Abstract: This study provides a critical qualitative analysis of the complex and often contradictory relationship between the evolution of human rights in Saudi Arabia and the transformative objectives of the Kingdom's Vision 2030 initiative. Grounded in a theoretical framework that combines Amartya Sen's "Development as Freedom" with the concept of "authoritarian modernization," the paper investigates the central research question: how are human rights addressed within the Vision 2030 framework? Utilizing a methodology based on thematic and critical discourse analysis of official documents, legal texts, and secondary scholarly and institutional sources, this study systematically explores the historical context of human rights in the Kingdom and scrutinizes the recent wave of reforms. It offers an in-depth examination of pivotal strategies aimed at enhancing women’s rights and reforming labor policies, alongside a critical look at the narrowing space for freedom of expression.The discussion extends to analyze recent legal codifications and their broader socio-political implications, highlighting the progress made in empowering certain groups alongside the persistent challenges that hinder comprehensive reform. The findings reveal a pattern of selective, state-controlled liberalization where social and economic rights are advanced instrumentally to serve economic diversification goals, while political and civil liberties are simultaneously curtailed to consolidate state authority. This creates a paradoxical environment of social opening and political repression. The study concludes that despite notable strides, particularly in women's economic empowerment and labor market flexibility, persistent institutional practices, a constrained civic space, and deep-seated cultural barriers remain significant obstacles. Ultimately, the paper calls for continued international engagement and vigorous domestic dialogue to ensure that human rights become a foundational and consistently applied pillar of the Vision 2030 agenda, rather than a selective instrument of economic modernization.

Abstract: This study examines the digital transformation of academic publishing in Libya, highlighting its role in enhancing scholarly visibility, accessibility, and impact. Drawing on data from the Directory of Online Libyan Journals (DOLJ) and Google Scholar Metrics (2025), the research assesses the bibliometric performance of 124 Libyan journals, identifying disparities in citation impact and indexing coverage. While a few journals demonstrate strong international reach, such as the Open Veterinary Journal, most remain underrepresented in global databases like Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis reveals that medical and applied sciences dominate the publishing landscape, with universities serving as primary contributors. Despite challenges in global integration, the emergence of national registries, open-access policies, and digital archiving signals a strategic shift toward quality assurance and institutional prestige. The study advocates for coordinated national efforts to elevate Libyan journals through editorial capacity-building, policy reform, and enhanced digital infrastructure.

Abstract: Classroom Action Research (CAR) is a reflective research method aimed at continuously improving classroom teaching practices. This article examines the implementation of the Kemmis and McTaggart CAR model, carried out in a spiral cycle consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. CAR provides teachers with opportunities to analyze, plan, and implement instructional improvements based on real problems encountered in the classroom. This model positions teachers not only as facilitators of learning but also as active researchers who act as agents of change. The research is conducted collaboratively among teachers, students, and school stakeholders, thereby strengthening cooperation in enhancing educational quality. The findings indicate that implementing the Kemmis and McTaggart CAR model is effective in improving teaching strategies, increasing student participation, and supporting the professional development of teachers. Furthermore, CAR fosters a research culture among educators that encourages instructional innovation. Therefore, CAR can serve as an important strategy for enhancing the quality of teaching practices, the relevance of education, and student learning outcomes. This article also presents the steps of implementation, procedures, and benefits of CAR in the school learning context.

Abstract: At the beginning of the 19th century, Ottoman-Iranian relations entered a new diplomatic phase shaped by Russia’s expansion in the Caucasus and Britain’s growing influence in the Persian Gulf. This shared perception of external threats led to the establishment of a more structured and representative diplomatic framework between the two empires. This study examines the embassy of Yâsincizâde Abdülvehhâb Efendi, who was appointed as Ottoman ambassador to Iran between 1810 and 1813, in the context of a shifting diplomatic mindset. Yâsincizâde’s mission is analyzed not merely as a temporary diplomatic engagement, but as a form of ideological, sectarian, and cultural representation by a figure from the ulema class. Based on archival sources, the study reveals that his diplomatic reports and observations provided critical input to the central administration, contributing to the development of more institutionalized and long-term strategies in Ottoman policy toward Iran. By focusing on the transitional character of his embassy, the paper reassesses the evolving role of religious scholars in Ottoman foreign relations, and situates this case between the classical sefaretnâme tradition and emerging modern diplomatic practices.

