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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Special relativity theory, length contraction, Planck length, Planck time, trans-Planck
Online: 10 December 2018 (13:43:34 CET)
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In gravity theory, there is a well-known trans-Planckian problem, which is that general relativity theory leads to a shorter than Planck length and shorter than Planck time in relation to so-called black holes. However, there has been little focus on the fact that special relativity also leads to a trans-Planckian problem, something we will demonstrate here. According to special relativity, an object with mass must move slower than light, but special relativity has no limits on how close to the speed of light something with mass can move. This leads to a scenario where objects can undergo so much length contraction that they will become shorter than the Planck length as measured from another frame, and we can also have shorter time intervals than the Planck time. The trans-Planckian problem is easily solved by a small modi cation that assumes Haug's maximum velocity for matter is the ultimate speed limit for something with mass. This speed limit depends on the Planck length, which can be measured without any knowledge of Newton's gravitational constant or the Planck constant. After a long period of slow progress in theoretical physics, we are now in a Klondike "gold rush" period where many of the essential pieces are falling in place.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Maxwell's demon; Shannon entropy; information engine; Landauer's principle; Szilard engine; second law of thermodynamics
Online: 26 November 2018 (05:27:27 CET)
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We introduce and investigate a simple and explicitly mechanical model of Maxwell's demon -- a device that interacts with a memory register (a stream of bits), a thermal reservoir (an ideal gas) and a work reservoir (a mass that can be lifted or lowered). Our device is similar to one that we have briefly described elsewhere [1], but it has the additional feature that it can be programmed to recognize a chosen reference sequence, for instance, the binary representation of $\pi$. If the bits in the memory register match those of the reference sequence, then the device extracts heat from the thermal reservoir and converts it into work to lift a small mass. Conversely, the device can operate as a generalized Landauer's eraser (or copier), harnessing the energy of a dropping mass to write the chosen reference sequence onto the memory register, replacing whatever information may previously have been stored there. Our model can be interpreted either as a machine that autonomously performs a conversion between information and energy, or else as a feedback-controlled device that is operated by an external agent. We derive generalized second laws of thermodynamics for both pictures. We illustrate our model with numerical simulations, as well as analytical calculations in a particular, exactly solvable limit.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; statistical physics; special relativity; arrow of time
Online: 20 November 2018 (12:10:26 CET)
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Consistent with special relativity and statistical physics, here we construct a partition function of space-time events. The union of these two theories resolves longstanding problems regarding time. We will argue that it augments the standard description of time given by the (non-relativistic) arrow of time to one able to describe the past, the present and the future in a manner consistent with our macroscopic experience of such. First, using Fermi-Dirac statistics, we find that the system essentially describes a "waterfall" of space-time events. This "waterfall" recedes in space-time at the speed of light towards the direction of the future as it "floods" local space with events that it depletes from the past. In this union, an observer $\mathcal{O}$ will perceive two horizons that can be interpreted as hiding events behind them. The first is an event horizon and its entropy hides events in the regions that $\mathcal{O}$ cannot see. The second is a time horizon, and its entropy "shields" events from $\mathcal{O}$'s causal influence. As only past events are "shielded" and not future events, an asymmetry in time is thus created. Finally, future events are hidden by an entropy prohibiting $\mathcal{O}$ from knowing the future before the present catches on.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; stochastic thermodynamics, heat transfer, oscillators networks, entropy production
Online: 15 November 2018 (10:28:28 CET)
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We apply the stochastic thermodynamics formalism to describe the dynamics of systems of complex Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations. We provide in particular a simple and general recipe to calculate thermodynamical currents, dissipated and propagating heat for networks of nonlinear oscillators. By using the Hodge decomposition of thermodynamical forces and fluxes, we derive a formula for entropy production that generalises the notion of non-potential forces and makes transparent the breaking of detailed balance and of time reversal symmetry for states arbitrarily far from equilibrium. Our formalism is then applied to describe the off-equilibrium thermodynamics of a few examples, notably a continuum ferromagnet, a network of classical spin-oscillators and the Frenkel-Kontorova model of nano friction.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quasi-monochromatic waves; group velocity; dispersion relation; longitudinal modulation; coherence time
Online: 13 November 2018 (09:24:07 CET)
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The wave packet consisting of two harmonic plane waves with the same frequencies, but with different wave vectors is considered. The dispersion relation of a packet is structurally similar to the dispersion relation of a relativistic particle with a nonzero rest mass. The possibility of controlling the group velocity of a quasi-monochromatic wave packet by varying the angle between the wave vectors of its constituent waves is discussed.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; measure of time; entropy; laws of motion; repulsive and attractive forces.
Online: 7 November 2018 (14:41:05 CET)
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An idea expressed in the paper [Entropy 2017, 19, 345] about the deductive formulation of a physical theory resting on explicitly- and universally-introduced basic concepts is developed. An entropic measure of time with a number of properties leading to an analog of the Galilei–Einstein relativity principle is considered. Using the introduced measure and a simple model, a kinematic law relating the size, time, and number of particles of a system is obtained. Corollaries of this law are examined. In particular, accelerated increase of the system size and, if the system size remains unchanged, decrease of the number of particles are found. An interesting corollary is the emergence of repulsive and attractive forces inversely proportional to the square of the system size for relatively dense systems and constant for sufficiently rarefied systems.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; fermions; bosons; statistical complexity; entropy; disequilibrium
Online: 2 November 2018 (07:24:54 CET)
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We investigate the physics of a medium-size quantum particle' gases, of the order of hundreds or thousands of fermions/bosons (far below the thermodynamic limit $N \, \rightarrow \, 10^{24}$). Appeal to microcanonical ensemble becomes then unavoidable. The so-called statistical complexity is our protagonist. Interesting facts are uncovered, both for fermions and bosons, yielded by statistical quantifiers.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; extended space-time; complex space-time; uni ed theories; geometric uni cation; dark matter-energy; Cartan's principle of triality;extended general-special relativity
Online: 29 October 2018 (11:32:19 CET)
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We explore the possibility to form a physical theory in C4. We argue that the expansion of our usual 4-d real space-time to a 4-d complex space-time, can serve us to describe geometrically electromagnetism and unify it with gravity, in a different way that Kaluza-Klein theories do. Speci cally, the electromagnetic eld Aμ, is included in the free geodesic equation of C4. By embedding our usual 4-d real space-time in the symplectic 8-d real space-time (symplectic R8 is algebraically isomorphic to C4), we derive the usual geodesic equation of a charged particle in gravitational eld, plus new information which is interpreted. Afterwards, we explore the consequences of the formulation of a "special relativity" in the at R8.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; conformal invariance; brane world models; U(1) scalar-gauge field; dilaton field
Online: 26 October 2018 (10:33:55 CEST)
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We show that the Einstein field equations for a five-dimensional warped spacetime, where only gravity can propagate into the bulk, determine the dynamical evolution of the warp factor of the four-dimensional brane spacetime. This can be explained as a holographic manifestation. The warped 5D model can be reformulated by considering the warp factor as a dilaton field ($\omega$) conformally coupled to gravity and embedded in a smooth $M_4 \otimes R$ manifold. On the brane, where the U(1) scalar-gauge fields live, the dilaton field manifests itself classically as a warp factor and enters the evolution equations for the metric components and matter fields. We write the Lagrangian for the Einstein-scalar-gauge fields in a conformal invariant setting. However, as expected, the conformal invariance is broken (trace-anomaly) by the appearance of a mass term and a quadratic term in the energy-momentum tensor of the scalar-gauge field, arising from the extrinsic curvature terms of the projected Einstein tensor. These terms can be interpreted as a constraint in order to maintain conformal invariance. By considering the dilaton field and Higgs field on equal footing on small scales, there will be no singular behavior, when $\omega\rightarrow 0$ and one can deduce constraints to maintain regularity of the action. Our conjecture is that $\omega$, alias warp factor, has a dual meaning. At very early times, when $\omega \rightarrow 0$, it describes the small-distance limit, while at later times it is a warp (or scale) factor that determines the dynamical evolution of the universe. We also present a numerical solution of the model and calculate the (time-dependent) trace-anomaly. The solution depends on the mass ratio of the scalar and gauge fields, the parameters of the model and the vortex charge $n$.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; calorons, thermal ground state, wave-particle duality, cosmological model, local-global discrepancy in H0
Online: 2 October 2018 (16:17:40 CEST)
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In the first part of this talk we review some prerequisites for and essential arguments involved in the construction of the thermal-ground-state estimate for the deconfining phase in the thermodynamics of SU(2) Quantum Yang-Mills theory and how this structure supports its distinct excitations. The second part applies deconfining SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics to the Cosmic Microwave Background in view of (i) a modified temperature-redshift relation with an interesting link to correlation-length criticality in the 3D Ising model, (ii) the implied minimal changes in the dark sector of the cosmological model, and (iii) best-fit parameter values of this model when confronted with the spectra of the angular two-point functions TT, TE, and EE, excluding the low-$l$ physics. The latter, which is treated in an incomplete way because of the omission of radiative effects, is addressed in passing towards future work.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; state of matter, quantum entanglement, Bohmian mechanics
Online: 25 September 2018 (11:59:31 CEST)
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It is shown that quantum entanglement is the only force able to maintain the fourth state of matter, possessing fixed shape at an arbitrary volume. Accordingly, a new relativistic Schrödinger equation is derived and transformed further to the relativistic Bohmian mechanics via the Madelung transformation. Three dissipative models are proposed as extensions of the quantum relativistic Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The corresponding dispersion relations are obtained.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Raychaudhuri equation; atoms of spacetime
Online: 24 September 2018 (17:09:46 CEST)
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The effects on Raychaudhuri's equation of an intrinsically discrete or particle nature of spacetime are investigated, through consideration of null congruences emerging from, or converging to, a generic point of spacetime, i.e. in geometric circumstances somehow prototypical of singularity issues. This is done from an effective point of view, meaning through a (continuous) description of spacetime modified to embody the existence of an intrinsic discreteness on the small scale, adding to previous results for non-null congruences. Various expressions for the effective rate of change of expansion are derived. They in particular provide finite values for the limiting effective expansion and its rate of variation when approaching the focal point; this on top of resulting non vanishing the limiting cross-sectional area itself of the congruence.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Borsuk-Ulam theorem; antipodal points; quantum entanglement; holographic principle
Online: 22 September 2018 (23:29:55 CEST)
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The entangled antipodal points on black hole surfaces, recently described by t’Hooft, display an unnoticed relationship with the Borsuk-Ulam theorem. Taking into account this observation and other recent claims, suggesting that quantum entanglement takes place on the antipodal points of a S3 hypersphere, a novel framework can be developed, based on algebraic topological issues: a feature encompassed in an S2 unentangled state gives rise, when projected one dimension higher, to two entangled particles. This allows us to achieve a mathematical description of the holographic principle occurring in S2. Furthermore, our observations let us to hypothesize that a) quantum entanglement might occur in a four-dimensional spacetime, while disentanglement might be achieved on a motionless, three-dimensional manifold; b) a negative mass might exist on the surface of a black hole.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; self-gravitation, black holes, neutrino stars
Online: 21 September 2018 (16:41:04 CEST)
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Due to limitation of the binding energy of a self-gravitating matter, the radius of a body is at least twice larger than the Schwarzschild radius. The total energy is adsorbed at the body surface, giving rise of a size-dependent surface tension. Since the Hawking temperature appears to be the critical one, the black holes possess zero surface tension. Microscopic neutrino stars are also introduced.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; planck length; planck constant; newton's gravitational constant; compton frequency; schwarzschild radius
Online: 20 September 2018 (05:01:28 CEST)
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In modern physics, it is assumed that the Planck length is a derived constant from Newton's gravitational constant, the Planck constant and the speed of light, $l_p=\sqrt{\frac{G\hbar}{c^3}}$. This was first discovered by Max Planck in 1899. We suggest a way to find the Planck length independent of any knowledge of Newton's gravitational constant or the Planck constant, but still dependent on the speed of light (directly or indirectly).
