Social Sciences

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Although continuing professional development (CPD) is important for nursing competence, participation does not guarantee use of learning in practice. This study explored organizational conditions shaping learning transfer across four nursing biographies. Methods: We conducted a qualitative secondary analysis of biographical interviews from a study of Greek public-hospital health professionals. Three participants were practicing as nurses; one had previous nursing experience. We analyzed nursing-career material using case-centered thematic narrative analysis and cross-case comparison. Results Three themes were developed: aligning learning with practice; distinguishing support for educational access from support for transfer; and compensating for organizational gaps through self-directed learning and knowledge exchange. Participants described learning as more usable when workplace adaptation, role relevance, professional autonomy and clinical trust supported its enactment. Educational access did not always lead to subsequent use, while informal peer learning helped address gaps in formal provision. A cross-case synthesis identified four organizational moments: access, integration, enactment and diffusion. Conclusions: Hospitals may strengthen the reported translation of professional learning into practice by aligning educational opportunities with roles, protected adaptation and knowledge sharing. Findings are interpretive and based on four retrospective accounts; they do not establish objectively measured competence, patient-safety or clinical outcomes.

Abstract: Ensuring inclusive digital learning in higher education requires a shift from general principles of accessibility towards a systematic approach that addresses students’ individual educational needs and the barriers they encounter when interacting with digital learning environments. The aim of this study is to develop an empirically grounded conceptual model, INCLUDE-ADAPT, designed to systematically organize identified educational needs and determine potential approaches to adapting digital learning. The methodological framework is based on a problem-oriented analysis of survey responses from higher education students, complemented by descriptive statistical summaries of their responses concerning the organization of learning, digital accessibility, and educational support. The conceptualization of the findings involves systematically linking each identified barrier to the corresponding educational need, a potential adaptive solution, and a mechanism for pedagogical feedback. This approach makes it possible to view inclusivity not merely as the formal availability of digital tools, but as an ongoing process of aligning the characteristics of the educational environment with the diverse needs of its participants. The scientific contribution of this study lies in the conceptual integration of student needs assessment with a systematic approach to identifying and justifying adaptive educational solutions within a unified model. Artificial intelligence is considered a potential tool for supporting personalized learning rather than an empirically validated means of ensuring inclusivity. The proposed model provides a foundation for the further operationalization of its components, the development of evaluation criteria, and the empirical assessment of its applicability across diverse higher education contexts.

Abstract: Research on K-pop fandom has grown rapidly, yet its literature on parasocial relationships, emotional attachment and social identity is dispersed across psychology, communication, marketing and tourism studies, which makes it hard to see what has been studied and how it is framed. This review applies text mining to a purposive corpus of 245 scholarly records on K-pop fandom and parasocial relationships, drawn from the reference list of this manuscript and not from a systematic database search. The scope is research on K-pop fans in any country; the review asks how the literature is framed, how often South Korea is named as a setting, and which topics key studies address on platforms, fan communities and local cultural contexts. Record titles and venues were analysed with term and n-gram frequencies, a ten-theme dictionary compared across three publication periods, non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) topic modelling and a term co-occurrence network. These results describe how records are titled and grouped; they are not findings about fans. In this corpus, 70% of dated records appeared in 2024–2026 and journal articles make up 66%. Consumption and marketing (n = 75) and parasocial interaction (n = 59) are the most prevalent themes. Six topics and four network communities emerged (modularity = 0.34); terms for attachment and purchase intention co-occur in titles, but the relationship between these constructs can only be assessed from the studies themselves. South Korea is named in only a few titles or venues, whereas Indonesia is named most often, although study settings were not verified from abstracts or full texts. A narrative overview of key studies identifies research on platform-mediated intimacy, on fan communities as sites of both belonging and strain, and on local cultural contexts; individual study findings and settings were not verified against abstracts or full texts. We outline a research agenda for comparative, culturally grounded studies, including verified studies of Korean domestic fans.

