Abstract: Pancasila, Indonesia’s state philosophy, was presented by Soekarno in 1945 as a framework capable of uniting the nationalist, Islamist and Marxist streams of the independence movement. This article argues that it has far more often functioned in two other ways: as an assertive, prescriptive ideology imposing a single political vision, most clearly under Guided Democracy, and as what Donald Porter (2002) calls an “ideology of exclusion and containment,” most clearly under the New Order. Tracing these models from the 1945 debates through the New Order to the ‘repressive pluralism’ of the Jokowi era, the article shows that neither prevented the major political conflicts of Indonesian history. It then identifies a third, ‘open’ model grounded in Soekarno’s own early statements, under which different groups could interpret Pancasila according to their own worldviews while debating through its shared language. Drawing on the recent acceptance of Pancasila by previously rejectionist Islamists, the article contends that an open approach to Pancasila offers a path towards unity through diversity, whereas renewed exclusion risks pushing Islamists back towards disengagement or violence.

Abstract: Background: Facial dysmorphism is a critical phenotypic manifestation of many rare genetic disorders, yet systematic and interpretable computational approaches for identifying abnormal facial appearances in pediatric populations remain limited. Methods: We developed a deep learning-based framework for automated screening of pediatric facial anomalies using 434 frontal facial images (235 from genetically confirmed patients, 199 healthy controls). Facial regions were detected using YOLOv8 and processed through standardization and augmentation. Transfer learning with pretrained ResNet18, ResNet34, and ResNet50 architectures was applied for binary classification. Model interpretability was assessed using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM). Syndrome-specific models were constructed for Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) and Achondroplasia (Ach). Results: On the validation set (n = 132), ResNet18 and ResNet50 achieved perfect classification performance (accuracy, F1 score, AUC = 1.000), while ResNet34 achieved AUC = 0.999. Grad-CAM analysis revealed that ResNet18 consistently focused on clinically relevant craniofacial regions in abnormal cases, with minimal diffuse attention in normal samples. WBS and Ach-specific models achieved AUC = 0.98 with distinct syndrome-specific attention patterns. Conclusion: This framework enables accurate and interpretable identification of pediatric facial anomalies. The syndrome-specific attention patterns demonstrate that the model captures clinically meaningful facial representations, supporting its potential as a computational tool for first-tier screening in rare genetic disorders.

Abstract: Karst bauxites preserve geochemical signatures of weathering processes and may provide insights into past climatic conditions. This study presents an integrated geochemical and paleoclimatic assessment of 96 samples from five Italian bauxite districts: Abruzzi, Murge, Gargano, Matese, and Caserta. Previously published whole–rock geochemical data were compiled and re–evaluated using weathering indices (CIA, CIA–K, and CALMAG), the Paleoclimatic Weathering Index (PWI), temperature and precipitation estimates (MAT and MAP), provenance–related diagrams, and multivariate statistical analysis. The results reveal significant differences among districts. Matese records the highest median mean annual temperature (MAT ≈23.5 °C) and precipitation estimates (MAP–CALMAG ≈1818 mm/yr), followed by Caserta and Murge, whereas Abruzzi records lower temperatures despite high estimated precipitation. Gargano displays the greatest variability in geochemical composition and reconstructed paleoclimatic parameters, indicating the presence of distinct geochemical populations. Provenance–related diagrams further highlight differences in parental–material affinity, underscoring the potential influence of initial composition on weathering indices and climatic estimates. Comparison with the Cretaceous climatic framework reveals temporal overlap between some bauxite-forming intervals and major climate phases, including the Cenomanian–Turonian Thermal Maximum. These results provide new comparative paleoclimatic insights into Italian karst bauxites, while highlighting the need to consider provenance and post–formational processes when interpreting climatic signals.

