This analyses the impact of competition on liquidity creation in the banking industry of the United States. For the purposes of this paper panel data of US banks for the period of 1976-2000 is chosen as a sample. The plausible endogeneity issue is addressed by employing instrumental variables and then implementing two stages least squares method. Besides this, crisis period of 1990-1992 is also analyzed to compare effect with in “normal times”. The results show that decrease in the level of competition negatively affects the liquidity creation ability of banks in the US and this impact is even more negative during the crisis period.

The financial inclusion, including all the people with the finance, is very concerned issue all over the world where Bangladesh is also trying to include all the people with the finance. Bangladesh lies in such a group of countries where only 17.6% - 38.6% adults are presently under the reach of the formal financial services. This is because the present banks and other formal financial modes consider the outcome and profitability in a way that, the rural and non-developed areas are always out of the consideration. But these areas consist of the most population of Bangladesh. And only then financial inclusiveness will be successful in Bangladesh when people from these regions will be under formal financial consideration. The paper seeks for a solution to the issue and presents the Unit Banking System as a probable way towards financial inclusion. For implementing the system in Bangladesh, the system needs a slight modification to cope in Bangladeshi economic condition and address the specific needs without hampering the surroundings. Considering all these, the paper shows the status, problems and key points of financial scenario of inclusion in Bangladesh and shows policy for a Modified Unit banking System.

In the repercussions of the latest financial crisis that have occurred on the years 2008-2009, to fortify the stability of the banking systems, policy makers, and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision – BCBS, together with national regulators have built up a few safety measures, and structures to guarantee that banks establishments keep up adequate capital levels through using risk management tools, in specific the Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Processes (ICAAP). They all have called for thorough evaluations and assessments for the structure and components of risk management frameworks, tools, and practices whether by banks, regulators, analysts and risk management experts consistently, to ascertain the adequacy of the banking systems, policies, arrangements and techniques for overseeing risks, and guaranteeing the sufficiency of holding appropriate capital levels for confronting normal, as well as adverse and unexpected situations or emergencies. The main objectives of this research study is to shed the light on the ICAAP as one of the main keys of risk management programs, a process by which banks can use to ensure that they operate with an appropriate levels of capital, forward looking processes for capital planning covering a broad range of risks across banks, activities beyond simple capital management, and brings together risk and capital management activities in a form that can be used to support business decisions. The research study shall evaluate the significant relationship between the Banking System Stability (dependent variable) and the Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP – independent variable) with evidence from the Egyptian Banking Sector.

This is a quantitative research based on secondary sources of data. The study examines the influence of Chief Executive Officer’s (CEO) compensation on a firm's performance. The objectives of the study were to determine if CEO compensation and firm size do significantly influence a firm’s performance. In other to elicit information to examine the relationship between the variables, the convenience sampling technique, with the combination of both the cross-sectional and time-series data (panel data) were used since they provide greater precision and guard against having an illusory sample. 10 banks quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange were sampled for easy accessibility of data. The least square regression technique was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Two hypotheses were tested using panel least square (EViews 8) and from the research work, we summarize the following results; there is a significant relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance in the Nigerian banking industry. In addition, firm size does significantly influence firm performance in the Nigerian banking industry. The study recommends that there should be proper compensation review as this will increase the productivity of the executives. Since increased pay is necessary for the efficiency of the workers, it is advised to ensure a considerable pay as this will ensure for efficiency in the organization. In addition, since the core goal of setting up any business is to make a profit, business organisations should sort out ways at maximising profit and this could include cutting down expenses such as cutting down excessive employees’ pay (CEOs pay especially) and setting apposite pay package for employees. Therefore, policymakers (board of directors) should make an effort to align CEO’s paywith the firm’s capability to pay.

This study investigated the integration of indigenous knowledge with modern Customer Relationship Management (CRM) practices in the Indian banking sector. Through a comprehensive analysis of secondary data from industry surveys, government reports, and academic studies (2018-2023), we explored how this integration impacts customer satisfaction, loyalty, and financial inclusion. Our findings reveal that banks that incorporate indigenous practices experience a 25% increase in customer satisfaction scores, 30% lower churn rates, and 20% higher cross-selling success. Financial inclusion metrics have improved significantly, with rural account ownership increasing from 70% to 85% (2018-2023). We identify five key areas of indigenous knowledge integration: personalized relationship management, community-centric banking, vernacular communication, cultural event-based products, and traditional value-aligned services. Despite the challenges in technology integration and staff training, the successful implementation demonstrates the potential of this approach. This study concludes that integrating indigenous knowledge with CRM practices leads to more culturally relevant and effective banking services, contributing to India's financial inclusion and economic development goals. This study provides a framework for banks to create inclusive strategies that are potentially applicable to other sectors in culturally diverse markets.

Fintech's emergence is one of the most significant developments in finance, and its application has been of much interest and popularity in recent decades. This study aims to explore the adoption of fintech in emerging economies by employing a structural equation model. The study's sample population consists of bank clients of Ethiopian commercial banks who have used financial technology platforms for at least one year. The total number of sample sizes is 440. The data collection instrument used for this study is a questionnaire (seven-point likert scales ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree). Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was implemented using Amos software to examine the relationship between variables. The findings of the study support the hypotheses that various factors, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, traliaility, and user innovativeness, significantly influence the adoption and usage of fintech services. The study recommends that FinTech companies implement pilot programs to allow potential users to trial FinTech services on a limited basis before full commitment. Fintech industries should engage with local communities through events, seminars, and workshops to introduce fintech services. Having community leaders and respected individuals advocate for the technology can enhance acceptance.

