Abstract: BACKGROUND For patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we proposed novel pulmonary risk factors identified by machine learning (ML) that have impact on long-term revascularization outcomes. METHODS A total of 1035 consecutive patients with three-vessel disease (3-VD) and/or left main disease (LMD) treated with either CABG or PCI were followed up to 5 years in tertiary cardiovascular care centre that systematically screened their candidates for revascularization. Participants were stratified for the presence of absence of PH (pulmonary hypertension) and /or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the impact of each on revascularization outcomes was examined. RESULTS Five-year mortality in overall cohort was 12.6%. A higher mortality was demonstrated for patients with diagnosis of COPD or PH (n=125) as compared with population who had neither COPD nor PH (n=910) [68.8% vs 4.8%, P< 0.001]. Among the 125 patients in COPD/PH population, a higher 5-year mortality was observed in those who underwent surgery as compared with PCI-group (85.2% vs 64.3%, P=0.04). We observed a significant interaction between COPD and revascularization strategy (P=0.014), but no association between PH and CABG/PCI was found. Cox regression analysis showed outstanding HRs of mortality for PH (6.01 [3.47-10.40]) and COPD (5.65 [3.21-9.96]) as compared with conventional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In the overall cohort, novel pulmonary risk factors suggested by ML had a huge impact on 5-year mortality, hence a detailed diagnosis of pulmonary disease in the population with MVD has a paramount importance to predict long-term mortality.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Cephalometric analysis remains the principal tool for diagnosing sagittal jaw discrepancies. Its clinical reliability depends on the accuracy of landmark identification and the resulting horizontal and vertical dispersion in the Cartesian system. The aim of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability of 12 cephalometric landmarks and of six measurements used for sagittal discrepancy assessment (ANB, Wits, Tau, Yen, Sar and W) across three skeletal classes. Methods: Twenty-four lateral cephalograms (eight per skeletal class) were assessed twice, seven days apart, by 15 orthodontists trained in a 5-hour calibration course. Landmark coordinates were normalized against a reference value derived from two expert raters. Reliability of horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) coordinates and of the resulting sagittal measurements was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,1). Between-class differences were tested with Fisher Z-transformed Z-tests; the Benjamini–Hochberg false-discovery-rate (FDR) procedure was applied to control for multiple comparisons. Results: Horizontal coordinates of all landmarks showed excellent inter-rater agreement (ICC 0.91-0.96) regardless of skeletal class. Vertical coordinates showed considerably greater variability (ICC 0.52-0.94). Among sagittal measurements, Wits demonstrated the highest reliability across all classes (ICC 0.87-0.90), followed by Yen (ICC 0.76-0.86). Tau, Sar and W reached near-perfect agreement only in Class III patients (ICC 0.93-0.95). The ANB angle showed the lowest reliability, particularly in Class I (ICC =0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.84). Conclusions: Vertical and horizontal dispersion of cephalometric landmarks materially influences the diagnostic accuracy of sagittal measurements. Wits and Yen are the most reliable parameters across all skeletal classes, whereas Tau, Sar and W are particularly trustworthy in Class III. The traditional reliance on the ANB angle as a gold standard should be reconsidered, as it was the least reproducible measurement in our cohort.

Abstract: Despite the wide palette of clinically available investigative tools, not all deep molecular phenomena governing the cardiovascular system can be studied on living humans. Therefore, a reasonable alternative is to explore such phenomena on animal models, given that the two-circuits centered on a tetra chamber heart practically did not evolve since the crocodilians. This review presents our two decades-long experience with mouse, rat and dog models of Chagas disease, metabolic syndrome, post ischemic heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. We studied also the transcriptomic consequences of cell treatment of Chagas and ischemic cardiomyopathies, genetic engineering, and exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, oxygen deprivation, low salt and high fructose diets. Among others, the investigations revealed heart transcriptomic sex dichotomy and inter-chamber differences, as well as changes in the subcellular localization of the heart rhythm determinants: connexin43, plakophilin-2, N-cadherin and plakoglobin during the female estrogen cycle. Use of these animal models considerably enriched our understanding of the cardiovascular system pathophysiology.

