Social Sciences

Abstract: Paper mills pose a serious threat to the reliability of the scholarly record, and public critics have often identified cross-journal patterns that conventional editorial processes failed to detect. The legitimacy of this work, however, does not remove the need to calibrate public terminology. When a severe organisational label such as "paper mill" is combined with a national descriptor, the apparent scope of the claim can expand from a defined set of papers to authors, institutions, or an entire research community. This Perspective develops an evidence-and-scope framework for evaluating that expansion. It draws on research about paper mills, citation manipulation, image anomalies, stigma, and research assessment, and it uses the publicly available Science Integrity Digest post "The Iranian Plant Paper Mill" as an illustrative case. The analysis does not determine whether the papers discussed in that post originated from a paper mill and does not allege misconduct by the post's author, commenters, or any researcher mentioned there. Instead, it examines the relationship among the evidence described, the title's geographic referent, the procedural status of the allegations, the use of pseudonymous observations, and the expansion of claims through comments. The article argues that national descriptors are not inherently improper, but they require an explicit analytic purpose, a defined unit of attribution, proportional treatment of transnational participation, and visible uncertainty and update mechanisms. It proposes a staged evidence-to-label vocabulary and a disclosure standard covering dataset boundaries, geographic meaning, verification, right of reply, comment moderation, and post-publication revision. These safeguards are intended to strengthen, rather than restrain, public research-integrity criticism by making serious warnings more precise, auditable, and resistant to collective overgeneralisation.

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) may support realistic virtual patients, yet most existing systems rely on top-down construction approaches, such as manually curated vignettes. We investigated a bottom-up alternative in which social media histories were transformed into virtual personas examining stability and alignment with human judgment. Histories from Italian Reddit users reporting depressive or anxiety-related distress were manually anonymized and synthesized into two prompt variants (Base and Clinically Enriched). GPT-4o and DeepSeek-V4-Pro completed the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in independent generations per persona, prompt, model, and scale. Stability was assessed using single-generation and aggregated intraclass correlations. Human alignment with symptom ratings from a psychologist was examined using persona-level correlations and item-level area under the curve (AUC). PHQ-9 total scores showed high single-generation stability across conditions (ICC(2,1) = .84–.88), whereas GAD-7 stability varied by model. Aggregating generations yielded high reliability in all conditions, although item-level stability was heterogeneous. Human alignment was stronger for PHQ-9 than GAD-7 and was highest for DeepSeek-V4-Pro with the Base prompt (r = .98). DeepSeek-V4-Pro also showed higher item-level discrimination, while clinical enrichment had scale-dependent effects. Our findings support the feasibility of bottom-up persona construction, while highlighting the need for psychometric evaluation across models and symptom domains.

Abstract: Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a key instrument for advancing sustainable ocean governance in Europe, yet the spatial distribution of socioeconomic benefits and trade-offs remains poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by applying and extending the Spatial Economic Benefit Analysis (SEBA) framework to evaluate the socioeconomic footprint of offshore wind energy and capture fisheries in France, with a focus on the North Atlantic–Western Channel (NAMO) region. Methodologically, a mixed-methods approach is used, integrating publicly available data, industry disclosures, and spatial analysis to produce regional-scale economic maps of employment, firm participation, infrastructure, and financial performance. The study also presents an interactive, updatable visualization platform that enhances SEBA, by enabling continuous data integration and dynamic exploration, strengthening its relevance for public policy and stakeholder engagement. Results show that offshore wind energy generates spatially concentrated yet internationally distributed economic benefits, characterized by transnational value chains and uneven regional participation. In contrast, fisheries exhibit highly localized benefits but increasing structural vulnerability, reflected in fleet decline, employment contraction, and financial dependence. These findings reveal a persistent asymmetry in benefit distribution within MSP, with implications for spatial equity and sectoral inclusion. By advancing SEBA as a scalable and decision-support tool, this research aims to contribute to a more transparent, data-driven MSP and to support the transition toward a more inclusive and sustainable blue economy.

