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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci1020045

Influence of Gravitational Shielding on Time Dilation

Stanley Raj, Sohan Jheeta, Daniel, Arun Krishna, Joseph Pious, Hudson Oliver

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: gravitational shielding; Casimir effect; electromagnetic field; gravity

Online: 8 August 2019 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0273.v1

The Theories of Relativity and Bergson's Philosophy of Duration and Simultaneity During and After Einstein's 1922 Visit to Paris

CS Unnikrishnan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein's relativity; Bergson's philosophy; Time; Simultaneity; Twin paradox; Universe; Cosmic gravity; Cosmic Relativity

Online: 23 January 2020 (16:50:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0081.v1

Symplectic Entropy as a Novel Measure for Complex Systems

Min Lei, Guang Meng, Wenming Zhang, Joshua Wade, Nilanjan Sarkar

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: symplectic geometry; symplectic principal component analysis; symplectic entropy; complex system.

Online: 16 November 2016 (12:40:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1872.v2

Alena Tensor and Its Possible Applications in Quantum Field Theory and Unification Theories

Piotr Ogonowski, Piotr Skindzier

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; quantum mechanics; general relativity; unification of interactions

Online: 1 December 2023 (07:38:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0016.v1

Visualization of Thomas-Wigner Rotations

Georg Beyerle

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: special relativity; Thomas-Wigner rotation; visualization

Online: 2 November 2017 (03:11:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0220.v1

Gravity without Newton's Gravitational Constant and No Knowledge of Mass Size

Espen Gaarder Haug

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Schwarzschild radius; weight, planck mass; planck length; measurement; gravitational constant; Heisenberg

Online: 13 August 2018 (08:24:57 CEST)

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In this paper we show that the Schwarzschild radius can be extracted easily from any gravitationally-linked phenomena without having knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant or the mass size of the gravitational object. Further, the Schwarzschild radius can be used to predict any gravity phenomena accurately, again without knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant and also without knowledge of the size of the mass, although this may seem surprising at first. Hidden within the Schwarzschild radius are the mass of the gravitational object, the Planck mass (their relative mass), and the Planck length. We do not claim to have all the answers, but this seems to indicate that gravity is quantized, even at a cosmological scale, and this quantization is directly linked to the Planck units. This also supports our view that the Newton gravitational constant is a universal composite constant of the form

G = \frac{l_{p}^{2} c^{3}}{ℏ}

, rather than relying on the Planck units as a function of G. This does not mean that Newton’s gravitational constant is not a universal constant, but that it is instead a composite universal constant that depends on the Planck length, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. Further,

\frac{G \times 1 weight unit}{c^{2}} = \frac{G}{c^{2}}

is the Schwarzschild radius off one weight unit. So G is only needed when we want to use gravity to find the weight of an object, such as weighing the Earth. This is, to our knowledge, the first paper that shows how a long series of major gravity predictions and measurements can be completed without any knowledge of the mass size of the object, or Newton’s gravitational constant. As a minimum we think it provides an interesting new angle for evaluating existing gravity theories, and it may even give us a small hint on how to combine quantum gravity with Newton and Einstein gravity.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0241.v1

Feynman Paths and Weak Values

Robert Flack, Basil Hiley

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Dirac 'trajectories'; Feynman paths; Weak values; Bohm approach.

Online: 18 April 2018 (14:29:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0134.v2

Recursive Abduction and the Universality of Physical Laws: A Logical Analysis Based on Case Studies

Yuqing He

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: abduction; recursion; physical law; Hume’s problem

Online: 11 February 2018 (04:35:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0134.v1

Recursive Abduction and Universality of Physical Laws: A Logical Analysis Based on Case Studies

Yuqing He

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Abduction; Recursion; Physical law; Hume’s problem

Online: 19 December 2017 (09:13:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0033.v1

Geometric State Sum Models from Quasicrystals

Marcelo Amaral, Fang Fang, Dugan Hammock, Klee Irwin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: self-simulation hypothesis, principle of efficient language, quasicrystals, game of life, emergence, state sum models

Online: 1 April 2021 (16:20:57 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0400.v1

A Brief Synthesis on Complex Systems

Abicumaran Uthamacumaran

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: complex systems; emergence; complexity; chaos; fractals; networks

Online: 19 August 2020 (08:26:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0230.v1

Worldlines in the Einstein's Elevator

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: special relativity, Einstein, elevator, lift, horizon, accelerated, ellipse, circle

Online: 8 March 2021 (15:29:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0512.v1

Kruskal-Szekeres Coordinates as Extrinsic Coordinates of the Schwarzschild Metric

Christopher Laforet

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Black holes; General Relativity; Schwarzschild metric

Online: 29 March 2023 (14:31:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0044.v1

An Observer-inclusive Hypothesis Suggesting a Reduction of the Perceived Universe to String Interactions

Ehud Ahissar, Moshe Fried

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: strings; light; observer; measurement; perception; interactions; relativity; non-locality; holographic principle

Online: 4 October 2019 (10:30:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0120.v1