Banking sector is generally taken out of sample while the sustainability performance, and the financial performance are compared with each other. The core aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the declarations made in the cope of sustainability reports on the financial performance in the banking sector. Seven banks were included in the study which were placed at least one time in BIST Sustainability Index in between 2010-2017 years. Environment, human resources, product liability and community involvement were determined as sustainability criteria and return on assets, return on equity and net interest margin were determined as financial performance criteria. Non-Parametric Statistic Tests and Panel Data Analysis were used for analysis and types, and the sizes of banks were selected as dummy variables. As a result, it is found that the declarations of sustainability reports have a significant effect only on return on assets and have no significant effect on return on equity and net interest margin. And also, when we analyzed the relationship of sustainability criteria and return on assets, we found that the declarations about environment and human resources have negative effects on return on assets.

This research study aims to explore how during COVID-19, the adoption of online banking is impacted by various factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived security, and trust. The data were collected using the primary questionnaire with 98 respondents. The study investigates the direct effect using the PLS-SEM method, and the indirect effects are analyzed using mediation analysis. The study indicates that perceived security is an important factor that impacts the adoption of online banking by self-help groups in India. Trust in online banking without allaying the fears of banking online does not lead to the adoption of technology. Perceived ease of use and ease of usage directly impact the adoption of online banking by the members of self-help groups in India. The study is the first-ever study to measure the indirect impact of trust on the intention to use online banking by the members of self-help groups in India This study has far-reaching implications for policymakers and banks. To increase the adoption of online banking, it is important to allay the fears of security among the members of self-help groups in India.

This study examined the determinants of domestic savings mobilization among the rural poor in Uasin-Gishu county, Kenya. The general notion is that the subsistence farmers are too poor to save. This seems to be unfounded given the fact that they are general excluded from formal financial services and studies on poverty in the country show that the average propensity of the rural households to save is higher than the national average. What are the factors which motivate small scale farmers to save? The study was conducted on 446 table banking groups under the aegis of JOYWO, a table banking grouping in Kenya. Data was collected using structured questionnaires from members of groups under the umbrella of JOYWO. The findings of the study indicates that household income had a positive and significant effect on savings mobilization while dependency ratio had a negative and significant effect on savings mobilization. Household size was not significant. The results point to the need to expose the rural poor to informal savings and financing models expected to enhance income generating capabilities of the rural poor and lower the level dependency through government welfare funding for senior citizens and essential services for the young.

As the demand for a more sustainable society increases, adopting a sustainable banking approach serves as a competitive advantage for banks that are focused on attaining bank loyalty. This study revolves around understanding the role of sustainable banking practices on bank loyalty, while exploring the mediating effect of corporate image in the relationship between sustainable banking practices and bank loyalty. 511 data derived from customers of the banking sector was adopted for this study. Result from the structural equation modeling shows that sustainable banking practices positively and directly affects bank loyalty and corporate image, corporate image directly and positively affect bank loyalty, and also mediates in the relationship between sustainable banking practices and bank loyalty.

This report is on online banking and information systems in online banking. It throws some light on the introduction and historical background of online banking. Next, in this term report online banking information is explained in detailed. We collected a few articles, related to internet banking, on which other researchers have worked. Then further we have brief them into a table where we have mentioned their problems and limitations. Next, we discussed them in detail, giving an overview of each article. Lastly, recommendations for the online banking sectors are also mentioned.

Islamic banks (IBs) have been criticized as not being genuinely Islamic, and the methods in measuring their performances have been debatable. While the literature on IBs performance has been emerging, such studies precisely assess its recent development remains absent. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the development of scholarly articles that measure IBs’ performances. We employ bibliometric analysis and sample related articles from the Scopus database. We find that the development of IBs performance literature may be understood by 111 peer-reviewed journal articles, 4 conference papers, 1 book, and 1 book series. We analyze these materials based on publication sources, country and institution affiliation, keywords association, and cluster dendrogram. Our model that quantifies the keywords association and cluster dendrogram provides a novelty in assessing IBs performance literature development. Future studies may replicate our model to cluster and identify the keyword associations from the unstructured data sources.

The following article analyses the relationship between Non-Performing Loans and innovation systems at a global level. The analysed data were obtained from the World Bank and the Global Innovation Index for the period 2013-2022 for 149 countries. The analysis was conducted using clustering with the k-Means algorithm, optimized with the Silhouette coefficient and the Elbow method. Subsequently, econometric analysis was carried out using panel data with Random Ef-fects and Fixed Effects. The clustering results show that the optimal number of clusters is three. The econometric analysis highlights the positive relationship between Non-Performing Loans, the exports of cultural and creative services, and the Innovation Input Sub-Index. The results also show the negative relationship between Non-Performing Loans, the H-Index, and the exports and imports of ICT services.