Abstract: Psychological factors and sleep quality are relevant to athlete well-being and adaptation in high-performance sport, yet their distribution within the same elite football structure remains insufficiently understood. This cross-sectional study described and compared psychological profiles and psychological risk indicators according to sex, competitive level, and selected contextual variables. Participants were 376 elite football players (245 male and 131 female; aged 14–37 years) from 11 teams competing at U16, U19, amateur, and professional levels. Assessment followed the Psycholight framework and incorporated selected dimensions from the CPRD, MIPS, STAI, DASS-21, and PSQI. Group differences were examined using nonparametric comparisons, Wilcoxon effect sizes, Fisher’s exact tests, and odds ratios. Psychological profiles and risk distributions differed according to sex and competitive level, although no consistent linear pattern emerged across levels. Male teams generally showed more favorable profiles, whereas female teams, particularly at lower levels, showed higher trait anxiety, emotional distress, poorer sleep quality, and greater cumulative psychological risk. Among female players, risk indicators were more consistently associated with competitive participation, playing position, and living arrangements. Exploratory analyses of years at the club and body-composition status showed no consistent patterns. These findings support Psycholight as a structured monitoring framework for elite football.

Abstract: Hybrid warfare has become a defining feature of twenty-first-century conflict, yet scholarly and policy analysis remains disproportionately anchored in state-centric models. This qualitative study addresses that gap by investigating the role of non-state actors as both perpetrators and instruments of hybrid warfare. Employing a multi-case qualitative design grounded in thematic analysis, the paper examines three principal dimensions of non-state participation: private military companies as extensions of state power, cyber mercenaries and the construction of plausible deniability, and influence operations conducted through non-state media networks. Drawing on documentary analysis, policy documents, open-source intelligence reporting, and peer-reviewed scholarship published through 2024, the study develops an original typology of state–non-state hybrid warfare relationships spanning five modalities: direct proxy, contractual delegation, ideological franchise, tacit enablement, and autonomous convergence. The findings indicate that the deliberate blurring of state and non-state boundaries functions as a strategic asset rather than an analytical inconvenience, enabling actors to circumvent international legal frameworks, evade attribution, and operate below the threshold of conventional armed conflict. Recent evidence further suggests that the deniability dividend is conditional and diminishing, as improvements in public attribution and forensic capability erode the space between political knowledge and legal proof. The paper concludes with policy-relevant recommendations for counter-hybrid strategy, the regulation of private military and commercial cyber capabilities, and the development of international norms adequate to the evolving architecture of contemporary conflict.

Abstract: The transition from youth to adulthood is a complex developmental process influenced by personal, familial, financial, and societal factors. This study examined the experiences, perceived pressures, and readiness associated with the transition to adulthood among Filipino emerging adults using a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design. A total of 67 Filipino respondents aged 18–30 years participated through a purposive online survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank-order correlation. Findings revealed that most respondents perceived adulthood between the ages of 18 and 21 years, identified financial independence as the primary marker of adulthood, received strong family support, and reported emotional readiness as the most common barrier. Significant relationships were found between age of perceived adulthood and age of financial independence (ρ = 0.335, p = .006), importance of family formation and change in perspective on adulthood (ρ = 0.276, p = .024), and readiness for adult responsibilities and readiness compared before (ρ = −0.596, p < .001). Overall, financial independence, family-related values, and personal readiness shaped respondents' transition to adulthood.

Abstract: This study analyses demographic processes within the Western European urban network using grid data from 2011 to 2021. The findings indicate that all countries in the region experience both urban shrinkage and growth, albeit to varying degrees. These processes differ significantly from the European average. Belgium represents the extremes in population growth within urban grids, while Austria exemplifies the most pronounced population decline. Based on these demographic processes, five categories are proposed to classify the spatial patterns of city centres and agglomerations. Western European countries are also classified according to the extent to which urban growth and shrinkage determine their urban structure. Significant urban growth is evident in Belgium, Luxembourg, and Austria, while significant urban shrinkage is observed in France.