Faraday's Law and Magnetic Induction: Cause and Effect

Paul Kinsler

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: magnetic induction, Faraday, causality

Online: 11 March 2019 (08:57:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0368.v8

Timeless State of Gravity: Possible Solution for Cosmological Constant problem

Ahmed Farag Ali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: gravity; hidden variables; information loss problem; completeness, cosmological constant problem

Online: 6 May 2020 (15:43:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0808.v2

Adaptive Network Automata Modelling of Complex Networks

Alessandro Muscoloni, Umberto Michieli, Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: complex networks; network models; link prediction; automata theory; network automata; Cannistraci-Hebb theory

Online: 24 February 2021 (10:53:48 CET)

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Many complex networks have a connectivity that might be only partially detected or that tends to grow over time, hence the prediction of non-observed links is a fundamental problem in network science. The aim of topological link prediction is to forecast these non-observed links by only exploiting features intrinsic to the network topology. It has a wide range of real applications, like suggesting friendships in social networks or predicting interactions in biological networks.The Cannistraci-Hebb theory is a recent achievement in network science that includes a theoretical framework to understand local-based link prediction on paths of length n. In this study we introduce two innovations: theory of modelling (science) and theory of realization (engineering). For the theory of modelling we first recall a definition of network automata as a general framework for modelling the growth of connectivity in complex networks. We then show that several deterministic models previously developed fall within this framework and we introduce novel network automata following the Cannistraci-Hebb rule. For the theory of realization, we present how to build adaptive network automata for link prediction, which incorporate multiple deterministic models of self-organization and automatically choose the rule that better explains the patterns of connectivity in the network under investigation. We compare Cannistraci-Hebb adaptive (CHA) network automaton against state-of-the-art link prediction methods such as structural perturbation method (SPM), stochastic block models (SBM) and artificial intelligence algorithms for graph embedding. CHA displays an overall higher link prediction performance across different evaluation frameworks on 1386 networks. Finally, we highlight that CHA offers the key advantage to explicitly explain the mechanistic rule of self-organization which leads to the link prediction performance, whereas SPM and graph embedding not. In comparison to CHA, SBM unfortunately shows irrelevant and unsatisfactory performance demonstrating that SBM modelling is not adequate for link prediction in real networks.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0326.v1

Advances of Relativity Theory

Amrit Srecko

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: bijective research methodology; Lorentz factor; planet's precession; Sagnac effect; GPS; space dragging effect

Online: 25 December 2019 (02:58:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0259.v1

Relativistic Effects Appearing at Non-Relativistic Speeds

Kenji Kawashima

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: hidden difference in relativistic energy; center of energy; time dilation; mechanical transverse wave; superposition of waves

Online: 16 March 2020 (09:39:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0808.v1

Adaptive Network Automata Modelling of Complex Networks

Alessandro Muscoloni, Umberto Michieli, Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: complex networks; network models; link prediction; automata theory; network automata; Cannistraci-Hebb theory

Online: 31 December 2020 (13:15:22 CET)

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Many complex networks have a connectivity that might be only partially detected or that tends to grow over time, hence the prediction of non-observed links is a fundamental problem in network science. The aim of topological link prediction is to forecast these non-observed links by only exploiting features intrinsic to the network topology. It has a wide range of real applications, like suggesting friendships in social networks or predicting interactions in biological networks.The Cannistraci-Hebb theory is a recent achievement in network science that includes a theoretical framework to understand local-based link prediction on paths of length n. In this study we introduce two innovations: theory of modelling (science) and theory of realization (engineering). For the theory of modelling we first recall a definition of network automata as a general framework for modelling the growth of connectivity in complex networks. We then show that several deterministic models previously developed fall within this framework and we introduce novel network automata following the Cannistraci-Hebb rule. For the theory of realization, we present how to build adaptive network automata for link prediction, which incorporate multiple deterministic models of self-organization and automatically choose the rule that better explains the patterns of connectivity in the network under investigation. We compare Cannistraci-Hebb adaptive (CHA) network automaton against state-of-the-art link prediction methods such as structural perturbation method (SPM), stochastic block models (SBM) and artificial intelligence algorithms for graph embedding. CHA displays an overall higher link prediction performance across different evaluation frameworks on 1386 networks. Finally, we highlight that CHA offers the key advantage to explicitly explain the mechanistic rule of self-organization which leads to the link prediction performance, whereas SPM and graph embedding not. In comparison to CHA, SBM unfortunately shows irrelevant and unsatisfactory performance demonstrating that SBM modelling is not adequate for link prediction in real networks.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Mössbauer Rotor Experiment as New Proof of General Relativity: Rigorous Computation of the Additional Effect of Clock Synchronization

Christian Corda

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Mössbauer rotor experiment; general theory of relativity

Online: 24 April 2019 (10:22:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0194.v2

Theoretical Studies on the Creation of Artificial Magnetic Monopoles

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Artificial magnetic monopole; new electromagnetic equations; superconducting loop; stationary wave; conservation of momentum; Lorentz conservation; magnetic potential; Dirac equation; energy gap in vacuum; pair of two Cooper pairs