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; uni ed theories; geometric uni cation; fermionic geometry; Cartan's principle of triality; complex space-time
Online: 19 September 2018 (08:34:16 CEST)
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We explore several ways, in order to include fermionic structures naturally in a physical theory in C4. We begin with the standard Dirac formalism and we proceed by using Cartan's property of triality as a second option. Afterwards, we suggest a new approach (in a preliminary basis), by introducing an 1-linear form, as the "square root of the geometry" derived by the usual 2-linear forms (quadratic forms). Keeping this way, we introduce n-linear forms, in order to formulate a new geometric structure, which could be suitable for the formulation of a pure geometric uni ed theory.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; dynamic path; ADM formalism; complex space-time; extended space-time; uni ed theories; geometric uni cation
Online: 19 September 2018 (08:30:15 CEST)
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After developed the formulation of a "general relativity" in C4 [2], we proceed with the formulation of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation in C4. We argue that in this consideration, the usual problems of the ADM formalism, do not exist, due to the complex time as it exists in our consideration. Speci cally, we can derive a suitable dispersion relation in order to work with and nd a generalised super Hamiltonian
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; uni ed theories; complex space-time; gauge theories; particle theory; Higg's boson; geoemetric uni cation
Online: 19 September 2018 (08:26:17 CEST)
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We explore the possibility to nd the usual quantum theories, within the formulation of a classic theory of mechanics in C4. Speci cally, by releasing the end-point of the integral of the action derived in C4, we derive the dynamic path length of the geodesic equation in C4. In the at case, the derived Hamilton-Jacobi equations, were identi ed as the usual Klein-Gordon equation, where the complex functional action S(zi), is identi ed as the usual complex scalar field φ. Afterwards, we study the energy-momentum 4-d complex
vector, in order to re-establish the usual covariant derivative of gauge theories.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; general relativity; geometric uni cation; dark matter-energy; mass geometrisation; complex space-time; symplectic space-time; extended space-time
Online: 19 September 2018 (08:21:48 CEST)
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We explore the field equations in a 4-d complex space-time, in the same way, that general relativity does for our usual 4-d real space-time, forming this way, a new "general relativity" in C4 space-time, free of sources. Afterwards, by embedding our usual 4-d real space-time in C4 space-time, we describe geometrically the energy-momentum tensor Tμν as the lost geometric information of this embedding. We further give possible explanation of dark eld and dark energy.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Phase space volume, formal group theory, entropy
Online: 13 September 2018 (16:08:39 CEST)
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The entropy of Boltzmann-Gibbs, as proved by Shannon and Khinchin, is based on four axioms, where the fourth one concerns additivity.
The group theoretic entropies make use of formal group theory to replace this axiom with a more general composability axiom.
As has been pointed out before, generalized entropies crucially depend on the number of allowed number degrees of freedom $N$.
The functional form of group entropies is restricted (though not uniquely determined) by assuming extensivity on the equal probability ensemble,
which leads to classes of functionals corresponding to sub-exponential, exponential or super-exponential dependence of the phase space volume $W$ on $N$.
We review the ensuing entropies, discuss the composability axiom, relate to the Gibbs' paradox discussion and explain why group entropies may be particularly relevant
from an information theoretic perspective.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Bell-inequalities; quantum nonlocality; computer simulations of Bell tests; local causality; contextuality loophole; photon identification loophole
Online: 12 September 2018 (01:06:46 CEST)
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Bell type inequalities are proven using oversimplified probabilistic models and/or counterfactual definiteness (CFD). If setting-dependent variables describing measuring instruments are correctly introduced none of these inequalities may be proven. In spite of this a belief in a mysterious quantum nonlocality is not fading. Computer simulations of Bell tests allow studying different scenarios how the experimental data might have been created. They allow also to generate outcomes of various counterfactual experiments such as repeated or simultaneous measurements performed in different settings on the same ‘’ photon-pair” etc. They allow reinforcing or relaxing CFD- compliance and /or to study the impact of various “photon identification procedures” mimicking those used in real experiments. Using a specific setting- dependent identification procedure data samples consistent with quantum predictions may be generated. It reflects an active role of instruments during the measurement process. Each setting dependent data samples are consistent with specific setting –dependent probabilistic models which may not be deduced using non-contextual local realistic or stochastic hidden variables. In this paper we discuss the results of these simulations. Since the data samples are generated in a locally causal way, these simulations provide additional strong arguments for closing the door on quantum nonlocality
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; certainty; wave function; Planck scale; Planck mass; Planck particle; Bell's Inequality; superposition; entropy; Compton clock
Online: 5 September 2018 (09:34:51 CEST)
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In this paper, we will revisit the derivation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. We will see how the Heisenberg principle collapses at the Planck scale by introducing a minor modification. The beauty of our suggested modification is that it does not change the main equations in quantum mechanics; it only gives them a Planck scale limit where uncertainty collapses. We suspect that Einstein could have been right after all, when he stated, ``God does not throw dice." His now-famous saying was an expression of his skepticism towards the concept that quantum randomness could be the ruling force, even at the deepest levels of reality. Here we will explore the quantum realm with a fresh perspective, by re-deriving the Heisenberg principle in relation to the Planck scale. We will show how this idea also leads to an upper boundary on uncertainty, in addition to the lower boundary. These upper and lower boundaries are identical for the Planck mass particle; in fact, they are zero, and this highlights the truly unique nature of the Planck mass particle. Further, there may be a close connection between light and the Planck mass particle: In our model, the standard relativistic energy momentum relation also seems to apply to light, while in modern physics light generally stands outside the standard relativistic momentum energy relation. We will also suggest a new way to look at elementary particles, where mass and time are closely related, consistent with some of the recent work in experimental physics. Our model leads to a new time operator that does not appear to be in conflict with the Pauli objection. This indicates that both mass and momentum come in quanta, which are perfectly correlated to an internal Compton `clock' frequency in elementary particles.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Einstein; manifold; Hilbert space; Abelian; dagger category
Online: 3 September 2018 (10:51:51 CEST)
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The unexploited unification of general relativity and quantum physics is a painstaking issue that prevents physicists to properly understanding the whole of Nature. Here we propose a pure mathematical approach that introduces the problem in terms of group theory. Indeed, we build a cyclic groupoid (a nonempty set with a binary operation defined on it) that encompasses both the theories as subsets, making it possible to join together two of their most dissimilar experimental results, i.e., the commutativity detectable in our macroscopic relativistic world and the noncommutativity detectable in the quantum, microscopic world. This approach, combined with the Connes fusion operator, leads to a mathematical framework useful in the investigation of relativity/quantum mechanics relationships.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum mechanics; bohmian quantum mechanics; quantum potential; schrodinger equation; dirac equation; klein-gordon equation; spin
Online: 31 August 2018 (05:39:53 CEST)
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By expressing the Schrödinger wave function in the form , where R and S are real functions, we have shown that the expectation value of S is conserved. The amplitude of the wave (R) is found to satisfy the Schrödinger equation while the phase (S) is related to the energy conservation. Besides the quantum potential that depends on R, viz., , we have obtained a spin potential that depends on S which is attributed to the particle spin. The spin force is found to give rise to dissipative viscous force. The quantum potential may be attributed to the interaction between the two subfields S and R comprising the quantum particle. This results in splitting (creation/annihilation) of these subfields, each having a mass with an internal frequency of , satisfying the original wave equation and endowing the particle its quantum nature. The mass of one subfield reflects the interaction with the other subfield. If in Bohmian ansatz R satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, then S must satisfies the wave equation. Conversely, if R satisfies the wave equation, then S yields the Einstein relativistic energy momentum equation.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Einstein's equation; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether
Online: 30 August 2018 (06:20:25 CEST)
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J. C. Maxwell, B. Riemann and H. Poincaré have proposed the idea that all microscopic particles are sink flows in a fluidic aether. Following this research program, a previous theory of gravitation based on a mechanical model of vacuum and a sink flow model of particles is generalized by methods of special relativistic continuum mechanics. In inertial coordinate systems, we construct a tensorial potential which satisfies the wave equation. Inspired by the equation of motion of a test particle, a definition of a metric tensor of a Riemannian spacetime is introduced. Applying Fock's theorem, a generalized Einstein's equation is derived based on some assumptions. This equation reduces to Einstein's equation in case of weak field in harmonic coordinate systems. In some special non-inertial coordinate systems, a second generalized Einstein's equation is derived based on some assumptions. If the field is weak and the coordinate system is quasi-inertial and harmonic, the second generalized Einstein's equation reduces to Einstein's equation. Thus, this theory also explains all the experiments that support the theory of general relativity. There exists some fundamental differences between this theory and Einstein's theory of general relativity.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Bouncing oil droplets; Stochastic quantum dynamics; de Broglie–Bohm theory; Quantum non-equilibrium; H-theorem; Ergodicity
Online: 28 August 2018 (11:34:09 CEST)
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Recently, the properties of bouncing oil droplets, also known as `walkers', have attracted much attention because they are thought to offer a gateway to a better understanding of quantum behaviour. They indeed constitute a macroscopic realization of wave-particle duality, in the sense that their trajectories are guided by a self-generated surrounding wave. The aim of this paper is to try to describe walker phenomenology in terms of de Broglie-Bohm dynamics and of a stochastic version thereof. In particular, we first study how a stochastic modification of the de Broglie pilot-wave theory, à la Nelson, affects the process of relaxation to quantum equilibrium, and we prove an H-theorem for the relaxation to quantum equilibrium under Nelson-type dynamics. We then compare the onset of equilibrium in the stochastic and the de Broglie-Bohm approaches and we propose some simple experiments by which one can test the applicability of our theory to the context of bouncing oil droplets. Finally, we compare our theory to actual observations of walker behavior in a 2D harmonic potential well.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; symmetry; time; space; entropy; bijective analysis; supersymmetry
Online: 28 August 2018 (11:11:11 CEST)
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Bijective Analysis of 4D Minkowski space-time model confirms that 4D space-time where time would be 4th dimension of space does not exist. In 4D manifold, time is the duration of a physical event which runs in space. An event does not have the duration in time, duration itself is time. It means that any given physical phenomena can only be symmetric in space; not in time.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Non-equilibrium entropy; Schottky systems; Inert partition;Second law; Contact temperature; Entropy-free thermodynamics; Defining inequalities; Adiabatical uniqueness; Clausius inequality ofopen systems
Online: 15 August 2018 (15:24:21 CEST)
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Meixner's historical remark in 1969 "... it can be shown that the concept of entropy in the absence of equilibrium is in fact not only questionable but that it cannot even be defined...." is investigated from today's insight. Several statements --such as the three laws of phenomenological thermodynamics, the embedding theorem and the adiabatical uniqueness-- are used to get rid of non-equilibrium entropy as a primitive concept. In this framework, Clausius inequality of open systems can be derived by use of the defining inequalities which establish the non-equilibrium quantities contact temperature and non-equilibrium molar entropy which allow to describe the interaction between the Schottky system and its controlling equilibrium environment.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Black holes thermodynamics; Entropic force; Electromagnetic-gravity analogy; General Relativity; Massive electrodynamics
Online: 13 August 2018 (17:09:18 CEST)
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A photon inside a gravitational eld de ned by the accelerates g is found to have a gravitational mass given by mg = (ћ=2c3)g, where ћ is the reduced Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. This force is equivalent to the curvature force introduced by Einstein's general relativity. These photons behave like the radiation emitted by a black hole. A black hole emitting such a radiation develops an entropy that is found to increase linearly with black hole mass, and inversely with the photon mass. Based on this, the entropy of a solar black hole emitting photons of mass ~10-33eV amounts to ~1077 kB. The created photons could be seen as resulting from quantum fluctuation during an uncertainty time given by Δt = c/g. The gravitational force on the photon is that of an entropic nature, and varies inversely with the square of the entropy. The power of the massive photon radiation is found to be analogous to Larmor power of an accelerating charge.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Schwarzschild radius; weight, planck mass; planck length; measurement; gravitational constant; Heisenberg
Online: 13 August 2018 (08:24:57 CEST)
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In this paper we show that the Schwarzschild radius can be extracted easily from any gravitationally-linked phenomena without having knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant or the mass size of the gravitational object. Further, the Schwarzschild radius can be used to predict any gravity phenomena accurately, again without knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant and also without knowledge of the size of the mass, although this may seem surprising at first. Hidden within the Schwarzschild radius are the mass of the gravitational object, the Planck mass (their relative mass), and the Planck length. We do not claim to have all the answers, but this seems to indicate that gravity is quantized, even at a cosmological scale, and this quantization is directly linked to the Planck units. This also supports our view that the Newton gravitational constant is a universal composite constant of the form , rather than relying on the Planck units as a function of G. This does not mean that Newton’s gravitational constant is not a universal constant, but that it is instead a composite universal constant that depends on the Planck length, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. Further, is the Schwarzschild radius off one weight unit. So G is only needed when we want to use gravity to find the weight of an object, such as weighing the Earth. This is, to our knowledge, the first paper that shows how a long series of major gravity predictions and measurements can be completed without any knowledge of the mass size of the object, or Newton’s gravitational constant. As a minimum we think it provides an interesting new angle for evaluating existing gravity theories, and it may even give us a small hint on how to combine quantum gravity with Newton and Einstein gravity.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Teleparallel gravity; Quantum Cosmology, Inflation.
Online: 8 August 2018 (15:12:11 CEST)
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In this article we presented an application of the quantum cosmological model in teleparallel gravity. Working with a vacuum solution, the gravitational energy density is quantized with the Weyl procedure and we obtain a discrete expression for the gravitational energy. As an immediate consequence the empty space exhibits an expansion for an early universe.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; diffraction; Moshinsky shutter; spectral analysis; Bohmian mechanics; interference; quantum carpet; matter-wave optics
Online: 8 August 2018 (06:03:02 CEST)
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The diffraction-like process displayed by a spatially localized matter wave is here analyzed in a case where the free evolution is frustrated by the presence of hard-wall-type boundaries (beyond the initial localization region). The phenomenon is investigated in the context of a nonrelativistic, spinless particle with mass m confined in a one-dimensional box, combining the spectral decomposition of the initially localized wave function (treated as a coherent superposition of energy eigenfunctions) with a dynamical analysis based on the hydrodynamic or Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics. Actually, such a decomposition has been used to devise a simple and efficient analytical algorithm that simplifies the computation of velocity fields (flows) and trajectories. As it is shown, the development of space-time patters inside the cavity depends on three key elements: the shape of the initial wave function, the mass of the particle considered, and the relative extension of the initial state with respect to the total length spanned by the cavity. From the spectral decomposition it is possible to identify how each one of these elements contribute to the localized matter wave and its evolution; the Bohmian analysis, on the other hand, reveals aspects connected to the diffraction dynamics and the subsequent appearance of interference traits, particularly recurrences and full revivals of the initial state, which constitute the source of the characteristic symmetries displayed by these patterns. It is also found that, because of the presence of confining boundaries, even in cases of increasingly large box lengths, no Fraunhofer-like diffraction features can be observed, as happens when the same wave evolves in free space. Although the analysis here is applied to matter waves, its methodology and conclusions are also applicable to confined modes of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light propagating through optical fibers).
