Abstract: The Operational Coherence Framework (OCOF) posits a boundary-centered account of how intelligent systems organize and preserve internal structure. The initial version (v1.0) established five static axioms that describe the conditions for coherent behavior, but it did not fully capture the operational mechanisms required for agents functioning in uncertain and continuously evolving environments. In particular, the original formulation lacked a mathematical treatment of reciprocal feedback, geometric constraints on the state space, and the temporal consistency of policy execution. The present paper introduces OCOF v1.1, an extension that incorporates three Operational Meta-Axioms to address these limitations. Reciprocity (A6) reframes inference as a bidirectional exchange shaped by trust gradients. Constraint Geometry (A7) formalizes environmental limitations as a feasible state manifold, grounding policy formation in an explicitly bounded search space. Temporal Coherence (A8) enforces continuity across successive states, tying adaptive behavior to long-horizon consistency rather than momentary updates. By integrating these additions, v1.1 consolidates OCOF into a computable optimization framework capable of linking boundary-based cognition with predictive processing and control-theoretic reasoning. This extension offers a more precise foundation for studying alignment, robustness, and the evolution of adaptive strategies in natural and artificial agents.

Abstract: The research aims to investigate a salient phenomenon in cognitive linguistics, color-based metaphorization, to explore the cross-modal correlation between linguistic and image representations of meaning using an empirical, data-driven approach. Color terms (CTs) are used to refer to emotional states, political stances, and other non-visual notions beyond their literal meanings. Although numerous studies have discussed the metaphorical senses of CTs in different languages, there are some fundamental issues that need to be re-examined: (1) What is an empirically convincing and theoretically valid framework to account for the cognitive mechanisms motivating color-based metaphorical extensions? (2) In what ways and for what reasons do basic CTs differ in their usage patterns of metaphorical mappings? (3) In what ways and to what extent are the linguistic meanings correlated with non-linguistic visual representations? The proposed research focuses on the five basic CTs in Chinese and adopts the Behavior Profiles approach to explore the cognitive motivations of their metaphorical extensions and employs the Visual Analysis approach to examine their cross-modal associations. Given the cross-modal empirical paradigm, results from the studies will shed new light on the sensory vs. affective bases of sense extension and offer unprecedented evidence for the interaction of linguistic metaphor and image portrayal. The research demonstrates a pioneering effort to utilize a cross-disciplinary framework to extend the frontiers of usage-based lexical semantics and cognitive linguistics.

Abstract: Adaptive difficulty is a game design approach that modifies the challenge level to match the player’s abilities. This study investigates how such adjustments influence player experience, focusing on engagement, flow, perceived fairness, and satisfaction. Drawing on psychological theories, prior research, and practical examples from the videogame industry, the work examines both the benefits and potential drawbacks of adaptive mechanics. Special attention is given to the ways players perceive autonomy, competence, and control within dynamically balanced games. Furthermore, this study extends current understanding by categorizing different methods of adaptive adjustment, addressing ethical considerations, and analyzing the effects on diverse player types. These perspectives illuminate how thoughtful design of adaptive systems can enhance long-term engagement, support accessibility, and maintain the integrity of the gameplay experience.

Abstract: In real life, psychological and physiological states rarely change along a single dimension. Through self-tracking and discussions with clinicians, I have come to recognise with increasing clarity that sleep patterns, autonomic arousal, bodily sensations, and cognitive load are in constant interaction. Existing models often fail to capture this complexity. Many theoretical frameworks continue to analyse these elements in isolation, making it difficult to explain sudden changes reported by individuals—such as abrupt spikes in anxiety, sudden drops in dissociation, or even moments of heightened alertness.To bridge this gap, this study proposes the Dual-Loop Sleep-Cognitive Regulation Framework (DLSSC-F).This model integrates four dimensions—sleep, autonomic nervous system, somatic perception, and cognitive load—into a standardised shared system using Z-scores. Analysing these interactions reveals a key concept: the ‘psychological tipping point’. Identifiable and measurable state transitions occur when two regulatory loops (Loop 1: somatic load; Circuit 2: Cognitive interpretative load) begin to influence each other non-linearly, an identifiable and measurable state transition occurs.The mathematical modelling employed herein does not replace clinical or subjective narratives, but rather provides a structural framework for these rapid transitions and elucidates why bodily-driven and cognitively-driven changes manifest differently. The objective is to build a conceptual bridge between physiological signals and lived experience, laying the groundwork for dynamic modelling and future case analyses.

