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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0557.v1

Study of Viral Coinfection of the Ixodes Persulcatus Tickets Feeding on Humans in a Natural Foci of the South of the Far East

Galina Leonova, Larisa Somova, Svetlana Abramva, Evgeniy Pustovalov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coinfection; tick Ixodes persulcatus; virus isolate; tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV); ectromelia virus; biological properties of co-isolate; electron microscopy; south of the Russian Far East

Online: 7 June 2023 (13:14:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0512.v1

Metatranscriptome Analysis of Nasopharyngeal Swabs Demonstrated Unprecedented Species Diversity

Michaela Hyblova, Dominik Hadzega, Klaudia Babisova, Patrik Krumpolec, Andrej Gnip, Peter Sabaka, Stefan Lassan, Gabriel Minarik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: metatranscriptome; microbiome; SARS-CoV-2; virome

Online: 7 June 2023 (08:23:07 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0473.v1

Effects of COVID-19 infection in healthy subjects on cardiac function and biomarker of oxygen transport, blood coagulation and inflammation

Nadezhda G. Gumanova, Alexander Gorshkov, Natalya L Bogdanova, Andrei I Korolev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; echocardiography; left ventricular mass index; the ratio between the E and A waves; deceleration time of early mitral inflow; biomarkers

Online: 7 June 2023 (03:22:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0381.v1

First Detection of Neuroinvasive Porcine Astroviruses With Multiple Genotypes in South Korea

Jun-Soo Park, Chang-Gi Jeong, Su-Beom Chae, Sook-Young Lee, Jae-Ku Oem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Astrovirus; Porcine; Encephalitis; Myelitis

Online: 6 June 2023 (07:06:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0279.v1

An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Moscow Region in the Summer of 2022

Artyom Rtishchev, Anastasia Treshchalina, Elena Shustova, Elizaveta Boravleva, Alexandra Gambaryan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: NDV; paramyxovirus; outbreak; pathogenicity

Online: 5 June 2023 (08:43:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0265.v1

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Astroviruses in Brain Tissues of Wild Raccoon Dogs

Su-Beom Chae, Chang-Gi Jeong, Jun-Soo Park, Eun-Jee Na, Jae-Ku Oem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: astrovirus; wild raccoon dog; neurotropic-astrovirus

Online: 5 June 2023 (08:16:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0194.v1

An Overlooked Protein Domain, WIV, Is Found a Wide Number of Arthropod Viruses and Probably Facilitates Infection

David Karlin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: insect viruses; arthropod virus; distant homology detection; remote homology detection; virulence factor; tospovirus; structure prediction; cypovirus; small protrusion domain

Online: 2 June 2023 (11:45:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0093.v1

Does Human Papillomavirus Play a Causative Role in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review Using Bradford Hill’s Criteria

Ridwan Opeyemi Opeyemi Bello, Lily Willis-Powell, Olivia James, Avyay Sharma, Elizabeth Marsh, Libby Ellis, Kevin Gaston, Yusra Hasan Siddiqui

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Prostate cancer; human papillomavirus; HPV

Online: 1 June 2023 (13:31:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0088.v1

Phylogenetic Analysis and Codon Usage Bias Reveal the Potential of Feline and Canine Chaphamaparvovirus for Cross-species Transmission

Xu Guo, Yingying Zhang, Yang Pan, Kankan Yang, Xinxin Tong, Yong Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Canine; feline; chaphamaparvovirus; codon usage; phylogenetic; cross-species transmission

Online: 1 June 2023 (12:26:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1517.v2

Thiourea Derivatives Rejuvenate Dysfunctional Mitochondria in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

Jitendra Kumar, Purnima Tyagi, Akhilesh Kumar Saini, Deepti Sharma, Jaswinder Singh Maras, Vijay Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Antiviral; Thiourea derivatives; Hepatitis B Virus; Chronic hepatitis B infection; Mitochondria dysfunction; Exhausted hepatocytes

Online: 29 May 2023 (14:29:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1942.v1

Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Sheep and Goat in North Portugal: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors

João Jacob-Ferreira, Ana Cláudia Coelho, Ana Grau Vila, Delia Lacasta, Hélder Quintas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: sheep; goat; lentiviruses; SRLV; seroprevalence; risk factors

Online: 26 May 2023 (14:49:11 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1782.v1

Applications of the Microscale Thermophoresis Binding Assay in COVID-19 Research

Damian T. Nydegger, Jonai Pujol-Giménez, Palanivel Kandasamy, Bruno Vogt, Matthias A. Hediger

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; microscale thermophoresis; SLC6A20 amino acid transporter; antiviral agents

Online: 25 May 2023 (09:33:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1749.v1

Marine Sulfated Glycans Inhibit the Interaction of Glycosaminoglycans with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB Variant S-Protein

Peng He, Yuefan Song, Weihua Jin, Yunran Li, Ke Xia, Seon Beom Kim, Marwa Farrag, Rohini Dwivedi, John T. Bates, Vitor H. Pomin, Robert J. Linhardt, Jonathan S. Dordick, Fuming Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Marine sulfated glycans; SARS-CoV-2; Omicron XBB.1.5; Spike protein; Heparin

Online: 25 May 2023 (07:12:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1703.v1

Surveillance, Isolation, and Genetic Characterization of Bat Herpesviruses in Zambia

Hayato Harima, Yongjin Qiu, Junya Yamagishi, Masahiro Kajihara, Katendi Changula, Kosuke Okuya, Mao Isono, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Hirohito Ogawa, Naganori Nao, Michihito Sasaki, Edgar Simulundu, Aaron S Mweene, Hirofumi Sawa, Kanako Ishihara, Bernard M Hang’ombe, Ayato Takada

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: herpesvirus; bat; surveillance; complete genome; Zambia

Online: 24 May 2023 (05:30:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1690.v1

Association of Positive Hepatitis B Serology Markers With Risk and Behavior Factors in Kazakhstan Blood Donors: A Cross Sectional Study

Tatyana Savchuk, Yelena Grinvald, Mohamed Ali, Ramune Sepetiene, Saniya Saussakova, Kuralay Zhagazieva, Dulat Imashpayev, Saniya Abdrakhmanova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: hepatitis B; anti HBcore; risk factors; blood donors

Online: 24 May 2023 (04:37:56 CEST)

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Background and Aim. Recently made analysis for anti-HBcor prevalence within Kazakhstan blood donors population concluded 17.2% rate. Considering these data are among the highest of infectivity results worldwide, an objective of this study was to define an association of positive Hepatitis B serology markers with risk and behavior factors. Methods. The blood donors’ samples were tested for anti-HBcore total (IgG/IgM) and anti-HBs, by CLIA on the Architect i2000SR platform (Abbott). Surrogate alanine transferase (ALT) markers for all blood donors were tested by kinetic method on the Biosystems A25 analyzer. A questionnaire was developed for socio-demographic characteristics, donors’ nutrition habits, cholesterol levels and history of smoking, alcohol consumption. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Statistics was calculated using the R software program (version 4.1.1, USA, 2021). Results. A group of 5709 blood donors participated in the study. Participants with positive anti-HBcore scores were on average older (41.8 vs 34.4 years, p<0.001), Kazakh (88.7% vs 83.0%, p<0.001), married (74.0% vs 55.6%, p<0.001), had a secondary education (70.1% vs. 59.4%, p=0.03), smoked (27.9% vs. 24.3%, p=0.05), had a longer smoking history (13.6±9.5 years vs. 9.8±8.5 years, p<0.001), and various hypercholestesterolaemia (6.2% vs 3.9%, p=0.02). Predominantly their main meal was dinner (17.0% vs 14.2%, p=0.03). Analysis for associations of socio-demographics characteristics, risk factors, nutrition with anti-HBs, showed that those who have secondary education level (70.1%) were more likely to be anti-HBs-positive (p=0.03). No other significant correlations for anti-HBs were observed. Conclusions. The risk factors and behavior analysis highlighted the blood donors’ overall health status. Positive Hepatitis B markers associated with statistically significant characteristics from socio-demography, nutrition habits or risk factors could support further pathogenesis studies looking for HBV treatment guides fulfilling the existing gaps.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0475.v2

Liver Fibrosis in Individuals with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1B from Brazilian Eastern Amazon

Tatiane Lobato Da Silva, Apio Ricardo Nazareth Dias, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma, Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Hepatitis C virus; Genetic; Chronic Hepatitis C; Liver; Elastography

Online: 22 May 2023 (13:56:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1517.v1

Thiourea Derivatives Rejuvenate Mitochondria and Provide Anti-viral Activity Against Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

Jitendra Kumar, Purnima Tyagi, Akhilesh Kumar Saini, Deepti Sharma, Jaswinder Singh Maras, Vijay Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Thiourea derivatives; Hepatitis B Virus; Hepatitis B Virus X protein; Mitochondria Dysfunctions; Exhausted Hepatocytes