Online: 6 September 2021 (14:21:23 CEST)

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The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of an artificial magnetic monopole and to introduce new electromagnetic equations by altering an electric field and a magnetic field vectors.As a principle device, a cylindrical condenser is prepared, and a superconducting loop is inserted into it. By this conduction, radial electric fields take a role as the centripetal force and both counterclockwise and clockwise motions are induced. As a result, a stationery wave is formed in which the nodes take a part in creating a monopole as follows.First, employing the Lorentz conservations and because node of the stationary wave has no phases, the momentum k and the vector potential A vanish and instead a magnetic potential appears in order to maintain the Lorentz conservation. This magnetic potential has relationship with an electric potential, and thus consequently, a dependent relationship is obtained between an electric field and a magnetic field vectors. Using this conclusive dependent relationship, we can derive new Maxwell equation assembly which are created by altering the electric field and the magnetic field vectors. In this process, we derive a divergent equation of magnetic fields which is not zero, i.e., the existence of a magnetic monopole. Employing these newly derived Maxwell equation, an electromagnetic wave is derived whose speed is the same as one the existing Maxwell equations provide. As a monopole configuration, this paper discusses the energy gap of the vacuum, which is a result of the Dirac equation and describes a monopole as pairs between two Cooper pairs (i.e. four electrons) whose interaction is a photon. As mentioned, because the total momenta and phases are zero, this paper defines the wave function as the Dirac function and demonstrate the condensation, employing the Bloch’s theorem. Moreover, using the macroscopic basic equations, we retrace the creation of the divergent magnetic field in view of macroscopic phenomenon., which provides results in this paper.In Result section in this paper, we succeeded in demonstrating the distribution of the divergent magnetic field of monopole in terms of both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Furthermore, Discussion section describes properties a magnetic monopole should follow.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0058.v1

Heterogeneity Extends Criticality

Fernanda Sánchez-Puig, Octavio Zapata, Omar K. Pineda, Gerardo Iñiguez, Carlos Gershenson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: complexity; phase transitions; criticality; Ising model; random Boolean networks

Online: 2 August 2022 (09:30:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0808.v3

Adaptive Network Automata Modelling of Complex Networks

Alessandro Muscoloni, Umberto Michieli, Yingtao Zhang, Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: complex networks; network models; link prediction; automata theory; network automata; Cannistraci-Hebb theory

Online: 11 May 2022 (14:51:01 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Many complex networks have a connectivity that might be only partially detected or that tends to grow over time, hence the prediction of non-observed links is a fundamental problem in network science. The aim of topological link prediction is to forecast these non-observed links by only exploiting features intrinsic to the network topology. It has a wide range of real applications, like suggesting friendships in social networks or predicting interactions in biological networks.The Cannistraci-Hebb theory is a recent achievement in network science that includes a theoretical framework to understand local-based link prediction on paths of length n. In this study we introduce two innovations: theory of modelling (science) and theory of realization (engineering). For the theory of modelling we first recall a definition of network automata as a general framework for modelling the growth of connectivity in complex networks. We then show that several deterministic models previously developed fall within this framework and we introduce novel network automata following the Cannistraci-Hebb rule. For the theory of realization, we present how to build adaptive network automata for link prediction, which incorporate multiple deterministic models of self-organization and automatically choose the rule that better explains the patterns of connectivity in the network under investigation. We compare Cannistraci-Hebb adaptive (CHA) network automaton against state-of-the-art link prediction methods such as structural perturbation method (SPM), stochastic block models (SBM) and artificial intelligence algorithms for graph embedding. CHA displays an overall higher link prediction performance across different evaluation frameworks on 1386 networks. Finally, we highlight that CHA offers the key advantage to explicitly explain the mechanistic rule of self-organization which leads to the link prediction performance, whereas SPM and graph embedding not. In comparison to CHA, SBM unfortunately shows irrelevant and unsatisfactory performance demonstrating that SBM modelling is not adequate for link prediction in real networks.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0350.v1

Derivation of a Generalized Einstein's Equation of Gravitation Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum and a Sink Flow Model of Particles

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein's equation; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether

Online: 22 June 2018 (06:19:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0095.v1

Generalization of the Landauer Principle for Computing Devices Based on Many-Valued Logic

Edward Bormashenko

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: landauer principle; binary logic; ternary logic; landauer bound; trit

Online: 9 October 2019 (08:16:16 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1919.v1

An Overview of the Stress-Energy-Momentum Tensor

Santosh Ballav Sapkota

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Riemann curvature; Bianchi Identity; Klein-Gordon equation; Noether's theorem; general covariance

Online: 30 November 2023 (04:14:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0897.v1

The Quantization of Mass

José Garrigues-Baixauli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Quantization Mass; Planck Length

Online: 12 May 2023 (07:19:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0470.v1

On Variable Speed of Light and Relativity of Constantaneity

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: relativity of constantaneity; variable speed of light

Online: 28 September 2021 (11:56:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v34

Can Physics Benefit from a New Concept of Time?