Abstract: Radial categories, as theorized by Lakoff (1987), describe conceptual organization around prototypes with motivated but non-predictable extensions. While this framework illuminated the semantic structure, it remained fundamentally static and isolated—capturing organizational patterns that were frozen in time, rather than the dynamic processes, and with a somewhat unclear commitment to the broader picture of human cognition. This paper introduces Radial Analysis (RA), a methodological model that transforms radial category theory from static structural mapping into dynamic trajectory modeling through a systematic diagrammatic protocol. RA preserves the center-periphery organization of radial structures while incorporating temporal sequencing, hexagonal-inspired metric distance calculation, and multi-scale granularity modulation via operator σ (which tunes recognition capacity across collectively-produced representational saturation).The framework operationalizes theoretical innovations from Trace & Trajectory (T&T) Semantics through a minimalist radial notation system that maintains structural isomorphism with hexagonal coordinate geometry while reducing visual complexity. Central to RA's architecture is the experiential zero-point (Θ)—the undifferentiated baseline from which subjects launch into coded positions and to which they return between discursive moves. This grounding in pre-representational dynamics distinguishes RA from geometric approaches that remain anchored in feature-based representations, enabling analysis of navigational patterns invisible to categorical frameworks: informational maintenance costs across positions, asymmetric transition probabilities between stances, and obligatory baseline resets preceding meta-awareness. Extensions to Alter theory demonstrate how the framework captures not only self-positioning but the complete geometry of intersubjective positioning—confirming indexicality as a situated relational pattern organizing informational salience. RA offers cognitive science and linguistics a trajectory-based formalism that is simultaneously rigorous (quantifiable distances, reproducible analytical protocol, calculable metrics) and phenomenologically grounded (preserves experiential structure of navigation, maintains interpretability). By bridging structural insights from cognitive semantics—radial categories, conceptual metaphor, and metonymy, mental space integration—with dynamic process modeling informed by consciousness-first ontology, RA provides methodological apparatus for analyzing indexicality, identity positioning, semantic extension, multimodal coordination, and the temporal unfolding of meaning in discourse and gesture studies.

Abstract: Neural oscillations play a key role in modern neuroscience, linking perception and cognition through rhythmic coordination across distributed networks. Yet the conceptual roots of oscillatory theory trace back long ago. Between 1888 and 1890, Richard Avenarius depicted brain equilibrium as a rhythmic alternation between disturbance and restoration, anticipating the later discovery of EEG and several core concepts of modern neurodynamics. We reinterpret Avenarius’ concept of oscillatory equilibrium and his qualitative vocabulary through the framework of contemporary neural coding theories, encompassing rate, temporal, phase, population, predictive, correlation-based coding, etc. Avenarius’ cyclical sequences of excitation and compensation evoke the homeodynamic and error-corrective processes that govern energy minimization, while his account of oscillatory repetition, synchrony and contrast resonates with modern notions of synaptic adaptation, phase coherence, cross-frequency coupling, attentional modulation, predictive updating within hierarchical neural models. Avenarius’ framework provides also a basis for formulating testable hypotheses about yet unexplored principles of the neural code. From his conception of oscillatory equilibrium arise theoretical possibilities like metabolic–oscillatory coupling, where energy flux and neural rhythms jointly encode information; topological coding, where transient network geometries convey meaning; anti-phase coding, where contrast arises from oscillatory opposition; homeodynamic coding, where informational value lies in the trajectory toward equilibrium; habituation trajectory coding; affective coding; silent coding, etc. Unlike conventional historical analyses that regard philosophical physiology as outdated, we reinterpret it as a theoretical precursor to computational neuroscience, framing Avenarius’ model as a conceptual architecture that unites energy regulation, oscillatory synchronization and informational stability within a coherent dynamic framework.