Abstract: Purpose: Six million people use crutches as mobile aids in the US. Rigid designs with no axial mobility limit sensory feedback and lead to secondary injury on the upper joints. Spring-loaded designs offer compliance but may compromise stability. We designed a biologically inspired tensegrity crutch with a compliant module aiming to achieve favorable mechanical properties. The terminal module was a pre-stressed self-tensile two-cell tensegrity structure. We compared the tensegrity crutch to commercial rigid and spring-loaded crutches in mechanical tests using axial loading, in overground straight and turning walking, and in participant experience.Methods: In human trials, healthy young adults (N=18) with no recent lower-body injury performed straight walking and turning trials at a comfortable self-selected pace. A knee blocker simulated unilateral injury of the dominant leg. After using each type of crutch, participants reported their perceived levels of effort, comfort, pain, stability, and usability.Results: Compared to the rigid design, both spring-loaded and tensegrity conditions reduced peak loading rates. The tensegrity design improved effort, comfort, pain, and usability. Spring-loaded crutches reduced perceived stability and walking speed.Conclusion: The biologically inspired tensegrity crutches were an overall improvement to existing designs. Simulations and mechanical testing suggest that nonlinear stiffness, ground-following, and force feedback are among the beneficial mechanical properties that underlie this improvement.

Abstract: This study aimed to verify a prediction model identifying the causal relationships and paths among factors that affect Korean nursing students’ provision of person-centered care to patients with dementia. This was a covariance structure analysis study to establish a hypothetical model of 313 Korean nursing students located in a metropolitan area. IBM SPSS version 18.0(Chicago, IL, USA) and AMOS version 5.0(Chicago, IL, USA) were used to analyze the data. Structural equation modeling analysis was applied to verify convergent and discriminant validity using higher-order factor analysis in the final model analysis. The model fit indices of the research model were as follows: χ²/df=1.83(p&lt;.001), GFI=.91, AGFI=.88, NFI=.91, CFI=.90, RMR=.04, and RMSEA=.05. The factors affecting person-centered care, clinical practice adaptation (γ=.02, p=.014), nursing professionalism (γ=.45, p=.024), and empathy (γ=.21, p&lt;.001) had direct effects, whereas clinical practice adaptation (γ=.21, p=.013) and nursing professionalism (γ=.08, p=.004) had indirect effects. These factors can explain 40% of the variance in person-centered care. This study is significant because it provides basic data for developing an educational program that can improve the person-centered care capacity of domestic nursing students by confirming that clinical practice adaptation, nursing professionalism, and empathy are essential factors that affect person-centered care.

Abstract: Enteric methane emissions (EME) from grazing dairy systems in tropical regions remain poorly quantified, increasing uncertainty in national greenhouse gas inventories. This study aimed to quantify EME using electronic spirometry masks (ESM) in dairy cows in Colombian high tropics during two precipitation seasons. Six high milk yield (HMY; >30 L/d) and six low milk yield (LMY; <15 L/d) grazing kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) and supplement with concentrate feed were monitored by EME, exhaled air volume, feed intake, milk yield and composition. Data was analyzed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (season × production level). Season affected Kikuyu chemical composition (P< 0.05) but not dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, quality, nor EME (P > 0.05). Despite HMY cows having a greater DMI (kg DM/d; P < 0.01) and EME (g/d, L/d; P < 0.05) exhibited lower methane intensity (g / kg fat-corrected milk) and gross energy intake lost as methane (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between EME and total dry matter intake (r = 0.638) and milk production (r = 0.726). The observed methane yield was comparable to previous studies for tropical kikuyu-based systems but lower than reports from temperate regions, suggesting seasonal-driven kikuyu quality does not translate into EME changes in high tropic regions. Animal productivity level was a key driver of EME magnitude and efficiency, effectively measured by ESM which may represent a practical tool for narrowing EME estimates for tropical pasture-based dairy systems.