Markolf H. Niemz, Siegfried W. Stein

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement

Online: 9 May 2023 (07:39:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0350.v6

Derivation of Generalized Einstein's Equations of Gravitation Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum and a Sink Flow Model of Particles

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein's equations; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether

Online: 29 October 2019 (16:00:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0304.v1

Transversely Modulated Wave Packet

Vladimir N. Salomatov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: quasi-monochromatic waves; group velocity; dispersion relation; longitudinal modulation; coherence time

Online: 13 November 2018 (09:24:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0130.v1

The Real Cause of Differential Aging in the Twin “paradox”

Gordon Liu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Twin paradox; Relativity; Space-time; Time dilation; Differential aging

Online: 9 February 2022 (10:20:33 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Two Exact Solutions Illustrating the Schwarzschild Singularity's Resolution

Dingfang Zeng

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Schwarzschild Singularity; Exact solutions to Einstein Equation; Microstate of Black Holes

Online: 19 July 2020 (18:45:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0230.v3

World Lines in Einstein's Elevator

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: uniformly accelerating, worldline, circle, synchronization, Michelson, interferometer, paradox

Online: 1 June 2021 (16:20:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1128.v1

Louis de Broglie Double Solution Theory Confirms the Wave-Particle Duality Principle

Valeriy I Sbitnev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Navier-Stokes equation; Schrödinger equation; de Broglie pilot-wave; Bohmian trajectory; Helmholtz decomposition theorem; toroidal vortex; toroidal bubble; helicoidal ring; irrotational velocity; solenoidal velocity

Online: 16 August 2023 (05:22:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0573.v1

Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Properties of XScO₃ (X=Mo, W) Perovskites

Amall Ramanathan, Jamil Khalifeh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: DFT-mBJ; magnetic moments; optical conductivity; perovskites

Online: 23 November 2020 (09:24:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2150.v1

Metallic and Insulating Phases in Two-Dimensional Strongly-Coupled Field Theories With a Gravitational Dua

Matthew Stephenson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Holography

Online: 30 May 2023 (13:17:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0300.v2

Derivation of Time and Spatial Decaying of Schrodinger Equation Using Maxwell Electric Equation to Describe Scattering in Some Physical Systems

Lutfi Mohammed AbdAlgadir, Zoalnoon Ahmed Abeid Allah Saad, HassabAllah Mohamed Abdulgadir, Mubarak Dirar

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Complex wave mek complex frequency, medium, electric field, the medium wave function, friction, relaxation time

Online: 15 December 2020 (10:01:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0277.v2

Universe as a Graph (Ramsey Approach to Analysis of Physical Systems)

Nir Shvalb, Mark Frenkel, Shraga Shoval, Edward Bormashenko

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: physical system; attraction; repulsion; Ramsey theory; transitivity; complete graph; dipole-dipole interaction; relativity; Hamiltonian path.

Online: 20 January 2023 (07:50:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0524.v2

Mass Gap Problem Physical Solution

Srečko Šorli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Mass Gap Problem; Planck-Einstein relation; bijectivity

Online: 22 December 2020 (12:24:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0198.v1

"Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" from a Spacetime Perspective

Andreas Boenke

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: gravity; gravitational lens; gravitationally lensed gravity; GLG; general relativity; spacetime curvature; light cone; null cone; gravity null cone; null geodesic; speed of gravity; Newtonian Limit; Minkowski diagram

Online: 21 April 2022 (09:19:44 CEST)

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A gravitational lens is mass-curved spacetime. Light that propagates freely, locally always on the fastest way, follows curved paths in it. The same applies to all effects propagating with the speed of light, also to gravity itself. They all have to follow the curvature of spacetime. A gravitational lens not only enhances the light from background objects but concurrently also their gravitational effect ! The "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" (GLG) is a still scarcely noticed peculiar feature of general relativity. In [1] I presented a thought experiment to make the existence of this effect plausible. Here these considerations are described in terms of future and past light cones or null cones commonly used in relativity theory to illustrate the causal structure of spacetime. In the framework of general relativity, the GLG effect can be understood as a consequence of the folding of the past null cone by a gravitational lens. Starting from the basic ideas of the theory, the terms are introduced and applied. The extensive description on textbook level should be understandable also for beginners. In order not to obstruct the view on the essential physical relations, I avoid a mathematical formalism and use instead diagrams and figures, based on realistic numerical calculations, to reinforce my logical argumentation. Experts will recognize many long-known facts, but may still be surprised by the resulting conclusions. First, I present some particular aspects of the historical evolution of the concept of gravitational lensing and give a brief overview of the work of other authors on the subject GLG. I then explain the limitations of the applicability of the "Newtonian Limit" and move on to the key role of the speed of gravity in understanding GLG. Finally, I use a simple example to illustrate the possible significance of the GLG effect. With this work I intend to elicit greater interest in "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" and to initiate a broader discussion about it.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0316.v1

G4v and the Correspondence Principle

Daniel Piasecki

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Gravitational four-vector (G4v); Speed of Light; Correspondence Principle.