Abstract: The Operational Coherence Framework (OCOF) proposes a unified theoretical model linking information thermodynamics, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. Building upon five axioms—Boundary Persistence, Predictive Inference, Semantic Value, Policy Integration, and Systemic Coherence—OCOF suggests that cognition and intelligence emerge through an entropic negotiation between informational precision and semantic differentiation. The framework formalizes semantic value as S = I × σ, where I denotes mutual information and σ represents semantic potential, thereby extending concepts from the Free Energy Principle by introducing meaning as an operational variable. This study employs a theoretical modeling approach supported by computational simulations and synthetic data analysis. It does not involve human participants or empirical biological experimentation. Through this structure, OCOF aims to bridge the physical basis of information with higher-order cognitive functions, offering a computationally implementable framework. The theory is supported by a comparative literature review and operational appendices covering mathematical formulation, simulation-based psychological modeling, and ethical integration. OCOF aims to establish a measurable link between informational boundaries, semantic integration, and adaptive intelligence, contributing to interdisciplinary discussions in physics and cognitive science.

Abstract: We compared four large language models (ChatGPT, Grok, Gemini, DeepSeek) with humans in reference to tests of cognitive development addressed to relational integration, linguistic awareness, general and domain-specific reasoning, and cognitive self-awareness. We aimed to specify how LLMs compare with humans along several cognitive development hierarchies. Given their theoretical importance for intelligence, LLMs were also asked to indicate how Descartes’s Cogito applies to them and self-rate on aspects of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). There was a huge divide between verbal and logico-mathematical tasks, on the one hand, and visuo-spatial tasks, on the other hand. All LLMs attained perfect linguistic and metalinguistic performance. ChatGPT and Gemini matched or exceeded university-level human performance in mathematics and causal reasoning, Grok performed slightly lower, and DeepSeek weakest overall. All LLMs underperformed in visual–spatial tasks or reasoning tasks when shown visually as presented to children. Performance recovered when these tasks were presented in a fashion allowing LLMs to employ an analytical approach to visual patterns, signifying their unique architecture. Self-concept ratings broadly mirrored performance profiles: ChatGPT and Grok rated themselves high in reasoning and low in imagination, Gemini inflated imagination by reframing it as linguistic creativity, and DeepSeek consistently underrated itself. Each LLM restated Descartes’s Cogito differently as a description of itself and denied having much AGI. Hence, LLMs display human-like “subjective” task scaling implying algorithmic or functional metacognition, which captures the architectural gap between symbolic reasoning and imaginative cognition, but they are modest in claiming top human intelligence. Overall, LLMs display "savant-like intelligence" rather than top expert intelligence. Implications for an integrated natural-artificial intelligence theory are discussed. Also, a developmental engineering model is sketched that would allow removing limitations of each LLM.

Abstract: In a sample of university employees, we use longitudinal data to examine long-term ef-fects of sexual harassment in the workplace on incidence of chronic disease. We also ex-plore drinking and depression as possible confounding or intervening factors. Propor-tional hazards multiple regression is used to predict incidence of first chronic disease across 23 years of folowup base don experience of sexual harassment. Effects of harass-ment as well as other factors (depression, drinking) are considered as fixed at baseline and also as time-dependent covariates. Higher scores on reported sexual harassment in the workplace at baseline of the study are predictive of chronic disease incidence over the next 23 years (HR=1.038, p=.0133). The effect is only somewhat attenuated adjusting for de-pression at baseline and alcohol intake throughout followup (HR=1.031, p=.0475). Expe-rience of sexual harassment in the workplace is significantly associated with an elevated risk of chronic disease for years to come. Significant independent effects of depression at baseline and drinking throughout followup do not account for the effects of sexual har-assment at baseline.