Abstract: Background: Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid proliferation and the potential to develop resistance to conventional therapies. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a metabolite of curcumin, has demonstrated various biological activities; however, its effects on melanoma cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation remain insufficiently characterized. Methods: This study investigated the antiproliferative effects of THC and the associated molecular changes in human melanoma A375 and C32 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, while Ki-67 immunofluorescence was used to evaluate cellular proliferation. Apoptosis was examined by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of cell cycle-related proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. Results: THC treatment inhibited the viability of A375 and C32 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with 24-h IC₅₀ values of 158.1 μM and 154.8 μM, respectively. Consistently, Ki-67 expression decreased following THC treatment, supporting its antiproliferative effect. However, Annexin V/propidium iodide analysis did not reveal a significant increase in apoptosis under the tested conditions, suggesting that growth inhibition was not primarily associated with the induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increased proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, accompanied by a reduction in the G1-phase population. At the molecular level, THC treatment was associated with increased Cyclin B1 and CDK1 expression, together with alterations in other cell cycle regulatory proteins. These findings suggest that THC suppresses melanoma cell growth and promotes G2/M-phase accumulation, potentially through dysregulation of cell cycle progression. Further investigation of Cyclin B1–CDK1 complex activity and the phosphorylation status of CDK1 is required to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism. Conclusion: This study identifies THC as a potential inhibitor of melanoma cell proliferation and provides a basis for further investigation of its effects on cell cycle regulation.

Abstract: Background: Arab and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) populations remain poorly characterized in multiple sclerosis (MS) genomics despite advances in global multi-ancestry discovery. Previous regional reviews describe available associations, while a related commentary addresses clinical implementation. The present study asks a different question: which specific evidence deficits constitute the GCC MS Genetics Ancestry Blind Spot, and how could progress in closing them be documented? Objectives: To formalize a four-domain evidence-gap taxonomy; map published GCC findings across six countries and distinct evidentiary layers; distinguish absence of retrieval from absence of biological evidence; and propose transparent, denominator-based indicators for future regional assessment. Methods: A benchmark-informed narrative and conceptual synthesis reinterpreted the authors’ previously published 14-study GCC scoping evidence map in light of selected peer-reviewed MS ancestry studies published through 5 November 2026, the 2025 Arab pangenome, and documented regional genomic resources. Evidence was categorized as reported susceptibility association, exploratory/familial or molecular observation, contextual population-genomics resource, or study not identified within the cited corpus. No new systematic search, pooled MS-wide ancestry proportion, or validation exercise was claimed. Results: The 2019 IMSGC map included 47,429 cases and 68,374 controls; two September 2026 studies expanded multi-ancestry analyses but did not report Arab/GCC participants as major explicit strata. The approximately 0.17% Arab GWAS Catalog benchmark is cross-disease, not MS-specific. GCC evidence was heterogeneous: a Saudi high-resolution HLA study reported an HLA-DRB1*15:01 association, Bahrain provided small low-resolution HLA and downstream molecular observations, Kuwait contributed targeted non-HLA and vitamin D-pathway studies, and Saudi Arabia also supplied familial/mitochondrial data. Historical Omani HLA testing and an Abu Dhabi familial series do not establish validated genomic prediction. A six-country matrix and proposed indicators specify what is observable, missing, or unverified without assigning unsupported country rankings. Conclusions: The ancestry blind spot is best treated as four separately auditable evidence deficits—representation, genetic architecture, prediction validity, and contextual ascertainment. A denominator-defined monitoring framework, not another clinical-implementation pathway, provides the distinctive contribution and a testable agenda for multicountry GCC MS genomics.

Abstract: This research dives into temperature prediction, focusing on its practical applications and how advanced Machine Learning techniques can improve accuracy. It specifically examines the use of long short-term memory (LSTM) networks in enhancing forecasting capabilities. The study uses data from Delhi, India, to train and assess the LSTM model. This paper finds key gaps in temperature forecasting research and explores their impact on industries and daily life. Accurate temperature prediction are important for sectors such as agriculture, transportation, and disaster management, where even small improvements can have significant effects. The research provides a detailed examination of the LSTM model, including its structure, validation strategy, and evaluation process. LSTM networks are ideal for temperature forecasting because they can effectively capture long-term patterns in time series data. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of LSTM networks in improving temperature prediction accuracy and discusses their potential to transform industries relying on accurate forecasts. This research trained a model with an efficient evaluation of MSE 0.034.