Online: 20 February 2023 (02:21:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0230.v4

World Lines in Einstein's Elevator

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: uniformly accelerating; worldline; circle; synchronization; Michelson; interferometer; paradox

Online: 19 October 2021 (09:54:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0075.v1

Analysis on the Evolution of the Effective G_eff from Linear Nash-Green Fluctuations

Abraao J.S. Capistrano, Luís A. Cabral, José A. P. F. Marão, Carlos H. Coimbra-Araújo

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: dark energy; Linear Nash perturnbations; sigma8 discrepancy

Online: 7 June 2020 (09:32:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v35

Can Physics Benefit from a New Concept of Time?

Markolf H. Niemz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: special relativity; general relativity; cosmology; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Online: 26 June 2023 (04:45:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0350.v5

Derivation of Generalized Einstein's Equations of Gravitation Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum and a Sink Flow Model of Particles

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein's equations; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether

Online: 15 October 2019 (08:07:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1872.v1

Alena Tensor as an Example of the Dualistic Approach and Its Possible Applications in Quantum Field Theory and Unification Theories

Piotr Ogonowski, Piotr Skindzier

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; quantum mechanics; general relativity; unification of interactions

Online: 30 October 2023 (08:36:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0421.v1

Theoretical Calculation of the Gravitational Constant Using the Elementary Charge, Speed of Light, Z Boson Mass, and Relativistic Mechanics

Askar Abdukadyrov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Elementary charge; Gravitational constant; Stoney mass; Z boson

Online: 24 March 2023 (02:04:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v31

An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time

Markolf H. Niemz, Siegfried W. Stein

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement

Online: 11 April 2023 (04:01:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0270.v1

Using Potential Dependent Special Relativity, Gauss’s Law, and Schrodinger Equation to Find Vacuum Quantized Energy and Elementary Particles Mass

Zoalnoon Ahmed Abeid Allah Saad, Mubarak Dirar Abd-Alla Yagoubb, Mohamed Yahia Shirgawi Mohammed, Mashair Ahmed Mohammed Yousef

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: potential dependent special relativity; Gauss law; gravity; vacuum energy; Schrödinger equation; spherical symmetry

Online: 18 March 2022 (17:04:55 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Some Inquiries Into Special Relativity

Borge Nodland

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: physics; relativity

Online: 11 November 2019 (07:32:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0334.v1

Crisis Deducing All PhysicsLaws, Solution to The Crisis and Its Applications to Improved Variational Principle, Improved Noether Theorem and so on

C. Huang, Yong-Chang Huang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: fundamental interaction; variational principle; Noether theorem; physics law; unification theory

Online: 15 August 2020 (04:12:46 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0362.v2

An Almost Unlimited Energy Source Potentially Hidden behind the "Weak” Gravity Force

Alain Haraux

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: gravitation; gravitons; energy

Online: 12 September 2022 (12:56:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0135.v1

An Investigation of Experimental Reports on the Relativistic Relation for Doppler Shift

James McKelvie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Doppler; relativistic; non-relativistic

Online: 10 May 2022 (10:08:18 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

A New Understanding of Gravity at the Micro Level

Jack Van

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: microscopic gravity; dark matter; dark energy; Newtonian mechanics; motion

Online: 21 June 2019 (08:46:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0293.v1

Bending of Electric Field Lines and Photon Trajectories in a Static Gravitational Field

Ashok Singal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Special relativity; General relativity; Electromagnetism; Bending of electric field lines in a gravitational field; Electric field lines of a freely falling charge; Bending of photon trajectories in a gravitational field

Online: 23 February 2022 (12:58:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0106.v1

Eﬀects of Linear Central Potential Induced by Lorentz Symmetry Violation framework and Cornell-type Non-electromagnetic Potential on Spin-0 Scalar Particles

Faizuddin Ahmed

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Lorentz symmetry violation; Relativistic wave-equations; scalar potential; electric & magnetic ﬁeld; biconﬂuent Heun’s equation

Online: 3 June 2021 (11:39:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1785.v1

Theoretical evidence for principles of special relativity based on isotropic and uniform four-dimensional space

Takuya Yamashita

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: constant speed of light; isotropic and uniform four-dimensional space; Lorentz transformation; principle of relativity; rotational transformation; special relativity

Online: 25 May 2023 (10:01:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0334.v2

Crisis Deducing All Physics Laws, Solution to The Crisis and Its Applications to Improved Variational Principle, Improved Noether Theorem and so on

C. Huang, Yong-Chang Huang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: fundamental interaction; variational principle; Noether theorem; physics law; unification theory

Online: 17 September 2020 (12:46:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0022.v7

The Geometrization of Maxwell’s Equations and the Emergence of Gravity

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Maxwell’s equations; General Relativity; unification of electromagnetism and gravity; dark matter and dark energy; electromagnetic and gravitational radiation; antimatter; antigravity; quantization; superluminal transport

Online: 15 May 2023 (14:37:07 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

