Environmental and Earth Sciences

Abstract: Earthquake disasters cause severe disruptions to energy systems through direct damage and cascading effects, highlighting the necessity for dynamic assessment of emergency response capabilities. This study develops an integrated DPSIR-TOPSIS-Barrier analysis model to evaluate the energy emergency supply system in Sichuan Province, a seismically active region in China. An indicator system was constructed based on the DPSIR framework, and entropy-weighted TOPSIS was applied to panel data from 2018 to 2023 to dynamically assess performance. An obstacle degree model was further employed to diagnose systemic weaknesses. Results show that Sichuan’s emergency capability progressed through three distinct phases: Rapid Growth, Stress Test, and Resilience Enhancement, with the composite score increasing from 0.360 to 0.735. Key drivers include policy completeness and smart monitoring coverage. The Response subsystem was identified as the primary bottleneck, with an average obstacle degree of 0.33, primarily due to insufficient funding and infrastructure redundancy. This study provides a replicable analytical framework and offers evidence-based policy insights for enhancing energy resilience in disaster-prone regions.

Abstract: Geographical Indications (GIs) are increasingly promoted as instruments for rural up-grading and value capture in commodity-dependent economies. Yet empirical assess-ments of GI feasibility in smallholder export systems remain limited. This study eval-uates whether Cameroon’s red cocoa satisfies the scientific and institutional conditions required to support a credible GI strategy. We develop an integrated qualification framework encompassing four necessary con-ditions: agroecological distinctiveness, physicochemical differentiation, sensory dif-ferentiation, and governance feasibility. Spatial analysis, laboratory characterization, structured sensory evaluation, and institutional diagnostics are combined to assess whether these conditions jointly sustain origin-based differentiation. Results indicate that red cocoa exhibits territorially coherent agroecological features and statistically meaningful biochemical differentiation, including elevated polyphenol and anthocyanin profiles in core production zones. Sensory evaluation confirms identifiable flavor attributes consistent with fine-flavor positioning, though variability linked to post-harvest management affects reproducibility. Institutional analysis reveals partial readiness, with emerging production specifications under the OAPI framework but limited enforcement capacity and traceability infrastructure. The findings suggest that red cocoa meets several scientific preconditions for GI con-sideration, but governance consolidation and post-harvest standardization remain critical constraints. GI feasibility should therefore be interpreted as conditional rather than automatic. More broadly, the study contributes an integrated analytical approach for assessing origin-based upgrading strategies in Global South commodity systems under increasing sustainability regulation.

Abstract: Energy stands as an integral thread, intricately woven into the grand tapestry of a nation's progress, forming the very fabric of development. While extensive research has shed light on energy production and consumption in industrialized nations, there has been a noticeable dearth of focus on renewable energy research and development in the realm of developing countries. These nations, including Ghana, find themselves bound to fossil fuels, with scant regard for the inherent value of traditional fuels like biomass. Ghana, heavily depends on imported fossil fuels, which is not sustainable in the long run. The pollution caused by these fuels is a major concern, and their increasing cost hampers economic growth. However, there is a glimmer of hope as renewable energy sources are gaining prominence. Biomass, biofuel, wind, and solar energy are emerging as promising alternatives for the future. In this study, we embark on an exploratory study into these renewable energy sources, and how they are intricately entwined with policies, market dynamics, and the impact on food security. The government of Ghana has fostered a conducive environment for the renewable energy sector, epitomized by the establishment of the novel feed-in tariffs (FITs) program. Adept institutions have developed acts and legislations, exemplified by the visionary Renewable Energy Act (832) of 2011, paving a path for progress. The research showed that the use of renewable energy sources has increased gradually during the previous decades. However, limitations on exploitation remain owing to factors like high technology costs, little funding, and gaps in knowledge.