Abstract: Fairness in recommendation systems has drawn growing attention due to rising societal and regulatory concerns over algorithmic bias. Existing fairness-aware approaches typically mitigate bias by either removing sensitive attributes via representation learning or leveraging causal-path interventions (e.g., counterfactual or specific-path debiasing) to distinguish genuine causal effects from confounder-induced correlations between sensitive attributes and users perference. However, when it comes to evaluation, most prior work adopts both Demographic Parity (DP) and Equal Opportunity (EO) as simultaneous criteria, yet overlooks their inherent tension and the causal nature of the sensitive attribute. Specifically, if a sensitive attribute genuinely drives preference variation, enforcing DP forces equal exposure across groups, contradicting natural interest diversity and severely hurting accuracy; conversely, for spurious correlations, relying solely on EO fails to remove confounder-introduced bias. More importantly, these metrics are typically computed in a static, one-shot manner, ignoring that recommendation is an iterative process where even minor initial disparities can be amplified over time through feedback loops, eventually leading to substantial long-term unfairness. Nevertheless, existing studies rarely address such dynamic, long‑term fairness implications, leaving a critical gap in both evaluation and optimization. To resolve this, we propose Long-term Fairness-aware Recommendation via Adaptive Fairness Metric Selection. Our framework first learns the causal structure to identify whether the sensitive attribute has a genuine causal effect or merely a spurious association with user preferences. Based on this diagnosis, it adaptively selects the most appropriate fairness criterion: Equal Opportunity for true causality, which allows legitimate group differences in preference, and Demographic Parity for spurious correlations, which eliminates unjustified disparities entirely. The adaptively chosen metric is then integrated into an actor-critic reinforcement learning reward to optimize long-term fairness without sacrificing accuracy. Extensive experiments on Alibaba and MovieLens datasets demonstrate that proposed method achieves a superior fairness-accuracy trade-off compared to state-of-the-art baselines, and the adaptive metric selection proves indispensable for maintaining both equity and recommendation quality.

Abstract: The intersection of climate change and international security has emerged as one of the most consequential analytical frontiers in twenty-first-century international relations. This paper develops a multidimensional framework for analyzing how environmental stress shapes interstate conflict and cooperation, advancing beyond existing scholarship that treats climate as a background variable. Drawing on securitization theory, environmental peacebuilding literature, and the most recent empirical syntheses of climate–conflict linkages, the paper articulates seven interconnected dimensions of climate security—resource competition, migration pressures, territorial change, food security, cooperation opportunities, securitization dynamics, and infrastructure vulnerability—situated within a multilevel structure spanning local, national, regional, and global scales. Through comparative analysis of transboundary water governance, climate-induced migration, Arctic geopolitics, food-system disruption, and environmental peacemaking initiatives, the paper identifies both pathways to conflict and opportunities for cooperation. The findings indicate that climate security outcomes are contingent rather than deterministic, mediated by political institutions, economic conditions, and social structures; that institutional density determines how much climate stress a domain can absorb; and that conflictual and cooperative trajectories frequently co-occur within the same regions and dyads. The paper contributes to international relations theory by bridging materialist and constructivist perspectives on climate security, offering policy-relevant insights for diplomatic practice, international law, and multilateral governance. It concludes by identifying priority areas for future research, including the climatization of security institutions, the legal implications of disappearing states, the security externalities of mitigation policy, and the potential for climate cooperation to serve as a confidence-building measure in contested geopolitical environments.

Abstract: International seminars and conferences have moved from the periphery of diplomatic life to its centre, becoming instruments through which states project soft power in an era of geostrategic transformation. Drawing on a qualitative, multi-method analysis of major international forums held between 2020 and 2024, this study examines how nations strategically leverage convening platforms to shape global narratives, cultivate alliances, and advance national interests beyond the reach of traditional hard-power instruments. Using case-study, comparative, and thematic analysis grounded in Nye’s soft-power theory and complex-interdependence and constructivist perspectives, the research identifies a qualitative shift in conference function. Contemporary forums operate as hybrid diplomatic–commercial platforms that integrate agenda-setting, convening power, thought leadership, and strategic signalling. The findings show that established powers use conferences to reinforce institutional leadership and norm-setting, whereas emerging powers tie convening strategies directly to economic integration, investment attraction, and national transformation agendas. Technological innovation—particularly the post-pandemic turn to hybrid formats—has both democratised participation and produced new digital hierarchies. The study concludes that the capacity to convene, moderate, and shape international discourse now constitutes a strategically consequential form of power, and it offers a weighted framework for assessing conference effectiveness as a soft-power instrument.