The aim of this study is to examine the short-run and the long-run equilibrium relationship between banking sector’s efficiency and stability and its endogenous and exogenous determinants such as inflation and international oil prices shocks in Saudi Arabia over the period 2004–2022. This study differentiates between the direct and indirect effects of international oil price changes on bank efficiency and stability to investigate the extent to which these changes can affect the banking sector through inflation. The first stage consists of using a panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL). The empirical result confirms the existence of a long/short run relationship between oil price shocks and stability and efficiency of banks. In the long run the relationship is statistically significant and positive and is negative in the short run. On the other hand, this study finds that oil price shocks directly affect the stability and efficiency of banks. In the second stage, this study uses a nonlinear ARD (NARD) to examine the short- and long-run asymmetric impacts of oil price shocks on the stability and efficiency of banks by decomposing the oil price index into positive and negative changes. The finding confirms an asymmetric relationship between oil prices and the stability and efficiency of banks in Saudi Arabia. In addition, a positive change in oil price can affect the stability and efficiency of banks more than a negative one. Overall, the finding highlights the need for policymakers in Saudi Arabia to be vigilant in addressing the potential risks arising from oil price fluctuations and to adopt appropriate policy measures to maintain stability and efficiency in the banking sector.

Currently, the Bangladeshi financial sector is undergoing significant transformations. With the expansion of the infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of digital banking services, it is essential to take measures to prevent cyberattacks. These threats can be effectively mitigated through the utilization of deep learning and machine learning techniques. Through the analysis of massive amounts of banking data in real-time, these methods make it possible to detect and prevent malicious software, fraud, and security breaches that are proactive. Because the government is actively pushing for financial inclusion and digitalization, strong cybersecurity measures are more important than they have ever been. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the application of deep learning and machine learning to improve the cybersecurity environment of Bangladesh’s banking sector in light of the country’s rapidly expanding digital economy.

In recent years, the digital economy has played an increasingly important role in enhancing productivity, fostering growth, and facilitating the emergence of digital banking. With the widespread adoption of digital financial services for financial inclusion, the banking sector is experiencing a demand for digital transformation. It is important to note that despite the many advantages of this change, it also disrupts the familiar banking experience that customers have grown to expect, as well as introducing potential risks to maintaining customer protection at previous levels. Many critics have raised concerns regarding customer protection and potential exposure to various risks that may arise from digital financial services, which may result in both financial and non-financial losses. These risks can impact customer retention as dissatisfied customers may switch to alternative service providers. Additionally, reputation can be affected since merely offering digital financial services may not sufficiently safeguard customers. To remain competitive, financial institutions must deliver a secure experience that aligns with customer expectations while considering economic factors and societal needs. This is why it is essential to comprehend the severity of the risk factors that influence the protection of customers in the realm of digitalized banking services and products. In this study, five factors have been identified that influence customer protection when using digital financial services in Pakistan. Based on the analysis conducted using SmartPLS, it appears that all the factors proposed in this study have a significant and positive impact on the protection of customers. In particular, the information provided remains of paramount importance when it comes to determining the level of protection that a customer is entitled to within digital financial services, followed by responsiveness, privacy, authentication, and encryption mechanisms. Due to these findings, the implementation of enhanced information security management principles becomes imperative for the development and progress of the Pakistani digital banking industry.

This manuscript reviews the relationship between customer perception factors and AI-enabled customer experience in the Ecuadorian banking industry. The study employs a self-designed online questionnaire with five factors for customer perception (convenience in use, personalization, trust, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction) and two categories for AI-enabled customer experience (AI-hedonic customer experience and AI-recognition customer service). The final valid dataset consisted of 226 questionnaires. The data analyses and the hypotheses tests were done using SPSS 26 and structural equation modeling, respectively. The main findings displayed that all five customer perception factors have a positive and significant effect on AI-enabled customer experience in the Ecuadorian banking industry. Study results are aligned with previous findings from other countries, particularly the banking environment in the United Kingdom, Canada, Nigeria, and Vietnam. The AI techniques involved in the financial sector increase the valuation of customer experience due to AI algorithms recollecting, processing, and analyzing customer behavior. This study contributes with a complete statistical and econometric model for determinants of AI-enabled customer experience. The main restriction of the study is the particular analysis of the most demanded AI financial services (not all services and products are included) and the inexistence of a customer perception index. For upcoming research, the authors recommend performing a longitudinal study using quantitative data to measure the effect of AI-enabled customer experience on the Ecuadorian banks’ performance.

Money launderers prefer to use financial services as the ideal medium to launder. The study aimed to provide an overview of the global AML/CFT regulations, application and how they should evolve in this dynamic environment. To gather more insight, a qualitative study was undertaken with relevant documents analysed. The main findings were: country implementation of the global AML/CFT regulations differed due to political and economic factors amongst others. While the various AML/CFT enforcements done by sampled countries were mainly cease and desist orders and monetary penalties which were publicized; and drawbacks of global AML/CFT regulations centered on application of these regulations and emerging trends. These include among other definitions of money laundering, reference to the three stage of money laundering, link between penalty and violations, technological innovations and regulations paradigm shift, cyber-attacks and data privacy. The study contributes to application and growing body of knowledge in that the advent of technology has resulted in better consumer experiences, new payment platforms, products, and services. However, these innovations have broadened emerging money laundering risks and risks in general to the financial system. Hence the need to conduct research based FATF Recommendations as risk is dynamic and not static.