Abstract: Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) lacks approved pharmacological treatments despite a high symptom burden. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to accelerate drug discovery and model therapeutic effects. Objective: This study will outline an AI‑enabled framework for identifying and modelling a novel pharmacological agent for BPD, designed to meet five therapeutic goals: (1) reduce depression without increasing impulsivity and suicidality, (2) reduce suicidality without sedation, (3) limit side effects and weight gain, (4) reduce polypharmacy, and (5) provide combined antidepressant, anti-suicidal, mood‑stabilising, and antipsychotic effects.Methods: Three AI‑driven approaches will be piloted: (1) deep‑learning‑based compound generation, (2) natural‑language‑processing (NLP) evidence synthesis, and (3) predictive modelling of symptom trajectories. These methods will be used to design and characterise a hypothetical multimodal compound, BPD‑AI‑01, including its predicted 3D molecular structure and receptor binding profile. All analyses will use publicly available data and in silico simulations.Results: AI‑guided modelling will generate BPD‑AI‑01, a candidate molecule predicted to act as a partial agonist at 5‑HT1A receptors, a modulator at NMDA‑associated sites, and a weak antagonist at 5‑HT2A/D2 receptors, with low affinity for histaminergic and muscarinic receptors. Its 3D structure will be optimised to balance CNS penetration with reduced metabolic burden. Simulated trajectories will suggest potential antidepressant, anti-suicidal, mood‑stabilising, and antipsychotic‑like effects without marked sedation or weight gain. Conclusions: AI‑enabled pharmacological research may support the design of next‑generation medications for BPD that address multiple symptom domains within a single molecule. Empirical validation will be required before any clinical application.

Abstract: In this study, we have investigated the existence and properties of solitons in an unmagnetized plasma composed of positive ions, negative ions, negatively charged dust grains, non-thermal electrons and non-extensive positrons. We have conducted our study on this complex plasma model because it moves away from simplistic and idealized plasma models. Also, study of solitons has not been conducted previously on this complex plasma model. Through the Sagdeev potential method we have derived the energy integral and investigated the variation of the Sagdeev potential for different values of the parameters that are involved in our plasma model. We have found that the non-thermal parameter (β) and the non-extensive parameter(q) significantly influence the features of the solitons. The features of the solitons are also found to be influenced by the Mach number (M), the negative ion to positive ion mass ratio (Ω), the positron to positive ion density ratio (δp) , the electron to positron temperature ratio (σp), the dust charge density ratio (δd ) and the negative ion to positive ion density ratio(δ_ ). The results from our study can be useful in investigating plasma in astrophysical environments, such as cometary tails and interstellar clouds.

Abstract: Background: Cervical cancer remains a major public health in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the availability of effective screening methods. In Cameroon, screening coverage remains low, largely due to several factors. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated these challenges. However, the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic impact, remains poorly documented in the Cameroonian context. Understanding the interplay between all, is therefore essential to guide targeted interventions aimed at improving cervical cancer screening coverage and achieving global elimination targets. Methodology: A mixed observational analytic study combining a cross-sectional survey with a retrospective trend reconstruction, was undertaken from January 2016 to December 2024, in five regions of Cameroon: The Centre, South, North, Far North, and Littoral regions. A total of 3751 women ages between 25 and 65 years agreed to participate and were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaires, as well as health care workers, service providers, and health professionals. The data collected, captured access to screening services, perceived socio-economic and environmental barriers, and actual use of cytological and HPV tests. Results: A low screening uptake were observed. The non-use of services was significantly related to living in rural locations (OR=0.55, p=0.001), low education attainment (OR=1 for none, OR=1.45 for higher education, p=0.003), and lower social coverage (OR=1 for uninsured, OR = 2.30 for insured, p=0.001). The top barriers to accessing services reported by participants were cost, distance to services, and poor information providing (all p=0.001). Conclusion: all these barriers inhibit the early diagnosis of cervical cancer in Cameroon. COVID-19 pandemic plays a crucial role in reducing availability of screening programs and decreased healthcare utilization by women due to fear of infection and movement restrictions