New Formula of Inertial Force and Tests in Condensed Matter Physics

Zhong-Yue Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: mass; energy; gravity; inertial force; principle of equivalence; strongly correlated electron; hole;

Online: 15 October 2020 (15:59:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0230.v2

World Lines in Einstein's Elevator

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein, elevator, lift, uniformly accelerated, worldline, circle, Michelson

Online: 19 April 2021 (22:29:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0291.v1

Violation of the Relativistic Energy Conservation Law and Einstein’s Principle of Relativity Caused by the Generation of Mechanical Transverse Waves in a Moving Medium

Kenji Kawashima

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: relativistic energy; energy conservation law; Einstein’s principle of relativity; rest mass in wave motion; relativity of simultaneity; time dilation; Lorentz contraction; mechanical transverse wave; special relativity

Online: 16 September 2021 (14:20:57 CEST)

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We study the effect of the generation of the mechanical transverse wave (MTW)　travelling in the opposite direction (OD) to a moving medium (MM) on the relativistic energy conservation law (RECL). From the viewpoint of the relativity of simultaneity (RS), the time on the coordinate coinciding with the advance end of the wave (AEW) travelling toward the rear of the MM passes faster than that on the coordinate coinciding with the wave source (WS). Then the AEW in the MM travels forward compared to that in the rest frame of reference (RFR) which is stationary relative to the medium when the time on the coordinate coinciding with the WS is same for each inertial frame of reference (IFR). Hence, the coordinate interval (CI) between the AEW and WS in the MM is observed to be larger than that between them in the RFR. We show that this difference holds true for the CI of any portion having transverse velocities mutually converted by the Lorentz transformation (LT). This difference in the CI leads to that in the rest mass (RM). We demonstrate that the RM included in wave motion (WM) in the MM is larger than one included in WM in the RFR when comparing the portions having transverse velocities mutually converted by the LT. This relation holds true for all portions in WM. Therefore, the total coordinate interval of the portion (CIP) and total RM (TRM) included in WM in the MM (WMMM) are large compared to them included in WM in the RFR. Furthermore, we compare the relativistic kinetic energy (RKE) of the MTW travelling in the OD to the MM (ODMM) with that of the MTW propagating in the direction vertical to the moving direction of the medium. We prove that the CIP and RM included in the former MTW are larger than them included in the latter MTW when comparing each portion with the same transverse velocity (TV). Moreover, the total CIP and TRM included in the former MTW are also large compared to them included in the latter MTW. The reason for these is that the latter CIP and RM are equal to them in the RFR when comparing the portions having transverse velocities mutually converted by the LT. On the other hand, the energy supplied to generate each MTW is the same. From these, we demonstrate that the RKE of the MTW travelling in the ODMM can be larger than the total relativistic energy (TRE) of the MTW propagating in the direction vertical to the moving direction of the medium. Consequently, we propose a violation of the RECL and Einstein’s principle of relativity (EPR) because the TRE is not necessarily conserved in the IFR in which the medium is moving.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v32

An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time

Markolf H. Niemz, Siegfried W. Stein

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement

Online: 24 April 2023 (05:42:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0398.v1

General Relativity Fractal for Cosmic Web

Irina Rozgacheva

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: fractal; General Relativity; exact solutions; geodetic vector; cosmic web; quasi-periodic distribution of matter; deformation tensor of space-time

Online: 29 June 2022 (08:14:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1416.v1

The Impact of Higher-Order Interactions on the Synchronization of Hindmarsh-Rose Neuron Maps under Different Coupling Functions

Mahtab Mehrabbeik, Atefeh Ahmadi, Fatemeh Bakouie, Amir Homayoun Jafari, Sajad Jafari, Dibakar Ghosh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Higher-order network; Simplicial complex; Synchronization; Neuron; Map-based model

Online: 19 May 2023 (09:39:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0504.v1

The Exceptional Jordan Algebra, and Its Implications for Our Understanding of Gravitation and the Weak Force

Tejinder Singh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Exceptional Jordan algebra; octonions; standard model of particle physics; general relativity; weak interaction; Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Online: 29 March 2023 (07:13:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0625.v1

Transit f(Q, T) Gravity Model with Specific Hubble’s Parameter: An Observational Constraints

A. P. Kale, Y. S. Solanke, S. H. Shekh, Anirudh Pradhan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Cosmological models; f(Q, T) gravity; Observational Constraints; FLRW space-time; Deceleration parameter q; Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)

Online: 8 August 2023 (10:54:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0329.v1

Diffusion and Velocity Correlations of the Phase Transitions in a System of Macroscopic Rolling Spheres

Francisco Vega Reyes, Álvaro Rodríguez-Rivas, Juan F. González-Saavedra, Miguel A. López-Castaño

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: phase transition; diffusion; granular matter

Online: 22 September 2022 (02:35:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0568.v1

Velocity of Light through a Moving Medium Applied to the Fizeau Experiment

Filip Dambi Filipescu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: velocity of light; moving medium; Fresnel drag coefficient; Fizeau experiment; Hoek experiment.