Abstract: Mindfulness-based programs are implemented at scale in schools, workplaces, and clinics on the assertion that they help people handle stress and function under pressure, yet how mindfulness functions in the stress process remains challenged. This scoping review (Arksey & O’Malley framework; PRISMA-ScR reporting) maps a decade of evidence (2016–2026) on how mindfulness functions as a handling resource under stress and anxiety, organizing the literature around coping and emotion regulation as the proposed mechanism rather than treating cognition as a standalone outcome. Four patterns recur. First, mindfulness is reliably associated with a shift toward antecedent-focused, low-cost coping—reappraisal and acceptance—and away from rumination, avoidance, and suppression. Second, this regulatory shift, rather than any direct boost of cognitive machinery, best accounts for the downstream benefits remarked, including a modest, accuracy-specific shield of cognition underload. Third, effects are strongly moderated by trait anxiety, stress or chronicity, task demand, and age, and are largest where affective interference is greatest. Fourth, effects are often small, fragile, and poorly sustained. We argue that coping and emotion regulation are most helpfully treated as the mediating pathway between mindfulness and stress-related upshots, and outline a research agenda centered on mediation, component specificity, boundary conditions, and durability.

Abstract: Objective: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for binge eating disorder (BED) is fairly effective, yet relapse remains problematic. Treatment outcomes may be improved if patients obtain more insight in symptom patterns. In this proof-of-concept study embedded in BED treatment, we evaluated the use of an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) smartphone application to self-monitor affect and binge eating episodes in daily life. Methods: Participants were 20 adults who received group-CBT for BED at a mental health institute in the Netherlands. Via an EMA smartphone app, participants filled out 5 micro-questionnaires daily for 6 weeks. An overview of mood fluctuations and binge eating episodes was graphically displayed in the app and discussed with the therapist. Afterwards, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 participants and 5 practitioners to evaluate feasibility and usefulness. Results: Qualitative analyses of the interviews showed that the app was perceived as user-friendly, yet invasive due to many registrations. This was reflected in low response rates (mean: 31.1%), with only 9 participants reaching a response rate above 30% (>65 of 210 EMA micro-questionnaires completed). Some participants thought the daily registrations were insightful, but some also perceived the registrations as confronting and shameful. Conclusions: This study offers a real-world example of using EMA in treatment and provides meaningful insights for developers of behaviour change-focused EMA tools. The experiences of participants and practitioners were mixed, yet for several, awareness in (fluctuations in) emotions seemed to improve. For BED treatment, EMA may be best implemented during a short period of time as add-on tool to personalize treatment rather than as a one-size-fits-all approach.

Abstract: This research aims to help design artifacts that better fit their users, to promote their well-being. In urban spaces, well-being is affected by physical factors (such as the air quality) and by mental factors (the feeling the space affords its users). Focusing on mental well-being, a growing body of research focuses on the visual experience of urban spaces, and specifically on the aspect of visual impression. Studies of visual impression seek to link visual features of spaces to linguistic descriptions used by their users (e.g., referring to a space as “inviting”). Such works can be used to identify relations between visual features and our experience of space that are potentially generalizable, and thus useful for designing. However, as an emerging subfield, the study of visual impression of urban spaces is currently fragmented and would benefit from syntheses of the work done to date. Here, we systematically review studies of visual impression in urban settings, and or-ganize these across three dimensions: (1) purpose, (2) method and (3) findings. We identify research gaps in the field, challenges, and potential paths for moving forward.

Abstract: The increasing convergence of digital transformation, geospatial technologies and knowledge management has created new opportunities for libraries to redefine their strategic roles within knowledge societies. Alt-hough Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been widely applied in domains such as urban planning, environmental management and public health, their integration into library knowledge management (KM) remains conceptually fragmented and theoretically underdeveloped. This study addresses this gap by pro-posing an interdisciplinary conceptual framework that explains how GIS capabilities can enhance knowledge management processes and facilitate the transformation of libraries into geospatial knowledge hubs. The study adopts a conceptual research design based on an interdisciplinary synthesis of literature drawn from Geographic Information Science, Library and Information Science, Knowledge Management and Digital Transformation studies. Using thematic analysis and conceptual modelling, the study develops a theoretically grounded framework that integrates the Knowledge-Based View, the SECI model of knowledge creation and Digital Transformation Theory. The framework conceptualizes GIS capabilities as strategic organizational resources that enhance knowledge creation, organization, sharing and application through the mediating role of knowledge management capabilities and the moderating influence of organ-izational readiness, ICT infrastructure, staff GIS competency, leadership support and data governance. The principal contribution of the study is the introduction of geospatial knowledge hubs as a novel conceptual construct that repositions libraries from traditional information repositories to intelligent, data-driven or-ganizations supporting digital scholarship, spatial intelligence, interdisciplinary collaboration, evi-dence-based decision-making and community engagement. The framework provides eight theoretically grounded propositions that establish a foundation for future empirical investigation. The study contributes to geoinformation management and Library and Information Science by advancing a comprehensive theo-retical model that bridges previously disconnected domains. It also offers practical and policy guidance for GIS-enabled library transformation while identifying priorities for future empirical validation across di-verse library environments.

Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of velocity-based resistance training (VBT) and traditional percentage-based training (PBT) on boxing-specific performance in collegiate boxers. Methods: Twenty-eight male collegiate boxers were randomly assigned to either the VBT group (n = 14) or the PBT group (n = 14) for an 8-week program. Both groups performed four sets of back squat, Bulgarian split-squat, and deadlift at 70% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM). VBT group performed repetitions until mean velocity decreased by more than 10% from the fastest repetition of the set, whereas PBT group performed five repetitions per set. The pre- and post-tests included the lead and rear straight punch (LSP, RSP) force and 10s, 30s, and 1min continuous punch (CP) frequency. Results: Except for the 1min-CP frequency (p = 0.293), all variables showed significant main effects of “time” (p ≤ 0.023; averaged Hedges’ g = 0.57 for the VBT group and 0.18 for the PBT group). Significant “time” × “group” interactions were observed for LSP, RSP, 10s-CP, and 30s-CP (p ≤ 0.043). VBT group exhibited small-to-moderate greater improvements in LSP force (g = 0.42), RSP force (g = 0.48), 10s-CP frequency (g = 0.68), and 30s-CP frequency (g = 0.38). Conclusion: VBT was more effective than PBT in enhancing high-velocity performance tasks.

Abstract: Digital traces are increasingly used as alternatives to self-reports in research on human attributes. Emails, collaboration platforms, device logs, and wearable sensors appear to provide continuous, behaviourally grounded access to constructs such as engagement, stress, productivity, and turnover intentions. This article argues that the apparent shift from subjective reports to objective behaviour is conceptually misleading: a digital record is neither the behaviour that generated it nor the construct attributed to a person. It re-constructs an algorithmic measurement pipeline linking the target construct, context, behaviour, recording system, digital record, computational representation, training label, model output, and interpreted measurement claim. The analysis identifies four inferential gaps: recording, representation, proxy-label, and interpretation. It also formulates the invasive proxy paradox: a method presented as a more objective substitute for self-report may be more intrusive while remaining epistemically dependent on self-report labels. The article proposes a dual-warrant framework, according to which legitimate algorithmic measurement requires both epistemic warrant for construct interpretation and normative warrant for evidence generation and use. The employee-engagement case demonstrates how surveillance and power asymmetries can undermine both warrants by altering the behaviour from which data are generated.

Abstract: It has been shown that the brain allows transfer of sensory experience across modalities. For instance, our laboratory has shown that one hour of experience lipreading from a talker results in better identification of heard speech (presented in noise) from that same talker than of heard speech from a different talker. Conversely, experience identifying heard speech of a talker facilitates better lipreading from that same talker compared to a different talker. These findings can be interpreted through the supramodal learning hypothesis which suggests that both speech and talker learning involve the extraction of supramodal characteristics—such as articulatory actions—available across modalities. A recent study in our laboratory has shown that training perceivers to identify visual point-light talkers facilitates learning of those same talkers from auditory sinewave speech, compared to a different group of talkers. The current study examined whether this talker-learning transfer might work in the opposite direction. Our results indicated that talkers learned through auditory sinewave speech were better recognized when presented in visual point-light speech. These results are consistent with the previous study showing that talker-specific articulatory information can be shared across modalities.