Abstract: Electrospinning is a relatively easy and perspective method for producing polymeric, ceramic, and composite fibers, which may vary from several nanometers to several micrometers. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a water-soluble, non-toxic, and biocompatible polymer with good mechanical properties, making it widely used for electrospinning. In this study, the influence of PVA solution concentration, applied voltage, tip-to-collector distance, and needle size on the morphology and diameter of the obtained fibers was investigated in order to optimize the conditions for the production of bead-free nanofibers. For this purpose, PVA solutions with different concentrations (5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%) were prepared and electrospun by altering the parameters of the process. Fiber morphology and diameter distribution as a function of the studied parameters were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated a strong dependence of fiber morphology on solution viscosity. At low concentration (5 wt.%), fibers with numerous bead defects were obtained. Increasing the concentration to 7.5 wt.% led to a significant reduction in bead defect. Further increasing the concentration up to 10 wt.% led to the production of smooth and homogeneous fibers under the optimized conditions. A non-linear relationship between fiber diameter and tip-to-collector distance was observed, with an optimal distance of 140 mm yielding the thinnest and most uniform fibers. Additionally, needle diameter was found to influence both fiber size and process stability. Smaller needle diameters (G22) enabled the production of finer fibers (~180 nm), but with increased sensitivity to processing conditions, whereas larger diameters (G20–G21) provided more stable jet behavior and narrower diameter distributions. The statistical analysis ANOVA confirmed these findings. The study provides useful insights for optimizing electrospinning parameters to obtain high-quality, bead-free PVA nanofibers.

Abstract: Neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors of the female genital tract is an uncommon but diagnostically consequential finding. Its interpretation is challenging because neuroendocrine marker expression does not necessarily define a neuroendocrine neoplasm. Focal or aberrant staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56 or INSM1 may occur in otherwise conventional gynecologic carcinomas, whereas true poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas represent aggressive tumors with distinct prognostic and therapeutic implications. This narrative review examines neuroendocrine differentiation across the cervix, endometrium, ovary, vagina and vulva from an integrated clinicopathologic perspective. We emphasize that neuroendocrine differentiation should be approached as a diagnostic and biological spectrum, ranging from incidental immunophenotypic expression to carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation, mixed neuroendocrine/non-neuroendocrine tumors, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Morphology remains the diagnostic anchor, while immunohistochemistry, molecular context and clinicoradiologic correlation refine classification and help exclude mimics or metastatic disease. Site-specific interpretation is essential: cervical neuroendocrine car-cinoma is commonly HPV-associated and clinically aggressive; endometrial tumors require integration with p53, mismatch repair, POLE and SWI/SNF-related contexts; ovarian lesions demand distinction between primary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, poorly differentiated carcinomas and metastases; and vaginal or vulvar tumors require careful exclusion of adjacent extension, cutaneous mimics and extragenital primaries. We propose a practical diagnostic framework that separates incidental marker expression from clinically meaningful neuroendocrine differentiation and links this distinction to reporting, prognosis and treatment. The central diagnostic question is not whether neuroendocrine markers are expressed, but whether their expression defines a morphologically, biologically and clinically meaningful tumor category.