Abstract:

This paper proposes a methodology based on the combined application of climate indices for precipitation and temperature along with multispectral Sentinel 2 imagery, used to generate vegetation indices that serve to diagnose the condition of subtropical irrigated crops through a predictive model. These crops demand significant irrigation, and in Mediterranean semi-arid environments, where water scarcity and drought periods are increasingly frequent and severe, this presents a serious problem. The aim of this methodological proposal is to address the need to adjust cultivated areas to actual water availability. It is now evident and necessary to implement efficient management of agricultural practices, avoiding the expansion of irrigated areas when there is not enough water available. As a result of this work, the climatic interrelation with the real condition of the crops is demonstrated.

Abstract: The European Commission's funding programs have significant implications for enhancing national safety and security in the Danube River region. The Danube River region, encompassing several countries, faces various security challenges, including cross-border crime, environmental risks, and potential instability. The European Commission's funding initiatives play a crucial role in addressing these issues. Funding programs often focus on strengthening institutional capacity, improving infrastructure, fostering regional cooperation, and promoting cross-border initiatives. For example, funding might support the development of joint police operations targeting organized crime, the implementation of advanced surveillance technologies, or the creation of early warning systems for natural disasters. Furthermore, funding can support projects focused on environmental protection, thereby enhancing the region's resilience to climate change and related security risks. However, the effectiveness of these programs is subject to various factors, including the quality of project implementation, the level of political will among participating states, and the adaptability of initiatives to evolving security threats. A key challenge lies in ensuring the coordination and coherence of various funding streams, avoiding duplication of effort, and maximizing the overall impact on national safety and security. During this study I will focus on the Danube as the spine of Europe and a former route of migrations and conquests, I will search for all the streams of foreign investments, EU funds and internal income considering that the country is receiving EU funds, but also grants from private states. I will use a descriptive method, with a focus on understanding more deeply the mechanism for financing this domain of security and defense. Keywords: The European Commission's funding programs have significant implications for enhancing national safety and security in the Danube River region. The Danube River region, encompassing several countries, faces various security challenges, including cross-border crime, environmental risks, and potential instability. The European Commission's funding initiatives play a crucial role in addressing these issues. Funding programs often focus on strengthening institutional capacity, improving infrastructure, fostering regional cooperation, and promoting cross-border initiatives. For example, funding might support the development of joint police operations targeting organized crime, the implementation of advanced surveillance technologies, or the creation of early warning systems for natural disasters. Furthermore, funding can support projects focused on environmental protection, thereby enhancing the region's resilience to climate change and related security risks. However, the effectiveness of these programs is subject to various factors, including the quality of project implementation, the level of political will among participating states, and the adaptability of initiatives to evolving security threats. A key challenge lies in ensuring the coordination and coherence of various funding streams, avoiding duplication of effort, and maximizing the overall impact on national safety and security. During this study I will focus on the Danube as the spine of Europe and a former route of migrations and conquests, I will search for all the streams of foreign investments, EU funds and internal income considering that the country is receiving EU funds, but also grants from private states. I will use a descriptive method, with a focus on understanding more deeply the mechanism for financing this domain of security and defense.

Abstract: This paper provides an in-depth analysis of climate scenarios and climate stress testing as essential tools for driving a sustainable transition within the global banking sector. These instruments are increasingly central to regulatory and supervisory strategies aimed at mitigating climate-related financial risks. The study begins by outlining the historical development and methodological foundations of climate scenario analysis. It then explores the pivotal role played by the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS), the European Central Bank (ECB), and the European Banking Authority (EBA) in the design and implementation of climate-related tools. The paper highlights key application areas, including the frequency and severity of climate impacts on financial institutions, and addresses the methodological and operational challenges involved in climate stress testing. Finally, it offers practical recommendations for the effective integration of climate scenarios into banking risk management and strategic planning frameworks, positioning them as catalysts for sustainable transformation in the financial system.