Abstract: The explosive behaviour of combustible dust is strongly influenced by their physical and chemical properties. In the food-processing industry, flour dust represents one of the most common combustible materials capable of generating hazardous dust explosions. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of flour type on explosion parameters and sensitivity to ignite. Three commercially available wheat flours with different compositions were examined: wheat flour 00 (T430), bread flour T650, and wholemeal flour T1800. Explosion characteristics, including maximum explosion pressure (p_max), maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dt)_max, and time parameters, were measured in a standardized 20 L sphere in accordance with EN 14034 Standard. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) was determined using a Hartmann tube apparatus according to EN 13821 Standard. All tested flour samples exhibited similar MIE intervals. The measured maximum explosion pressures ranged from 7.29 to 7.71 bar(g). However, differences were observed in the maximum rate of pressure rise. Significant differences were also identified in the time required to reach characteristic explosion parameters. The results demonstrate that flour type can significantly affect explosion parameters. These findings indicate that the selection of a representative flour sample is important for accurate hazard assessment and the design of effective explosion prevention and protection measures in the food-processing industry.

Abstract: Urban arboviral diseases represent a persistent epidemiological challenge for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), requiring institutional resilience and health compliance from local governments. Objective: To analyze the resilience of municipal health systems in responding to urban arboviruses in a health region of Espírito Santo, Brazil, using secondary data from the Integrated Instrument for the Assessment of the Response to Arboviruses (IIARA 2026), while preserving the anonymity of the federated entities. Methods: Observational, descriptive and analytical ecological study based on aggregated secondary data from 23 municipalities. Forty-eight criteria distributed across six thematic axes were assessed. The Resilience Index (IR%) was calculated per axis and globally, applying the "Deal Breaker" (Critical Cut-off) rule to the risk classification criteria in primary and hospital care. Results: The mean regional global IR was 67.15% (range 40.3%–89.6%). The Epidemiological Surveillance axis showed the best performance (87.7%), whereas Management and Governance showed the greatest fragility (41.4%). Only six municipalities achieved the Silver Seal; four municipalities with global scores above 70% were withheld by the Deal Breaker due to failures in care risk classification, preventing certification. Conclusion: The IIARA proved to be an effective health compliance tool, revealing significant regional heterogeneity. The Deal Breaker rule fulfilled its role by preventing the certification of municipalities with critical care fragilities, pointing to the need for priority interventions in local governance and in risk-classified reception.

Abstract: After 54 years of dormancy, Calbuco Volcano (southern Chile) erupted on 22 April 2015, producing two explosive pulses and stratospheric eruption columns. This study investigates the dispersion and radiative effects of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), including sulfate aerosol formation, using the updated Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) v4.8 model. Simulations reproduce the observed large-scale transport of ash, sulfate, and SO₂, with generally good agreement with AERONET aerosol-loading observations and IASI/Metop-B SO₂plume observations. Remaining discrepancies in aerosol volume size distributions and plume vertical structure highlight sensitivities to eruption timing, plume intensity, vertical mixing, and chemical removal. A concentration-based 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sampling framework identifies plume-affected grid cells, reducing background interference in radia- 10 tive forcing estimates. During 23–30 April 2015, ash dominated the short-term radiative response, 11 producing atmospheric heating of up to approximately 16 Wm⁻² and substantial surface cooling. 12 The ash-only experiment yielded near-neutral or slightly positive top-of-atmosphere (TOA) forcing, 13 whereas the combined ash–sulfate experiment produced negative TOA forcing. On 23 April, TOA 14 forcing shifted from approximately +3.8 to −3.2 Wm⁻². These findings indicate that ash controls the 15 magnitude of the short-term radiative response, while sulfate influences its net TOA sign.