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum ergodicity; vibrational state space; local random matrix theory; many body localization
Online: 5 August 2018 (11:55:27 CEST)
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We review a theory that predicts the onset of thermalization in a quantum mechanical coupled non-linear oscillator system, which models the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. A system of N non-linear oscillators perturbed by cubic anharmonic interactions exhibits a many-body localization (MBL) transition in the vibrational state space (VSS) of the molecule. This transition can occur at rather high energy in a sizable molecule because the density of states coupled by cubic anharmonic terms scales as ~ N3, in marked contrast to the total density of states, which scales as exp(aN), where a is a constant. The emergence of a MBL transition in the VSS is seen by analysis of a random matrix ensemble that captures the locality of coupling in the VSS, referred to as local random matrix theory (LRMT). Upon introducing higher order anharmonicity, the location of the MBL transition of even a sizable molecule, such as an organic molecule with tens of atoms, still lies at an energy that may exceed the energy to surmount a barrier to reaction, such as a barrier to conformational change. Illustrative calculations are provided, and some recent work on the influence of thermalization on thermal conduction in molecular junctions is also discussed.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; 4th order gravity; quantum potential; ER = EPR; wormholes
Online: 24 July 2018 (05:15:34 CEST)
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A classical origin for the Bohmian quantum potential, as that potential term arises in the quantum mechanical treatment of black holes and Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges, can be based on 4th-order extensions of Einstein's equations. In Bohm's ontological interpretation, black hole radiation, and the analogous tunneling process of quantum transmission through an ER bridge, are classically allowed if the dynamics are modified to include such a quantum potential. The 4th-order extension of general relativity required to generate the quantum potential is given by adding quadratic curvature terms with coefficients that maintain a fixed ratio, as their magnitudes approach zero. Quantum transmission through the classically non-traversable bridge is replaced by classical transmission through a traversable wormhole. If entangled particles are connected by a Planck-width ER bridge, as conjectured by Maldacena and Susskind, then the classical wormhole transmission effect gives the ontological nonlocal connection between the particles posited in Bohm's interpretation of their entanglement. It is hypothesized that higher-derivative extensions of classical gravity can account for the nonlocal part of the quantum potential generally.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; relativistic cell potential; relativistic thermodynamics; time dilation; graviton; virtual photon.
Online: 10 July 2018 (10:43:56 CEST)
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From the theory of relativistic chemical kinetics [M. W. Baig, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 31, 1750177 (2017)] relativistic thermodynamics and kinetics for electrode processes have been developed to explain time dilation for electrode processes. For a moving observer moving at fractions of the speed of light, cell potential is observed to decrease. This results in the slower oxidation and reduction of ions at the respective electrodes. The newly formulated Lorentz transformation of the electrode and cell potential is explained in terms of generation of spin 2-boson “gravitons” from fusion of spin-1 boson “virtual-photons” mediating electrostatic force of attraction between ions and electrodes. It is postulated that birth of spin 2-boson i.e. gravitons is followed by their eventual escape in any of higher 4+n dimensions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the present theory, the Daniel cell is considered as a numerical example.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; foundations of thermodynamics; Boltzmann vs. Carnot; engineering thermodynamics; quantum thermodynamics; Principle of Least Action; complementarity; Maupertuis; Lazare Carnot
Online: 9 July 2018 (13:07:30 CEST)
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Currently, there are two approaches to the foundations of thermodynamics. One, associated with the mechanistical Clausius-Boltzmann tradition, is favored by the physics community. The other, associated with the post-mechanical Carnot tradition, is favored by the engineering community. The bold hypothesis is that the conceptual foundation of engineering thermodynamics is the more comprehensive. Therefore, contrary to the dominant consensus, engineering thermodynamics (ET) represents the true foundation of thermodynamics. The foundational issue is crucial to a number of unresolved current and historical issues in thermodynamic theory and practice. ET formally explains the limited successes of the ‘rational mechanical’ approaches as idealizing special cases. Thermodynamic phenomena are uniquely dissymmetric and can never be completely understood in terms of symmetry-based mechanical concepts. Consequently, ET understands thermodynamic phenomena in new way, in terms of the post-mechanical formulation of action. The ET concept of action and the action framework trace back to Maupertuis’s Principle of Least Action, both clarified in the engineering worldview research program of Lazare and Sadi Carnot. Despite the intervening Lagrangian ‘mechanical idealization of action’, the original dualistic, indeterminate engineering understanding of action, somewhat unexpectedly, re-emerged in Planck’s quantum of action. The link between engineering thermodynamics and quantum theory is not spurious and each of our current formulations helps us develop our understanding of the other. Both the ET and quantum theory understandings of thermodynamic phenomena, as essentially dissymmetric (viz. embracing complementary), entail that there must be an irreducible, cumulative historical, qualitatively emergent, aspect of reality.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum nonlocality; quantum decoding; inverse square law; Euler Formula; quantum causality
Online: 4 July 2018 (09:35:19 CEST)
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Schrödinger dynamics is a nonlocal process. Not only does local perturbation affect instantaneously the entire space, but the effect decays slowly. When the wavefunction is spectrally bounded, the Schrödinger equation can be written as a universal set of ordinary differential equations, with universal coupling between them, which is related to Euler’s formula. Since every variable represents a different local value of the wave equation, the coupling represents the dynamics’ nonlocality. It is shown that the nonlocal coefficient is inversely proportional to the distance between the centers of these local areas. As far as we know, this is the first time that this inverse square law was formulated.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; fractal structure; non extensive statistics; Tsallis statistics; self-similarity; scale invariance
Online: 28 June 2018 (05:30:41 CEST)
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The role played by non extensive thermodynamics in physical systems has been under intense debate for the last decades. With many applications in several areas, the Tsallis statistics has been discussed in details in many works and triggered an interesting discussion on the most deep meaning of entropy and its role in complex systems. Some possible mechanisms that could give rise to non extensive statistics have been formulated along the last several years, in particular a fractal structure in thermodynamics functions was recently proposed as a possible origin for non extensive statistics in physical systems. In the present work we investigate the properties of such fractal thermodynamical system and propose a diagrammatic method for calculations of relevant quantities related to such system. It is shown that a system with the fractal structure described here presents temperature fluctuation following an Euler Gamma Function, in accordance with previous works that evidenced the connections between those fluctuations and Tsallis statistics. Finally, the fractal scale invariance is discussed in terms of the Callan-Symanzik Equation.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Heisenberg, Planck mass, McCulloch gravity, Newton, gravitational constant, Cavendish apparatus
Online: 26 June 2018 (14:45:54 CEST)
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In 2014, McCulloch showed, in a new and interesting way, how to derive a gravity theory
from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle that is equivalent to Newtonian gravity. McCulloch utilizes
the Planck mass in his derivation and obtains a gravitational constant of hbar*c/m_p^2. This is a composite constant, which is equivalent in value to Newton's gravitational constant. However, McCulloch has pointed out that his approach requires an assumption on the value of G, and that this involves some circular reasoning. This is in line with the view that the Planck mass is a derived constant
from Newton's gravitational constant, while big G is a universal fundamental constant. Here we will
show that we can go straight from the McCulloch derivation to measuring the Planck mass without
any knowledge of the gravitational constant. From this perspective, there are no circular problems
with his method. This means that we can measure the Planck mass without Newton's gravitational
constant, and shows that the McCulloch derivation is a theory of quantum gravity that stands on
its own. Even more importantly, we show that we can easily measure the Schwarzschild radius of
a mass without knowing its mass, or Newton's gravitational constant, or the Planck constant. The
very essence of gravity is linked to the Planck length and the speed of light, but here we will claim
that we do not need to know the Planck length itself. Our conclusion is that Newton's gravitational
constant is a universal constant, but it is a composite constant of the form G=l_p^2*c^3/hbar where the
Planck length and the speed of light are the keys to gravity. This could be an important step towards the development of a full theory of quantum gravity.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; general relativity; theory of information; tilted spacetimes
Online: 10 May 2018 (05:30:51 CEST)
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The fact that real dissipative (entropy producing) processes may be detected by non–comoving observers (tilted), in systems that appear to be isentropic for comoving observers, in general relativity, is explained in terms of the information theory, in analogy with the explanation of the Maxwell's demon paradox.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; path; inference; fluids; maximum entropy; maximum caliber
Online: 2 May 2018 (11:58:32 CEST)
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A general framework for inference in dynamical systems is described, based on the language of Bayesian probability theory and making use of the maximum entropy principle. Taking as fundamental the concept of a path, the continuity equation and Cauchy's equation for fluid dynamics arise naturally, while the specific information about the system can be included using the Maximum Caliber (or maximum path entropy) principle.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Fokker-Planck equations; fermion statistics; boson statistics; Haldane statistics; Kinetic interaction principle; anomalous diffusion; Fokker-Planck current
Online: 2 May 2018 (11:36:35 CEST)
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Master equations define the dynamics that govern the time evolution of various physical processes on lattices. In the continuum limit, master equations lead to Fokker-Planck partial differential equations that represent the dynamics of physical systems in continuous spaces. Over the last few decades, nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations have become very popular in condensed matter physics and in statistical physics. Numerical solutions of these equations require the use of discretization schemes. However, the discrete evolution equation obtained by the discretization of a Fokker-Planck partial differential equation depends on the specific discretization scheme. In general, the discretized form is different from the master equation that has generated the respective Fokker-Planck equation in the continuum limit. Therefore, the knowledge of the master equation associated with a given Fokker-Planck equation is extremely important for the correct numerical integration of the latter, since it provides a unique, physically motivated discretization scheme. This paper shows that the Kinetic Interaction Principle (KIP) that governs the particle kinetics of many body systems, introduced in [G. Kaniadakis, Physica A 296, 405 (2001)], univocally defines a very simple master equation that in the continuum limit yields the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation in its most general form.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; special relativity; quantum mechanics; non-locality; Planck’s constant; EPR