Abstract: Educational inequality is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by socioeconomic conditions, family backgrounds, cultural resources, and institutional practices. Primary education represents a particularly significant stage in this process because children enter formal educational environments with different levels of cultural capital, linguistic experiences, social resources, and learning opportunities. This review examines how class-based and cultural inequalities emerge, persist, and are reproduced within primary education systems. Drawing on sociological perspectives, particularly Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital and social reproduction, the study explores the influence of family socioeconomic status, parental educational backgrounds, language practices, school culture, teacher expectations, hidden curricula, and institutional structures on students' educational experiences. It further investigates how differences in access to educational resources and institutional recognition may contribute to unequal learning opportunities and the reproduction of existing social hierarchies. Particular attention is given to the relationship between family and school, the institutional recognition of cultural resources, educational assessment, and the influence of socioeconomic segregation. The review also considers the potential of inclusive educational policies, culturally responsive teaching, equitable resource distribution, and effective family–school partnerships to address these inequalities. The analysis suggests that educational inequality cannot be understood solely through individual academic performance but must also be examined in relation to broader social, economic, and cultural structures. Recognizing these mechanisms is essential for developing more equitable primary education systems and improving educational opportunities for children from diverse social backgrounds.

Abstract: Housing affordability is an increasingly consequential dimension of urban development in Viet Nam, yet city-average apartment prices may conceal different barriers to entry. This study combines CBRE condominium price benchmarks for the third quarter of 2025 with official 2024 income-quintile data for Hanoi and pre-merger Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Standardized 45 and 60 m² dwelling scenarios assess three sequential constraints: purchase-price-to-income multiples, time required to save a down payment, and mortgage repayment relative to income. The analysis separates primary and secondary condominium markets and varies interest rates and household-income assumptions. In the reference 60 m² secondary-market scenario, the purchase-price-to-income ratio is approximately 11.0 in Hanoi and 12.1 in old HCMC; estimated monthly repayments consume approximately 86% and 94% of standardized mean household income, respectively. Primary-market burdens are higher. These are scenario results, not estimates of the share of households excluded from ownership. The findings underscore the importance of distinguishing aggregate condominium supply from income-compatible housing and of considering down-payment liquidity alongside loan repayment capacity.

Abstract: Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) can make transport options easier to compare, but its value depends on the journeys people actually need to make. This qualitative study examines how international student drivers judged a proposed campus MaaS service for a suburban university in Melbourne, Australia. Ten Chinese-background international students took part in a first participatory workshop stage; seven returned for a second workshop using interface cards and journey scenarios, and five completed follow-up prototype interviews. Workshop discussions, artefacts and design revisions were analysed thematically. Students tied useful support to specific destinations, class schedules and local transport knowledge, and preferred practical journey planning to configuration-heavy personalisation. Their views on rewards and peer features differed, ranging from tangible incentives to progress feedback, and few wanted compulsory social participation. The resulting design prioritised end-to-end journey support and kept further features optional. The findings suggest that campus mobility planning should distinguish information that helps students interpret a journey from the service and infrastructure changes needed to make it workable. The prototype was not deployed, so the study does not assess mode shift or emissions. It offers a situated account of design priorities and their limits in a suburban transport setting.

Abstract: Healthcare workers are exposed to workplace violence, yet the extent and nature of this exposure may differ considerably across professional groups. Psychosocial working conditions, including high work demands, emotional demands, working-time pressures and employment relations, may shape the conditions in which workplace violence occurs and is experienced. This study investigates psychosocial risks, workplace violence and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress among nurses, physicians, healthcare assistants and administrative staff, and examines whether workplace violence is statistically associated with the relationship between psychosocial risks and these symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 289 Portuguese healthcare workers using three validated instruments: the Psychosocial Risk Factors Scale (INSAT_ERPS), the Aggression and Violence at Work Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Group differences were tested with Kruskal–Wallis tests, associations with Spearman correlations, and mediation and moderation analyses were performed using SPSS and the PROCESS macro. Results showed that workplace violence affected all professional groups but was more intense among nurses. Psychosocial risk was strongly associated with workplace violence, and this association did not differ across professional groups. However, neither psychosocial risks nor violence were associated with depression, anxiety or stress, and no statistically significant indirect association was observed. These findings highlight the importance of addressing workplace violence as an organizational and occupational health issue rather than a problem confined to specific professions.

Abstract: Must EU ETS and CORSIA carbon costs be identical across airline business models? This paper finds a per-tonne uniformity to be legally well-grounded and no right to deductions for connections, shipped cargo, multi-class cabin configuration, special services, or tankering procedures, while the geography involved does already differentiate costs. It then asks whether narrow, service-based credits for carrying passengers with reduced mobility and other special services should exist.