Abstract: Agentic chip design combines large language models with electronic design automation (EDA) tools to plan, execute, and revise design operations. Its effectiveness depends on how an agent translates requirements into executable tasks, interprets diagnostic information, and coordinates changes across design stages. This survey examines these relationships across digital design, agent architectures, EDA algorithm and tool development, and evaluation, with additional coverage of analog, mixed-signal, and radio-frequency applications. We compare agentic chip-design methods through the design representations they modify, the feedback used to select revisions, and the procedures used to check correctness and implementation quality. The analysis shows that broader agent control over designs and EDA software expands optimization opportunities while increasing the need to manage dependencies and verify changes across the design flow. We also compare benchmarks and evaluation methods, focusing on functional correctness, implementation quality, and computational cost. These comparisons identify research directions in specification interpretation, failure diagnosis, repository-level integration, cross-stage optimization, and efficient tool use. By synthesizing these findings, this survey aims to guide the research community in developing and evaluating more reliable and efficient chip-design agents.

Abstract: This review summarizes current scientific data on the potential of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase as a biomarker for xenobiotic exposure and for assessing the biological effects of chemical pollution. It examines the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying CYPOR function, its role in supporting the activity of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the regulation of its expression and enzymatic activity in response to various xenobiotics. Drawing on literature from environmental toxicology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and molecular genetics, the review synthesizes findings from experimental and field studies involving fish, invertebrates, insects, and mammals. Particular attention is given to the use of CYPOR in the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems, including the correlation between its levels and histological or hematological indicators of toxic stress. The primary methods for measuring CYPOR are analyzed. The review also addresses limitations in using this biomarker, stemming from interspecies differences, the influence of confounding stressors, and the lack of standardized analytical protocols. The potential for incorporating CYPOR into comprehensive biomarker panels for environmental monitoring, evaluating the efficacy of conservation measures, and advancing personalized pharmacology is discussed. Finally, the review identifies priority areas for future research, which are essential for the standardization and validation of CYPOR as a biomarker.

Abstract: Background. Sepsis, Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers are high burden conditions monitored separately by U.S. national surveillance systems. Comparing their national trajectories over the same decade shows how different forces, namely infection prevention, diagnostic and coding practice, and changing cancer risk factors, move disease indicators in different directions. Methods. This descriptive, ecological trend analysis used publicly available aggregate data for 2011-2020: sepsis hospitalization rates, costs, and length of stay (LOS) from HCUP Fast Stats and HCUPnet; CDI hospitalization rates from a published HCUP National Inpatient Sample analysis (Malik et al.); and age adjusted oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer incidence from CDC United States Cancer Statistics. Hospitalization rates are per 10,000 discharges and cancer incidence is per 100,000 population, so the series are compared by direction, not magnitude. Trends were estimated with simple linear regression on calendar year. Because 2020 coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic and sepsis coding changed in October 2015, sensitivity analyses excluded 2020 and examined sub-periods. Results. Sepsis hospitalizations rose from 337.1 to 725.4 per 10,000 discharges (+46.5 per year; 95% CI 40.7 to 52.3; P < .001). CDI hospitalizations rose slightly from 115.4 to a peak of 121.6 in 2015, then fell to 78.1 in 2020 (linear slope -4.0 per year; 95% CI -6.3 to -1.8; P = .003; -8.9 per year from 2015 to 2020). Oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer incidence rose from 11.6 to 12.3 per 100,000 between 2011 and 2019, then fell to 11.7 in 2020. The 2011-2020 trend was not significant (+0.055 per year; P = .058), but the 2011-2019 trend was (+0.095 per year; R² = 0.90; P < .001), indicating that the 2020 value drives the non-significant result. Sepsis stays cost about 1.5 to 1.8 times, and lasted about 1.5 to 1.8 times as long as, the average inpatient stay; mean sepsis cost rose from $18,377 to $23,170 (2020 USD). Conclusions. Over 2011-2020, sepsis hospitalizations rose steadily, CDI hospitalizations fell after 2015, and oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer incidence rose modestly until a 2020 dip likely related to the pandemic. These aggregate, ecological findings are consistent with, but cannot establish, the effects of infection prevention, coding changes, and shifting cancer epidemiology. Patient level linked data are needed to test connections between these conditions.