Online: 1 May 2018 (08:40:03 CEST)
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The nonlocality of entangled quantum mechanical systems is incompatible with the standard interpretation of special relativity as a single 4D Minkowskian metric spacetime. The difficulty is that the definition of a spacetime interval between any pair of events precludes any form of nonlocal interaction, even the relatively benign non-signaling correlations. By an application of the relativity principle, and the use of the space ←→ time symmetry of the Lorentz boost I propose here a reinterpretation of special relativistic spacetime. This new ontology consists of a set of coexisting 3+1D spaces (‘framespaces’), each containing unique content in the form of a complex density. These spaces are related by the Lorentz boost, and coupled pairwise in a manner dictated by the Lorentz transformation. The inter-space coupling acting on the spacetime content gives rise to a nonlocal wave phenomenon, which is identified as quantum wave mechanics. The interspace coupling strength is then inversely proportional to Planck’s constant. The coexistence of multiple spaces is interpreted as momentum superposition, implying that momentum is the fundamental physical basis of quantum superposition. This new spacetime interpretation of quantum mechanics has many consequences, including explanations of quantum non-locality, the spacetime role of Planck’s constant, quantum measurement as a symmetry-breaking process and the redundancy of description of gauge theory.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Cosmology; Lyra Geometry; Linearly Varying Deceleration Parameter
Online: 30 April 2018 (12:17:36 CEST)
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Cosmological models with linearly varying deceleration parameter in the cosmological theory based on Lyra’s geometry have been discussed. Exact solutions have been obtained for a spatially flat FRW model by considering a time dependent displacement field. We have also obtained the time periods during which the universe undergoes decelerated and accelerated expansions for a matter-dominated universe.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; surface plasmons; time crystal; thin film
Online: 29 April 2018 (09:26:31 CEST)
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The influence of the film thickness and the substrate’s refractive index on the surface mode at the superstrate is an important study step that may help clearing some of the misunderstandings surrounding their propagation mechanism. A single sub-wavelength slit perforating a thin metallic film is among the simplest nanostructure capable of launching Surface Plasmon Polaritons on its surrounding surface when excited by an incident field. Here, the impact of the substrate and the film thickness on surface waves is investigated. When the thickness of the film is comparable to its skin depth, SPP waves from the substrate penetrate the film and emerge from the superstrate, creating a superposition of two SPP waves, that leads to a beat interference envelope with well-defined loci which are the function of both the drive frequency and the dielectric constant of the substrate/superstrate. As the film thickness is reduced to the SPP’s penetration depth, surface waves from optically denser dielectric/metal interface would dominate, leading to volume plasmons that propagate inside the film at optical frequencies. Interference of periodic volume charge density with the incident field over the film creates charge bundles that are periodic in space and time.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum gravity; emergent quantum mechanics; gravitational waves, general relativity
Online: 27 April 2018 (04:58:59 CEST)
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Some physicists surmise that gravity lies outside of quantum mechanics. Thus theories like the standard semiclassical theory of quantum to gravity coupling (that of Rosenfeld and Møller) are possible real models of interaction, rather than a mere approximation of a theory of quantum gravity. Unfortunately, semiclassical gravity creates inconsistencies such as superluminal communication. Alternatives by authors such as Diósi, Martin, Penrose, and Wang often use the term 'stochastic' to set themselves apart from the standard semiclassical theory. These theories couple to fluctuations caused by for instance continuous spontaneous localization, hence the term 'stochastic'. This paper looks at stochastic gravity in the framework of a class of emergent or ontological quantum theories, such as those by Bohm, Cetto, and de Broglie. It is found that much or all of the trouble in connecting gravity with a microscopic system falls away, as Einstein's general relativity is free to react directly with the microscopic beables. The resulting continuous gravitational wave radiation by atomic and nuclear systems does not, in contrast to Einstein's speculation, cause catastrophic problems. The small amount of energy exchanged by gravitational waves may have measurable experimental consequences. A very recent experiment by Vinante et al. performed on a small cantilever at mK temperatures shows a surprising non-thermal noise component, the magnitude of which is consistent with the stochastic gravity coupling explored here.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Dirac 'trajectories'; Feynman paths; Weak values; Bohm approach.
Online: 18 April 2018 (14:29:26 CEST)
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There has been a recent revival of interest in the notion of a `trajectory' of a quantum particle. In this paper we detail the relationship between Dirac's ideas, Feynman paths and the Bohm approach. The key to the relationship is the weak value of the momentum which Feynman calls a transition probability amplitude. With this identification we are able to conclude that a Bohm `trajectory' is the average of an ensemble of actual individual stochastic Feynman paths. This implies that they can be interpreted as the mean momentum flow of a set of individual quantum processes and not the path of an individual particle. This enables us to give a clearer account of the experimental two-slit results of Kocsis {\em et al.}}
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum theory;time orientability;time reversal; topology of spacetime
Online: 18 April 2018 (12:38:01 CEST)
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A number of experimental tests of time orientability are described as well as clear experimental signatures from non time orientability (time reversal). Some tests are well known, while others are based on more recent theoretical work. Surprisingly, the results all suggest that time is not orientable at a microscopic level; even definitive tests are positive. At a microscopic level the direction of time can reverse and a consistent forward time direction cannot be defined. That is the conclusion supported by a range of well-known experiments. The conflict between quantum theory and local realism; electrodynamics with electric charges; and spin half transformation properties of fermions; can all be interpreted as evidence of time reversal. While particle-antiparticle annihilation provides a definitive test. It offers both a new view of space-time and an novel interpretation of quantum theory with the potential to unify classical and quantum theories.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum ontology; sub-quantum dynamics; micro-constituents; emergent space-time; emergent quantum gravity; entropic gravity; black hole thermodynamics
Online: 30 March 2018 (05:57:25 CEST)
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In this work it is acknowledged that important attempts to devise an emergent quantum (gravity) theory require space-time to be discretized at the Planck scale. It is therefore conjectured that reality is identical to a sub-quantum dynamics of ontological micro-constituents that are connected by a single interaction law. To arrive at a complex system-based toy-model identification of these micro-constituents, two strategies are combined. First, by seeing gravity as an entropic phenomenon and generalizing the dimensional reduction of the associated holographic principle, the universal constants of free space are related to assumed attributes of the micro-constituents. Second, as the effective field dynamics of the micro-constituents must eventually obey Einstein’s field equations, a sub-quantum interaction law is derived from a solution of these equations. A Planck-scale origin for thermodynamic black hole characteristics and novel views on entropic gravity theory result from this approach, which eventually provides a different view on quantum gravity and its unification with the fundamental forces.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution; Quantum Optics; Two-Photon Interference
Online: 27 March 2018 (15:24:03 CEST)
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Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD) is a two-photon protocol devised to eliminate eavesdropping attacks that interrogate or control the detector in realized quantum key distribution systems. In MDI-QKD, the measurements are carried out by an untrusted third party, and the measurement results are announced openly. Knowledge or control of the measurement results gives the third party no information about the secret key. Error-free implementation of the MDI-QKD protocol requires the crypto-communicating parties, Alice and Bob, to independently prepare and transmit single photons that are physically indistinguishable, with the possible exception of their polarization states. In this paper, we apply the formalism of quantum optics and Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the impact of small errors in wavelength, bandwidth, polarization and timing between Alice's photons and Bob's photons on the MDI-QKD quantum bit error rate (QBER). Using published single-photon source characteristics from two-photon interference experiments as a test case, our simulations predict that the finite tolerances of these sources contribute (4.04+/-20/Nsifted) to the QBER in an MDI-QKD implementation generating an Nsifted-bit sifted key.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; DNA; DNA nanotechnology; patchy particles; Wertheim theory; thermodynamic integration; phase coexistence
Online: 25 March 2018 (16:14:27 CEST)
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We present a numerical study in which large-scale bulk simulations of self-assembled DNA constructs have been carried out with a realistic coarse-grained model. The investigation aims at obtaining a precise, albeit numerically demanding, estimate of the free energy for such systems. We then, in turn, use these accurate results to validate a recently proposed theoretical approach that builds on a liquid-state theory, the Wertheim theory, to compute the phase diagram of all-DNA fluids. This hybrid theoretical/numerical approach, based on the lowest order virial expansion and a nearest-neighbor DNA model, can provide, in an undemanding way, a thermodynamic description of DNA associating fluids that is in semi-quantitative agreement with experiments. We show that the predictions of such scheme are as accurate as the ones obtained with more sophisticated methods. We also demonstrate the flexibility of the approach by incorporating non-trivial additional contributions that go beyond the nearest-neighbor model to compute the DNA hybridization free energy.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; cosmological constant problem; non-linear sigma model; quantum gravity
Online: 19 March 2018 (10:33:12 CET)
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We generalize the idea of quantum clock time to quantum spacetime reference frame via physical realization of a reference system by quantum rulers and clocks. Omitting the internal degrees of freedom (such as spins) of the physical rulers and clocks, only considering their metric properties, the spacetime reference frame is described by a bosonic non-linear sigma model (NLSM). We study the quantum behavior of the system under approximations, and obtain (1) a cosmological constant valued (2/π)ρc0 (ρc0 the critical density at near current epoch) which is very close to the observations; (2) an effective Einstein-Hilbert term; (3) the ratio of variance to mean-squared of spacetime interval tends to a universal constant 2/π in the infrared region. This effect is testable by observing a linear dependence between the inherent quantum variance and mean-squared of the redshifts from cosmic distant spectral lines. The proportionality is expected to be the observed percentage of the dark energy. The equivalence principle is also generalized to the quantum level.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Casimir effect, dispersion, ultraviolet divergences, infrared divergences
Online: 1 March 2018 (16:58:15 CET)