Abstract: This study investigates the dynamics of agribusiness innovation and transformation in Albania, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia using an evolutionary economics framework. Employing a sequential mixed-methods design, it integrates qualitative data from over 600 semi-structured interviews with quantitative evidence from 75 firm-level surveys. Innovation is conceptualized not as a linear or technology-driven process, but as a co-evolutionary outcome of institutional routines, policy environments, and feedback mechanisms shaped by historical and cultural path dependencies. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity in innovation trajectories across countries. In Bangladesh, adaptive governance, robust digital infrastructure, and multi-actor coordination enhance responsive learning and innovation despite high and frequent levels of disruptions, politically and environmentally induced disasters. Ethiopia demonstrates high institutional coherence but limited adaptability due to weak digital integration and constrained horizontal feedback. Albania, by contrast, shows fragmented governance and volatile policy frameworks, resulting in disjointed and unsustainable innovation practices. These contrasts highlight the primacy of institutional diversity over technological availability in shaping innovation outcomes. The study extends evolutionary economic theory into agricultural development contexts in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), showing how firm behavior, market signals, and institutional feedback are interdependent. It concludes that building robust agribusiness innovation systems requires a systemic and adaptive approach, emphasizing learning networks, digital infrastructure, and responsive policymaking to navigate ecological and technological transitions.

Abstract: Iran experienced three devastating famines during 1869-1945. Its population of 11-12 million in 1944 was nearly the same as the 12 million reported in 1900, and about the same as in 1850, a classic case of a Malthusian catastrophe. Despite the centrality of these famines in Iran’s history, they have been subject to neglect and controversy. In particular, the World War II famine has been completely neglected in the historiography of Iran and World War II, and this study attempts to partially compensate the neglect. It re-examines the toll of the famines by using overlooked and neglected primary sources and in ways not previously done. It is established that the Great Famine of 1917-19 was even more deadly than previously estimated and likely the greatest calamity in Iran’s modern history. It is also found that the nearly forgotten 1941-45 famine and two typhus epidemics had killed 5-7 million Iranians compared to 4 million previously estimated by the author. At least 15 million Iranians died in the two world wars, a fact not reflected in the history of Iran and that of the conflicts.

Abstract: Plastic pollution is a critical issue in rapidly developing cities. A nuanced understanding of consumer behavior related to single-use plastic (SUP) usage is therefore essential for effective interventions, in light of the global plastic treaty. This study conducts a survey of 1,492 participants across five Asian cities to analyze SUP consumption and disposal patterns amid the post-COVID “new normal”. Results reveal significant inter-city differences: Shanghai and Harbin demonstrate high overall SUP usage despite lower consumption of plastic shopping bags; Hanoi and Depok exhibit lower total consumption but distinct product preferences, such as elevated use of plastic shopping bags and party cups; and Phnom Penh recorded the highest consumption of plastic shopping bags, bottles, and straws. Plastic shopping bags were the most used item in all cities, ranging from 18 to 34 bags weekly, with no significant differences by urban versus rural areas, age, or gender. Conversely, urban areas showed higher usage of plastic take out containers, cutlery, coffee cups, and party cups. The COVID-19 pandemic has notably reshaped SUP consumption trends. Moreover, over half of SUPs were disposed of without proper separation. These findings underscore that reducing SUPs requires flexible, phased, and region-specific interventions to build a resilient circular economy.

Abstract: This comprehensive analytical literature review examines Saudi Arabia's multifaceted approach to combating violence, extremism, and terrorism through a systematic analysis of diverse academic research. Drawing on more than 30 scholarly studies, the review explores five critical dimensions of the Kingdom's counter-terrorism strategy: (1) security and law enforcement measures, including sophisticated intelligence capabilities, technological surveillance systems, rigorous border controls, and specialized counter-terrorism units; (2) innovative deradicalization and rehabilitation programs such as the internationally recognized "Counseling and Care" initiative that provides psychological counseling, religious re-education, and vocational training for former extremists; (3) counter-ideological efforts promoting moderate Islamic interpretations through religious institutions, educational curriculum reform, and strategic media campaigns; (4) international cooperation through active participation in global coalitions and regional initiatives like the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC); and (5) targeted socioeconomic development programs addressing underlying grievances that may contribute to radicalization. The literature consistently validates Saudi Arabia's comprehensive approach while acknowledging ongoing challenges in a dynamic security environment. The evidence generally affirms the effectiveness of Saudi Arabia's integrated strategy in mitigating terrorism within its borders and contributing significantly to global counter-terrorism initiatives, though future research should examine long-term impacts and address the continuously evolving nature of terrorist threats in the region.