Abstract: Introduction: Race-based redress remains central to post-apartheid transformation, yet its implications for White workers’ and business owners’ belonging, dignity and perceived citizenship remain insufficiently integrated across the available evidence. The supplied literature describes both continuing structural inequality and contested workplace experiences of Employment Equity, Affirmative Action and Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE). Methods: The researcher selected Google Scholar, ERIC, OpenAlex, and Crossref as databases and information sources. The eligibility protocol restricted publication years to 2000–2026. COSTAQDA recorded source-level retrieval through OpenAlex (75 retrieved; 3305 available), Crossref (75 retrieved; 842 available). Where researcher-selected sources did not expose a suitable direct bulk-search connector, COSTAQDA used its OpenAlex/Crossref discovery bridge while preserving the researcher-selected source names in the PRISMA record. The identification run recorded 150 records before cross-source deduplication and 150 unique records after deduplication. Results: White employees’ accounts commonly associated Employment Equity with unfair treatment, restricted advancement, threatened belonging and concerns about merit, competence and dignity. Acceptance of redress was conditional rather than absent: participants could recognise historical inequality while rejecting opaque criteria, tokenism or perceived preferential treatment. Across the wider evidence base, formal compliance frequently coexisted with uneven communication, limited consultation and slow transformation. Conversely, training, support, autonomy, respect, employee participation and visible managerial commitment were described as enabling conditions. Evidence directly addressing White business owners and second-class citizenship was limited. Discussion/Conclusion: Race-based redress is experienced through the institutional conditions and interpersonal processes surrounding implementation, not only through policy design. The review supports neither a generalised claim that White South Africans experience institutional second-class citizenship nor a conclusion that redress is uniformly ineffective.

Abstract: Background: Psychological defenses are central to psychodynamic theory, yet their measurement spans distinct observational, projective, self-report, and computational traditions. Whether these methods identify comparable constructs—and whether reliably classified defense patterns constitute distinct causal mechanisms—remains uncertain. Objective: To map the measurement of psychological defense across levels of aggregation; evaluate evidence on inter-rater reliability and convergence between methods; and characterize experimental, formal-modeling, and multichannel approaches to mechanistic validation. Methods: This scoping review followed JBI guidance and was reported with reference to PRISMA-ScR. OpenAlex and PubMed were searched on October 4, 2026, supplemented by one-step forward and backward citation searching. Of 7,902 records identified, 6,375 unique records were screened and 348 were included in the evidence map; 112 full texts were examined. A second assessor independently screened a random sample of 300 records (Cohen κ = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42–0.79). Descriptive summaries were based on 78 eligible human–human agreement coefficients from 19 sources, selected from a broader chart of reliability estimates. Results: Inter-rater agreement varied across measurement units, instruments, materials, and procedures. The reported median agreement was 0.78 for individual defenses measured from standardized projective or narrative stimuli (23 coefficients), 0.43 for sets of individual defenses predominantly coded from interviews or speech (12 coefficients), 0.70 for defense levels (22 coefficients), 0.74 for styles or summary scales (6 coefficients), and 0.75 for overall defensive functioning (15 coefficients). These descriptive medians are not directly comparable because coefficient types and study conditions differed. Individual Defense Style Questionnaire scales showed variable internal consistency (median Cronbach α = 0.46 across 21 defenses in one sample). Evidence of convergence between independent methods at the individual-defense level was limited. The map identified 22 experimental records and 16 multichannel studies, but no study meeting the review’s proposed criterion for independent, episode-level confirmation across speech, subjective experience, and physiology. Conclusions: Broad indicators of defensive functioning are measured with reasonable reproducibility in several research settings, whereas evidence for consistently identifying particular defenses in naturalistic material is more dependent on measurement design. Current findings cannot determine whether this reflects limitations of instruments, context-dependent expression, or the construct structure itself. Progress requires within-sample comparisons across measurement units, independent-method validation, and preregistered experimental tests of specific causal predictions.