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It is familiar that the Casimir self-energy of a homogeneous dielectric ball is divergent, although a finite self-energy can be extracted through second order in the deviation of the permittivity from the vacuum value. The exception occurs when the speed of light inside the spherical boundary is the same as that outside, so the self-energy of a perfectly conducting spherical shell is finite, as is the energy of a dielectric-diamagnetic sphere with $\varepsilon\mu=1$, a so-called isorefractive or diaphanous ball. Here we re-examine that example, and attempt to extend it to an electromagnetic $\delta$-function sphere, where the electric and magnetic couplings are equal and opposite. Unfortunately, although the energy expression is superficially ultraviolet finite, additional divergences appear that render it difficult to extract a meaningful result in general, but some limited results are presented.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; universe expansion; Hubble constant; cavity finesse; cosmological redshift; strain
Online: 27 February 2018 (03:41:54 CET)
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We describe the effect of the expansion of space on the wavelength of the light beam in a Fabry-Pérot interferometer. For an instrument such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which has high sensitivity and a long period of light storage, the wavelength of laser photons are redshifted due to the expansion of space in each cavity by an amount given by , where is the Hubble constant and is the light storage time for the cavity. Since is based on the cavity finesse which depends on the laser beam full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each cavity, we show that a difference in finesses between the LIGO arm cavities produces a signal at the anti-symmetric output port given by where and are the beam FWHM at time t, respectively, for the X and Y arm cavities and is a beam proportionality constant to be determined expermentally. Assuming , then for cavity beams FWHM of the output signal has the range , which is detectable by advanced LIGO.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; cosmology; dark Matter; early universe
Online: 11 February 2018 (07:11:20 CET)
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Understanding the nature of the Dark Matter (DM) is one of the current challenges in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Knowing the properties of the DM particle would shed light on physics beyond the Standard Model and even provide us with details of the early Universe. In fact, the detection of such a relic would bring us information from the pre-Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) period, an epoch from which we have no data, and could even hint at inflationary physics. In this work, we assume that the expansion rate of the Universe after inflationary is governed by the kinetic energy of a scalar field ϕ, in the so-called “kination” model. We assume that the ϕ field decays into both radiation and DM particles, which we take to be Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). The present abundance of WIMPs is then fixed during the kination period through either a thermal “freeze-out” or “freeze-in” mechanism, or through a non-thermal process governed by the decay of ϕ. We explore the parameter space of this theory with the requirement that the present WIMP abundance provides the correct DM relic budget. Requiring that BBN occurs during the standard cosmological scenario sets a limit on the temperature at which the kination period ends. Using this limit and assuming the WIMP has a mass mχ = 100 GeV, we obtain that the thermally-averaged WIMP annihilation cross section has to satisfy the constraints 3.5 × 10−16 GeV−2 ≲ (σv) ≲ 1.4 × 10−5 GeV−2 in order for having at least one of the production mechanism to yield the observed amount of DM. This result shows how the properties of the WIMP particle, if ever measured, can yield information on the pre-BBN content of the Universe.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Fourier Theory; Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle; Quantum Fourier Transform; Quantum Information Processing; Schrödinger equation; Spectral Analysis
Online: 28 January 2018 (17:35:55 CET)
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A quantum time-dependent spectrum analysis, or simply, quantum spectral analysis (QSA) is presented in this work, and it’s based on Schrödinger’s equation. In the classical world, it is named frequency in time (FIT), which is used here as a complement of the traditional frequency-dependent spectral analysis based on Fourier theory. Besides, FIT is a metric which assesses the impact of the flanks of a signal on its frequency spectrum - not taken into account by Fourier theory and let alone in real time. Even more, and unlike all derived tools from Fourier Theory (i.e., continuous, discrete, fast, short-time, fractional and quantum Fourier Transform, as well as, Gabor) FIT has the following advantages, among others: a) compact support with excellent energy output treatment, b) low computational cost, O(N) for signals and O(N2) for images, c) it does not have phase uncertainties (i.e., indeterminate phase for a magnitude = 0) as in the case of Discrete and Fast Fourier Transform (DFT, FFT, respectively). Finally, we can apply QSA to a quantum signal, that is, to a qubit stream in order to analyze it spectrally.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; smartphone; magnetic sensor, magnetic field; lab physics; quadrupole
Online: 26 January 2018 (16:17:43 CET)
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We believe that a natural focus of the Physics Education Research community is on understanding and improving student learning in our physics courses. For this purpose, we are introducing smartphones in the physics laboratory. Current smartphones measure each component of the magnetic field, bearing in mind that any current perpendicular to a magnetic field produces a small potential difference, transversal to the said current, being this voltage easily measurable by Hall sensors. In this work, we have considered the magnetic field created by a linear quadrupole and we have studied its dependence on distance. Using an experimental procedure that is simple we have measured the magnetic field using the Hall sensor that most smartphones have, together with the corresponding app. The purpose of this work is to show that the laboratory is a powerful tool that increases significant learning under three conditions: 1) the practice must not be too sophisticated; 2) students must handle objects in the lab; and 3) the practice must be scientifically accurate, including the adjustments by minimum squares, and the following and necessary error calculation.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; current-quark masses; Helmholtz equation; roots of Bessel and Neumann functions
Online: 16 January 2018 (13:20:36 CET)
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Current-quark masses are compared to the rest masses allowed by the Helmholtz equation in a polar model. Within the uncertainty of the current u quark mass determination, the current quark mass coincides with the rest mass allowed by the Helmholtz equation in the polar model in accordance with the second root of the zero Neumann function. Current d quark mass coincides with the rest mass calculated in accordance with the third root of the Bessel zero function. On the basis of a comparison of these results with the results obtained earlier for ordinary real particles u and d quarks stability is discussed.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Maximally multiqubit entangled state; Bell-pair state; CNOT gates
Online: 12 January 2018 (17:19:05 CET)
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We propose a novel protocol to build a maximally entangled state based on controlled-not (CNOT) gates. In particular, we give detailed steps to construct maximally entangled state for 4-, 5-, and 6-qubit systems. The advantage of our method is the simple algebraic structure which can be realized via current experimental technology.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; mesoscopic theory; internal variables; liquid crystals; damage parameter; dipolar media; flexible fibers
Online: 27 December 2017 (08:00:59 CET)
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Internal and mesoscopic variables differ from each other fundamentally: both are state space variables, but mesoscopic variables are additional equipped with a distribution function introducing a statistical item into consideration which is missing in connection with internal variables. Thus, the alignment tensor of liquid crystal theory can be introduced as an internal variable or as one generated by a mesoscopic background using the microscopic director as mesoscopic variable. Because the mesoscopic variable is part of the state space, the corresponding balance equations change into mesoscopic balances, and additionally an evolution equation of the mesoscopic distribution function appears. The flexibility of the mesoscopic concept is not only demonstrated for liquid crystals, but is also discussed for dipolar media and flexible fibers.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; nonequilibrium thermodynamics; landscape-flux decomposition; mutual information rate; entropy production rate
Online: 27 November 2017 (07:57:19 CET)
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We explored the dynamics of the two interacting information systems. We show that for the Markovian marginal systems the driving force for information dynamics is determined by both the information landscape and information flux. While the information landscape can be used to construct the driving force to describe the equilibrium time reversible information system dynamics, the information flux can be used to describe the nonequilibrium time-irreversible behaviours of the information system dynamics. The information flux explicitly breaks the detailed balance and is a direct measure of the degree of the nonequilibriumness or time irreversibility. We further demonstrate that the mutual information rate between the two subsystems can be decomposed into the equilibrium time-reversible and nonequilibrium time-irreversible parts respectively. This decomposition of the mutual information rate (MIR) corresponds to the information landscape-flux decomposition explicitly when the two subsystems behave as Markov chains. Finally, we uncover the intimate relationship between the nonequilibrium thermodynamics in terms of the entropy production rates and the time-irreversible part of the mutual information rate. We found that this relationship and MIR decomposition still hold for the more general stationary and ergodic cases. We demonstrate the above features with two examples of the bivariate Markov chains.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Lorentz symmetry; massless charged particle; spinning particle; relativistic particle
Online: 6 November 2017 (14:49:29 CET)
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We review some properties of a relativistic classical massless charged particle with spin interacting with an external electromagnetic field. We give in particular a proper definition of kinetic energy and total energy, the latter being conserved when the external field is stationary. We find that the particle’s velocity may differ from c as a result of the spin - electromagnetic field interaction, without jeopardizing Lorentz invariance.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; probability theory; entropy; quantum relative entropy; quantum information; quantum mechanics; inference
Online: 3 November 2017 (05:42:31 CET)
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We find that the standard relative entropy and the Umegaki entropy are designed for the purpose of inferentially updating probability and density matrices respectively. From the same set of inferentially guided design criteria, both of the previously stated entropies are derived in parallel. This formulates a quantum maximum entropy method for the purpose of inferring density matrices in the absence of complete information.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; unified field theory; electromagnetism; Maxwell’s equations; gravitation; General Relativity; Einstein’s field equations; gravitational radiation; hidden variable; dark matter; dark energy
Online: 3 November 2017 (02:17:11 CET)
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Using four equations, a recently proposed classical field theory that geometrically couples electromagnetism to gravitation in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. Maxwell’s field equations are a consequence of the new theory as are Einstein’s field equations augmented by a term that can replicate both dark matter and dark energy. To emphasize the unification brought to electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena by the new theory specific solutions are investigated: a spherically-symmetric charged particle solution, a cosmological solution representing a homogeneous and isotropic universe, and solutions representing electromagnetic and gravitational waves. A unique feature of the new theory is that both charge and mass density are treated as dynamic fields, this as opposed to their treatment in the classical Maxwell and Einstein field equations where they are introduced as external entities. This feature suggests a procedure for quantizing the mass, charge and angular momentum that characterize particle-like solutions. Finally, antimatter, which is naturally accommodated by the new theory, and its interaction with a gravitational field is investigated.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; special relativity; Thomas-Wigner rotation; visualization