Abstract: This study examined how negative emotions influence three core components of cognitive control, inhibition, updating, and shifting, as assessed through a Go/No-Go, 2-back, and Set Switching task, respectively. Participants performed these three tasks under both negative and neutral emotional conditions. Negative emotions led to slower response times on false-positive trials, suggesting increased interference during inhibitory demands rather than a direct impairment of inhibition. In the 2-back task, accuracy decreased on non-match trials under negative emotions, indicating difficulties in updating working memory and disengaging from irrelevant information. In the switching task, participants showed higher error rates under negative emotions regardless of trial type, pointing to a broader decline in performance when cognitive flexibility is required. Correlation analyses revealed that emotion effects were shared between updating and shifting, but not with inhibition, suggesting that negative emotions selectively disrupt control processes depending on their cognitive demands. These findings highlight that the impact of negative emotions is not uniform across executive functions and underscore the importance of investigating emotion–cognition interactions across multiple domains within individuals.

Abstract:

Objectives: This study focuses on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 3, which promotes health and well-being. The overall objective was to determine the construction and psychometric properties of the Inventory of Prevalence of Sexist Thoughts in adolescents in the city of Trujillo, 2025. Method: The research is descriptive in nature, with a methodological approach and a non-experimental, instrumental design. The sample consisted of 555 male and female adolescents from Trujillo, who were administered the Sexist Thoughts Prevalence Inventory (IPPS-25). Results: With regard to evidence of content validity, the Sexist Thoughts Prevalence Inventory was submitted to nine expert judges for evaluation, who analyzed whether all items met Aiken’s V requirement of ≥ .80 in the three areas of consistency, clarity, and relevance. The factorial analysis identified two dimensions: gender hierarchies and social identity, and affective and behavioral expectations toward the opposite gender. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the two-dimensional model fits appropriately (CFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.939, SRMR = 0.048, RMSEA = 0.038). Convergent validity reflected a positive correlation with the external test, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). Likewise, adequate internal consistency was shown, given that the alpha coefficient is .719 and the omega coefficient is .749. Conclusion: The IPPS-25 psychometric instrument allows for the identification of the prevalence of sexist thoughts in the adolescent population in an ideal way.

Abstract: To adapt to complex social interactions, humans have developed an "underlying protocol" in the course of evolution—one that balances self-interest and fairness and is characterized by tension and elasticity. Like "an ancient weighing scale in the human psyche", interdisciplinary experiments and studies in evolutionary science, anthropology, game theory, and other fields confirm that the function of the underlying protocol is an objective existence that transcends individual will and class positions. The rapid collapse of the Soviet-style socialist bloc, the social prosperity of contemporary "full-fledged democratic" blocs, and comparisons between the periodic rise and fall of China’s patrimonial bureaucratic dynasties and the 15 historically enduring states (each lasting over 500 years) all indicate a direct causal relationship between this underlying protocol and the fate of nations (encompassing enduring prosperity and viability)—with power being an exceptionally unique variable.

Abstract: Background: Studies on the association between cognitive dysfunction and criminality have shown that individuals in prison, particularly repeat offenders and those convicted of violent crimes, tend to exhibit difficulties in cognitive, social, and emotional func-tioning. The objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize the executive func-tioning of incarcerated individuals based on the severity of criminal behavior through the type of crime committed, number of previous arrests, and duration of the sentence im-posed, while also seeking to understand the impact of incarceration on cognitive func-tioning. Methods: The sample consisted of 50 participants at various stages of their sen-tences, who had been convicted of violent and non-violent crimes. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted using cognitive screening tests and tests directed to assess executive functions and decision making. Results: Significant effects were found mainly for sentence duration, which corresponded to the severity of the crime, suggesting a differentiation of subgroups based on cognitive abilities or impairments. Conclusions: These findings may support a relationship between criminal behavior and poorer cog-nitive ability, executive functioning and decision making. However, these effects were not consistent across cognitive domains nor when comparisons were done according to the type of crime (violent vs. non-violent) which highlight the need for further research under this topic.