The global financial crisis of 2008, triggered by the collapse of Lehman Brothers, highlighted a banking system that was widely exposed to systemic risk. The minimization of the systemic risk via a close and detailed monitoring of the entire banking network became a priority. This is a complex and demanding task considering the size of the banking systems: in the US and the EU they include more than 10000 institutions. In this paper, we introduce a methodology which identifies a subset of banks that can: a) efficiently represent the behavior of the whole banking system and b) provide, in the case of a failure, a plausible range of the crisis dispersion. The proposed methodology can be used by the regulators as an auxiliary monitoring tool, to identify groups of banks that are potentially in distress and try to swiftly remedy their problems and minimize the propagation of the crisis by restricting contagion. This methodology is based on Graph Theory and more specifically Complex Networks. We termed this setting a “multivariate Threshold – Minimum Dominating Set” (mT–MDS) and it is an extension of the Threshold – Minimum Dominating Set methodology (Gogas e.a., 2016). The method was tested on a dataset of 570 U.S. banks: 429 solvent and 141 failed ones. The variables used to create the networks are: the total interest expense, the total interest income, the tier 1 (core) risk-based capital and the total assets. The empirical results reveal that the proposed methodology can be successfully employed as an auxiliary tool for the efficient supervision of a large banking network.

The striving for sustainable development has become the goal of actions undertaken not only by representatives of public authorities and institutions representing this sector, but also representatives of private entities who are increasingly recognizing the benefits and sources of long-term development based on the principles and objectives of sustainable development. These are mainly based on the pursuit of synergy in the three basic areas of activities, i.e., in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions as well as in the maintenance of natural resources. The implementation of these activities is connected with the necessity of incurring financial expenditures, which the government (public sector) does not have in the required value. Therefore, in the process of sustainable development for which the government is responsible, the active participation of the financial sector (banks) is necessary. Achieving results within the alliance of the concept of sustainable development requires the setting of a kind of contract, the parties of which are the government, society, and financial institutions. The purpose of the conducted research is to indicate by which means the government and the financial sector can stimulate economic growth towards its sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to bring out a scientometric analysis of the advances of digital transformation in the global banking sector. For this, a background search of the term "Digital Transformation Banking " has been brought out from the Web of Science (Wos) Database, covering records published between 2002 and 2023. A set of 312 publications was identified, which mainly includes a set of 264 academic articles, 29 articles published without cataloging a specific volume of a journal, 9 articles under review, 5 editorial material documents, 4 conference articles, and 1 document is a book chapter. Nowadays the scientific production is low but showing growing development presenting 123 publications and 7,754 citations for the year 2022. Among the scientific production, 43 publications from the Republic of China (8.8%) and 35 publications from Ukraine (7.8%) stand out. ,2%). It is also worth mentioning that the most relevant authors on this topic are Ricardo Palomo, professor and dean of San Pablo University, and Robert J Kauffman, professor at Singapore Management University in terms of influence. Main institutions in terms of scientific production, mainly: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) of the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences of Russia.

The Covid-19 health crisis and its related confinement measures and policies has had a significant impact on the telework adoptions rates, where many businesses were affected abruptly without being prepared, resulting in numerous ad-hoc applications especially while assessing employee’s performance and productivity while working remotely. The difficulties that have emerged with the pandemic have revealed the fragility of the traditional performance appraisal process and the unintentional existence of proximity bias. The Lebanese liquidity crisis is an ongoing financial crisis affecting Lebanon that became fully apparent toward late-2019 when large demonstrations erupted amid acute political instability and economic challenges. In light of the compounded simultaneous occurrence of recurring episodes of COVID-19 outbreaks and the ongoing country’s financial liquidity crisis, the standing of the Lebanese banking sector – who played key roles in the Lebanese economy and were long considered as financially sound and stable – has drastically changed. Faced with such a situation, Lebanese commercial banks started contracting both their branch network and human capital base, and thus they been forced to rethink their human capital strategies by implementing new practices allowing them to adapt to this context of crisis. It is in this perspective that the present research work is inscribed, where we explore the main managerial practices and processes implemented within top Lebanese banks to assess their employee’s performance during the compounded simultaneous crises. A thematic qualitative analysis method of an exploratory nature was adopted, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior managers from top Lebanese commercial banks. Results were processed using a deductive approach for themes identifications. Accordingly, it was concluded that in such times of acute crisis, Lebanese banks have altered the purpose of their Performance Appraisal Review (PAR) process and have implicitly or explicitly adopted a Forced Ranking method to primarily focus on retaining just the top performers, while placing those at the bottom on probation with the risk of termination.

Nowadays, many Muslim-majority countries have implemented a dual banking system, namely the sharia and conventional systems. The development of Islamic banks is to fulfill the Muslims' need for the existence of halal transactions in financial institutions. However, in some countries, it turns out that conventional banks still dominate the country's economy. Because of that, it is necessary to see whether there are differences in financial risk and Earnings management between Islamic and conventional banks. The samples are conventional and Islamic banks in Southeast Asia, analyzed by the purposive sampling method from 2010-2019. The analytical tool used is the statistical difference test and economometrics analysis using generalized least square (GLS) regression with panel data (time series and cross-sectional data). These models are intended to forecasting the macroeconomics effects in applying dual banking system in one country or region. The results using non parametrics means difference test showed that the first hypothesis is accepted It means that Earnings management in conventional banks is greater than in Islamic banks. The Random Model Effect (REM) for second and third hypotheses testing on Conventional banks shows the Bankruptcy Risk and NPL do not affect the dependent variable Earnings Management (LLP). While fixed effect model testing on Islamic banks, the second and third hypothesis testing is rejected. Therefor Islamic Banks the value of Bankruptcy Risk (z-score) and the value of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) do not affect Earnings management. It also means that hypothesis 2 and 3 are rejected both in conventional as well as Islamic Banking. Sensitivity analysis for conventional as well as Islamic banking altogether using fixed effect model shows that the second and third hypotheses show that the independent variables (Bankruptcy Risk and NPL) do not affect the dependent variable Earnings Management (LLP). These results can be concluded that Islamic bank are enganged in less earnings management. Therefor in the the long run there are still more research that should conduct in comparing dual banking system in one region.