Abstract: Generative AI now performs tasks long treated as markers of human cognitive distinctiveness. This does not make education obsolete; it makes the question of what education is for more urgent. This article develops a Computational Theory of Education for Human Flourishing in the AI Era (CTE-HF-AI) that formalizes education's role in cultivating human flourishing as its root objective, and specifies the cultivation of ethically competent, relationally present, and existentially grounded persons as education's developmental target, while treating AI as a bounded and accountable partner. The theory is a domain-specific instantiation of Constrained Object Hierarchies (COH), the general mathematical theory of intelligence developed in the MDPI Computers paper and its preprints' foundations. The theory's organizing logic is named the Flourishing-Competence-Preparation (FCP) Principle; flourishing names education's aim, ethical competence names the developmental construct through which that aim is educationally approached, and dual preparation names the design principle that operationalizes the construct. The FCP Principle is design-theoretic and normative rather than descriptive. Formally, an educational system is \(\mathcal{E} = \langle \mathcal{S}, \mathcal{A}, \mathcal{T}, \mathcal{C}, \mathcal{O} \rangle\), where \(\delta\) is a bounded, uncertainty-annotated learner state. All nine COH components are instantiated: the component hierarchy \(\mathcal{C}\) is the FCP structure; the attributes \(\mathcal{A}\) are the learner state variables; the methods \(\mathcal{M}\) are pedagogical actions; the neural components \(\mathcal{N}\) are SCAM's neural sub-model; the embedding \(\mathcal{E}\) is formalized as three shared-Hilbert-space maps (\(\S\)3.2.2); the identity constraints \(\mathcal{I}\) are the axioms and thresholds; the trigger constraints \(\mathcal{T}\) are formalized as ECA rules, including the safety-gap daemon (\(\S\)3.8); the goal constraints \(\mathcal{G}\) are the constrained objective; and the daemons \(\mathcal{D}\) are formalized as trajectory monitors (\(\S\)5). The ten invisible capabilities are represented as an explicit vector, and ethical competence uses a threshold-gated non-compensatory formulation. Domain competence \(\mathcal{DC}\) is specified as a three-constituent composite of disciplinary mastery, professional performance, and transferable competencies (\(\S\)3.2.3). Flourishing is formalized in two registers: an educational register \(HF_{educational} = f(\mathcal{EC}, \mathcal{ID}, \mathcal{DC})\) and a total register \(HF = HF_{educational} + \epsilon\). Invisible-capacity development is partially compensatory while critical domains are protected by non-regression. Educational success is defined non-monotonically. Relational presence is grounded in Buber, Noddings, and Palmer. SCAM's structured prior and Bayesian update are shown to realize COH's free-energy correspondence when the COH theorem's conjugacy and regularity conditions are met (\(\S\)4.2, Theorem 4.1), and the theory adopts COH's hybrid continuous-discrete formulation (\(\S\)3.9), from which existence and uniqueness follow under the Lipschitz and measurability conditions of Theorem 3.1. A research agenda of four flagship empirical studies is derived, alongside formalizations of the educational safety gap with an interpretation guide. Five limitations are specified. The article positions the framework as a theory of education whose formal structure is portable to broader human-development and AI-governance contexts, while its central claims remain educational.

Abstract: Nowadays, many people, especially students, enjoy spending their free time with mobile devices. The main reason for this is that an intelligent device based on current information presents the desires and requirements of students. A nowadays-promising technology to overcome the problems in m-learning, mobile devices provide reliable, customized and guaranteed dynamic computing environments for all users. This article presents a new pedagogical architecture for a mobile learning system in an extended cloud-computing environment enriched with smart devices. This architecture can be applied everywhere where there is a need for intensive teaching and learning in higher education.

Abstract: Improving environmental comfort in newly built rural communities requires aligning microclimate interventions with residents’ actual needs. This study investigates Zhengdong Village, Yancheng, China, in the hot-summer/cold-winter climate zone using a mixed-method framework that combines a villager questionnaire (171 valid responses), field meteorological measurements, exploratory factor analysis, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with WindPerfectDX. The survey identified three closely weighted dimensions of environmental comfort: human perception (34.53%), built environment (32.64%), and behavioral response (32.83%). Model verification showed mean relative errors of 3.2% for wind speed and 2.1% for air temperature. The cross-evidence diagnosis identified two priority mismatches: villagers reported low summer wind comfort and cooling satisfaction, while the densely built Area C contained persistent low-wind zones below 0.5 m/s; meanwhile, heat-related dissatisfaction coincided with simulated midday SET* values above 40 °C in exposed parts of Areas A and B. Comparing the two simulation scenarios, increased vegetation coverage reduced local thermal stress and lowered SET* by approximately 3-5 °C, but did not eliminate ventilation dead zones, demonstrating a cooling–ventilation trade-off. The results support a combined renewal strategy involving targeted shading vegetation, reduced hard paving, protected ventilation paths, age-friendly shaded resting spaces, and participatory maintenance mechanisms. The study provides an integrated demand–microclimate framework for climate-adaptive renewal of new rural communities.