Online: 22 May 2023 (11:19:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1361.v1

Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela

Zoila C Moros, José Luis Zambrano, Yoneira F Sulbaran, Carmen L Loureiro, Ernestina Marulanda, Francis Bracho, Pierina D´Angelo, Lieska Rodriguez, Ferdinando Liprandi, Héctor R Rangel, Rossana C Jaspe, Flor H Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Omicron Variant of Concern; Mutations; Lineages

Online: 19 May 2023 (03:00:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1257.v1

Proposal Model for Evaluation of African/Asian/Brazilian-ZIKV Strains Viral Kinetics (Step Growth Curve) in Trophoblastic Cell Lines

Márcia Duarte-Barbosa, Anderson Costa, Paula Prieto-Oliveira, Robert Andreata-Santos, Cristina M. Peter, Paolo M. A. Zanotto, Luiz M. R. Janini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Zika virus; Trophoblast cell; Viral kinetics

Online: 17 May 2023 (14:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1219.v1

Biology and Behavior of SARS-COV-2 Contagion with Emphasis on Treatment Strategies, Risk Assessment, and Resilience

James Baldwin, Samina Noorali, Ashok Vaseashta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; risk assessment; mitigation; resilience; pandemic modeling; lessons learned

Online: 17 May 2023 (09:59:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1217.v1

Heat Shock Proteins HSP70: Viruses and Potential Role in Shrimp Immunity

Pedro Alexandre Valentim-Neto, Juliana Righeto Moser

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HSP70; Viruses; Shrimp Immunity

Online: 17 May 2023 (09:55:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1188.v1

From Darwinism to the Modern Age: How Evolutionary Paradigms Shape the Understanding of Host-Virus Coevolutionary Processes – A Review

Sofia Galvão Feronato, Guilherme Ferreira Silveira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: evolution; pos-Darwin; virology

Online: 17 May 2023 (04:58:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1035.v1

Evolutionary RNA Coliphage Qβ Displayed Nanotag Library and Peptide Binding Materials for Biosensing

Alain Bopda Waffo, Augustin Ntemafack, Aristide Dzelamonyuy, Godwin Nchinda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Biosensor; Biotin-tag; transducer

Online: 15 May 2023 (11:05:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1027.v1

Extensive Diversity and Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021-2022

Clement Adebajo Meseko, Milani Adelaide, Bitrus Inuwa, Chinonyerem Chinyere, Ismaila Shittu, James Ahmed, Edoardo Giussani, Elisa Palumbo, Bianca Zecchin, Francesco Bonfante, Silvia Maniero, Angélique Angot, Mamadou Niang, Alice Fusaro, Federica Gobbo, Calogero Terregino, Taiwo Olasoju, Isabella Monne, Maryam Muhammad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Highly pathogenic avian influenza; H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus; Nigeria

Online: 15 May 2023 (10:38:06 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1014.v1

Emergence of a New Strain of DENV-2 in South America: Introduction of the Cosmopolitan Genotype through the Brazilian-Peruvian Border

Murilo Tavares Amorim, Leonardo H. Almeida Hernández, Felipe Gomes Naveca, Ivy Tsuya Essashika Prazeres, Ana Lucia Monteiro Wanzeller, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Livia M. Neves Casseb, Fábio Silva Da Silva, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: arboviruses; dengue virus serotype 2; Cosmopolitan genotype

Online: 15 May 2023 (10:00:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0969.v1

The Importance of Entomo-Virological Investigation of Yellow Fever Virus to Strength Surveillance in Brazil

Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz, Leonardo Henrique Almeida Hernández, Carine Fortes Aragão, Thito Yan Bezerra Da Paz, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Fábio Silva da Silva, Ana Alice Aquino, Glennda Juscely Galvão Pereira Cereja, Bruna Lais Sena do Nascimento, José Wilson Rosa Junior Rosa Junior, Carmeci Natalina Elias, Cristiano Gomes Nogueira, Daniel Garkauskas Ramos, Vagner Fonseca, Marta Giovanetti, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes, Pedro F. da Costa Vasconcelos, Livia Carício Martins, Joaquim Pinto Nunes-Neto

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: yellow fever virus; vectors; Aedes albopictus; outbreak; entomo-virological surveillance

Online: 15 May 2023 (03:25:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0906.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses in Human Olfactory Pathophysiology

Serigne Fallou Wade, Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara, Babacar Ngom, Fatou Thiam, Ndongo Dia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Respiratory viruses; Anosmia; Olfaction Disorders; loss of smell; COVID-19

Online: 12 May 2023 (08:49:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0869.v1

qPCR System for Alongshan Virus Detection

Alexander Litov, Egor Okhezin, Ivan Kholodilov, Alexandra Polienko, Galina Karganova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Jingmenvirus group; Alongshan virus; qPCR; Flavivirus; Yanggou tick virus; tick-borne viruses

Online: 11 May 2023 (14:25:01 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0748.v1

The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates

Xinyu Shi, Xiaozhou Liu, Yu Sun

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: cytomegalovirus; hearing loss; pathogenesis

Online: 10 May 2023 (11:20:49 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0609.v1

Encephalopathy Caused by Human Parvovirus B19 Genotype 1 Associated With Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in a Newborn

Noely E. Ferreira, Antonio Charlys Da Costa, Esper Kallas, Cassia G.T. Silveira, Ana Carolina Soares, Layla Honorato, Heuder Gustavo Oliveira Paiao, Silvia Helena Lima, Dewton M. Vasconcelos, Marina F. Côrtes, Silvia Figueiredo Costa, Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza, Hélio Rodrigues Gomes, Steven S. Witkin, Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Human parvovirus B19; Encephalopathy; Metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

Online: 9 May 2023 (08:41:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0504.v1

Influence of HIV/AIDS infection on Immunological and Nutritional Status. A Cross Sectional Study in Kingdom of Bahrain

Fatima Alabdulali, Afnan Freije, Mariam Al-Mannai, Jameela Alsalman, Fatima Buabbas, Mariangela Rondanelli, Simone Perna

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HIV/AIDS patients; Nutritional; biochemical; Markers; immunological disease

Online: 8 May 2023 (10:10:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0285.v1

Wastewater Based Epidemiology, Phylogenetic Analysis and Machine Learning Approach to Describe the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the South-East of Spain

JOSE ANTONIO FEREZ, ENRIC CUEVAS-FERNANDO, MARIA AYALA-SAN NICOLAS, PEDRO J Simón Andreu, ROMAN LOPEZ, Pilar Truchado, Gloria Sánchez, ANA ALLENDE

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Epidemiology; Wastewater-based Epidemiology; Phylogenetic Analysis; Machine Learning Approach; Molecular virology

Online: 5 May 2023 (03:31:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0218.v1

Vaccinia Virus Strain Mva Expressing a Prefusion-Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Induces Robust Protection and Prevents Brain Infection in Mouse and Hamster Models

María M Lorenzo, Alejandro Marín-López, Kevin Chiem, Luis Jimenez-Cabello, Irfan Ullah, Sergio Utrilla-Trigo, Eva Calvo-Pinilla, Gema Lorenzo, Sandra Moreno, Chengjin Ye, Jun-Gyu Park, Alejandro Matía, Alejandro Brun, Juana M Sánchez-Puig, Aitor Nogales, Walther Mothes, Pradeep D Uchil, Priti Kumar, Javier Ortego, Erol Fikrig, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Rafael Blasco

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Poxvirus; Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara; vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; recombinant viral vectors; immunization

Online: 4 May 2023 (07:48:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0103.v1

Novel Antiviral Therapeutic Against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Amit Gupta, Ashish P. Singh, Vinay K. Singh, Rajeshwar P. Sinha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; antiviral agents; Omicron variant; mutant; vaccines; clinical studies

Online: 3 May 2023 (06:04:36 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0087.v1

Recent Population Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Jinpeng Xu, Abdul Wahaab, Sawar Khan, Mohsin Nawaz, Muhammad Naveed Anwar, Ke Liu, Jianchao Wei, Muddassar Hameed, Zhiyong Ma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Japanese encephalitis virus; Population dynamic; Genetic diversity

Online: 2 May 2023 (11:02:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0918.v1

Novel Isolate of Bean Common Mosaic Virus from Crownvetch (Securigera varia L. Lassen)

Daniel Mihálik, Simona Grešíková, Richard Hančinský, Pavel Cejnar, Michaela Havrlentová, Ján Kraic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: BCMV; genome; proteome; amino acid substitutions; novel host

Online: 25 April 2023 (10:16:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0697.v1