Abstract:

In the digital era, the rapid acceleration of change necessitates that organizations cultivate adaptability as a core capability. To maintain a competitive edge, businesses must develop agile structures that facilitate continuous learning, foster innovation, and enable dynamic responses to shifting market conditions. Digital transformation and globalization have intensified the need for leveraging data, automation, and advanced analytics as strategic assets, reinforcing information’s central role in the knowledge economy. This study advances research on knowledge transfer by investigating the critical factors influencing the dissemination of managerial know-how within organizations. Utilizing the DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method, the research systematically maps the causal relationships between key enablers and constraints, offering a more nuanced understanding of how managerial knowledge flows in technology-driven business environments. By identifying the most influential drivers, this study provides actionable insights for enhancing knowledge transfer efficiency and optimizing organizational adaptability.CCS Concepts: Mathematics of computing • Applied computing ➝ Machine learning, social and behavioral sciences ➝ Digital economy.

Abstract: This paper examines the diversity of financial instruments available to family farms across different regions globally, highlighting the challenges and opportunities these instruments present. Family farms, which play a crucial role in global food security and rural economies, often face unique financial constraints and risks that necessitate specialized financial solutions. The study analyses various financial products, including traditional loans, microfinance, grants, insurance schemes, and innovative digital financial tools, assessing their accessibility, effectiveness, and impact on farm sustainability and growth. By comparing case studies from diverse geographical contexts, the paper identifies best practices and common pitfalls in the financial support systems for family farms. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of tailored financial instruments that address the specific needs of family farms, advocating for policies that enhance financial inclusion and resilience. Findings: The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach, which incorporates a mix of financial instruments and supportive policies, is essential for fostering the sustainability and development of family farms worldwide. The research proposes several innovative financial instruments aimed at stimulating and supporting family women within the context of circular economy initiatives. In general, the conclusions highlight the role and importance of financial instruments in supporting the transformative potential of family farms and in fostering their sustainable and inclusive growth. Practical Implications: The practical implications of the research highlight the transformative potential of family farms through innovative financial instruments and outline actionable steps for investors, decision-makers, and other stakeholders to capitalize on these opportunities. By embracing innovation, collaboration, and sustainable business practices, family farms can contribute to a more resilient, efficient, and inclusive ecosystem. Originality/Value: The originality and value of this research lie in its holistic approach to addressing pressing challenges at the intersection of technology, sustainability, finance, and the circular economy. It focuses on innovative financial instruments, practical applications, and multidisciplinary-oriented tools for supporting sustainable family farms, contributing to the objectives of sustainable development.

Abstract: We proposed a moderation of transformational leadership based on the theoretical underpinning of Meyer, Becker, and Vandenberghe to address why the relationship between organizational commitment and employee efficiency varies. A sample of 163 junior sailors in the Sri Lanka Navy responded to a survey. The findings reported that the affective and normative commitment of junior sailors was positively associated with their work efficiency. However, the study did not report a significant relationship between senior sailors’ transformational leadership and junior sailors’ work efficiency and a moderating effect of the relationship between junior sailors’ organizational commitment and work efficiency. Given the significant roles of both affective and normative components of commitment, the study provides valuable insights into how to increase the work efficiency of junior sailors in the Navy. The absence of a moderating role of transformational leadership between junior sailors’ commitment and work efficiency reflects the context-specific nature of transformational leadership.

Abstract:

In the context of rapid advancements in financial technologies and the evolving demand of the digital economy, this study explores the transformative impact of FinTech and artificial intelli-gence (AI) on the banking sector, with a particular focus on payment systems. By examining inno-vative financial instruments and AI-driven solutions, the research investigates how these technol-ogies enhance efficiency, security, and customer experience in banking operations. The study evaluates the integration of AI in payment systems, including its role in predictive analytics, fraud detection, and personalization, while aligning with global trends in digital transformation and sustainability. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the analysis highlights scalable and resilient strategies that address emerging challenges in the financial ecosystem. The findings provide a comprehensive framework for leveraging AI and FinTech to drive the evolution of banking services, supporting the transition toward a more innovative, digitalized, and sustainable financial future.

Abstract:

The need for a sustainable economy has grown as technological advancements increasingly influence economic and social structures. This study investigates the role of FinTech and artificial intelligence (AI) in fostering sustainable development by facilitating green initiatives and promoting social responsibility. The research hypothesis posits that FinTech enables better access to financing for economic and social development projects, while AI enhances decision-making processes critical to the implementation of these initiatives. Through a qualitative approach, the study analyzes the interactions between FinTech, AI, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), exploring whether their relationship is bilateral or unidirectional. The findings suggest that both technologies play a significant role in supporting sustainability, with FinTech providing the necessary financial tools and AI optimizing decision-making. Furthermore, the study identifies barriers, such as regulatory challenges and technological gaps, that hinder the full integration of these technologies into sustainable development practices. It also highlights facilitators, such as policy support and technological innovation, that accelerate their adoption. The conclusions emphasize the transformative potential of FinTech and AI in achieving robust economic growth, reducing inequalities, and fostering a new cultural approach to resource management and societal responsibility.