Online: 30 November 2022 (08:53:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1399.v1

Quantized Newton and General Relativity Theory

Espen Haug

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: general relativity theory; quantization; Planck scale; Planck length; quantum mechanics; quantum gravity

Online: 20 September 2023 (11:36:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1960.v1

Quaternion Quantum Mechanics II: Unraveling the Mysteries of Gravity and Dirac Equation within the Planck-Kleinert Crystal

Marek Danielewski, Lucjan Sapa, Chantal Roth

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Dirac equations, quaternion quantum mechanics; Planck-Kleinert crystal; Klein–Gordon; gravity; four-potentials

Online: 28 June 2023 (09:02:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v44

Euclidean Relativity Solves 15 Mysteries of Physics

Markolf H. Niemz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: spacetime; cosmology; Hubble constant; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Online: 29 November 2023 (11:08:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0181.v2

A Possible Explanation for the Twin Paradox and Action at a Distance—The Relative Independence of Space and the Absoluteness of Simultaneity

Sheng Qin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: the absoluteness of simultaneity; the relative independence of space; special relativity; the problem of measuring; the action at a distance; cosmic inflation

Online: 19 September 2022 (10:30:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0850.v1

A Renormalizable Model of Quantum Gravity

John Ashmead

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: quantum gravity,time, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics

Online: 12 December 2023 (09:21:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0230.v5

Einstein's Elevator: World Lines, Michelson-Morley Experiment and Relativistic Paradox

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: uniformly accelerating; worldline; circle; synchronization; Michelson; interferometer; paradox

Online: 6 December 2021 (15:40:38 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Derivation of Generalized Einstein's Equations of Gravitation Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum and a Sink Flow Model of Particles

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Einstein's equations; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether

Online: 8 October 2019 (07:07:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1112.v1

The General Balance in the Six Dimensional of Space-Time

seyed kazem mousavi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: six-dimensional space-time; nature of time; quantum mechanics; general relativity

Online: 16 August 2023 (03:07:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0301.v1

Theory of the Generalization of the Boltzmann’s Constant in Curved Space-Time. Shannon-Boltzmann Gibbs Entropy Relation and the Effective Boltzmann’s Constant

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalvez de Souza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; background radiation; Hubble’s law; Boltzmann´s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang and cosmic inflation, statistical physics, astronomy, astrophysics and condensed matter physics.

Online: 6 September 2023 (03:24:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0181.v1

A Possible Explanation for the Twin Paradox and Action at a Distance — The Relative Independence of Space and the Absoluteness of Simultaneity

Sheng Qin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: the absoluteness of simultaneity; the relative independence of space; special relativity; the problem of measuring; the action at a distance; cosmic inflation

Online: 13 June 2022 (10:02:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1373.v1

The Separability Problem in Two Qubits Revisited

Honorine Gnonfin, Laure Gouba

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: qubits; separability criteria; entanglement

Online: 20 September 2023 (10:02:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0251.v1

Sagnac Eﬀect with Non-Zero Mass Particles and Light: the Transition from Classical to Relativistic

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Rotating Disk; Special Relativity; Sagnac, synchronization; metric; Corio-lis; transition; classical

Online: 15 August 2022 (07:48:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0551.v1

Proportional Equation and Multiplicative Superposition: New Way to Understand Reality

Seong-Dong Kim

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Gravity; Dark Energy; Dark Matter; Inflation; Fundamental Forces; Particle-wave duality

Online: 31 March 2023 (14:42:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0334.v4

The Conservation Laws in Quantum Mechanics

Richard Joseph Oldani

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: conservation laws; Hamilton's principle; energy; momentum; path integral formulation; matrix mechanics

Online: 6 April 2023 (09:29:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0795.v1

Dynamics of System States in the Probability Representation of Quantum Mechanics

Vladimir N. Chernega, Olga V. Man'ko

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: probability distributions; entanglement; quantizer operator; dequantizer operator; 7 symplectic tomography; center-of-mass tomography, even and odd cat states

Online: 23 April 2023 (08:30:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0251.v2

Sagnac Eﬀect with Non-Zero Mass Particles and Light: the Transition from Classical to Relativistic

Mathieu Rouaud

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Rotating Disk; Special Relativity; Sagnac, synchronization; metric; Coriolis; transition; classical

Online: 21 November 2022 (04:23:34 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0655.v1

Discrete and Semi-discrete Multidimensional Solitons and Vortices: Established Results and Novel Findings

Boris Malomed

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Nonlinear optics; Bose-Einstein condensates; lattice dynamics; nonlinear Schrödinger equations; vortices; skyrmions; Salerno model; spin-orbit coupling; quantum droplets; PT symmetry

Online: 9 January 2024 (02:30:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0805.v1

Characterization of Extreme Rainfall and River Discharge over the Senegal River Basin from 1982 to 2021

Assane Ndiaye, Mamadou Lamine Mbaye, Joël Arnault, Moctar Camara, Agnidé Emmanuel Lawin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: trends; extremes flow; extremes rainfall; Senegal river basin; upper basin