Abstract: Background: Single cell proteins (SCPs) have significantly high protein content, contain low fat and are rich in various vitamins. They are produced from microbial fermentation of low-cost raw materials, some of which are considered as waste resources. SCP production has a reduced environmental footprint compared to con-ventional methods of producing protein. It also provides a way of converting waste products, including those containing hemicellulose into useful biomass. Objective: This review is focused on the current sustainability problem associated with the present food sys-tem alongside the global demand for protein which places a stress on it. The role of SCPs, a sustainable source of protein able to meet human nutritional needs is also considered. Method: We searched databases for primary and secondary research published on SCPs, Anthropocene, and Sustainability. Relevant articles were thereafter. Results: The food system is in the intersection of several overarching Sustainable Development Goals, and hence influences almost all planetary health boundaries. Contrary to processes associated with obtaining protein-rich foods from various animals, SCPs production is eco-friendly, offers an avenue for waste transformation, and does not impact the biogeochemical flow negatively. Nutritional contents of SCPs are good building blocks for the human immune system. Conclusion: Current challenges associated with SCPs mass production and consumption, especially eth-ic-related and downstream processing and purification technology and technical know-how can be overcome through an interdisciplinary research approach. The role of science communication in portraying SCPs as a safe microbial source of protein before the non-scientific communities cannot be overemphasized.

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Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are a family of pigment-proteins renowned for their exceptional light-harvesting, fluorescent, and antioxidant properties. Among cyanobacteria, Spirulina stands out as one of the richest natural sources of PBPs, particularly phycocyanin (PC) and allophycocyanin (APC), yet the large-scale production of analytical-grade PBPs remains hampered by an inherently complex downstream process that relies on multiple purification steps, compromising both yield and scalability. This work presents a streamlined strategy to obtain analytical-grade PC, combining ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with an aqueous ionic liquid (IL) solution and a single hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) step, integrated within a biorefinery framework. The proposed approach yielded analytical-grade PC with a recovery of up to 50.44% and enhanced APC purity up to 10.57-fold. Therefore, the IL was successfully reused in both extraction and purification steps without compromising yield or purity. The environmental performance of the proposed process was assessed through a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA), with system boundaries encompassing the following biorefinery stages: cultivation, harvesting and drying, PC extraction and purification, post-processing, and spent biomass valorization via anaerobic digestion. The LCA identified the main environmental hotspots and guided the proposal of targeted process improvements—particularly HIC salt substitution and increased IL recovery—which reduced environmental impacts by 65.9–89.8% across most categories. The proposed strategy was further benchmarked against two model scenarios for analytical-grade PC production, one conventional and one innovative, revealing its relative advantages and limitations. Overall, this work demonstrates a viable pathway for producing high-purity PC that balances process efficiency with environmental sustainability, supporting the development of greener microalgae-based bioprocesses.

Abstract: Briquette du Kivu (BdK) is a social enterprise operating in Bukavu, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, a region facing persistent food insecurity and environmental degradation linked to prolonged conflict. To reduce dependence on wood-derived cooking fuels and associated deforestation, estimated at approximately 300 hectares of forest lost annually, BdK produces clean-burning charcoal briquettes from locally available organic waste. Because food waste cannot be directly carbonized due to its high moisture content, BdK’s process first employs black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to bio-convert organic substrates into a stabilized residue (frass) while substantially reducing substrate volume. The resulting frass is then carbonized in specialized kilns, mixed with a clay binder, extruded into long cylinders and then sun-dried to produce the final fuel product. In addition to providing a renewable cooking fuel, the system generates protein-rich insect larvae that are sold locally as livestock feed, while a portion of the frass is used as fertilizer in BdK’s fruit tree nursery. The nursery supplies grafted trees to regional households, contributing to food production and supplemental income generation. By integrating waste management, insect bioconversion and fuel production, BdK’s model demonstrates how small-scale circular bioeconomy systems can simultaneously address waste accumulation, energy access and livelihood development in conflict-affected regions.