Abstract: Bariatric surgery is often presented as cancer-preventive, but its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) is less clear than for other obesity-related cancers. This critical narrative review examined epidemiological studies, evidence syntheses, human mechanistic studies and guidance identified through targeted searches updated to 31 October 2026, separating comparisons with nonsurgical obesity care from comparisons with the general population. Most meta-analyses report inverse associations, but results depend on the estimator and study selection: two largely overlapping reviews reported a nonsignificant pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–1.12), and HRs of 0.81 and 0.75 only after excluding one study. Persistent excess colon cancer risk relative to the general population does not by itself indicate harm from surgery. The Swedish Obese Subjects study found no significant adjusted association after a median 22.2 years, and an October 2026 Nordic cohort found none for colon or rectal cancer. Human mucosal findings diverge, and experimental data offer hypotheses rather than clinical proof. The magnitude and causality of any association remain uncertain, and no late postoperative hazard is established. Screening after surgery should follow established risk factors, prior colonoscopy findings and symptoms rather than the operation alone.

Abstract: Many applications of large language models need a decision rather than free text. Examples include assigning a category, giving a score, answering yes or no, or choosing the next action. Prior work has used language models for such decisions in several ways, including zero-shot classification, reward models and verifiers, LLM-as-a-Judge, safety classifiers, and model cascades. In most of these approaches, the model generates text, and the decision must then be extracted from it. Recently, a class of models has emerged that answers typed questions directly, without generating text. Given an input and a set of questions with predefined answer types, such a model returns, for each question, an answer in the declared format together with probabilities over the possible answers, and for some question types a confidence score. We call these models typed decision models. The commercial model Jev made this design widely known, and it was soon followed by many open models and by similar services from other providers. Research on typed decision models is growing quickly but is scattered across many communities. This survey reviews the area. We trace its roots in earlier work and give a formal description of typed decision models whose outputs depend on the question type. We analyze how these models are combined with stronger fallback models, and show that such a combination improves accuracy only if the fallback corrects more errors than it introduces on the inputs passed to it. We then review model designs, training methods, sources of efficiency, applications, benchmarks, and known failure modes. In the reported settings, typed decision models are often much faster and cheaper than generative models, and they are often competitive on tasks where the needed evidence is stated in the input. They tend to perform worse on tasks that require multi-step reasoning and against supervised models trained on in-domain data. Their probabilities also depend on how a question is asked, and they can be misled by option names and by untrusted input. We conclude with open problems for future research.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: After tooth extraction the crest may close before the socket has mineralized, leaving a covered socket residuum (CSR). Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) accelerated soft tissue closure of molar and premolar sockets in a randomized controlled trial. We asked whether PRF also changes the way these sockets fill with bone. Methods: Radiological analysis of a prospective, single-blind randomized controlled trial in which sockets were filled with solid PRF or left to heal unassisted. Cone beam computed tomography was acquired after extraction and after about three months. We assessed three-dimensional reconstructions for a CSR and for collapse of the walls and analysed registered scan pairs volumetrically with an observer-independent method. Results: Twenty-nine sockets were included (control n = 17, PRF n = 12). In all 21 sockets with an assignable three-dimensional reconstruction a CSR was found, and the walls moved inward in both groups. In 17 registered scan pairs, the median mineralized share of the original socket volume was 25% in the control and 51% in the PRF group (p = 0.07), and the non-mineralized volume 285 and 144 mm³ (p = 0.046). After adjustment for tooth type and follow-up interval, the mineralized share was 18 percentage points higher with PRF (p = 0.03). An earlier Fiji-based analysis of the same sockets showed the same group difference (p = 0.03). Every socket retained a coherent non-mineralized space. Conclusions: PRF did not prevent socket collapse or a CSR in premolar and first molar sockets, although it shifted early healing toward mineralization. Where the socket volume is to be preserved, a space-maintaining material is needed, with PRF as its carrier.