Online: 10 August 2023 (03:58:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0383.v5

Topological Vortexes, Asymptotic Freedom and Multifractals

Alexander Migdal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Turbulence; Multifractals; Anomalous dissipation; Fixed point; Velocity circulation; Burgers vortex; asymptotic freedom

Online: 19 April 2023 (03:52:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0321.v1

A Unified Field Theory

Devin Hardy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Unified Field Theory, General Relativity, Complex metrics, Einstein

Online: 6 December 2023 (07:49:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0690.v1

Development of a Consistent Understanding of Energy, Energy Conservation, and Derivation of a Systematic Set of Energy Forms

Harald Mehling

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: energy; definition; explanation; energy conservation; energy form; interaction

Online: 9 January 2024 (04:51:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0543.v1

Minimal Length Deformation of Spacetime Curvature

Muhammad Maher, Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Fawzy Salah Tarabia, Fady Tarek Farouk

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Deformed theories of gravity; Noncommutative geometry; Curved spacetime; Relativity and gravitation; Deformed Spacetime Curvature

Online: 7 June 2023 (11:06:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0233.v1

Newton’s Third Law in the Framework of Special Relativity for Charged Bodies Part 3: Time Dependent Engines

Asher Yahalom

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Newton’s Third Law, Electromagnetism, Relativity

Online: 13 January 2023 (02:14:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0427.v1

On Possible Minimal Length Deformation of Metric Tensor and Affine Connection

Fady Tarek Farouk, Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Fawsy Salah Tarabia, Muhammad Maher

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: deformed theories of gravity; Noncommutative geometry; Curved spacetime; Relativity and gravitation

Online: 6 June 2023 (09:33:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0888.v1

The Fundamental Flaw in the Theory of Time Dilation and the Vector Nature of Light

Prateek Jha

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Time Travel; Time Dilation; Twin Paradox; Relativity

Online: 11 January 2024 (08:12:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0559.v1

Relativity of Energy

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: minimum gravitational potential; Mercury's orbit; mass-energy space; function space

Online: 30 November 2021 (11:27:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.2076.v1

Electrical-Quantum Modelling of the Neutron and Proton as a Three-Phase Alternating Current Electrical Generator. Determination of the Number of Quarks-Antiquarks-Gluons and Gravitons, Inside a Neutron

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalves de Souza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; astronomy; astrophysics; background radiation; Hubble’s law; Boltzmann´s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang; cosmic inflation; early universe; quantum gravity; CERN; LHC; Fermilab; general relativity; particle physics; condensed matter physics; M theory; super string theory; extra dimensions

Online: 31 October 2023 (12:27:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.2042.v4

Exact Solution of Decaying Turbulence

Alexander Migdal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Turbulence; Fractal; Anomalous dissipation; Fixed point; Velocity circulation; Loop Equations; Euler Phi; Prime numbers

Online: 18 September 2023 (13:56:35 CEST)

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We have found an infinite dimensional manifold of exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes loop equation for the Wilson loop in decaying Turbulence in arbitrary dimension $d >2$. This solution family is equivalent to a fractal curve in complex space $\mathbb C^d$ with random steps parametrized by $N$ Ising variables $\sigma_i=\pm 1$, in addition to a rational number $\frac{p}{q}$ and an integer winding number $r$, related by $\sum \sigma_i = q r$. This equivalence provides a \textbf{dual} theory describing a strong turbulent phase of the Navier-Stokes flow in $\mathbb R_d$ space as a random geometry in a different space, like ADS/CFT correspondence in gauge theory. From a mathematical point of view, this theory implements a stochastic solution of the unforced Navier-Stokes equations. For a theoretical physicist, this is a \textbf{quantum} statistical system with integer-valued parameters, satisfying some number theory constraints. Its long-range interaction leads to critical phenomena when its size $N \rightarrow \infty$ or its chemical potential $\mu \rightarrow 0$. The system with fixed $N$ has different asymptotics at odd and even $N\rightarrow \infty$, but the limit $\mu \rightarrow 0$ is well defined. The energy dissipation rate is analytically calculated as a function of $\mu$ using methods of number theory. It grows as $\nu/\mu^2$ in the continuum limit $\mu \rightarrow 0$, leading to anomalous dissipation at $\mu \propto \sqrt{\nu} \to 0$. The same method is used to compute all the local vorticity distribution, which has no continuum limit but is renormalizable in the sense that infinities can be absorbed into the redefinition of the parameters. The small perturbation of the fixed manifold satisfies the linear equation we solved in a general form. This perturbation decays as $t^{-\lambda}$, where the anomalous dimensions $\lambda$ satisfy the spectral equation \eqref{spectralEq}. The spectrum becomes a continuum in the statistical limit $N \to \infty$, presumably leading to multifractal phenomena.

Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0362.v1

An Almost Unlimited Energy Source Potentially Hidden behind the "Weak” Gravity Force

Alain Haraux

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: gravitation; gravitons; energy

Online: 19 August 2022 (10:27:53 CEST)

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