The main purpose of study is to identify the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the green financing of banks and non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) in an emerging economy such as Bangladesh. Also, this study shows the green banking activities of the banks and NBFIs during the pandemic. To analyze the impact of the pandemic on green financing, secondary data were obtained from the quarterly and annual reports of Bangladesh Bank (BB) on green financing as well as the annual reports and websites of 61 banks and 34 NBFIs in Bangladesh for the period 2021–2019. Subsequently, the study deployed dependent t-test statistics, growth rate (year-on-year), descriptive statistics, relative percentage changes, and varying tables and graphs to analyze the obtained secondary data. The empirical findings revealed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in green finance for all banks and NBFIs compared to before the epidemic, indicating that the pandemic had no negative impact on the total green finance growth of all banks and NBFIs. On the other hand, compared to the pre-pandemic period, bank-wise growth in green financing was higher for state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs), specialized banks (SDBs), and private commercial banks (PCBs) but lower for foreign-owned commercial banks (FCBs) during the COVID-19 epidemic. This suggests that the pandemic does not affect the expansion of green finance by SOCBs, SDBs and PCBs but significantly impacted the growth of green financing by FCBs. Furthermore, the research findings showed that the total outstanding and classified loans within the green finance investment decrease for both banks and NBFIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicated that the Bangladeshi banks’ level of automation towards green banking were satisfactory during the pandemic. Therefore, major policy implications for the green economic recovery by the government, BB, and managers of the banks and financial institutions in emerging economies like Bangladesh were discussed.

A longstanding debate is raised about how far does the credit sector promote local investment and whether banking sector is efficacious in the meaning it helps respond to investors financing requirements and whether it serves the conduct of monetary policy in its conventional formulation. There are much concerns also about the alternatives of monetary policy conduct when the interest rate channel transmission mechanism does no longer work in terms of effectiveness of monetary policy and how to step aside credit supply insufficiencies and disruptions in order to respond to excess credit demand. This article provides an assessment of the relevance of unconventional monetary policy to deal with the issue of the vicious role played by the credit sector in its failure to fulfill banking sector efficacy due to an excessive search for yield motivation and extreme awareness from systemic risk. We run an ARDL and Bound test to the data collected on the Tunisian banking sector and show that Banking sector efficacy is affected in the short run by Fisherian sensitivity another expression of the impact of inflation on real activity and banking sector specificities and in the long run it is affected by the impact of inflation on real activity and business cycle effects expressed in terms of sensitivities of Credit supply and demand to output gap. Banking specificities do no longer matter in the long run and banking sector efficacy is not at all affected by Monetary policy in the short run because of nominal rigidities and in the long run because of monopolistic competition and backward oriented expectations that diverts the pass through effect of monetary policy as the pricing of loans is exclusively tributary on the search for yield motivation and the agency costs and result in a non competitive price of risk premiums that do not translate the transmission of monetary policy. We conclude that the behavior of the banking sector is vicious because it conveys importance exclusively to the search for yield motivation and profitability of the banking sector and to the mitigation of systemic risk and does not play any role in the promotion of local investment which is a pillar of economic performance and growth. We propose the Credit easing as an unconventional monetary policy that can step aside the hindrance of an inelastic credit supply through modifying asset prices and thereby improving attractiveness of assets to the banking sector and forcing financing through credit allocation but warn from the difficulties that might result from unconventional monetary policy in terms of inability to withdraw from the perturbation and gauge discretionary policy accurately.

This paper explores the critical role of the banking sector in facilitating the ecological transition through the integration of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) factors. By analyzing the intersection of ESG considerations and access to credit globally, the study highlights how banks can catalyze sustainable investments while balancing financial risks. Using a systematic literature review and k-Means clustering analysis, we assess the global landscape of credit access, emphasizing the implications of ESG adoption on financial stability and economic growth. The findings suggest that while ESG integration presents challenges, it offers significant opportunities for banks to enhance their competitiveness and foster resilient financial systems. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations aimed at improving the incorporation of ESG factors within credit risk management and promoting sustainable finance.

One of the fastest growing customer service delivery platforms is online banking. However, the increasing number of attacks on online banking platforms is driving the banks to constantly review their security. This study developed an enhanced Multi-factor authentication scheme with a track and trace capability to reduce these threats. Five modalities of authentication were incorporated in the proposed scheme: The traditional username, password, personal identification number (PIN) and one-time PIN (OTP), augmented with fingerprints or facial scans, registered smart devices, and a time locked user's location. One of the scheme's most impressive accomplishments is its capacity to seamlessly detect undesired activities and send alerts in the form of secretly obtained photographs and location triangulation.

The current global financial sector is dedicated to providing customers with more advanced and strategic services. With channels like internet banking, mobile phone banking, and telephone banking, the industry delivers multi-channel banking services to satisfy its clients. The COVID-19 pandemic has directly impacted the global economy, as well as the financial sector, with the banking sector facing lockdown initiatives to curb the virus's spread. As a result, mobile payment methods have been favored by people over physical money for transactions. This study analyzes the factors that influenced mobile banking usage during the pandemic in Sri Lanka.. Convenience sampling was used, comprising of 200 online questionnaires conducted among customers in Sri Lanka. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple linear regression through IBM SPSS 25. Research findings revealed that trust and risk were significant factors affecting mobile banking usage in Sri Lanka. Trust had a positive effect while Risk negatively effects to the mobile banking usage. Ease of use and Usefulness were irrelevant factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka.