Online: 2 November 2017 (03:11:49 CET)
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It is well known that a sequence of two non-collinear Lorentz boosts (pure Lorentz transformations) does not correspond to a Lorentz boost, but involves a spatial rotation, the Wigner or Thomas-Wigner rotation. We visualize the interrelation between this rotation and the relativity of distant simultaneity by moving a Born-rigid object on a closed trajectory in several steps of uniform proper acceleration. Born-rigidity implies that the stern of the boosted object accelerates faster than its bow. It is shown that at least five boost steps are required to return the object's center to its starting position, if in each step the center is assumed to accelerate uniformly and for the same proper time duration. With these assumptions, the Thomas-Wigner rotation angle depends on a single parameter only. Furthermore, it is illustrated that accelerated motion implies the formation of an event horizon. The event horizons associated with the five boosts constitute a natural boundary to the rotated Born-rigid object and ensure its finite size.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; polymer networks; scale-free networks; mechanical relaxation; eigenvalue problem
Online: 22 September 2017 (16:21:16 CEST)
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We focus on macromolecules which are modelled as sequentially growing dual scale-free networks. The dual networks are built by replacing star-like units of the primal treelike scale-free networks through rings, which are then transformed in a small-world manner up to the complete graphs. In this respect, the parameter γ describing the degree distribution in the primal treelike scale-free networks regulates the size of the dual units. The transition towards the networks of complete graphs is controlled by the probability p of adding link between non-neighbouring nodes of the same initial ring. The relaxation dynamics of the polymer networks is studied in the framework of generalized Gaussian structures by using the full eigenvalue spectrum of the Laplacian matrix. The dynamical quantities on which we focus here are the averaged monomer displacement and the mechanical relaxation moduli. For several intermediate values of the parameter’s set (γ, p) we encounter for these dynamical properties regions of constant in-between slope.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; unified field theory; electromagnetism; Maxwell’s equations; gravitation; general relativity; general relativity; Einstein’s field equations; gravitational radiation; hidden variable; dark matter; cosmological constant
Online: 10 September 2017 (07:50:15 CEST)
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Using four field equations, a recently proposed theory that covers the phenomenology of classical physics at the level of the Maxwell and Einstein Field Equations (M&EFEs) but then goes further by unifying electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. Predictions of the field equations are shown to be consistent with those of the M&EFEs through specific solutions; a particle-like solution representing a point charge, and two radiative solutions representing electromagnetic and gravitational waves. A unique feature of the full set of field equations is that charge and mass are treated as dynamic fields instead of being introduced as external parameters as is done with the classical M&EFEs, a feature that enables a procedure for quantizing the mass, charge and angular momentum of particle-like solutions. Finally, antimatter is naturally accommodated by the theory and definite predictions regarding the interactions of matter and antimatter with gravitational fields are made.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; transition radiation; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; electronic charge; size of the universe
Online: 19 July 2017 (08:57:09 CEST)
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The energy, momentum and the action associated with the time domain transition radiation fields are investigated. The results show that for a charged particle moving with speed , the longitudinal momentum associated with the transition radiation is approximately equal to for values of smaller than about 10-3 where is the total radiated energy and c is the speed of light in free space. The action of the transition radiation, defined as the product of the energy dissipated and the duration of the emission, increases as decreases and, for an electron, it becomes equal to when where is the speed associated with the lowest energy state of a particle confined inside the universe and h is the Plank constant. Combining these results with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, an expression for the electronic charge based on other fundamental physical constants is derived. The best agreement between the experimentally observed electronic charge and the theoretical prediction is obtained when one assumes that the actual size of the universe is about 250 times larger than the visible universe.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum tunneling; evanescent waves; Hartman effect; relativistic particles
Online: 14 July 2017 (17:52:45 CEST)
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This paper investigates the problem of a relativistic Dirac half-integer spin free particle tunneling through a rectangular quantum-mechanical barrier. If the energy difference between the barrier and the particle is positive, and the barrier width is large enough, there is proof that the tunneling may be superluminal. For first spinor components of particle and antiparticle states, the tunneling is always superluminal regardless the barrier width. Conversely, the second spinor components of particle and antiparticle states may be either subluminal or superluminal depending on the barrier width. These results derive from studying the tunneling time in terms of phase time. For the first spinor components of particle and antiparticle states, it is always negative while for the second spinor components of particle and antiparticle states, it is always positive, whatever the height and width of the barrier. In total, the tunneling time always remains positive for particle states while it becomes negative for antiparticle ones. Furthermore, the phase time tends to zero, increasing the potential barrier both for particle and antiparticle states. This agrees with the interpretation of quantum tunneling that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle provides. This study’s results are innovative with respect to those available in the literature. Moreover, they show that the superluminal behaviour of particles occurs in those processes with high-energy confinement.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; order-disorder transitions; fokker-planck equation; fisher information
Online: 5 June 2017 (04:56:27 CEST)
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A probabilistic description is essential for understanding the dynamics of stochastic systems far from equilibrium, given uncertainty inherent in the systems. To compare different Probability Density Functions (PDFs), it is extremely useful to quantify the difference among different PDFs by assigning an appropriate metric to probability such that the distance increases with the difference between the two PDFs. This metric structure then provides a key link between stochastic systems and information geometry. For a non-equilibrium process, we define an infinitesimal distance at any time by comparing two PDFs at times infinitesimally apart and sum these distances in time. The total distance along the trajectory of the system quantifies the total number of different states that the system undergoes in time, and is called the information length. By using this concept, we investigate the information geometry of non-equilibrium processes involved in disorder-order transitions between the critical and subcritical states in a bistable system. Specifically, we compute time-dependent PDFs, information length, the rate of change in information length, entropy change and Fisher information in disorder-to-order and order-to-disorder transitions, and discuss similarities and disparities between the two transitions. In particular, we show that the total information length in order-to-disorder transition is much larger than that in disorder-to-order transition, and elucidate the link to the drastically different evolution of entropy in both transitions. We also provide the comparison of the results with those in the case of the transition between the subcritical and supercritical states and discuss implications for fitness.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; negativity; quantum discord; violation of bell inequalities; decoherence
Online: 12 May 2017 (05:30:28 CEST)
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Quantum Correlations are studied extensively in quantum information domain. Entanglement Measures and Quantum Discord are good examples of these actively studied correlations. Detection of violation in Bell inequalities is also a widely active area in quantum information theory world. In this work, we revisit the problem of analyzing the behavior of quantum correlations and violation of Bell inequalities in noisy channels. We extend the problem defined in [1] by observing the changes in negativity measure, quantum discord and a modified version of Horodecki measure for violation of Bell inequalities under amplitude damping, phase damping and depolarizing channels. We report different interesting results for each of these correlations and measures. All these correlations and measures decrease under decoherence channels, but some changes are very dramatical comparing to others. We investigate also separability conditions of example studied states.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Quantum Fisher Information; arbitrary phase; W State; GHZ State; decoherence
Online: 28 April 2017 (04:57:41 CEST)
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Quantum Fisher Information (QFI) is a very useful concept for analyzing situations that require phase sensitivity. It become a popular topic especially in Quantum Metrology domain. In this work, we study the changes in quantum Fisher information (QFI) values for one relative arbitrary phased quantum system consisting of a superposition of N Qubits W and GHZ states. In a recent work [7], QFI values of this mentioned system for N qubits were studied. In this work, we extend this problem for the changes of QFI values in some noisy channels for the studied system. We show the changes in QFI depending on noise parameters. We report interesting results for different type of decoherence channels. We show the general case results for this problem.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; energy; momentum; theory of relativity; gravitation; field potentials
Online: 24 April 2017 (11:43:33 CEST)
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In the weak-field approximation of covariant theory of gravitation the problem of 4/3 is formulated for internal and external gravitational fields of a body in the form of a ball. The dependence of the energy and the mass of the moving substance on the energy of field accompanying the substance, as well as the dependence on the characteristic size of the volume occupied by the substance are described. Additives in the energy and the momentum of the body, defined by energy and momentum of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields associated with the body are explicitly calculated. The conclusion is made that the energy and the mass of the body can be described by the energy of ordinary and strong gravitation, and through the energies of electromagnetic fields of particles that compose the body.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; quantum fisher information; W state; GHZ state; decoherence
Online: 24 April 2017 (10:40:40 CEST)
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We study the changes in quantum Fisher information (QFI) values for one quantum system consisting of a superposition of W and GHZ states. In a recent work [6], QFI values of this mentioned system studied. In this work, we extend this problem for the changes of QFI values in some noisy channels. We show the change in QFI depending on noise parameters. We report interesting results for different type of decoherence channels.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; loop quantum black hole; tunneling radiation; back-reaction; information recovery
Online: 19 April 2017 (06:18:18 CEST)
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In this work, we present some results related with the issue of the Loop Quantum Black Holes (LQBH) thermodynamics by the use of the tunneling radiation formalism. The information loss paradox is also discussed in this context, where we have considered the influence of back reaction effects.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Maxwell Demon, Phase Transition, Ferrofluid, Magneto-calorific effect, Time's Arrow