Abstract: Cost accounting is essential for healthcare providers in order to adequately document, measure and evaluate costs of services within different activities. This role has a long history, from rudimentary resource management in the medieval religious hospitals through to modern and increasingly sophisticated methodologies attempting to meet the demands of contemporary health care (Carroll & Lord 2016; Finkler 1994). This paper reviews the history of healthcare cost accounting and key innovations that have influenced modern practices.In the Middle Ages cost accounting was more about controlling necessities like food and medicine in religious establishments (Carroll & Lord, 2016). The emergence of public and private hospitals in the 18th and 19th century lead to more sophisticated methods for assuring transparency, as well as efficiency in administrative processes (Malmmose & Lydersen). The Industrial Revolution and the advent of modern medicine in the early 20th century added layers to healthcare, so hospitals adopted cost centres from manufacturing as well at Taylorism principles (Finkler & Ward,1999).During the late 20th century, methodologies like absorption costing and Activity-Based Costing (ABC) helped to narrow down costs in tracking of particular operations (Kaplan & Porter,2011). The Balanced Scorecard (BSC), introduced in the 1990s by Kaplan and Norton, is credited with integrating financial and non-financial metrics into strategic evaluations within healthcare. Information technology (IT) and artificial intelligence (AI), progressing in the 21st century, allow this model to use [real time] data with improved accuracy of cost analytics and resource optimization (Kulkarni et al., 2019; Lan et al.,2022).They improved decision-making in the healthcare sector, assisting service providers slash costs and enhance quality amidst escalating complexity. This is an area that will warrant further exploration in subsequent research given AI's ability to increase savings, as well as safeguard data and make it easier for new technologies to be implemented within health care organizations.

Abstract: This paper is to investigate the pivotal role of the Saudi Heritage Commission in the preservation and promotion of Saudi heritage and culture, both locally and internationally. By addressing the research question, "How does the Saudi Heritage Commission contribute to the preservation and promotion of Saudi heritage?" I explore three sub-questions focusing on local preservation strategies, international cultural promotion efforts, and the measurable impacts of these initiatives. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, It examines various strategies employed by the Commission, including community engagement, technological integration, and cultural diplomacy. The findings reveal a multi-faceted approach that successfully enhances global awareness of Saudi culture while promoting cultural pride and economic benefits. However, challenges such as resource allocation and authentic representation persist, highlighting the need for ongoing evaluation and adaptation. This study contributes to the understanding of cultural heritage preservation and offers insights for similar initiatives worldwide.

Abstract: The adoption of transitional bee hives in Ethiopia faces several challenges, including lack of awareness, high costs, limited access to credit, and limited distribution channels. Traditional hives are preferred by many beekeepers, who are not be aware of the benefits of transitional hives. The high cost of acquiring and maintaining hives also poses a barrier for small-scale beekeepers. Inadequate infrastructure and transportation systems further complicate the adoption process. Government and NGOs are working to raise awareness, provide training, and improve financing and distribution channels, aiming to increase adoption and improve honey production.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted urban socio-economic development by limiting the movement of people and resources. As key hubs of talent, culture, and innovation, university fringe areas play an important role in driving economic and cultural growth. While previous research has focused more on urban vitality, there is relatively little research on the recovery of urban vitality in university fringe areas, and its driving mechanism has not been analyzed yet. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the influence mechanisms of urban vitality recovery in the university fringe areas using both linear and nonlinear models. The results reveal that: (1) The recovery of urban vitality in university fringe areas follows a distinct pattern where central urban areas with greater openness recover more rapidly, while university fringe areas farther from the city center with stricter management experience slower recovery. (2) The Student_Population, School_Area, All_POI_Density, and Opening_Hours exhibit a more pronounced linear relation-ship. Recovery effects also express significant spatial heterogeneity. (3) Both university Open-ing_Hours and School_Area show a nonlinear positive relationship with urban vitality recovery of university fringe areas. This relationship is characterized by slow growth at lower values, rapid acceleration once a critical threshold is reached, and eventual stabilization at higher values. This study offers targeted strategies for urban planning, fostering more responsive and adaptive urban governance that aligns with the evolving needs of urban development.