Abstract: Urban noise pollution disproportionately affects Latin American cities, where rapid urbanization, weak governance and limited monitoring networks coexist with diverse economic activities. This study compares the spatial and temporal dynamics of environmental noise between two Colombian municipalities with contrasting urban typologies: Soledad (Atlántico), a metropolitan city dominated by traffic and aircraft noise, and Montelíbano (Córdoba, ~86,647 inhabitants), a mid-sized municipality whose acoustic environment is conditioned by ferronickel mining (Cerro Matoso), heavy-duty transport and small-scale aviation. A two-tier methodology was applied: (i) field monitoring under Colombian Resolution 627 of 2006 (LAeq) at 80 points in Soledad and 30 points in Montelíbano, covering daytime and night-time periods including replicates; and (ii) noise dispersion modelling in SoundPLAN Essential v5.1/6.0 using the ISO 9613-2 propagation method, calibrated with field measurements through an iterative residual-minimization process. Results show that Soledad exhibits a strong day–night gradient (mean LAeq diurnal = 67.7 dB(A); nocturnal = 61.7 dB(A); 96.2% non-compliance at night) with linear-corridor acoustic patterns driven by arterial roads and the Ernesto Cortissoz airport, while Montelíbano displays a near-flat day–night profile (diurnal = 67.1 dB(A); nocturnal = 67.0 dB(A)) consistent with continuous mining-industrial operations. The modelled maps reproduce the measured patterns with mean residuals of −2.72 dB(A) (day) and −2.92 dB(A) (night) in Montelíbano (75% within ±5 dB(A), consistent with international SoundPLAN benchmarks), and mean residuals of +5.78 dB(A) (day) and +1.43 dB(A) (night) in Soledad, the latter reflecting the greater acoustic heterogeneity of a larger urban environment. These findings demonstrate that urban typology shapes acoustic patterns in fundamentally different ways, with implications for sustainable land-use planning, public health and the design of differentiated noise-mitigation policies.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Clinical management of uterine fibroids in the context of infertility is characterised by significant heterogeneity. The aim of our study was to record the participants’ views and clinical practices regarding minimally invasive, fertility-sparing management of fibroids, focusing on fertility outcomes. Methods: Online survey distributed to members of the European Society of Gynecology (ESG), using a questionnaire comprising 27 questions. Questions 1 to 5 related to the participants’ background, while questions 6 to 27 related to the clinical management of fibroids. Results: 98 participants completed the survey, 83% (n=82) of which practice in European countries. 43% (n=42) had completed specialist training in minimally invasive gynecological surgery. For FIGO 0–II fibroids, 94% of participants recommended hysteroscopic removal in infertile patients. 50% may use anti-adhesion agents after hysteroscopic removal of FIGO 0–II fibroids. For FIGO III fibroids, 57% of participants (n=56) believe they have a detrimental impact on fertility while, for FIGO IV fibroids, 51% (n=50) believe the same. 48% of participants (n=49) stated that the distance between the inner portion of an intramural, non-cavity distorting fibroid and the junctional zone does not affect their decision for removal in infertile patients, and 51% (n=50) stated that it does, with variable cut-off values given. The majority of participants favour minimal access approaches over traditional laparotomy; however, the use of robot-assisted laparoscopy was limited. Conclusions: Our results confirm the significant variation in clinical practice associated with fibroid management and underline the need for standardised care, based on high-quality evidence.

Abstract: Rationale: Female sex workers (FSWs) are a key population at high risk of HIV infection, yet uptake of HIV testing remains low due to stigma, limited access, and knowledge gaps. Mobile phone-based education (MPBE) offers a potential strategy to improve awareness and self-testing behaviors in this population. Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of MPBE on HIV and HIV self-testing (HIVST) knowledge, and on HIVST uptake among FSWs in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed, with 282 FSWs enrolled into intervention (n = 137) and control (n = 145) groups. Baseline and endline assessments measured socio-demographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, HIVST knowledge, and HIVST uptake. The intervention involved structured mobile-based educational messaging over five weeks. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-tests, and difference-in-difference (DID) analysis, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: Baseline socio-demographics were largely comparable, although educational level and marital status differed between groups. HIV knowledge improved markedly in the intervention group, with good knowledge increasing from 57.0% to 99.3% (DID = 38.7 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.25–0.53, P < 0.001), compared with minimal change in the control group (61.2% to 64.8%, P = 0.296). HIVST knowledge increased from 1.2% to 97.1% (DID = 84.9 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.79–0.91, P < 0.001). HIVST uptake rose from 2.4% to 74.5% in the intervention group versus 1.2% to 22.1% in the control group (DID = 51.2 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.41–0.61, P < 0.001). Conclusion: MPBE significantly improved HIV and HIVST knowledge and substantially increased HIVST uptake among FSWs. Recommendations: Integrating mobile-based education into HIV prevention programs can enhance early testing, linkage to care, and reach high-risk populations. Long-term strategies should ensure equitable access to mobile technology and evaluate sustainability. Thus, this intervention offers a scalable approach to empower FSWs, reduce undiagnosed HIV infections, and strengthen HIV prevention efforts in resource-limited settings.