Concept sustainable of banking is based on principle realization growth and profit for the bank and shareholders, but only with achievement social goals, as and care for conservation life environment. Providing new ones banking service and creation new ( green ) banking jobs, except for _ profitable, they achieve and spreads social and ecological goals, chances are with creation competitive advantages, both in countries Western Balkans observed in the work, so and in all countries of the world In this one work we will focus on analysis macroeconomic parameters in countries Western Balkans works tests influence selected indicators on performance banking system, with special in retrospect on social and component protection life environment. The results indicate that rate unemployment the most significant indicator potentially risky events for bankers, as and banks they are not recognized in national conservation strategies _ life environment which are in WB countries currently on strength. Accordingly, the former is necessary to carry out education foreign affairs, and in parallel to promote green loans like they live and in the long term more favorable of traditional loans, with update the existing one regulatory frame in the domain protection life environment.

This paper analyzes the potential strategies for a bank merger from a Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) perspective, focusing on three key criteria: profitability, market share, and service quality. In the short-term, the merged bank should prioritize optimizing financial performance through cost management, revenue stream identification, and risk management practices. Market share expansion can be achieved through targeted customer acquisition and retention efforts, market research, and competitive analysis. Service quality can be enhanced through improved customer service, efficient complaint resolution processes, and leveraging technology. These short-term plans align the merged bank's operations with the identified criteria and promote responsible banking practices that contribute towards the SDGs. In the long-term, the merged bank should focus on diversifying revenue streams, expanding its customer base, and optimizing cost structure. Long-term strategies should include establishing a strong brand presence, customer loyalty programs, and continuous improvement in service quality. The paper emphasizes the importance of monitoring progress, making necessary adjustments, and aligning with SDGs for sustained profitability and long-term success in the marketplace. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for banks considering a merger and highlight the significance of considering SDGs in their strategic planning.

The modern world is gradually moving towards a global civilisation that is automated and propelled by technology. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a highly advanced technology that has been acknowledged as a major innovation. The incorporation of this technology into the banking sector has enhanced operational procedures in relation to customer satisfaction, virtual assistance, and risk reduction. This machine is employed to streamline activities and improve how decisions are made in this sector. This study investigates the potential benefits and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in the banking sector. The methodology ensures a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of artificial intelligence in banking by showcasing its effectiveness, precision, and efficiency, as well as the opportunities it presents. The study data were collected from secondary sources, such as recent publications that demonstrate applications of artificial intelligence from five different banks, as well as the examination of industry reports. The main findings of this study demonstrate the substantial improvement of administrative operations through AI-driven technology, which effectively automates activities that include inputting data and handling information. As a result, the frequency of mistakes caused by people has reduced, leading to a 30% decrease in operational expenditures for all evaluated institutions. However, the banking industry admits the challenges it encounters, such as issues with confidentiality and a scarcity of skilled employees. In the financial services industry, the integration of artificial intelligence into the banking sector is perceived as an advantageous chance instead of a harmful danger, with a greater potential for beneficial impact.

This study investigates how customers’ technological readiness affects service quality and the adoption of self-service banking by developing an empirical model. The model was proposed to explore the relationships between technology readiness, self-service quality, and customer satisfaction. The hypotheses and stability of the model were tested using structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that technology readiness, including the optimism, innovation, and insecurity dimensions, had a significant positive impact on self-service quality. In addition, service quality fully mediated the relationship between technological readiness and customer satisfaction. These results suggest that when customers are ready to embrace and use new technology, their evaluation of service quality is high. Thus, bank managers should drive customer perceptions of the quality of self-service banking by improving their technological readiness through various measures. Furthermore, based on the mediating effect of self-service quality, banks must be aware that improving service quality can enhance customer satisfaction and maintain a competitive advantage.

This paper aims to provide an evaluation of how Value Added Tax (VAT) policy alterations influence market liquidity, trading volume, and stock performance. To fill the existing literature gap on the direct effect of (VAT) adjustments on stock market dynamic, particulate within the banking industry. The study employs an event study methodology to analyse the immediate and medium-term effects on bank stocks listed in markets subject to a (VAT) adjustments. The core of the study analysis is anchored around two pivotal events, the initial application of (VAT) on 1st January 2018, and the subsequent (VAT) increase to 15% on 1st July 2020 using MATLAB R2022b. The study analysis encompasses the period immediately before and after the introduction and subsequent increase (VAT) in kingdom Saudi Ariba (KSA) employing an eleven sample comprises the (KSA) largest banks with a ±7 days window period from the event. The analysis revels that the imposition of 5% (VAT) lead a substation downturn in trading volume and stock returns of 9.5%, and 39.5%, subsequently. While when the (VAT) was increased by 15% the market exhibited a mixed but ultimately positive response of 3.3% trading volumes increases and 128.7% average stock return recovery.