Abstract: The valorization of agro-industrial by-products through sustainable extraction of bio-compounds is a key challenge within circular economy and clean-processing frameworks, as large volumes of tomato and artichoke residues are generated by the food industry. This study evaluated the impact of non-thermal technologies on the recovery of biocompounds from tomato peels and blanched artichoke bracts using single green solvents instead of solvent mixtures. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (sonication), high-pressure processing (pressurization), and dual processing (pressurization + sonication) were compared with conventional extraction. Ethanol was used for lycopene extraction, while water was employed for inulin-type fructans recovery. Lycopene, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and inulin-type fructans were quantified. Non-thermal treatments significantly influenced extraction yields (p < 0.05). The dual processing provided the highest lycopene and inulin-type fructans contents (1440.09 ± 0.71 µg/g DW and 5.17 ± 0.51 g/100 g DW, respectively) and enhanced antioxidant activity in tomato peels and blanched artichoke bracts (25.50 ± 0.20% and 66.11 ± 2.03%), as well as phenolic co-extraction (1783.2 ± 215.3 μg GAE/g DW and 27.68 ± 1.29 mg GAE/g DW) outperforming individual technologies and conventional extraction. Compared with the conventional process, dual processing improved the extraction yields of lycopene (20.60 ± 0.44%) and inulin (26.40 ± 13.95%). The findings prove that non-thermal processes, particularly when combined, intensify mass transfer and enable efficient extraction using green solvents, offering a sustainable strategy for recovering bioactive compounds from tomato and artichoke by-products.

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Conservation management of large, multi-species landscapes requires integrating heterogeneous data streams—such as satellite imagery, GPS telemetry, camera traps, bioacoustic sensors, weather stations, and field reports—into a unified model capable of simulating ecosystem dynamics and generating actionable recommendations. This paper proposes a tiered, energy-aware AI architecture for constructing ecosystem digital twins that enables prescriptive, rather than merely descriptive or predictive, landscape-scale conservation management. The framework classifies conservation tasks across three computational tiers: classical machine learning for continuous environmental monitoring and species distribution prediction, deep learning for perception-oriented tasks such as computer vision and bioacoustics analysis, and foundation models for cross-domain synthesis and stakeholder interaction. We apply this architecture to a comprehensive digital twin of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, anchored in the ongoing conservation crisis of the Sublette Pronghorn Herd—a population that crashed from 43,000 to 24,000 animals in a single winter due to compounding severe weather and a Mycoplasma bovis outbreak. We formalize a coupled change model linking population dynamics, forage condition, corridor permeability, winter severity, and disease pressure, and demonstrate how a prescriptive recommendations engine can generate goal-conditioned management actions for the herd’s 165-mile “Path of the Pronghorn” migration corridor. A comparative energy footprint analysis, grounded in hardware-level energy measurements using Intel RAPL instrumentation and the CodeCarbon framework, estimates that the tiered architecture reduces computational energy consumption by approximately 34% relative to a deep-learning-everywhere baseline and by over three orders of magnitude relative to a foundation-model-centric baseline. The architecture provides a replicable blueprint for resource-constrained conservation organizations seeking to deploy AI-powered ecosystem management at landscape scale.

Abstract: Livestock production remains the primary source of livelihood in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Kenya’s lower eastern region. Despite sustained investments by governments and non-governmental organizations, the economic returns from livestock development projects have remained modest, and poverty levels persist. This study evaluated the impact of a Livestock Improvement Project (LIP) on the subjective wellbeing of agro-pastoral households in Mwala Sub-County, Machakos County. Specifically, the study assessed household subjective wellbeing and examined its contributions to livestock performance, access to agricultural credit, capacity building in livestock management, and participation in collective action. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect household information using a structured questionnaire. A sample of 285 households was selected through stratified random sampling from 1,100 project beneficiaries organized into 45 farmer groups. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at a 95% confidence level (p ≤ 0.05). Household subjective wellbeing was relatively high (M = 7.3, SD = 1.2) on a 10-point scale (1=low and 10 high). Regression results indicated that subjective wellbeing was positively and significantly influenced by livestock performance (β = 0.944, p < 0.001), access to agricultural credit (β = 0.748, p < 0.001), capacity building (β = 0.878, p < 0.001), and participation in collective action (β = 0.834, p < 0.001). The study concludes that the LIP had a positive impact on household wellbeing and recommends that future livestock interventions in ASALs integrate capacity building, access to credit, and collective action to enhance sustainable livelihood outcomes. The study contributes to livestock development literature by applying the subjective wellbeing perspective to project impact evaluation.