Online: 10 April 2017 (18:00:41 CEST)
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The intention of this paper is to elucidate new types of heat engines with extraordinary efficiency, more specifically to eventually focus on the author’s research into a temporary magnetic remanence device. First we extend the definition of heat engines through a diagrammatic classification scheme and note a paradoxical non-coincidence between the Carnot, Kelvin-Planck and other forms of the 2nd Law, between sectors of the diagram. It is then seen, between the diagram sectors, how super-efficient heat engines are able to reduce the degrees of freedom resulting from change in chemical potential, over mere generation of heat; until in the right sector of the diagram, the conventional wisdom for the need of two reservoirs is refuted. A brief survey of the Maxwell Demon problem finds no problem with information theoretic constructs. Our ongoing experimental enquiry into a temporary magnetic remanence cycle using standard kinetic theory, thermodynamics and electrodynamics is presented – yet a contradiction results with the 2nd law placing it in the right sector of the classification diagram.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Maxwell’s demon; entropy decreasing; energy regeneration; energy circulation
Online: 14 March 2017 (13:33:44 CET)
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In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single-temperature heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effects. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We have a video on you tube showing the main measuring process of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyrtC2nQ_UU.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity; cosmological constant
Online: 7 March 2017 (08:40:56 CET)
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In a search for a solution of the galaxy rotation problem, a novel view on cosmological gravity is developed. In this view, the origin of gravity is traced back to the basic nuclear field of energy, spread by quarks as elementary pointlike sources. This gives a common basis for gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. After a review on gravimagnetism and the causality problem of gravity, a hypothetical concept for the gravity field is proposed, which solves the rotation problem without the need to accept dark matter as the deus ex machina.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; early universe cosmology; testing inflation; multi-field inflation
Online: 31 January 2017 (11:05:37 CET)
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Recent analyses of cosmic microwave background surveys have revealed hints that there may be a non-trivial running of the running of the spectral index. If future experiments were to confirm these hints, it would prove a powerful discriminator of inflationary models, ruling out simple single field models. We discuss how isocurvature perturbations in multi-field models can be invoked to generate large runnings in a non-standard hierarchy, and find that a minimal model capable of practically realising this would be a two-field model with a non-canonical kinetic structure. We also consider alternative scenarios such as variable speed of light models and canonical quantum gravity effects and their implications for runnings of the spectral index.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Second Law of Thermodynamics; irreversibility; entropy; H-Theorem; transactional interpretation; wave function collapse
Online: 25 January 2017 (03:27:07 CET)
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It is argued that if the non-unitary measurement transition, as codified by Von Neumann, is a real physical process, then the ‘probability assumption’ needed to derive the Second Law of Thermodynamics naturally enters at that point. The existence of a real, indeterministic physical process underlying the measurement transition would therefore provide an ontological basis for Boltzmann’s Stosszahlansatz and thereby explain the unidirectional increase of entropy against a backdrop of otherwise time-reversible laws. It is noted that the Transactional Interpretation (TI) of quantum mechanics provides such a physical account of the non-unitary measurement transition, and TI is brought to bear in finding a physically complete, non-ad hoc grounding for the Second Law.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; thermodynamics; surfaces; curvature
Online: 3 January 2017 (10:21:50 CET)
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For a set of closed curved surfaces that resemble a Langmuir monolayer an energy is defined that depends only on the curvature of the surfaces interacting with the dimensions normal to the surfaces, that is, the thickness of these surfaces. The thickness, or depth, of the surfaces originates because of surface-particles with chains, that move freely on the inside of the surfaces at a certain depth. This is a purely geometrical description that does not depend on the introduction of ad hoc constants like the elastic constant. With a statistical mechanical model the equations of state are calculated for a gas of non-connected sphere-like surfaces in a volume. There are two states of which the lower temperature state is depending mostly on the interaction energy and surface properties, and the higher temperature state is depending mostly on sphere kinetic and volume properties. This results in aggregation of the sphere-like surfaces from many small ones to few large ones when lowering temperature and vice versa. The model allows for the calculation of the partition function and, when the emergence of the curvature - depth interaction is described as a phase-transformation, for the application of Noether’s theorem. Because of these properties the model is interesting in its own right apart from being an addition to existing elastic descriptions of surfaces.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; black holes; entropy; nonextensive thermodynamics; stability
Online: 18 December 2016 (10:59:28 CET)
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We consider the thermodynamic and stability problem of Kerr black holes arising from the nonextensive/nonadditive nature of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. Nonadditive thermodynamics is often criticized by asserting that the zeroth law cannot be compatible with nonadditive composition rules, so in this work we follow the so-called formal logarithm method to derive an additive entropy function for Kerr black holes satisfying also the zeroth law's requirement. Starting from the most general, equilibrium compatible, nonadditive entropy composition rule of Abe, we consider the simplest, non-parametric approach that is generated by the explicit nonadditive form of the Bekenstein-Hawking formula. This analysis extends our previous results on the Schwarzschild case and shows that the zeroth law compatible temperature function in the model is independent of the mass-energy parameter of the black hole. By applying the Poincaré turning point method we also study the thermodynamic stability problem in the system.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, galaxy clusters, dark energy models
Online: 10 December 2016 (08:24:22 CET)
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The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZe) is a global distortion of Cosmic Microwave Bckground (CMB) spectrum as result of its interaction with a hot electron plasma in the intracluster medium for large gravitational virialized structures such as galaxy clusters. Furthermore, this hot gas of electrons emits X-Rays due to its fall in the gravitational potential well of the cluster. The analysis of SZe and X-Ray data, provide a method for calculating distances to galaxy clusters at any redshift (Angular diameter distance (dA) and gas mass fraction (fgas)). On the other side, many of these galaxy clusters produce a Strong Gravitational Lens effect (SGL), which has become an useful astrophysical tool for cosmology. We use these cosmological tests, in addition to the more traditional ones (SNIa, CMB, BAO), to constraint alternative models of dark energy (ωCDM, CPL, IDE, EDE) and study the history of expansion through the cosmographic parameters (H(z), q(z), j(z)). Using Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterion (AIC, BIC) we find that the ωCDM and ΛCDM models are the most favored by the observational data. In addition, we found that at low redshift appears an peculiar behavior of slowdown of aceleration, which occurs only on dynamical dark energy models using only galaxy clusters (dA,clusters + fgas).
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Quantum Liouville equation; metric compatibility condition; Joint probability; Binary Data Matrix; Ricci flow
Online: 9 December 2016 (02:13:06 CET)
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In this paper after introducing a model of binary data matrix for physical measurements of an evolving system (of particles), we develop a Hilbert space as an ambient space to derive induced metric tensor on embedded parametric manifold identified by associated joint probabilities of particles observables (parameters). Parameter manifold assumed as space-like hypersurface evolving along time axis, an approach that resembles 3+1 formalism of ADM and numerical relativity. We show the relation of endowed metric with related density matrix. Identification of system density matrix by this metric tensor, leads to the equivalence of quantum Liouville equation and metric compatibility condition ∇0gij = 0 while covariant derivative of metric tensor has been calculated respect to Wick rotated time coordinate. After deriving a formula for expected energy of the particles and imposing the normalized Ricci flow as governing dynamics, we prove the equality of this expected energy with local scalar curvature of related manifold. Consistency of these results with Einstein tensor, field equations and Einstein-Hilbert action has been verified. Given examples clarify the compatibility of the results with well-known principles. This model provides a background for geometrization of quantum mechanics compatible with curved manifolds and information geometry.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; particles with arbitrary spin; light barrier; tachyon
Online: 18 October 2016 (06:35:06 CEST)
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In this study, the problem of overcoming the infinite energy barrier separating the bradyonic and tachyonic realms is investigated. Making use of the Majorana equation for particles with arbitrary spin and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, it is proved that, under certain conditions of spatial confinement, quantum fluctuations allow particles with very small mass and velocity close to the speed of light to pass in the tachyonic realm, avoiding the problem of the infinite barrier (bradyon–tachyon tunnelling). This theoretical approach allows an avoidance of the difficulties encountered in quantum field theory when it is extended to particles with imaginary rest mass.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; Dispersion operator; Lie algebra; Linear Canonical Transformation; Quantum theory; Phase space representation
Online: 20 August 2016 (10:55:58 CEST)
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This work intends to present a study on relations between a Lie algebra called dispersion operators algebra, linear canonical transformation and a phase space representation of quantum mechanics that we have introduced and studied in previous works. The paper begins with a brief recall of our previous works followed by the description of the dispersion operators algebra which is performed in the framework of the phase space representation. Then, linear canonical transformations are introduced and linked with this algebra. A multidimensional generalization of the obtained results is given.
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Physical Sciences, General & Theoretical Physics; photothermal theory; carrier density; magnetic field; the harmonic wave; two temperature
Online: 9 July 2016 (11:00:24 CEST)
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This paper investigates the influence of magnetic field for a two dimensional deformations on a two temperature problem at the free surface of a semi-infinite semiconducting medium under the effect of mechanical force during a photothermal theory and the effect of hydrostatic initial stress on the medium. The Harmonic Wave Method (Normal Mode Analysis) has been used to obtain the equations of elastic waves, heat conduction equation, quasi-static electric field, carrier density, two temperature coefficient, ratios, and constitutive relationships for the thermo-magnetic-electric medium. The effects of several parameters as thermoelastic and thermoelectric coupling parameters and two temperature parameter of this force on the displacement component, force stress, carrier density and temperature distribution has been depicted graphically.