Abstract: The Big Five model identifies five major personality dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Openness relates to creativity and curiosity; conscientiousness to organization and reliability; extra-version to sociability and energy; agreeableness to empathy and cooperation; and neuroticism to emotional instability. This study first conducted a literature review on mobile phone use, video game addiction, and social media overuse through the lens of the Big Five model. Then, empirical data from 492 participants were analyzed to evaluate how each personality type is exposed to excessive digital leisure. Results show that individuals with high openness and extraversion are more likely to engage intensively with social media and online entertainment. Conversely, those with higher neuroticism, agreeableness, or conscientiousness display lower exposure levels. These findings align with previous research linking personality traits to neuroanatomical patterns that shape behavioral tendencies. In conclusion, the study suggests that specific personality traits, as defined by the Big Five, influence the use of digital media and advertising channels, potentially fostering addictive behaviors in users with greater openness and extra-version.

Abstract: This research explores the complex relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and language skills, focusing on the impact of the disorder on chil-dren's language development. Based on the existing literature, ADHD affects multiple di-mensions of language, including phonological awareness, pragmatic comprehension, morphosyntactic structure, narrative skills, and written expression. The difficulties that children with ADHD exhibit at the language level are directly related to their deficits in working memory, attention, and organization, which make it challenging for them to ac-quire and use language at both educational and social levels. This study followed the PRISMA methodology, with a systematic selection process across four stages (identifica-tion, screening, eligibility, and inclusion). The present research highlighted the important role that occupational therapists and psychologists can play in the language development of children with ADHD. Strategic interventions to alleviate the language difficulties of children with ADHD are designed to enhance phonological awareness, executive func-tion, speech and language, the use of technological tools, and social skills training. The importance of early diagnosis and implementation of holistic, individualized interven-tions targeting the language, executive, and social difficulties manifested by children with ADHD is considered influential in addressing the barriers to improving language skills as effectively as possible.

Abstract: In the landscape of modern veterinary education, where digital tools and interdisciplinary complexity increasingly shape learning environments, metacognitive competence has become a critical prerequisite for clinical reasoning and lifelong learning. This article introduces GaReCoReATM—a pedagogical model developed to cultivate metacognitive skills through five interlinked phases: Gamification and Goal-setting, Reflexive Activation, Consolidation, Reflection, and Autoregulation. Grounded in the principles of self-regulated learning, cognitive apprenticeship, and simulation-based pedagogy, the model was implemented during the Special Bacteriology laboratory course for second-year veterinary students. Structured lab sessions combined flashcards, chaining strategies, group case analysis, and reflective questioning to enhance student engagement and strategic thinking. Based on questionnaire results (n = 72), students reported increased awareness of their learning processes, improved diagnostic reasoning, and high engagement during interactive tasks. The model’s structure allows for progressive internalisation of self-regulatory strategies, even in constrained curricular environments. While primarily rooted in veterinary microbiology, GaReCoReA holds transdisciplinary potential and can be adapted to other simulation-rich contexts. The model is currently in the process of being registered as an official trademark. This study offers a practical, evidence-informed framework for instructors seeking to support metacognitive development through structured, student-centred learning experiences.

Abstract: Background: Life satisfaction is widely used as a social indicator to direct governmental interventions that target individuals’ quality of life. Issues of dimensionality and equivalent functioning of common measures such as the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) may negatively implicate inferences and decisions derived from those measures. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample of 255 Polish managers (mean age = 48.9 ± 8.2 years, 22.6% females), this study evaluated the SWLS through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA for construct validity and measurement invariance. Its convergent, discriminant, predictive, and criterion validities were assessed through average variance extracted (AVE), heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations, SWLS correlations with its subscales and with measures of personality traits, COVID distress, and general organizational trait. Results: Data did not support the one-factor and two-factor (past and present life satisfaction) SWLS or the SWLS3. A novel two-factor SWLS of congruence between ideal and real self (items 1, 2, and 5) and achievement (items 3 and 4) displayed the best fit (χ2 = 7.38, DF = 4, CMIN/DF = 1.85, p = 0.117, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.991, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.0136), invariance across gender and marital status, high convergent validity (AVE = 0.667 and 0.842), high internal consistency (α = 0. 851 and 0.914), acceptable discriminant validity (HTMT = 0.911), good predictive validity as noted by correlations with its subscales (r = 0.758 and 0.885, p <0.01), and adequate criterion validity—the SWLS and congruence were negatively associated with COVID-19 distress (r = -0.158 and -0.149, p <0.05), congruence positively correlated with age (r = 0.126, p <0.05), achievement correlated with openness to experience (r = 0.191, p <0.01), and all SWLS measures positively correlated with general organizational trait (r range = 0.263 to 0.356, p <0.01). Conclusion: The findings expand our understanding of how managers conceptualize life satisfaction: congruence (between ideal and real self) and achievement. A revised phrasing of item 5 is necessary as contributed to scalar variance across younger and older managers. More investigations are needed to confirm the findings.