Abstract: Nigeria faces a staggering housing deficit currently estimated at between 22 million and 28 million units, a crisis that has evolved from a simple shortage of units into a broader failure of habitability. This study assesses the residential dynamics of Oyo State, with specific focus on urban pressures in Ibadan and Ogbomoso. Using a review of current literature and recent case studies from the University of Ibadan's Department of Architecture, the research examines structural, economic, and legislative barriers to adequate housing. The methodology involves an analysis of historical urban morphology, sustainable material science, including the use of sawdust, Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA), and Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA), and the impact of the 1978 Land Use Act. Results indicate that while rapid urbanization, with Ibadan exceeding 4 million residents, has outpaced formal housing delivery, innovative solutions including the Millard Fuller Foundation's incremental housing model and Construction 5.0 technologies offer clear pathways to affordability. The study concludes that resolving the crisis requires decentralized land governance, the adoption of locally sourced sustainable materials, and a focus on community-centered design to ensure long-term urban resilience.

Abstract: Urban water systems are increasingly challenged by climate change, population growth, and resource scarcity, requiring a shift from centralised, supply-oriented models to decentralised, resilience-based approaches. While energy transition policies have successfully promoted Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) and Renewable Energy Communities (REC), similar concepts for water management remain underdeveloped. This study proposes adapting these energy-based frameworks to the water sector through the concepts of Nearly Zero-Water Buildings (NZWB) and Urban Water Communities (UWC). A structured literature review is combined with a quantitative water balance analysis to evaluated the potential for reducing potable water demand through efficiency measures, greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and alternative local renewable sources. Results indicate that potable water consumption in residential buildings can be reduced by 53–100% depending on system configurations and local resources availability. Extending these strategies from building-scale solutions to district scale through water communities enhances system redundancy, flexibility, and adaptive capacity. The study further discusses the integration of decentralised water systems with smart city frameworks, highlighting the role of hybrid infrastructures in improving urban resilience. The findings demonstrate that decentralised and circular water strategies can play a key role in enabling sustainable, climate-adaptive, and smart urban environments, while also identifying regulatory and governance challenges for large-scale implementation.

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of seven peanut-derived products processed in central Argentina, aiming to quantify their environmental impacts from agricultural production to end-of-life. The research is framed within the development of Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025, 14067 and 14040 standards, using primary data from three farms and one industrial facility representative of the sector. IPCC Tier 2 methodology was applied, with emission factors specific for Argentina, enabling a precise and context-sensitive environmental evaluation. Results show that the agricultural stage is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions (40–66%), particularly due to soil and crop residue management. International distribution, mainly maritime, also represents a significant burden (16–24%). Compared to equivalent products from Brazil and the USA, Argentine peanut products show environmental advantages in terms of carbon footprint, which was 67% lower for peanut butter than in the USA, and 21%lower for blanched peanuts than those from Brazil. The assessment identified opportunities to improve precision agriculture, renewable energy use, and estimation of soil carbon changes, and to optimize packaging. This work provides novel data for the region, strengthens the international competitiveness of Argentina’s peanut sector, and offers valuable inputs for public policy making and business strategies focused on sustainability.

Abstract: Heatwaves are intensifying across the southern United States, particularly in Texas, placing unprecedented stress on electric distribution networks and increasing power outage risk. Yet the relationship between heatwave characteristics and observed outages remains poorly quantified at multi-year, statewide scales. This study develops an event-based, spatiotemporal framework to quantify heatwave-induced outage risk across 254 Texas counties from 2014–2021 by integrating county-level EAGLE-I outage records with reanalysis-derived heat index measurements. An adaptive percentile-based threshold identifies heatwave days and constructs multi-day events, from which event-level metrics duration, mean heat index, and maximum customers affected are derived. Across 3,048 identified heatwave events, 51% involved at least one outage, revealing widespread heat-related reliability challenges. Spatial indicators show substantial heterogeneity: some counties experience frequent minor outages, while major population exposure is concentrated in large urban load centers. Outage severity and duration exhibit heavy-tailed distributions, with a small number of extreme events disproportionately affecting customers. Logistic regression models under three severity definitions (P90, P95, and ≥500 customers) demonstrate that heat intensity is a significant probabilistic driver of major outages, with each +1 °F increase in mean event heat index raising the odds by approximately 43–52%. These findings offer a scalable methodology for climate-related reliability assessment, supporting grid hardening, resource planning, and public-health preparedness.