Fintech facilitates financial inclusion by introducing new sustainable and accessible business models in developing countries. Open banking API technology is used by various fintech businesses in both developing and developed countries, with varying effects on financial markets. It changes the financial market distribution structure by separating financial product manufacturing and distribution and intensifying competition between traditional financial institutions and fintech companies. Fintech companies innovate by using this tool to create new business models. In December 2019, Korea established a standardized "open banking API platform," sharing an interbank payment network with fintech companies. It has since shown explosive growth, surpassing the trading volume of the UK, the country that introduced open banking APIs for the first time. This study analyzes new business models fintech companies created using this API technology. Based on existing literature, statistics from the platform operator (the Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute), and investigations of 30 Korean fintech mobile applications, this study analyzes new fintech business models that provide financial services using this platform. These companies create sustainable business models by combining multiple APIs. Four representative business models (simple funds transfer, simple payment, cross-border remittance, and asset management) are analyzed to reveal how fintech companies create business models with open APIs.

This study examines the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into global banking practices and their impact on financial stability, measured by the Bank to Capital Asset Ratio. Through a comprehensive literature review and data analysis, the paper highlights the dual role of banks as catalysts for ESG investment and risk managers. It discusses the challenges and opportunities in transitioning to ESG-aligned business models, emphasizing the importance of regulatory frameworks and risk management approaches. The findings suggest that ESG integration enhances bank stability and competitiveness, contributing to sustainable economic development. The paper concludes with policy implications and recommendations for further integration of ESG factors into banking governance.

The rapid emergence of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), driven by blockchain technology and smart contracts, is transforming the landscape of the financial industry by enabling peer-to-peer financial services without traditional intermediaries. This paper examines the impact of DeFi on traditional banking systems, focusing on the opportunities, challenges, and future directions of this revolutionary financial model. We explore how DeFi disrupts traditional financial intermediation by offering faster, cheaper, and more transparent financial services, potentially reducing the dominance of conventional banks. The study addresses critical issues such as regulatory challenges, including compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements, and the importance of consumer protection in a decentralized environment. We also investigate collaboration opportunities between traditional banks and DeFi platforms, which could lead to innovative financial products and services. To provide a comprehensive analysis, the paper employs a mixed-method approach, combining a review of recent literature, empirical data, case studies, and expert interviews. The findings highlight significant gaps in current regulatory frameworks and emphasize the need for a balanced approach that fosters innovation while ensuring financial stability and consumer safety. This study concludes by offering recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and DeFi developers to harness the potential of DeFi while addressing its inherent risks, paving the way for the sustainable growth of decentralized finance in the broader financial ecosystem.

The rapid expansion of Bangladesh's financial infrastructure, coupled with the increasing digitization of banking services, underscores the critical importance of cybersecurity. Machine learning and deep learning methodologies have emerged as potent tools in combating cyber threats such as intrusion, malware, and fraud. By harnessing artificial intelligence and data-driven analysis, these techniques enable real-time scrutiny of vast banking data, facilitating proactive defense against cyberattacks. Bangladesh's evolving financial landscape, characterized by governmental digitalization initiatives and a national financial inclusion strategy, heightens the imperative for robust cybersecurity measures. This paper explores the application of machine learning and deep learning techniques in bolstering banking cybersecurity within the context of Bangladesh's burgeoning digital economy.

This research explores the influence of nationality and financial literacy on satisfaction with neobank services among university students. Through a comparative analysis between German and international students, the study unveils that international students exhibit significantly higher satisfaction levels, suggesting that cultural differences and the requirement for international financial services play a crucial role Oishi et al., 1999. Although financial literacy was anticipated to have a strong impact, its effect on satisfaction did not reach statistical significance, indicating a nuanced relationship. This perhaps because the study sample of students partaking in the survey was mostly Graduate students in the field of Economics, Finance and Management. Demographic factors such as gender and age were found to be less influential compared to nationality and financial acumen Gelfand et al., 2011. These findings highlight the importance of tailored financial services and the potential of financial education in enhancing neobank satisfaction Gerrans et al., 2014. The study contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior in digital banking, offering insights for neobanks aiming to improve service adoption and customer loyalty within the university student demographic.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of portfolio risk management using Value at Risk (VaR) for a banking sector investment portfolio. We evaluate a portfolio composed of SBI, HDFC, Axis Bank, and ICICI Bank, using historical data from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024. The report covers the calculation of VaR, portfolio variance, and standard deviation, highlighting the impact of different weightage adjustments on the portfolio’s risk profile. Two scenarios—one with increased weightage in SBI and another with increased weightage in HDFC—demonstrate how changes in asset allocation affect potential losses. The findings emphasize the importance of strategic asset allocation for both speculators and hedgers. Speculators are advised to focus on high volatility and market trends, while hedgers should prioritize stability and risk management. This analysis aids investors in making informed decisions to balance risk and return in their banking sector investments.

The study investigates the determinants of mobile Internet banking adoption among Gen-Y in Malaysia. Align the issue of the study and research objectives, and the study underpinned Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the main guideline or a blueprint to analyze the research model. The study applied survey research design and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) under the PLS-SEM technique with SmartPLS 2.0. A total of 358 mobile internet banking users in Malaysia were random proportional selected as respondents and analyzed. Results from the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, facilitating condition, and personal innovativeness in IT have significantly influenced the attitude of mobile internet banking adoption in Malaysia. Additionally, perceived ease of use and facilitating conditions found to have a significant influence on the perceived usefulness of Mobile Internet Banking. Lastly, facilitating conditions and personal innovativeness in IT are significantly influence the perceived ease of use of mobile internet banking among Gen-Y in Malaysia