Viral Vectors Engineered for Gene Therapy

Kenneth Lundstrom

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: viral vectors; gene therapy; animal models; clinical trials; drug approval

Online: 21 April 2023 (08:55:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0665.v1

The Omicron Sub-Variant BA.4 Displays a Remarkable Lack of Clinical Signs in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Elizabeth R. Davies, Kathryn A. Ryan, Kevin R. Bewley, Naomi S. Coombes, Francisco J. Salguero, Oliver T. Carnell, Sarah Biddlecombe, Michael Charlton, Amy Challis, Eleanor S. Cross, Alastair Handley, Didier Ngabo, Thomas M. Weldon, Yper Hall, Simon G. P. Funnell

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Syrian hamster; animal model; coronavirus

Online: 21 April 2023 (03:31:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0585.v1

HTLV-1 Proviral Load in Vaginal Fluid Correlates With Levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Alisson de Aquino Firmino, Paulo Roberto Tavares Gomes Filho, Adenilda Lima Lopes Martins, Thessika Hialla Araújo, Luana Leandro Gois, Everton da Silva Batista, Jean Paulo Lacerda Araújo, Bernardo Galvão-Castro, Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HTLV-1; proviral load; vaginal proviral load

Online: 19 April 2023 (10:38:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0435.v1

Zika Virus Induces the Degradation of the Numb Protein that is Required through Embryonic Neurogenesis

Jia He, Liping Yang, Peixi Chang, Shixing Yang, Yu Wang, Shaoli Lin, Qiyi Tang, Yanjin Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Zika virus; ZIKV; the Numb protein; the Capsid protein

Online: 17 April 2023 (09:49:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0389.v1

Ebolavirus Species-Specific Interferon Antagonism Mediated by VP24

Palaniappan Ramanathan, Bersabeh Tigabu, Rodrigo Santos, Philipp Ilinykh, Natalia Kuzmina, Olivia Vogel, Naveen Thakur, Hamza Ahmed, Chao Wu, Gaya Amarasinghe, Christopher Basler, Alexander Bukreyev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Ebola virus; VP24; immune evasion; STAT1

Online: 17 April 2023 (03:54:31 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0343.v1

Analyses of Early ZIKV Genomes are Consistent with Viral Spread from Northeast Brazil to The Americas

Laise Eduarda Paixão De Moraes, Moyra Machado Portilho, Bram Vrancken, Frederik Van den Broeck, Luciane Amorim Santos, Marina Silveira Cucco, Laura Beatriz Tauro, Mariana Kikuti, Monaise Madalena Oliveira Silva, Gubio Soares Campos, Mitermayer Galvão Reis, Aldina Maria Prado Barral, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane Sampaio Boaventura, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Kristof Theys, Philippe Lemey, Guilherme de Sousa Ribeiro, Ricardo Khouri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Zika; arboviruses; vector-borne infections; genomic surveillance; phylogenetics

Online: 14 April 2023 (03:51:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0192.v1

Evaluation of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Palmitate (EC16) in Nasal Formulations Against Human Coronavirus

Nicolette Frank, Douglas Dickinson, William Garcia, Lucee Xiao, Andra Xayaraj, Lee H Lee, Tinchun Chu, Mukesh Kumar, Shannon Stone, Yutao Liu, Hongfang Yu, Jingwen Cai, Stephen Hsu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; Long COVID; EC16; EGCG-palmitate; Formulations

Online: 11 April 2023 (04:55:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0106.v1

Rottlerin-Liposome Inhibits Endocytosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection Through PKCδ Dependent Manner

Jong-Chul Choi, Sung-Won Jung, In-Yeong Choi, Yeong-Lim Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, In-Soo Choi, Joong-Bok Lee, Changin Oh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Feline Infectious Peritonitis; Rottlerin; Drug Delivery System; Liposome; Antivirals

Online: 7 April 2023 (03:40:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0082.v1

DHFR Inhibitors Display a Pleiotropic Anti-viral Activity Against SARS-CoV-2: Insights Into the Mechanisms of Action

Daniela Iaconis, Francesca Caccuri, Candida Manelfi, Carmine Talarico, Antonella Bugatti, Federica Filippini, Alberto Zani, Rubina Novelli, Maria Kuzikov, Bernhard Ellinger, Philip Gribbon, Kristoffer Riecken, Francesca Esposito, Angela Corona, Enzo Tramontano, Andrea R. Beccari, Arnaldo Caruso, Marcello Allegretti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; drug repurposing; methotrexate; EXSCALATE; virtual screening; molecular docking; antiviral activity; SARS-CoV-2; viral entry; nsp13

Online: 6 April 2023 (09:21:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0040.v1

Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with or without Acute Gastroenteritis in Acre, Northern Brazil

Fábyla D' Tácia Brito Trindade, Endrya Socorro Foro Ramos, Patrícia Santos Lobo, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, Edvaldo Tavares Penha Júnior, Delana Andreza Melo Bezerra, Mayara Annanda Oliveira Neves, Jorge Alberto Azevedo Andrade, Monica Cristina Moraes Silva, Joana D'Arc Pereira Mascarenhas, Sylvia Fátima Santos Guerra, Luana Silva Soares

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: human bocaparvovirus; acute gastroenteritis; children

Online: 4 April 2023 (05:19:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0006.v1

The Autonomous Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice Localizes to Cellular Sites of DNA Damage Using ATR Signaling

Clairine I.S. Larsen, Kinjal Majumder

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Parvoviruses; DNA damage response; Minute Virus of Mice

Online: 3 April 2023 (04:21:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0461.v1

Phagosomal Escape, Intracellular Survival and Induction of Small Colony Variants of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages

Dalida Angela Bivona, Carmelo Bonomo, Paolo Giuseppe Bonacci, Alessia Mirabile, Grete Francesca Privitera, Giuseppe Caruso, Filippo Caraci, Nicolò Musso, Dafne Bongiorno, Stefania Stefani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; Small Colony Variants; Carnosine; RAW 264.7 murine macrophages; Host-Pathogen Interaction

Online: 27 March 2023 (12:16:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0325.v1

Cardiovascular Safety of Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin in 424 COVID-19 Patients

Matthieu Million, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Jérôme Hourdain, Frédéric Franceschi, Jean-Claude Deharo, Philippe Parola, Philippe Brouqui

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; hydroxychloroquine; azithromycin; QTc interval; cardiac rhythm; safety; torsades de pointe

Online: 17 March 2023 (11:34:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0304.v1

THE REEMERGENCE OF MONKEYPOX IN NIGERIA- A MINI-REVIEW

Nzube Ekpunobi, OLUWAMAYOWA AKINSUYI1, THERESA ARIRI, Temitope Ogunmola

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Monkeypox, , Nigeria, MPXV, Epidemiology, Spillover

Online: 16 March 2023 (10:43:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0241.v1

Analysis of Nipah Virus Replication and Host Proteome Response Patterns in Differentiated Porcine Airway Epithelial Cells Cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface

Martin Müller, Kerstin Fischer, Elisabeth Woehnke, Luca M. Zaeck, Christoph Prönnecke, Michael R. Knittler, Axel Karger, Sandra Diederich, Stefan Finke

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Nipah virus; air-liquid interface culture; respiratory epithelium; mass spectrometry; immune response

Online: 14 March 2023 (02:50:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0219.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Positivity and Viral Load during Three Viral Waves in Mumbai, India

Chaitali Nikam, Wilson Suraweera, Sze Hang Fu, Patrick E Brown, Nico Nagelkerke, Prabhat Jha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; PCR positivity; Aleph Delta Omicron waves; Mumbai; India

Online: 13 March 2023 (06:31:08 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0112.v1

Brief History of Thermodynamic Research on Microorganisms

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Viruses; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella aerogenes; Candida utilis; Gibbs energy of biosynthesis; Bi-osynthesis reaction; Enthalpy; Entropy; Pathogen-host interaction

Online: 6 March 2023 (15:47:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0109.v1

Clinical Diagnosis for Chikungunya Infection: An Essential Aid in a Primary Care Setting Where Serological Confirmation Is Not Available

Juan C. Rueda, Ingris Peláez-Ballestas, Jose-Ignacio Angarita, Ana M. Santos, Carlos Pinzon, Eugenia-Lucia Saldarriaga, Jorge M. Rueda, Elias Forero, Diego L. Saaibi, Paula X. Pavía, Marta Juliana Mantilla, Gustavo Rodríguez-Salas, Juan Camilo Santacruz, Igor Rueda, Mario H. Cardiel, John Londono

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Chikungunya virus; diagnosis; arbovirus infections; clinical decision making; Colombia

Online: 6 March 2023 (15:17:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0094.v1

Serological Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Febrile Patients Attending a General Hospital in Emohua LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria

Iheanyi Okonko, Happiness Ernest Nwagwu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Antibodies; HCV; Prevalence; Febrile Patients; Nigeria

Online: 6 March 2023 (06:34:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0007.v1

A Virus Genetic System To Analyze the Fusogenicity of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Variants

Xuan Zhou, Giorgia Cimato, Yi-Hua Zhou, Giada Frascaroli, And Wolfram Brune

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Human herpesvirus 5; glycoprotein B; UL55; cell-cell fusion; entry; infectivity

Online: 1 March 2023 (03:05:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0475.v1

Liver Fibrosis in Individuals With Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1B From Brazilian Eastern Amazon

Tatiane Lobato Da Silva, Apio Ricardo Nazareth Dias, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma, Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Hepatitis C virus; Genetic; Chronic Hepatitis C; Liver, Elastography

Online: 27 February 2023 (13:33:51 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0155.v4

Low-Dose Interferon I and III-Based Nasal Sprays: A Good-Looking COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate and a Therapy of the Future?