Abstract: Hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons is a promising route for fuel cells and distributed energy systems. In this work, Ni–Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared and evaluated for iso-octane steam reforming. The effects of catalyst composition and reaction temperature on activity and hydrogen yield were systematically studied. Results show that Cu incorporation significantly enhances catalytic stability and reduces carbon deposition. At 550 °C and a steam-to-carbon ratio of 2, the Ni₀.₅Cu₀.₅/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst achieved the highest hydrogen yield and conversion, outperforming monometallic Ni catalysts under identical conditions. This improvement is attributed to better metal dispersion and synergistic interactions between Ni and Cu. Compared with reported catalysts, the developed system exhibits competitive performance under moderate conditions, providing useful insights for designing efficient catalysts for hydrocarbon reforming.

Abstract: This research aims to investigate the concept of Industrial Symbiosis as a change agent in the Circular Economy, with its consequent effects on the economy, the environment, and society in terms of sustainable development. This study employs qualitative research with quantitative support from a structured survey of 152 IS project experts, researchers, and practitioners, utilizing a questionnaire comprising Likert-type and multiple-choice questions. Data were aggregated into composite indicators and analyzed by using a log-log regression model. Empirical results reveal that economic benefits are the most significant positive drivers. The actors’ involvement also contributes positively, highlighting the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration. Conversely, barriers have the strongest negative impact on perceived obstacles and reduce IS synergies on the largest scale. Broader economic and social conditions moderately enhance, while awareness and training show a weaker but positive effect. IS is both economically viable and environmentally necessary, but its expansion depends on reducing financial, regulatory, and infrastructural barriers. Certain economic policy-driven interventions, such as fiscal incentives, regulatory clarity, and investment, enable infrastructure to scale up the adoption of IS.

Abstract: The Andean walnut (Juglans neotropica Diels), locally known as tocte, is a keystone tree species of major socio-ecological importance in South American mountain ecosystems; it faces severe anthropogenic pressure associated with genetic erosion, habitat fragmentation, and unregulated selective logging. This article applies a qualitative phenomenological approach to examine the power relations and institutional failures shaping the sustainable practice of its value chain in Imbabura Province, Ecuador. Drawing on 21 in-depth semi-structured conversations with key actors, including woodcarvers, sawyers, traders, authorities, and on thematic analysis supported by ATLAS.ti, we identified five thematic categories that reveal the tension between cultural valuation and market pressure. The findings confirm the existence of a value paradox: high demand for walnut timber in the artisanal center of San Antonio de Ib-arra encourages premature harvesting of young trees, undermining the viability of non-timber forest products such as nuts, and accelerating the loss of local genetic re-sources. Interviewees consistently described bureaucratic barriers, informal commercialization, and weak collective organization as central obstacles to long-term viability; we conclude that the long-term conservation of the species requires a transition toward polycentric stewardship, community forestry enterprises, and integrated landscape management. These strategies should combine local knowledge with modern silvicultural practices, strengthen traceability and promote productive landscapes in which the standing tree is valued as much as the harvested timber.

Abstract: The development of BIM technology and Generative Design methods supported by artificial intelligence opens up new possibilities in the field of urban planning analyses and the verification of land-use compliance with local regulations. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the Autodesk Forma Site Design environment, which utilizes BIM technology and generative methods, in streamlining planning processes, using the example of an analysis of the compliance of existing development with local regulations. The research was conducted based on a case study of selected plots located in the Polish city of Włocławek, covered by the 2004 local spatial development plan (MPZP). The scope of work included the analysis of planning documents, parametric modeling in Autodesk Forma Site Design, and the generation of development variants using the Archistar and One Click LCA Generative Design plugins. The results indicate that Generative Design tools can effectively support the early stages of urban planning analyses, enabling the rapid generation and comparison of land-use variants as well as a preliminary assessment of their compliance with planning regulations. At the same time, significant technological limitations were identified, including the lack of full determinism of parameters, difficulties in the automatic interpretation of complex planning regulations, and the need for manual correction of results. Consequently, the current level of development of generative tools allows for a partial streamlining of planning processes, but does not yet provide a basis for the full automation of verifying the compliance of land-use plans with local regulations.