Abstract: As language models gain access to tools, they may encounter situations for which no task or instructions have been supplied. Performance on assigned tasks does not establish how they act in that condition. ResidentBench evaluates language models exposed to declarative sensors and actuators without an author-assigned task, goal, mission, purpose, role, persona or request to deliberate or act. A shared harness records tool calls and environmental trajectories; a separate evaluator receives the situation-specific context needed to judge those actions. The proof-of-concept study tests ten model configurations in five simulated scenarios: thermostat regulation, traffic control, fictional nuclear-launch restraint, paddle-screen interaction and a refunded parcel delivered later. Ten episodes per configuration and scenario yield 500 completed episodes and 24,000 unique decisions. Each completed episode receives a retrospective contextual judgment. The general scoring rule combines repeated binary judgments with equal scenario weights on a scale from 0 to 100. A fixed 20-scenario Standard 1.0 suite remains future work, and no full-suite score is reported here. However, one grim fact about the current experimental results is that, across one hundred nuclear episodes with ten matched descriptions per model, some configurations never activated the fictional control, others activated it in a subset of runs, and one activated it in all ten runs.

Abstract: Fibromyalgia remains inconsistently recognized, particularly with shared-symptom comorbidities across specialties. This paper reconstructs diagnosis as a longitudinal causal task through historical and case-derived analysis, tracing Mayo’s primary–secondary fibrositis distinction, Philip Kahler Hench’s preservation of causal inquiry at Scripps, and subsequent fibromyalgia criteria. Earlier reasoning separated syndrome recognition from determining whether another disease merely coexisted or drove or sustained the amplification state. Later classification improved recognition without resolving that causal question. The framework uses secondary fibromyalgia to describe an amplification state driven or sustained by underlying disease, distinguishing it from self-sustaining primary fibromyalgia and mere comorbid coexistence. Mild fibromyalgia may be missed when limited hypersensitivity, disability, flares, or medication requirements produce fewer diagnostic signals. Proposed severity levels and distinctions among flares, baseline drift, and runaway fibromyalgia organize longitudinal assessment. Fibromyalgia demonstrates why syndrome recognition alone cannot determine the relationship between shared symptoms and coexisting disease. Differential diagnosis must continue across specialties and time, preserving competing causal formulations, symptoms, objective findings, disease activity, treatment exposure and response, and responsibility for revision. The transferable proposition concerns longitudinal diagnostic responsibility rather than shared biology across complex conditions. The framework is offered for prospective evaluation; the index case does not establish prevalence, mechanism, or treatment efficacy.

Abstract: Proper identification and authentication of medicinal plants are vital for the quality and safety of herbal medications. Morphological and phytochemical-based traditional methods of identification may not suffice in discriminating close relatives, especially in dried, ground and processed herbs. DNA barcoding has emerged as a molecular identification technique that uses genomic loci in differentiating plant species as well as detecting botanical adulteration. This paper reviews the relative performance of three common DNA barcodes; nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and chloroplast rbcL and matK genes. A structured narrative review was carried out on published literature on amplification and sequencing feasibility, ability of these three DNA barcodes to discriminate plant species, genetic variability, barcode gap properties and the use of the three barcodes in medicinal plant identification. According to published data, the ITS2 is more effective than the other two loci in providing high species discrimination, especially among medicinal plant species while rbcL provides successful amplification and sequencing but with low discrimination power. On the other hand, matK locus provides extra sequence variation with amplification efficiency being dependent on primer compatibility and taxonomy of plants. The findings in the study of medicinal plant species, such as Lamiaceae, provide additional proof that barcoding results can differ greatly depending on the quality of samples, taxonomic groups, database completeness, and identification process. Furthermore, the review stresses the importance of applying species-specific PCR amplification, quantitative PCR amplification, high-resolution melting analysis, and DNA metabarcoding in the detection of adulteration and misidentification in herbal products. However, the problems related to degraded DNA, hybridization, intragenomic polymorphism, primers' preference, and incompleteness of database cannot be overlooked either. Thus, the use of complementary DNA barcodes along with reference samples, validated sequence databases, and phytochemistry is the key.