical activities due to its dual functional allyl group and ether bond and is thus a high-value-added fine chemical with diverse applications. In this work, thin-plate ZSM-5 is synthesized and then subjected to alkaline post-treatment to improve its catalytic performance for allyl alcohol etherification to diallyl ether. The study shows that the post-treatment impacts on both the microstructure and acidic properties of ZSM-5. Although the selectivity of diallyl ether obtained over different ZSM-5 catalysts are similarly high, the treatment with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide and/or dilute NaOH solutions enhances the conversion of allyl alcohol. The highest turnover number of the reaction achieves when there is a moderate amount of strong acid sites in ZSM-5. This study contributes to the knowledge base for potential application of ZSM-5 in diallyl ether production from allyl alcohol.