Abstract: Regional population trajectories are shaped by two properties that standard projection tools treat only implicitly: the memory of past demographic regimes and the interaction between neighbouring regions. This study proposes a geosimulation framework in which the annual population of NUTS-3 regions evolves according to a fractional-order Verhulst–Lotka–Volterra system defined on the regional graph. Each region has its own intrinsic growth rate, carrying capacity and Caputo derivative order in the relaxation–oscillation range (0, 2), so that the memory or inertia of its trajectory becomes a region-specific, mappable parameter, while a gravity-type coupling term lets neighbouring populations compete for, or contribute to, regional growth. The model is calibrated on Eurostat population series for the 42 NUTS-3 regions of Romania over 2000–2025 as a coupled system, for 1,070 NUTS-3 regions of the European Union and EFTA over 2003–2023 without coupling, and as coupled systems for the 28 regions of Bulgaria, the 10 regions of Lithuania and the 20 regions of Hungary, so that Romania is compared with the other declining countries of Europe, including Latvia through its uncoupled estimates. Integer-order and uncoupled variants are nested within the model, so the contribution of memory and of spatial interaction is tested with information criteria, a parameter-recovery experiment and rolling-origin forecast evaluation against trend and drift benchmarks. The estimated memory orders are analysed with global and local Moran statistics and the fitted Romanian system is projected to 2035 under baseline, memoryless and uncoupled scenarios. Freeing the memory order reduces the residual error of the Romanian system by a factor of 7.9, and the fractional model is preferred for 79% of 1,070 European regions; the estimated orders are predominantly inertial (median 1.78 in Europe), and the order is strongly clustered in Europe (Moran’s I = 0.38) but not in Romania (I = -0.16). Coupling improves the fit in 36 of the 42 Romanian regions. Bulgaria, Lithuania, Hungary and Latvia need memory as much as Romania, with residual errors reduced by factors of 6.3, 4.9, 4.4 and 1.7, whereas coupling is spatially identified only in Romania, weakly identified in Bulgaria and absent in Lithuania and Hungary; the memory order is clustered in Bulgaria (I = 0.44) and negatively autocorrelated in Lithuania and Hungary (I = −0.46 and −0.52). In all five countries growth is confined to the capital region and a few large cities, whose share of the national population rises throughout the window. Memory-based forecasts are competitive with extrapolations but not superior to a five-year drift. The 2035 baseline projects a national decline of 3.9%, with growth in the capital region and decline in the south. The framework is reproducible from public data and transfers directly to other spatially interacting processes on administrative graphs.

Abstract: Building performance is conventionally assessed in structural, thermal, energy, and functional terms, while architectural character is treated as a matter of taste. Yet a growing body of research suggests that the geometric characteristics of buildings also affect performance experienced directly by people—perceptual engagement, restoration and well-being, perceived safety, social affordance, and patterns of movement and use—both within buildings and in adjoining streets and public spaces. This paper reviews that evidence and develops a conceptual model and theoretical account of how the relevant characteristics arise. Drawing on environmental psychology, experimental aesthetics, neuroaesthetics, urban design, and the mathematics of form, it identifies recurring geometric characteristics associated with favorable human responses, centered on symmetry and symmetry-breaking, multiscale organization, and contextual relationship. It proposes that these are traces of generative processes rather than attributes of style, and it introduces “deep symmetry”: a progression of correspondence from the isolated object through scale and context to the perceiving human participant, with a candidate mechanism grounded in embodied perception and processing fluency. The framework reframes stylistic debates as questions of human performance, geometry, and process, and sets out a falsifiable research agenda, candidate measures, and broader implications for practice.

Abstract: About half of U.S. renter households spend more than 30 percent of their income on housing. Against this backdrop, the study asks whether restrictive land-use regulations make local housing demand shocks more burdensome for renters. The analysis covers 156–163 U.S. metropolitan areas from 2013 to 2024, using the 2018 Wharton Residential Land Use Regulatory Index to examine two sources of demand variation: shift-share predicted employment growth and pre-pandemic exposure to remote work. Employment shocks were associated with lower renter cost burdens, whereas greater remote-work exposure was linked to rising rents and burdens, especially for middle- and higher-income renters. Neither response, however, was significantly larger in metropolitan areas with more restrictive regulations, and permitting was no less responsive to demand shocks in those areas. The findings were consistent across alternative samples and a zoning measure derived from municipal code text. Measured regulatory restrictiveness therefore appears to be a weak predictor of short- and medium-term changes in renter affordability, underscoring the importance of combining land-use reform with targeted rental assistance.