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with the initiation, development, and progression of various cancers, including cervical cancer. Their involvement in cervical cancer is extensively documented, as they influence critical biological pathways, including apoptosis, cell cycle progression, immune evasion, and metastasis. In cervical cancer, deregulated miRNA expression contributes to tumor aggressiveness by interfering with key molecular pathways, many of which are also influenced by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins. In this review, we highlight key signaling pathways regulated by miRNAs linked to cancer hallmarks, particularly sustained proliferative signaling, which was the most frequently affected pathway across the studies reviewed. Furthermore, the interplay among HPV oncoproteins, dysregulated miRNA expression, and altered signaling pathways drives key oncogenic processes, including uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and metastasis.

Abstract: Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality from pneumonia and meningitis among children under five in West Africa. A systematic review in 2018 showed that 81% of pneumonia deaths in Africa were caused by pneumococcus. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced into Ghana’s routine immunisation programme (EPI) in 2012, using the 3+0 schedule. However, few studies have assessed the impact of PCV13 on pneumonia and meningitis outcomes in Ghana and Africa. This study assessed the effectiveness of PCV13 in lowering mortality from clinical pneumonia and meningitis among children under five in the Kassena Nankana districts of Ghana. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study using longitudinal mortality and vaccination data of children younger than 5 years from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NHDSS) database. The NHDSS monitors the health and demographics of 160,000 individuals across two districts. Secondary data on mortality and vaccinations from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2017 were extracted. Mortality (non-traumatic) from pneumonia and all-cause mortality in children under five years in the study were assessed through verbal autopsies using the WHO tool. Mortality rates (MR) were calculated as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. Results: Mortality from pneumonia fell by 50% in both males and females after the introduction of PCV13 vaccination. All-cause mortality for both sexes was reduced by 60%. PCV13 vaccine coverage increased from 85.9% in 2014 to 95.7% by 2017. Furthermore, mortality rates from pneumonia and meningitis combined showed a marked reduction from approximately 15% to 8% in children under five years old. Conclusion: PCV13 has been effective in lowering mortality from clinical pneumonia and meningitis in this study population.

Abstract: The aircraft is often difficult to be stably evaluated due to energy fluctuations in the final approach phase. The traditional single-parameter threshold monitoring method is difficult to capture the complex coupling relationship between dynamic energy and potential energy, and the adaptability is insufficient under variable meteorological disturbances. Therefore, this study proposes a new multi-dimensional prediction and evaluation method, which integrates energy management theory and deep learning technology, aiming to improve the early recognition ability of unstable approach under complex meteorological conditions and optimize the energy regulation ability. Firstly, a new stability evaluation framework is constructed from the perspective of energy. Two core evaluation parameters of ' energy altitude ' and ' balance energy ' are proposed. This method breaks the traditional way of monitoring speed and altitude parameters in isolation. In this paper, a dynamic safety boundary function is designed based on the principle of flight mechanics and civil aviation specifications. The function uses an altitude attenuation mechanism to make the boundary shrink smoothly with the decrease of flight altitude. At the same time, the sliding window statistics and balanced energy triggering mechanism are introduced, which significantly enhances the adaptability of the boundary to various disturbances and effectively overcomes the lag problem of static boundary response. By establishing a multi-dimensional parameter system with energy altitude and balance energy as the core, this study reveals the mechanism of dynamic energy potential energy coupling on approach stability. The hybrid dynamic boundary function realizes the collaborative optimization of physical constraints and data-driven. The research results provide a new theoretical paradigm for solving the evaluation of unstable approach under complex weather, and have important theoretical value and engineering application prospects for ensuring flight safety.