Theodor-Nicolae Carp, Michael Metoudi, Brent Brown, Vanshika Ojha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: covid-19; pandemic; immune evasion; first-line immunity; viral evolution; interferon; dendritic cells; cytokines; chemokines; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; vaccinology

Online: 21 February 2023 (02:38:38 CET)

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The SARS–CoV-2 infection has caused both acute and chronic COVID–19 disease during the recent pandemic with emerging more transmissible SARS–CoV–2 Omicron variants (BQ1 and XBB1) that have increased demands for more effective immunogens and therapeutic approaches to protect the lives of numerous SARS–CoV-2 affected individuals and reduce overall disease burden that could be affected by concurrent other pathogens causing diseases. Following a worldwide campaign of mass vaccination, there is still a significant demand to quell the harmful effects of novel SARS–CoV–2 infections due to higher mutation rates within specific areas of the SARS–CoV-2 domain, leading to enhanced viral entry, especially within individuals with one or more significant comorbidities, and there is still a dilemma of how prevention of future pandemics will occur as within host animal mutations and cross species transfer naturally occurs. Concerns intersect at a specific point; a gained evolutionary ability of several viruses over the previous centuries to remain undetected during the first stages of infection by means of capping the 5' end of their DNA and RNA genes respectively. This may occur by reducing the rate of host Type I and Type III Interferons (IFN) cellular synthesis, that would usually occur and affect both apoptotic pathways, that facilitate viral replication and clearance, as well as immune cells, that process and present pathogenic antigen epitopes. Furthermore, although methods of vaccination exist, other methods in clinical development remain that could evoke an immune response in different cellular, serum or mucosal compartments being cellular, serum and mucosal that evoke differential antibody responses. Antibodies are classed as natural and synthetic. Natural antibodies are further classified into neutralizing and non-neutralizing, whilst synthetic antibodies are also further classified into monoclonal and polyclonal. As a result of single cell study transcriptome research, viruses do utilize an array of protein receptors for receptor-mediated cellular entry. This, therefore suggests that potential differential production of antibody immunoglobulins (Ig) within serum and mucosal areas remains affected by cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokines that can be upregulated or downregulated upon host viral infection. Serum plasma antibodies can be multimeric that may not efficiently cross the nasal epithelium cell layer, therefore offering less protection against mucosal inflammation due to mucin proteins. On the other hand, antibodies produced by mucosal plasma cells at epithelial surfaces are known to provide effective immune responses in some viral infections. The existence of developments that stimulate mucosal immune responses has so far only been seen with influenza nasal immunogens. Nevertheless, scientists developed ways of immunization and early treatment worldwide that generally showed good success rates and fewer risks of adverse events, and the still early present stages of COVID-19 research should also be taken into consideration. For example, the administration of human interferons I and III into the nasal mucosa cellular layer, as key mediators of anti–viral activity, can stimulate cellular activity to train the innate and adaptive immune system cells to develop and appropriately stimulate an adequate immune response through B and T cells. Recently, it was discovered that specific plants secrete proteins that also stimulate the production of Type I Interferons. It might be that focusing on directly offering the immune system the information about the genetics and protein structure of the pathogen, rather than training its first-line mechanisms to develop faster, excessively increases its specificity, making it reach a level that brings the virus the opportunity to evolve and escape previously-developed host immune mechanisms. Naturally-selected polymorphic viruses through genetic recombination pose challenges to traditional concepts of cellular and molecular immune system neutralization of these viruses during the first stages of cellular infection. It is until the scientific community realizes this potentially crucial aspect that we will probably continue to face serious epidemics and pandemics of respiratory diseases over the coming several decades, evidenced with dengue fever and more recently monkeypox. Type I IFNs tend to be produced faster than Type III IFNs, and the first induce slightly more abundant pro-inflammatory signals than the latter, meaning that type III IFNs, if produced early, may further decrease the extent of excessive proinflammatory signals. Hence, we believe that nasal sprays containing a low dosage of Type I and Type III IFNs not only represent a relevant COVID-19 therapeutic, but also a potential unknown modulatory therapy of the future. Of note, it has been indicated that IFN I and / or III display significant immunizing and early therapeutic effects for other viral evoked diseases like Influenza (Influenza (A)H1N1), rabies (Rabies lyssavirus), measles (Measles virus), rubella (Rubivirus rubellae), Hepatitis B, HIV-induced AIDS, Ebola, Marburg, as well as bacterial diseases, such as lower respiratory tract infectious diseases induced by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, and a number of oncological diseases, like hepatic melanoma.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0155.v3

Low-Dose Interferon I and III-Based Nasal Sprays: A Good-Looking COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate?

Theodor-Nicolae Carp, Michael Metoudi, Brent Brown, Vanshika Ojha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: covid-19; pandemic; immune evasion; first-line immunity; viral evolution; interferon; dendritic cells; cytokines; chemokines; innate immunity; vaccinology

Online: 20 February 2023 (02:28:09 CET)

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The SARS–CoV-2 infection has caused both acute and chronic COVID–19 disease during the recent pandemic with emerging more transmissible SARS–CoV–2 Omicron variants (BQ1 and XBB1) that have increased demands for more effective immunogens and therapeutic approaches to protect the lives of numerous SARS–CoV-2 affected individuals and reduce overall disease burden that could be affected by concurrent other pathogens causing diseases. Following a worldwide campaign of mass vaccination, there is still a significant demand to quell the harmful effects of novel SARS–CoV–2 infections due to higher mutation rates within specific areas of the SARS–CoV-2 domain, leading to enhanced viral entry, especially within individuals with one or more significant comorbidities, and there is still a dilemma of how prevention of future pandemics will occur as within host animal mutations and cross species transfer naturally occurs. Concerns intersect at a specific point; a gained evolutionary ability of several viruses over the previous centuries to remain undetected during the first stages of infection by means of capping the 5' end of their DNA and RNA genes respectively. This may occur by reducing the rate of host Type I and Type III Interferons (IFN) cellular synthesis, that would usually occur and affect both apoptotic pathways, that facilitate viral replication and clearance, as well as immune cells, that process and present pathogenic antigen epitopes. Furthermore, although methods of vaccination exist, other methods in clinical development remain that could evoke an immune response in different cellular, serum or mucosal compartments being cellular, serum and mucosal that evoke differential antibody responses. Antibodies are classed as natural and adaptive. Natural antibodies are further classed into neutralizing and non-neutralizing, whilst adaptive antibodies are also further classed into monoclonal and polyclonal. As a result of single cell study transcriptome research, viruses do utilize an array of protein receptors for receptor-mediated cellular entry. This, therefore suggests that potential differential production of antibody immunoglobulins (Ig) within serum and mucosal areas remains affected by cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokines that can be upregulated or downregulated upon host viral infection. Serum plasma antibodies can be multimeric that may not efficiently cross the nasal epithelium cell layer, therefore offering less protection against mucosal inflammation due to mucin proteins. On the other hand, antibodies produced by mucosal plasma cells at epithelial surfaces are known to provide effective immune responses in some viral infections. The existence of developments that stimulate mucosal immune responses has so far only been seen with influenza nasal immunogens. Nevertheless, scientists developed ways of immunization and early treatment worldwide that generally showed good success rates and fewer risks of adverse events, and the still early present stages of COVID-19 research should also be taken into consideration. For example, the administration of human interferons I and III into the nasal mucosa cellular layer, as key mediators of anti–viral activity, can stimulate cellular activity to train the innate and adaptive immune system cells to develop and appropriately stimulate an adequate immune response through B and T cells. Recently, it was discovered that specific plants secrete proteins that also stimulate the production of Type I Interferons. It might be that focusing on directly offering the immune system the information about the genetics and protein structure of the pathogen, rather than training its first-line mechanisms to develop faster, excessively increases its specificity, making it reach a level that brings the virus the opportunity to evolve and escape previously-developed host immune mechanisms. Naturally-selected polymorphic viruses through genetic recombination pose challenges to traditional concepts of cellular and molecular immune system neutralization of these viruses during the first stages of cellular infection. It is until the scientific community realizes this potentially crucial aspect that we will probably continue to face serious epidemics and pandemics of respiratory diseases over the coming several decades, evidenced with dengue fever and more recently monkeypox. Type I IFNs tend to be produced faster than Type III IFNs, and the first induce slightly more abundant pro-inflammatory signals than the latter, meaning that type III IFNs, if produced early, may further decrease the extent of excessive proinflammatory signals. Hence, we believe that nasal sprays containing a low dosage of Type I and Type III IFNs not only represent a relevant COVID-19 therapeutic, but also a potential unknown modulatory therapy of the future. Of note, it has been indicated that IFN I and / or III display significant early therapeutic effects for other viral evoked diseases like Influenza (A)H1N1 (Influenza), Rabies lyssavirus (rabies), measles virus (measles), Rubivirus rubellae (rubella), Hepatitis B, HIV-induced AIDS, as well as bacterial diseases, such as lower respiratory tract infectious disease induced by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, and a number of oncological diseases, like hepatic melanoma.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0279.v1