Abstract: Accuracy and speed are essential in handball throwing, and players show distinctive responses to complex perceptual-motor stimuli. Virtual reality (VR) technologies create controlled conditions for training and assessing sport-specific cognitive skills. The objective of the study is to develop and validate the VR Handball environment for assessing and training perceptual-motor skills and inhibitory control in handball players. The study included 29 participants: 10 professional handball players (100% male, average age 22.1±1.8) and 19 controls (47% male, average age 21±1.8). The VR system modeled a realistic 3D handball court with correctly scaled goalposts and balls. Participants completed tasks of varying difficulty, deflecting yellow target balls while inhibiting responses to red non-target balls. Reaction speed and ball trajectory were recorded using controllers. Professional handball players showed significantly better overall performance than controls, with higher accuracy and stronger inhibitory control, especially in trials with red balls at Easy and Medium levels. Unlike controls, their accuracy did not decline with increased task difficulty; instead, their reaction times became faster. Professional handball players demonstrated more efficient perceptual-motor and cognitive control mechanisms. The VR Handball paradigm appears to be an ecologically valid tool for assessing sport-specific skills.

Abstract: Amid the unregulated spread of artificial intelligence tools in Bangladeshi K 12 education, public fear over data misuse, algorithmic bias, and teacher replacement has surged. At the same time, national policy remains devoid of mandatory algorithmic audits, impact assessments, or public registries. This study constructs an evidence-based blueprint to replace panic with accountable governance. A sequential mixed-methods design integrated policy document analysis, a 230-respondent survey of teachers, parents, and education officers, content coding of 100 media items, Right to Information requests, 22 semi-structured interviews, and four case studies, benchmarked against international frameworks including the EU AI Act, NIST AI Risk Management Framework, and UNESCO guidance. Findings revealed a stark perception-reality gap: 78% of parents reported high worry, yet 94% of respondents had never witnessed an AI-related incident, and no AI tool deployed in schools had undergone an algorithmic audit. Media coverage was 73% fear-framed, with social media as the dominant information source. Stakeholders overwhelmingly rejected blanket bans, with 34% prioritising mandatory safety audits, 28% demanding a strict children’s data protection law, and 22% calling for compulsory AI literacy training. Drawing on this evidence, the article proposes a five-pillar national policy blueprint: (1) mandatory Algorithmic Impact Assessments before procurement, (2) a public national registry of assessed tools, (3) a Children’s Educational Data Protection Code, (4) universal AI literacy for teachers and students, and (5) equity-first infrastructure requirements. The blueprint offers a rights-based, auditable, and phased pathway from panic to evidence-driven governance, directly translating stakeholder demands and international best practice into a coherent regulatory architecture for Bangladesh.

Abstract: Urban regeneration has become a central focus in global urban studies, increasingly linked to the dual imperatives of sustainability and urban resilience. According to Christopher Alexander's theories of living structure and pattern language, traditional built environments emerge through progressive adaptation rather than top-down design. Moreover, historic urban fabrics evolve through continuous refinement of spatial solutions that simultaneously respond to environmental, functional, and social needs. Therefore, this study situates urban regeneration within a theoretical framework that recognizes traditional settlements as complex adaptive systems rather than static heritage.Chinese urban villages (Chengzhongcun) and Spanish Suelo Urbano no Consolidado (SUNC, Unconsolidated Urban Land) areas represent two contrasting forms of urban socio-spatial systems engulfed by urban expansion—both characterized by dense, historically rooted morphologies and incomplete infrastructure. Whereas Chinese urban villages transition from a demolition–reconstruction model, which Alexander would critique as disrupting the evolutionary processes that generate coherent urban fabrics, to more sustainable regeneration approaches, this study compares Beijing's Cuigezhuang with Málaga's El Perchel through spatial analysis and stakeholder surveys.The research evaluates how differing planning systems foster or constrain sustainable development and social, spatial, and institutional resilience in regeneration processes. Findings demonstrate that Spain's incremental, participatory approach—anchored in Planes Especiales de Reforma Interior (PERI, special plans for inner urban renewal) and land readjustment (equitable distribution of costs and benefits) mechanisms—significantly outperforms China's state-led demolition-based model in supporting long-term sustainability, heritage integrity, community cohesion, and spatial continuity. Spain's legally embedded participation and in situ rehabilitation strategies offer transferable lessons for China's evolving sustainable and resilience-oriented regeneration paradigm.