The dynamics of society is enabled, in large part, through an efficient matching between people who have money to lend and people who have a need to borrow. Fair loans serve both the lender and the borrower. This task is handled today mostly via traditional banks. They offer various plans to depositors from whence they serve borrowers. Proposing to replace such rigidity with cyberspace-rooted dynamic ad-hoc global matching of lenders and borrowers. Uniquely here we build a chain of lenders to support a single borrower. Lenders will post a proposition to lend a given amount of money for a stated duration for a set interest rate. Borrowers will post a request to borrow a desired amount of money, for a specified duration, and for which they are ready to pay a stated interest. A virtual digital bank (VDB) will match all the posts, negotiate terms as necessary, and move the money -- everyone benefits. Distributed Digital Lending, DDL, applies to macro, long terms loans, as well as to micro. very short terms loans. DDL efficiency will ensure that all money at rest will be money in growth, and the full global lending capacity will be put to good service through the exact loans borrowers want. DDL is hinged in digital transactions which are immediate, irrevocable, and private, per regulatory allowance. The matching is optimized with AI tools. BitMint*LeVeL is the design standard coin for DDL, but other digital money options will do too.

We have estimated the level of Risk Weighted Assets among 30 countries in Europe, in 30 trimesters, using data of the European Banking Authority-EBA of 139 variables. We perform an econometric model using Pooled OLS, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Weighted Least Squares. We found that Risk Weighted Assets is negatively associated, among others, to the level of NFC loans in mining and quarrying, in public administration and defence, and in financial and insurance activities and positively associated, among others to distribution of NFC loans in human health services and social work activities, in education and the level of net fee and commission income. Furthermore, we apply a cluster analysis with the k-Means algorithm, and we find the presence of two clusters. A comparison was then made between eight different machine learning algorithms for predicting the value of the RWAs and we found that the best predictor is the linear regression. The RWA value is predicted to increase by 1.5%.

To compare concentrations of endogenous N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) lipid mediators pal-mitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and anandamide (AEA) in fresh, decon-taminated, cryopreserved and freeze-dried amniotic membrane (AM) allografts. Thereby deter-mining whether AM's analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficiency related to NAEs persists during storage. The concentrations of NAEs were measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chro-matography-tandem mass spectrometry. Indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to detect the PEA PPARα receptor. The concentrations of PEA, OEA, and AEA were significantly higher after decontamination. A significant decrease was found in cryopreserved AM compared to decontaminated tissue for PEA but not for OEA and AEA. However, significantly higher val-ues for all NAEs were detected in cryopreserved samples compared to fresh tissue before decon-tamination. The freeze-dried AM had similar values to decontaminated AM with no statistically significant difference. The nuclear staining of PPARα receptor was clearly visible in all specimens. The stability of NAEs in AM after cryopreservation was demonstrated under tissue bank storage conditions. However, a significant decrease, but still higher concentration of PEA compared to fresh not decontaminated tissue was found in cryopreserved, but not frieze-dried AM. Results in-dicate that NAEs persist during storage in levels sufficient for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of AM allografts.

Abstract: The human race has always innovated, and in a relatively short time went from building fires and making stone-tipped arrows to creating smartphone apps and autonomous robots. Today, technological progress will undoubtedly continue to change the way we work, live, and survive in the coming decades. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the world has witnessed the emergence of social media, smartphones, self-driving cars, and autonomous flying vehicles. There have also been huge leaps in energy storage, artificial intelligence, and medical science. We are facing immense challenges in global warming and food security, among many other issues. While human innovation has contributed to many of the problems we are facing, it is also human innovation and ingenuity that can help humanity deal with these issues “New directions in science are launched by new tools much more often than by new concepts. The effect of a concept-driven revolution is to explain old things in new ways. The effect of a tool-driven revolution is to discover new things that have to be explained”. (F. Dyson, 1997 In this article, we review the impact of technology as evolving at beginning of 21st Century on future prospect of Energy demand either renewable or non-renewable form, Economy, to Ecommerce, Education and any other E-related of Modern Technology.

This study, which investigates the impact of foreign bank entry on the efficiency and sustainability of domestic banks in developing countries using a Meta-Frontier analysis to estimate efficiency scores, presents findings of significant importance to banking and finance. By incorporating financial, social, and environmental sustainability proxies—such as efficiency, loan portfolio composition, and macroeconomic conditions—this study assesses whether foreign competition enhances or undermines the long-term stability of domestic banking sectors. The results show that while foreign banks can improve financial efficiency, they may destabilize domestic banks, notably smaller or less capitalized institutions. Additionally, the findings suggest that banks with higher investments in SME lending and green projects demonstrate better social and environmental sustainability. Policymakers and financial institutions must consider these dual effects when promoting foreign bank entry.

The Estimation of systemic risk in India is still in its infancy stage. There are several methods which are available but none of the methods are fully compatible to forecast the systemic risk since under different circumstances the factors responsible for the risk differs. In this paper the systemic risk estimation in India being carried out based on spread in daily stock market price(Difference between the bid and ask price of a share) of the top 100 firms in India according to market capitalization for the period of July2007 to March 2016. The results were compared with the Financial Stability Report published by Reserve Bank Of India for the period of March 2010 to June 2016.The results clearly indicates that there exits relationship between market illiquidity represented by spread and risks associated with the Financial System. In most of the cases the Z score (deviation from the mean/Standard Deviation) of the spread has become negative which provides the spread which is farther from the mean, also a good indicator of volatility in market and risk to financial system. It is also seen that the Systemic Risk Survey conducted by Reserve Bank of India which started during October 2011 has supported the results.