Introducing the Physical Driving Forces into Biology

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Biophysics; Biothermodynamics; Growth; Microorganism; Virus; Enthalpy; Entropy; Gibbs energy

Online: 16 February 2023 (08:43:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0278.v1

Self-Reported Adverse Events after Primary COVID-19 Vaccination in Bulgarian Healthcare Workers

Vanya Rangelova, Ralitsa Dimitrova Raycheva, Ani Kevorkyan, Sara Sariyan, Valeri Tzekov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; mRNA vaccine; adenoviral vector vaccine; adverse event; local adverse event; systemic adverse event

Online: 16 February 2023 (08:00:51 CET)

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The immunization of healthcare workers in the early stages of the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines was prioritized in order to ensure uninterrupted medical care provision. At the same time the increasing number of available COVID-19 vaccines may trigger hesitancy towards the decision to get vaccinated. Thus, accumulating reliable information on the adverse events following immunization may educate and urge the general population to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. The present study aimed to evaluate the adverse events (AEs) following immunization with any of the available COVID-19 vaccine among Bulgarian healthcare workers (HCWs). A cross-sectional study among HCWs in Plovdiv, Bulgaria was conducted in the period March – September 2021. Through a semi-structured online questionnaire, the participants reported the adverse events following the administration of the first and second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 253 respondents, vaccinated with one of the available vaccines against COVID-19 took part in the study. Of them 71.9% were females, and 75.9% received mRNA-based vaccines, while 24.1% received a viral-vector based vaccine. Overall 91.6% and 82.6% of all participants reported at least one local AE after the first and second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. The share of respondents reporting at least one systemic AE after the first and second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine was 59.7% and 62.4% respectively. The most common local AE was pain at the injection spot (84.0%), while the most common systemic AEs were fatigue (54.9%), chills (43.2%), and headache (41.7%). The mRNA-based vaccines versions seem to cause higher prevalence of local AEs, while the vector-based vaccines were linked with increased prevalence of systemic AEs. Female HCWs and the younger age group were associated with an increased risk of adverse events generally. Our results added more evidence that mRNA-based and viral-vector based vaccines are generally safe. The reported adverse events were mild, although they occurred in a high share of the respondents. No serious AEs attributable to the vaccines were reported.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0247.v1

Antiviral Activities of Streptomyces KSF 103 Methanolic Extracts Against Dengue Virus Type-2

Nurfatihah Zulkifli, Jasmine Elanie Khairat, Adzzie Shazleen Azman, Nur-Faralyza Mohd Baharudin, Nurul Adila Malek, Syafiq-Asnawi Zainal Abidin, Sazaly Abu Bakar, Pouya Hassandarvish

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Antivirals; arbovirus; dengue virus; Streptomyces; virus replication

Online: 15 February 2023 (01:51:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0197.v1

Isolation of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses with Encephalitogenic Potential Diagnosed by Evandro Chagas Institute in the Period of 1954–2022: Six Decades of Discoveries

Ana Lucia Monteiro Wanzeller, Landeson Junior Leopoldino Barros, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Maissa Maia Santos, Ercília de Jesus Gonçalves, Jamilla Pantoja, Creuza de Sousa Lima Lima, Maxuell Furtado Lima, Luiz Roberto Oliveira Costa, Liliane Leal das Chagas, Iveraldo Ferreira Silva, Tania Cristina Alves da Silveira da Cunha, Fabio Silva da Silva, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Leonardo Henrique Almeida Hernández, Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo, Lívia Carício Martins, Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto, Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz, Livia Medeiros Neves Casseb, Elizabeth Salbe Travassos da Rosa, Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Helena Baldez Vasconcelos, Valéria Lima Carvalho, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: arbovirus; viral isolation; cell culture; neurotropic; public health

Online: 13 February 2023 (03:30:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0171.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity in the Golden Syrian Hamster Model of Infection is Related to the Volume of Intranasal Inoculum.

Alastair Handley, Kathryn A. Ryan, Elizabeth R. Davies, Kevin R. Bewley, Oliver T. Carnell, Amy Challis, Naomi S. Coombes, Susan A. Fotheringham, Karen E. Gooch, Michael Charlton, Debbie J. Harris, Chelsea Kennard, Didier Ngabo, Thomas M. Weldon, Francisco J. Salguero, Simon G. P. Funnell, Yper Hall

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Syrian hamster; animal model; coronavirus

Online: 10 February 2023 (01:22:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0157.v1

Human Biting Activity, Resting Behavior and Yellow Virus Transmission Potential of Aedes Mosquitoes in Southwest Ethi-Opia

Abate Waldetensai, Myrthe Pareyn, Fekadu Massebo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Aedes; Mosquitoes; Yellow Fever; Simpsoni complex; Behavior; Soutwestern Ethiopia

Online: 9 February 2023 (07:02:03 CET)

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Yellow fever is an emerging and re-emerging viral disease transmitted through the bites of infective Aedes mosquitoes. Several outbreaks of yellow fever have been documented in southern Ethiopia.Understanding the transmission cycle is pivotal to manage arboviral disease outbreaks. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate which species of Aedes mosquitoes contribute to the YF virus transmission and the outbreaks that have occurred, and their behaviors (biting and resting) in the region. Two districts were selected based on previous Yellow Fever (YF) outbreak history. A longitudinal entomological sampling was carried out to collect adult Aedes mosquitoes using human landing catches, mechanical mouth aspirators and pyrethrum spreadsheet collection. Adult mosquito collections were conducted twice a month for six months from February 2019 to July 2020. Identification of mosquito species at the genus level was done using morphological keys and speciation using molecular techniques on 406 Aedes due to limited laboratory resources (primers and probe, reagents shortage) and budget limits. Aedes mosquitoes were pooled and tested for YFV, dengue virus (DENV, serotype 1-4) and chikungunya virus (CHKV) by qPCR. A total of 1689 mosquitoes 93.7% (1582/1689) of Aedes and 6.3% (107/1689) of Culex were collected. Of the total collected mosquitoes, 58.7% (991/1689) were from Ofa study sites whereas the left 41.3% (698/1689) were from Boko Dawula. 93.5% (1579/1689) of Aedes complex were collected during wet season. Most of the mosquitoes were collected during the wet season 97.9% (1653/1689). Of the 1582 Aedes simpsoni complex, 57.7% (913/1582) were from Ofa district and the remaining 42.3% (669/1582) were from Boko Dawula district. Of the 406 Aedes mosquitoes molecularly characterized to the species level, the Aedes simpsoni complex accounted for 99.5% (404/406), while Aedes aegypti found in the Ofa district accounted for only 0.5% (2/ 406). From the 934 Aedes simpsoni tested for viruses and none were positive. The human biting activities of Aedes (Ae.) simpsoni peaked at 8:00 – 9:00 hour and 16:00 – 17:00 hour, mostly outdoors, both within the villages and forests. The leaves of Ensete (E.) ventricosum appear to be ideal resting places for Aedes (Ae.) simpsoni complex. Although the tested Ae. simpsoni complex was negative for arboviruses; morning and afternoon activities of the species coincide with human outdoor activities and may therefore pose the risk of viral infection. The lower dominance of Aedes aegypti indicated that the major responsible vector for the occurrences of previous and current arboviral diseases was due to other mentioned Aedes species. It is of great importance to improve surveillance activities of arboviruses in reservoir hosts and vectors to establish control measures. Furthermore, the origin of bloodmeal and the mosquito’s role in the transmission of arboviral diseases need further study to improve the understanding of this species.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0145.v1