Abstract: Background: Values embody the idealized self of a society, forming the basis of culture and tradition. They operate as reference points for distinguishing truth from falsehood, justice from injustice, and virtue from vice. Yet, contemporary education systems face growing difficulties in instilling value-based moral consciousness among youth. This decline is increasingly associated with ideological fragmentation, moral vacuums, and the cultural influence of global commercialism [1].Objective: This study aims to identify the socio-psychological determinants shaping value-oriented development among students in schools and universities. It emphasizes the interplay between moral education, personal integrity, and social integration, while examining behavioral patterns that obstruct this process.Methods: A meta-analytical and interdisciplinary approach was adopted, integrating insights from philosophy, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and social psychology. Theoretical frameworks were critically reviewed alongside empirical findings from international studies on value formation, moral education, and youth behavioral trends [2,3].Results: The findings demonstrate that value formation is strongly influenced by collective emotional identification, cultural narratives, and institutional structures. Key challenges include insufficient curricular integration of moral education, the erosion of traditional ethical frameworks, and increased exposure of youth to egocentrism, violence, substance abuse, and digital misinformation. These factors diminish moral resilience and civic responsibility. Conversely, structured educational interventions fostering ethical awareness were shown to strengthen both personal development and societal well-being [4].Conclusion: Youth moral development is a dynamic process shaped by the interaction between individual dispositions, education systems, and societal structures. Effective value formation requires interdisciplinary collaboration, the integration of ethical principles into academic settings, and targeted strategies to mitigate negative behavioral influences. Reinforcing value-oriented development is crucial for building responsible citizenship and promoting sustainable social cohesion.

Abstract: The repeated advancements of artificial intelligence provide a new angle for us to reengage the old mind-machine problem. This paper claims the artificial intelligence has two eigenstates: mind and machine. The other AI states are supposition of the two eigenstates. This paper formulates a four-stage model toward AI-dynamics; each stage is characterized by a different Riemann surface or sphere. Stage 1: Shannon Information and Riemann Surface of Logarithmic function. Stage 2: Complex Mapping and Möbius Transformation. Stage 3: Merging Mind and Machine into a Riemann Sphere. Stage 4: Riemann Sphere of Two-State Systems toward AI-Dynamics.

Abstract: This study examined how beginners learn two types of visually similar Chinese characters: those with identical strokes (e.g., 人 and 入) and those differing by an additional stroke (e.g., 日 and 白), while examining color coding and presentation effects. A total of 183 non-tonal native speakers with no prior experience of Chinese characters participated in the study. Using a 2x2x2 experimental design, the study assessed the influence of color coding (with vs. without), presentation style (single vs. paired characters), and stroke similarity (identical vs different). Results showed (1) Characters with stroke differences were learned more easily than identical-stroke characters; (2) Simultaneous character presentation enhanced discrimination of subtle stroke differences; but (3) Color coding slowed reaction times, suggesting visual overload. These findings demonstrate that perceptual similarity - not just complexity - impacts character learning difficulty. Pedagogically, the results support using paired character presentation while cautioning against excessive visual enhancements. The study provides empirical evidence for optimizing Chinese character instruction by balancing discriminability and cognitive load in beginning learners.