Abstract: This study examines the multifaceted historical transformations of the Hajj pilgrimage from its Prophetic origins in 632 CE to the contemporary era. Employing qualitative historical analysis, systematic document analysis, and comparative methodology, the investigation draws on an extensive corpus of primary sources—including classical Islamic chronicles, medieval geographical accounts, Ottoman administrative records, colonial-era documentation, and contemporary government reports—supplemented by peer-reviewed secondary literature spanning multiple disciplines. The analysis identifies six distinct evolutionary phases: (a) the Prophetic foundation and early expansion (632–661 CE), (b) imperial Islamic administration (661–1517 CE), (c) Ottoman centralization and international challenges (1517–1924 CE), (d) Saudi unification and infrastructure development (1932–2000), (e) digital integration and mass management (2000–2020 CE), and (f) pandemic adaptation and future visioning (2020–Present). The analysis reveals recurring cyclical patterns of innovation and consolidation, demonstrates a strong positive correlation between state capacity and pilgrimage quality, documents how international health imperatives reshaped modern governance, and traces the successful integration of advanced technologies with longstanding religious practices. The findings contribute a comprehensive periodization framework, challenge linear secularization narratives by showing that modernization can strengthen rather than erode religious institutions, and offer practical insights for mass gathering management and religious governance. This research addresses a critical interdisciplinary gap by providing the first comprehensive longitudinal analysis spanning the full fourteen centuries of Islamic pilgrimage history.

Abstract: Peripheral nerve regeneration remains one of the most difficult clinical problems in neuropathy management, and no currently approved treatment reliably restores nerve structure once damage has occurred. Low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields (LFPMFs) have attracted interest primarily as an analgesic modality, culminating in FDA clearance of a magnetic peripheral nerve stimulation (mPNS) device for painful diabetic neuropathy. However, accumulating preclinical data suggest that LFPMFs may act on the biological determinants of nerve repair, not merely on pain transmission. This review organizes those mechanisms chronologically. Early effects center on the endoneurial microvasculature: LFPMF exposure promotes release of FGF-2 and VEGF from endothelial cells, drives arteriolar dilation, and stimulates capillary neogenesis, restoring oxygen delivery to ischemic nerve segments. These vascular changes are especially relevant in diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease, where endoneurial ischemia drives progressive fiber loss. Later effects involve Schwann cell proliferation, downregulation of neuroinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of BDNF, NGF, and GDNF, and acceleration of axonal sprouting through calcium-dependent intracellular signaling. Notably, the Brown et al. trial of high-intensity mPNS reported a 53% reduction in numbness—a finding that cannot be explained by analgesia alone and raises the possibility that clinical-grade devices may drive structural regeneration. Whether the regenerative mechanisms identified with lower-power devices translate to, or are amplified by, high-intensity mPNS remains an open and important question.

Abstract: Plague remains a significant natural focal zoonotic infection, maintaining epidemiological relevance in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of epizootological dynamics in natural plague foci during 2020–2025, integrating historical epidemiological data, phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia pestis, and GIS-based spatial analysis. The study utilized long-term surveillance data (1920–2025), epidemiological records of human cases (1926–2003), analysis of 1,526 strains, and whole-genome sequencing of 75 isolates. Epizootological monitoring demonstrated high coverage and stable surveillance capacity, alongside a marked increase in molecular diagnostics. By 2025, expansion of epizootically active areas, a threefold increase in isolated strains, and a substantial rise in PCR-positive detections were observed, indicating intensified pathogen circulation. Despite this, Y. pestis populations remained highly stable, with 94.9% phenotypically typical and 97.5% genotypically typical strains, and no evidence of antimicrobial resistance. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering (Moran’s I = 1.627; p < 0.001), persistent directional spread, and stable high-risk zones in the North Aral, Betpakdala, Moyynkum, and Kyzylkum foci. No human cases have been recorded since 2003, reflecting effective surveillance. These findings support the integration of spatial modeling and molecular surveillance into risk-oriented plague control strategies.