Liver Function in Patients Up to 20 Months of Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study

Igor Costa de Lima, Daniel Carvalho de Menezes, Juliana Hiromi Emin Uesugi, Cléa Nazaré Carneiro Bichara, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma, Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; post COVID; liver; aspartate aminotransferase; risk factors

Online: 8 February 2023 (10:47:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0128.v1

Epidemiological Description and Molecular Characterization of Intrafamily Transmission of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in an Endemic Region of Brazil

Cássia Pereira, Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb, Akim F.S. Nobre, Maria N. L. Reis, Carlos A. Costa, Louise S. C. Covre, Maisa S. Sousa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HTLV; Amazon; Phylogeny

Online: 7 February 2023 (10:47:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0081.v1

Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Umarqayum Abu Bakar, Lina Amrani, Farah Kamarulzaman, Saiful Anuar Karsani, Pouya Hassandarvish, Jasmine Elanie Khairat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: influenza A virus; avian influenza virus; virus tropism in human; antiviral; vaccine

Online: 6 February 2023 (06:03:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0060.v1

Epidemiology of the Acceptance of Anti Covid-19 Vaccine in Urban and Rural Settings in Cameroon

Cecile Ingrid Djuikoue, Rodrigue Kamga Wouambo, Majeste Pahane, Blaise Demanou Fenkeng, Cedric Seugnou Nana, Joelle Djamfa Nzenya, Flore Fotso Kamgne, Cedric Ngalani Toutchou, Benjamin D. Thumamo Pokam, Teke Apalata

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: vaccination; acceptance; Covid-19; epidemiology; Cameroon; urban area; rural area

Online: 3 February 2023 (06:23:26 CET)

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The Covid-19 pandemic has rapidly evolved in December 2019 and to prevent its spread, effective vaccines has been produced and made available to the population. Despite their availability so far in Cameroon, the vaccination coverage remains low. This study aimed at describing the epidemiology of the acceptance of vaccines against Covid-19 in some urban and rural areas of Cameroon. A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey was conducted from March 2021 to August 2021 targeting unvaccinated individuals from urban and rural area. After getting appropriate administrative authorizations and an ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Douala University (N° 3070CEI-Udo/05/2022/M), a cluster sampling at many degrees was performed and a language adapted questionnaire was filled by each consenting participant. Data were analyzed using Epi info version 7.2.2.6 software and for P-values ˂ 0.05, the difference was considered as statistically significant. Out of 1053 individuals, 58.02% (611/1053) participants were residing in urban and 41.98% (442/1053) in rural areas. Good knowledge relative to Covid-19 was significantly higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas (97.55%vs.85.07, P<0.000). The proportion of respondents who intended to accept the anti Covid-19 vaccine was significantly higher in urban areas than rural areas (42.55%vs.33.26, p=0.0047). Conversely, the proportion of anti Covid-19 reluctant respondents thinking that the vaccine can induce a disease was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas (54 (35.07 vs 8.84, P<0.0001). The significant determinants of anti-COVID-19 acceptance were the level of education (p=0.0001) and profession in the rural areas (p=<0.0001), and only the profession (p=0.0046) in the urban areas. This study globally shows that anti-COVID-19 vaccination remains a major challenge in urban as well as rural area in Cameroon. We should keep sensitizing and educate population about vaccine importance in preventing the COVID-19 spread.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0058.v1

Cellular Targets of the HIV-1 Protease: Just the Tip of the Iceberg?

Matteo Centazzo, Lara Manganaro, Gualtiero Alvisi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HIV-1 PR; host factors; host cell shut-off; protease; antiviral therapy; cell death; apoptosis

Online: 3 February 2023 (04:42:32 CET)

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The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) viral protease (PR) is one of the most studied viral enzymes, and approval of drugs targeting its catalytic activity opened the door to the develop-ment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Despite the fact that its crucial role in viri-on maturation is well characterized, an increasing body of research is starting to focus on its abil-ity to cleave host cell proteins, based on recent advances in proteomics and genomics technologies. Such findings are apparently in contrast with the dogma of HIV-1 PR activity being restricted to the interior of nascent virions, and suggest catalytic activity within the host cell environment. Given the limited amount of PR present in the virion at the time of infection, it is tempting to specu-late that such events mainly occur during viral late gene expression, mediated by newly synthe-sized Gag-Pol polyprotein precursors, rather than at a very early stage of infection, before pro-viral integration. Among cellular targets of HIV-1 PR, three major clusters can be identified: pro-teins involved in viral and cellular translation, those controlling cell survival, and restriction fac-tors responsible for innate/intrinsic antiviral responses. Indeed, by cleaving host cell translation initiation factors HIV-1 PR can impair cap-dependent translation, thus promoting IRES-mediated translation of late viral transcripts and viral production, while by targeting several apoptotic fac-tors it modulates cell survival, thus promoting immune evasion and viral dissemination. Addi-tionally, HIV-1 PR counteracts restriction factors incorporated in the virion that would otherwise interfere with nascent virus vitality. Thus, HIV-1 PR appears to modulate host cell function at dif-ferent times and locations during its life cycle, to ensure efficient viral persistency and propaga-tion. This kind of PR-mediated host cell modulation is found in a plethora of different viruses and HIV-1 is no exception, and although we are far from having a complete picture, it is clear that the PR has a multifaceted role in interfering with host machineries to better suit viral replication, and is a field that needs to be explored further.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0586.v1

Experimental Lung Inflammation Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 is Controlled by Intranasal Instillation of Vitamin D

William Danilo Fernandes de Souza, Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento, Marina Caçador Ayupe, Caio Loureiro Salgado, Bernardo de Castro Oliveira, Francielly Moreira, Guilherme William da Silva, Stefanie Primon Muraro, Gabriela Fabiano de Souza, José Luiz Proença-Módena, Joao Pessoa Araujo-Junior, Denise Fonseca, Alexandrina Sartori

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; lung; inflammation; mice; vitamin D

Online: 31 January 2023 (12:04:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0564.v1

Feeding Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma to Pigs Improves the Protection Afforded by The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) BA71∆CD2 Vaccine Prototype Against Experimental Challenge with The Pandemic ASFV. Study 2.

Joan Pujols, Elena Blazquez, Joaquim Segalés, Fernando Rodríguez, Chia-Yu Chang, Jordi Argilaguet, Laia Bosch-Camós, Rosa Rosell, Lola Pailler, Boris Gavrilov, Joy Campbell, Javier Polo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: African swine fever; ASFV; spray-dried porcine plasma; vaccine; challenge; nutritional interven-tion

Online: 31 January 2023 (02:24:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0562.v1

Feeding Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma to Pigs Reduces African Swine Fever Virus Load in Infected Pigs and Delays Virus Transmission. Study 1

Elena Blázquez, Joan Pujols, Fernando Rodriguez, Joaquim Segalés, Rosa Rosell, Joy Campbell, Javier Polo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: African swine fever; ASFV; spray-dried porcine plasma; challenge; nutritional intervention

Online: 31 January 2023 (02:21:18 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0518.v1

‘Langya’ Virus, A Zoonotic Henipavirus Recently Emerged in China, Public Health Concerns, and Counteracting Prevention and Control Measures- An Update

Ranjit Sah, Jaffer Shah, Priyanka Rao, Bijaya Kumar Padhi, Aroop Mohanty, Mohd Iqbal Yatoo, Deepak Chandran, Nahed A El Sh, Praveen SV, Talha Bin Emran, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Kuldeep Dhama

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Langya virus; henipavirus; animal spillover; zoonosis; public health concerns; prevention and control measures

Online: 28 January 2023 (04:53:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0480.v1

An Evaluation of Avian Influenza Virus Whole Genome Sequencing Approaches Using Nanopore Technology

Hon S. Ip, Sarah Uhm, Mary Lea Killian, Mia K. Torchetti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: avian influenza; highly pathogenic avian influenza; next generation sequencing; whole genome sequencing; nanopore technology; methods comparison; clinical validation

Online: 26 January 2023 (15:19:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0323.v2

Experimental Dengue Virus Type 4 Infection Increases the Expression of MicroRNAs-15/16, Triggering a Caspase-Induced Apoptosis Pathway

Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb, Karla Fabiane Lopes de Melo, Carlos Alberto Marques de Carvalho, Carolina Ramos dos Santos, Edna Cristina Santos Franco, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Apoptosis; Dengue Virus; microRNAs; Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Online: 26 January 2023 (10:47:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0457.v1

Profile of Serological (IgM/IgG) and Virological Markers of COVID-19 in Some Private Universities in Cameroon During the Pandemic