Abstract: Wind resource assessment (WRA) in densely forested and complex terrain remains challenging due to strong canopy-induced turbulence and enhanced wind shear, which significantly affect wind flow characteristics and increase modeling uncertainties. Based on a scientific collaboration between Meteodyn and EDF Power, this study proposes a complete and reproducible Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology based on an Iterative Model Adjustment (IMA) procedure to improve wind simulation accuracy in highly forested areas using standard industrial inputs. The approach relies on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations implemented in Meteodyn WT™ software. The IMA procedure iteratively adjusts forest model parameters using wind speed profile measurements from a single reference mast until the simulated shear matches observations. The methodology was evaluated across three sites located in Finland, France, and Scotland, resulting in six calibration and cross-prediction cases under heterogeneous forest and complex terrain conditions. Results show that cross-prediction uncertainties were reduced significantly leading to a global mean absolute error of approximately 1.1%. Beyond its practical applicability, the study provides new insight into the physical role and parameter sensitivity of the canopy drag force term within RANS-based forest models. The refined parameterization improves the representation of forest-induced momentum sink effects, leading to enhanced wind speed and vertical shear simulation. These findings demonstrate that robust and accurate Wind Resource Assessment can be performed in complex terrain and forested areas without using advanced remote-sensing-derived canopy density datasets, and thereby offering a pragmatic and industrially applicable alternative.

Abstract: Landfills are a significant source of atmospheric emissions associated with the decomposition of organic waste; however, conventional monitoring methods typically have limited spatial coverage. This study evaluated the use of a UAV-based system for the spatial characterization of gases associated with biogas emissions at a municipal landfill. A DJI Matrice 350 RTK platform equipped with a Sniffer4D Mini2 multigass station and a Zenmuse H20T thermal camera was used. Four flight campaigns were conducted at a height of 20 m, with an acquisition frequency of approximately 1 Hz, recording CxHy as an indirect indicator of CH₄, as well as CO₂, CO, NO₂, O₃, SO₂, O₂, temperature, and relative humidity. The results showed a marked transition around 13:10 h, characterized by a simultaneous increase in CH₄ equivalent and CO₂, along with a decrease in NO₂, O₃, and SO₂. Furthermore, CH₄ equivalent and CO₂ exhibited the highest positive correlation among the variables (r = 0.96). The maps obtained using ordinary kriging revealed more heterogeneous patterns, while the qualitative thermal orthophoto confirmed the site’s surface variability. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the integration of multigass sensors and aerial thermography on UAVs is viable for the spatial monitoring of landfills.

Abstract: The transition towards low‑carbon energy systems and circular economy frameworks has intensified interest in biomass and waste valorization technologies that deliver re-liable energy carriers while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Among thermo-chemical pathways, gasification emerges as a particularly flexible and robust option for transforming biomass resources into synthesis gas suitable for power generation, hydrogen production, and synthetic fuels. This review critically examines biomass gasification as a feasible alternative for valorizing waste and producing syngas. The manuscript discusses the physicochemical characteristics of biomass, highlights its influence on syngas quality, tar formation, and cold gas efficiency. The fundamental stages of the gasification process and the effects of different operating parameters were systematically reviewed. Special attention was given to the challenges posed by low‑quality biomass, such as sewage sludge, digestates, and manures, which are characterized by high-ash content and high moisture levels. Syngas energy content reported across different experiences was usually around 4–5 MJ/m3 when operating with low-quality biomass, resulting in lower efficiencies than those reported for lignocellulosic biomass (around 30–70%, expressed as cold gas efficiency (CGE)). Current small-scale commercial gasification technologies were also reviewed, with emphasis on operational constraints. This review provides an integrated perspective on the operational challenges associated with low-quality biomass gasification and discusses technological pathways to enhance process efficiency and salability. Although biomass gasification cannot yet be regarded as a fully mature technology across all feedstocks, it nonetheless constitutes a technically significant pathway for strengthening energy system resilience and advancing the production of sustainable fuels within a net zero carbon framework.