Rodrigue Kamga Wouambo, Cecile Ingrid Djuikoué, Livo Forgu Esemu, Luc Aime Kagoue Simeni, Murielle Tchitchoua, Paule Dana Djouela Djoulako, Joseph Fokam, Madeleine Singwe-Ngandeu, Eitel Mpoudi Ngolé, Teke Apalata

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; serological markers (IgM/IgG); Prevalence; private universities; Cameroon

Online: 25 January 2023 (11:27:36 CET)

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Background: COVID-19 remains a rapidly evolving and deadly pandemic worldwide. This necessitates the continuous assessment of existing diagnostic tools for robust, up-to-date and cost-effective pandemic response strategy. We sought to determine the infection rate (PCR-positivity) and degree of spread (IgM/IgG) of SARS-CoV-2 in three university settings in Cameroon Method: Study volunteers were recruited from November 2020 to July 2021 among COVID-19 non-vaccinated students in three Universities from two regions of Cameroon (West and Centre). Molecular testing was performed by RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and IgM/IgG antibodies in plasma were detected using the Abbott Panbio IgM/IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT) at the Virology Laboratory of CREMER/IMPM/MINRESI. The molecular and serological profiles were compared and, p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Amongst the 291 participants enrolled (mean age 22.59±10.43 years), 19.59% (57/291) were symptomatic and 80.41 %(234/2691) asymptomatic. Overall COVID-19 PCR-positivity rate was 21.31% (62/291), distributed as follows: 25.25% from UdM-Bangangte; 27.27% from ISSBA-Yaounde and 5% from IUEs/INSAM-Yaounde. Women were more affected than men (28.76% [44/153] vs. 13.04% [18/138], p<0.0007) and they significantly expressed more IgM+/IgG+ (15.69% [24/153] vs. 7.25% [10/138], p<0.01). Participants from Bangangté, the nomadic, and the “non-contact cases” mainly presented an active infection compared to those from Yaoundé (p= 0.05; p=0.05 and p=0.01 respectively). Overall IgG seropositivity (IgM-/IgG+ and IgM+/IgG+) was 24.4% (71/291). A proportion of 26.92% (7/26) presenting COVID-19 IgM+/IgG- had negative PCR versus 73.08% (19/26) with positive PCR, p<0.0001. Furthermore, 17.65% (6/34) with COVID-19 IgM+/IgG+ had negative PCR as compared to 82.35% positive PCR (28/34), p<0.0001. Lastly, 7.22% (14/194) with IgM-/IgG- had a positive PCR. Conclusion: This study calls for a rapid preparedness and response strategy in higher institutes in case of any future pathogen with pandemic or epidemic potentials. The observed disparity between IgG/IgM and viral profile supports prioritizing assays targeting the virus (nucleic acid or antigen) for diagnosis and antibody screening for sero-surveys

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0404.v1

XBB.1.5 Kraken Cracked: Gibbs Energies of Binding and Biosynthesis of the XBB.1.5 Variant of SARS-Cov-2

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Omicron variant; Infectivity; Pathogenicity; Biothermodynamics; COVID-19; Viral evolution

Online: 23 January 2023 (08:53:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0388.v1

Significance of Conserved Regions in Coronavirus Spike Protein for Developing a Novel Vaccine against SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Titus A Olukitibi, Zhujun Ao, Bryce Warner, Rodrigo Unat, Darwyn Kobasa, Xiaojian Yao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine; Spike protein; Mutation; Conserved epitopes

Online: 23 January 2023 (02:03:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0353.v1

Low Uptake of Hepatitis B Vaccination among Healthcare Workers in Primary Health Facilities in Mwanza Region, North-western, Tanzania

Bernada Ndunguru, Diana WIlfred, Anthony Kapesa, Mariam Mirambo, Semvua Kilonzo, Fabian Massaga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coverage of hepatitis B vaccination; Hepatitis B virus; Healthcare workers; primary health facilities

Online: 19 January 2023 (09:19:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0327.v1

Biothermodynamics of the BA.5.2 and BF.7 variants of SARS-CoV-2

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; variant of concern; infectivity; pathogenicity; evolution; Gibbs energy

Online: 18 January 2023 (08:40:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0266.v1

Astrovirology: how viruses will enhance our understanding of life in the universe

Gareth Trubl, Kenneth Stedman, Kathryn Bywaters, Emily Matula, Pacifica Sommers, Simon Roux, Nancy Merino, John Yin, Jason Kaelber, Aram Avila-Herrera, Peter Johnson, John Johnson, Schuyler Borges, Peter Weber, Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Penelope Boston

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: LIFE; Origin; Exobiology; Evolution; Ecology; Astrobiology; Space

Online: 16 January 2023 (03:44:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0261.v1

A Comparative Analysis of Human Hepatic Lesions in Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Chikungunya: Revisiting Histopathological Changes in the Light of Modern Knowledge of Cell Pathology

Yasmin Ribeiro, Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão, Vanessa Cavaleiro Smith, Jorge Rodrigues Sousa, Carla Pagliari, Edna Cristina dos Santos Franco, Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz, Jannifer O. Chiang, Lívia Caricio Martins, Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes, Felipe Souza da Silva Vilacoert, Lais Carneiro dos Santos, Matheus Perini Furlaneto, Hellen Thaís Fuzii, Marcos Virgilio Bertonsin Filho, Luccas Delgado Da Costa, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, Ismari Perini Furlaneto, Arnaldo Jorge Martins-Filho, Tinara Aarão, Pedro F.C. Vasconcelos, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Arboviruses; Histopathology; Cell death; Necrosis; Steatosis; Liver

Online: 16 January 2023 (02:55:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0250.v1

Low Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Canine and Feline Serum Samples Collected during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong and Korea

Yun Young Go, Maura Carrai, Yan Ru Choi, Christopher J. Brackman, Karina W.S. Tam, Pierra Y.T. Law, Fiona Woodhouse, Jane Gray, Ji Hun Kim, Joohyung Park, Chae Won Jeon, Hyomi Jang, Ioannis Magouras, Nicola Decaro, Samuel MS Cheng, Malik Peiris, Julia A. Beatty, Vanessa R. Barrs

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Feline; Canine; seroprevalence; zoonosis

Online: 13 January 2023 (10:21:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0217.v1

Orthoparamyxovirinae C Proteins Have a Common Origin and a Common Structural Organization

Ada Roy, Emeric Chan Mine, Lorenzo Gaifas, Cédric Leyrat, Valentina Volchkova, Florence Baudin, Luis Martinez-Gil, Viktor Volchkov, David G. Karlin, Jean-Marie Bourhis, Marc Jamin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Paramyxoviridae; virulence factor; overlapping genes; protein structure; viral evolutio

Online: 12 January 2023 (08:50:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0188.v1

Determination of a Key Pandemic Parameter of the SIR-Epidemic Model from Past Covid-19 Mutant Waves and Its Variation for the Validity of the Gaussian Evolution

Reinhard Schlickeiser, Martin Kröger

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; statistical analysis; extrapolation; parameter estimation; pandemic spreading

Online: 11 January 2023 (02:14:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0085.v1

Simple but Powerful: Viroids can Hijack their Host Cells’ Metabolism due to Greater Gibbs Energy Dissipation

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Biothermodynamics; Biosynthesis; Driving force; Life; Virus; Pathogen-host interaction

Online: 5 January 2023 (01:26:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0052.v1

Molecular Tracking of The Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador

David Vasco-Julio, Dayana Aguilar, Alexander Maldonado, Euclides De la Torre, Maria Soledad Cisneros-Montufar, Carlos Bastidas-Caldes, Juan-Carlos Navarro, Jacobus H. De Waard

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: vesicular stomatitis virus; molecular epidemiology; outbreak; phylogeny

Online: 4 January 2023 (03:16:31 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0581.v1

Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Threat in the Indo-Pacific Region

Kumar Saurabh Srivastava, Vandana Jeswani, Nabanita Pal, Babita Bohra, Vaishali Vishwakarma, Atharva Ashish Bapat, Yamini Prashanti Patnaik, Navin Khanna, Rahul Shukla

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Japanese encephalitis (JE); Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV); Therapeutics; Vaccine; Antiviral; Drug

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:57:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0577.v1

Effects of Toll Like Receptor Agonists and SARS-Cov-2 Antigens on Interferon (IFN) Expression by Peripheral Blood CD3+ T Cells in COVID-19 Patients

Samaneh A Abdolmohammadi-Vahid, Behzad Baradaran, Armin Sadeghi, Gilina Bezemer, Fatemeh K Kiaee, Ian Adcock, Gert Folkerts, Johan Garssen, Esmaeil Mortaz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: TLR; IFN; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:13:21 CET)

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Background: Signaling by toll like receptors (TLRs) initiates important immune responses against viral infection. The role of TLRs in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is not well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the interaction of TLRs agonists and SARS-COV-2 antigens with immune cells in vitro. Material & methods: 30 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (15 severe and 15 moderate) and 10 age and sex matched control (HC) were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and activated with TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 agonists, the spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) unit of SP. Frequencies of CD3⁺IFN-β⁺ T cells, and CD3⁺IFN-g⁺ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Interferon (IFN)-b gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results: The frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells was higher in moderate and severe patients at baseline in comparison with HCs. Stimulation of PBMCs from moderate patients with SP and TLR8 agonist significantly upregulated the frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells (P=0.0005 and 0.0024, respectively) when compared to non-stimulated (NS) samples. The greatest increase in CD3⁺IFN-b⁺ T cell frequency in PBMCs from severe patients was seen with TLR8 and TLR7 agonists when compared to NS (P= 0.003 and 0.0167, respectively). TLR stimulation did not significantly enhance the frequency of CD3+IFN-g+ T cells generated from PBMCs from moderate and severe patients compared with unstimulated controls. However, the frequency of CD3+IFN-ɣ+ T cells in PBMCs from moderate patients was upregulated by agonists of TLR3, 8 and 9, SP and RBD when compared with NS samples from HCs. The expression of the IFN-β gene after stimulation of CD3⁺T cells with the TLR8 agonist was also up-regulated in moderate than severe patients (moderate vs. severe: p=0.0006). In addition, stimulation of CD3⁺ T cells with SP, up-regulated the expression of IFN-β gene expression in cells from patients with moderate disease (moderate vs. severe: p=0.01). Conclusion: Stimulation of PBMCs from COVID-19 patients with a TLR8 agonist and with SP enhanced IFN-b protein and gene levels. This may potentiate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent viral replication and spread.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0502.v1

A Case of COVID-19 Successfully Treated with Minocycline and Saiko-Keishi-To

Masashi Ohe, Haruki Shida, Junya Yamamoto, Masahide Seki, Youjin Park, Ken Furuya, Saori Nishio

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; minocycline; Kampo; Saiko-keishi-to

Online: 27 December 2022 (02:13:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0466.v1

Extracellular Vesicles are Conveyors of the NS1 Toxin during Flavivirus Infection

Daed EL SAFADI, Grégorie LEBEAU, Alisé LAGRAVE, Julien Mélade, Lauriane GRONDIN, Sarah ROSANALY, Floran Begue, Mathilde Hoareau, Bryan Veeren, Marjolaine ROCHE, Jean-jacques Hoarau, Olivier Meilhac, Patrick Mavingui, Philippe DESPRES, Wildriss VIRANAICKEN, Pascale KREJBICH-TROTOT

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Flavivirus; Dengue; Zika; NS1; exosome; viral toxin vectorization

Online: 26 December 2022 (03:37:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0454.v1

The Silver Bullet: A Safe and Efficient Attenuated Vaccine for Viral Diseases Based on Biothermodynamics

Marko Popovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccine; Attenuation; Biothermodynamics; Gibbs energy; Permissiveness; Biosynthesis; Multiplication

Online: 23 December 2022 (08:15:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0417.v1

RAPIDprep: A Simple, Fast Protocol for RNA Metagenomic Sequencing of Clinical Samples

Rachel L Tulloch, Karan Kim, Chisha Sikazwe, Alice Michie, Rebecca Burrell, Edward C. Holmes, Dominic E. Dwyer, Philip N. Britton, Jen Kok, John-Sebastian Eden

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: RNA sequencing; metagenomics; infectious diseases; diagnostics

Online: 22 December 2022 (04:25:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0404.v1

Integration of Epidemiological and Genomic Data to Investigate H5N1 HPAI Outbreaks in Northern Italy in 2021-2022

Diletta Fornasiero, Alice Fusaro, Bianca Zecchin, Matteo Mazzucato, Francesca Scolamacchia, Grazia Manca, Calogero Terregino, Tiziano Dorotea, Paolo Mulatti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HPAI; H5N1; Italy; genetic network; epidemiological investigation; contact tracing; ERGM

Online: 22 December 2022 (01:14:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0386.v1

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in French Polynesia and Perspective for Vaccine Strategies

Maite Aubry, Noémie Maset, Lloyd Chapman, Aurélie Simon, Sophie Olivier, Raphaëlle Bos, Kiyojiken Chung, Iotefa Teiti, Adam Kucharski, Henri-Pierre Mallet, Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; seroprevalence; antibodies; vaccine; natural infection; French Polynesia

Online: 21 December 2022 (04:56:44 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0384.v1

Vector Competence to Zika Virus Changes Depending on the Manaus's Region Origin of the Aedes aegypti: A Study of an Endemic Brazilian Amazonian City

Andréia da Costa Paz, Bárbara Aparecida Chaves, Raquel Soares Maia Godoy, Deilane Ferreira Coelho, Ademir Bentes Vieira Júnior, Rodrigo Maciel Alencar, João Arthur Alcântara, Luiza dos Santos Felix, Cinthia Catharina Azevedo Oliveira, Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro, Marcus Vinicius Guimarães Lacerda, Nágila Francinete Costa Secundino, Paulo Filemon Paolucci Pimenta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Zika virus; field mosquito population; vector competence; transmission efficiency; infection rate; disseminated infection rate

Online: 21 December 2022 (04:12:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0155.v2

Low-Dose Interferon I and III-Based Nasal Sprays: A Good-Looking COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate?

Theodor-Nicolae Carp, Michael Metoudi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: covid-19; pandemic; immune evasion; first-line immunity; viral evolution; interferon; vaccinology

Online: 21 December 2022 (02:31:00 CET)

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the recently-emerged highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants have increased the demands for novel immunising and therapeutic approaches to protect the lives of patients with significant co-morbidities. Following a worldwide campaign of mass vaccination, there is still a significant demand to quell the harmful effects of the novel SARS-CoV-2 variants on people with serious co-morbidities, and there is still a dilemma of how we could prevent potentially catastrophic effects of future pandemics upon the human race. And the concerns intersect at a specific point; a gained evolutionary ability of several viruses over the previous centuries to go undetected during the first stages of infection by means of capping the 5' end of their genetic material, reducing the synthetic rate of Type I and Type III Interferons, temporarily inhibiting the apoptotic pathways of infected cells to facilitate a rapid viral replication, and inhibiting antigenic presentation. Type I and III Interferon-based viral immune evasion may be primarily associated with a delayed clearance of the viral load. Past clinical data also suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is capable of inhibiting the V(D)J antibody gene rearrangement in developing B-lymphocytes, as well as diverse important cellular processes of DNA repair by downregulating the BRCA1 and 53BP1 genes. Furthermore, most traditional methods of vaccination do not particularly boost mucosal immunity and as a result, there is a visible gap that viruses can easily fill in, which implicates a reduced stimulation of a mucosal plasma cell production. Serum plasma antibodies do not cross the nasal epithelium and hence, offer little protection against mucosal inflammation, unlike the antibodies produced by mucosal plasma cells. We acknowledge the existence of a significant challenge to stimulate mucosal immune responses due to the high complexity of its structure-function axis. Nevertheless, over the past half century, numerous scientists developed ways of immunisation and early treatment worldwide that generally showed outstanding levels of success and insignificant risks of adverse events. An important example implicates the administration of human interferons I and III into the nasal mucosa to simulate local infection and train the innate immune system to robustly become activated and transmit essential signals before viruses silence it. Recently, it was discovered that specific plants secrete proteins that also stimulate the production of Type I Interferons. It might be that focusing on directly offering the immune system the information about the genetics and protein structure of the pathogen, rather than training its first-line mechanisms to develop faster, excessively increases its specificity, making it reach a level that brings the virus the opportunity to evolve and escape previously-developed host immune mechanisms. Naturally-selected polymorphic viruses had generated long-term evolutionary responses to deeply tackle the ability of the complex human immune system to neutralise viruses during the first stages of cellular infection. It is until the scientific community realises this that we will probably continue to face serious epidemics and pandemics of respiratory diseases over the coming several decades.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0323.v1

Experimental Dengue 4 Infection Increases the Production of NS1 Protein and Expression of MicroRNAs-15/16 Levels, Triggering an Apoptosis Caspase Induced Pathway

Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb, Karla Fabiane Lopes de Melo, Carlos Alberto Marques de Carvalho, Carolina Ramos dos Santos, Edna Cristina dos Santos Franco, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: dengue virus; microRNA; NS1; miRNA

Online: 19 December 2022 (04:24:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0234.v1

History of Advances in Genetic Engineering of Viruses Prior to COVID-19 Pandemic

Mikhail Teppone

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: reassortant virus; recombinant virus; chimeric virus; genetic engineering; reverse genetic; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 13 December 2022 (08:47:51 CET)

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Biology and Life Sciences