Abstract: This study examines how real estate development shapes urban resilience under uncertainty, using a balanced panel of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong, China, over 2005–2024. Real estate market development (REM) and urban resilience (UR) are measured with entropy-weighted composite indices, and their relationship is examined through coupling coordination analysis, two-way fixed-effects models, a moderating-effect model, a Hansen panel threshold model, and a spatial Durbin model. Four findings emerge. First, the coupling coordination degree rose from 0.233 in 2005 to a peak of 0.397 in 2019 and fell back to 0.280 in 2024, remaining within the imbalanced range throughout, with the Pearl River Delta (0.364) clearly leading the rest of the province. Second, real estate expansion exhibits a significant negative average association with urban resilience (−0.145, p < 0.05). Third, this association is state-dependent: the REM × UNC interaction is significantly positive (+2.130, p < 0.001), and the threshold test identifies an uncertainty threshold of 0.074 below which real estate development weakens resilience (−0.153) and above which it strengthens it (+0.752). Fourth, the spatial Durbin model reveals negative strategic interaction (ρ = −0.974) and a negative spillover from neighbouring real estate expansion (−0.471, p < 0.05), with the moderating mechanism concentrated in the Pearl River Delta. The results imply that the resilience function of the real estate market is a direction-switching function of the uncertainty environment, calling for state-contingent regulation, regionally coordinated governance, and a repositioning of real estate from a growth instrument toward a resilience support system.

Abstract: This article develops care for possibility as an ontopolitical alternative to urbanism organized around immunological enclosure. Rather than treating care as the redistribution of existing functions, our argument reframes it as the protection of spatial openness, i.e., the lived condition through which emergent forms of life become perceptible. Drawing on current literature, we show how planning rationalities foreclose futurity by enforcing legibility and spatial finality and reframe care as the safeguarding of spatial indeterminacy to argue that the urban condition ought to depend on protecting the not‑yet rather than optimizing and exhausting the already‑given. To ground this intervention, the article examines Morocco as a spatial and cultural laboratory where colonial enclosure, sovereign hybridity, and rural-urban hydrological infrastructures reveal the limits of immunological urbanism. Across Rabat, Tangier, and Beni Mellal, our analysis demonstrates how interspaces sustain incompleteness despite pressures toward closure. These cases show that openness is a political and cultural resource, emerging through contradictions within postcolonial territorial authority. We conclude by redefining the planner as a mediator of thresholds, responsible for sustaining relational vulnerability and spatial indeterminacy as infrastructures of futurity.

Abstract: Regional innovation indicators describe territorial capabilities, but they do not show on their own how those capabilities are experienced or used locally. This study examines that relationship in Duitama, Colombia, by analyzing how regional science, technology, and innovation (STI) capacity is reflected in institutional conditions, participation, formalization, and social appropriation. The Departmental Innovation Index for Colombia (IDIC) served as the regional benchmark. A cross-sectional multi-stakeholder design included 1,247 valid responses from primary students (n = 482), secondary students (n = 397), teachers (n = 278), and civil-society leaders (n = 90). The analysis combined reliability assessment, exploratory factor analysis, nonparametric comparisons, effect sizes, multiple-testing correction, and logistic regression. Civil-society respondents rated governmental response, security and justice, road infrastructure, and territorial connectivity less favorably than educational stakeholders. Among teachers, postgraduate education was strongly associated with formal research-system linkage (OR = 5.94, 95% CI 2.83–12.46). Among primary students, prior participation in projects aimed at understanding their environment was associated with higher odds of participating in projects that addressed community needs (OR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.84–6.53). The results suggest that regional innovation capacity is mediated by educational experience, institutional pathways, and stakeholder perceptions rather than transferred automatically from regional indicators to local practice.

Abstract: A person can feel accepted when sharing sexual information and later regret placing it in a partner's hands. The difficulty may concern subsequent retelling, unwanted return to the topic, or the use of a remembered preference to challenge a present refusal. This conceptual essay distinguishes the reception of a disclosure from the subsequent handling of the information. Drawing on communication privacy management, contextual integrity, privacy scholarship, and research on disclosure and autonomy support, it develops an event-based account of how later handling may alter expectations about future conversations. Three questions organize the analysis: who receives the information, when the speaker participates in discussing it, and whether the information is being mistaken for permission to act. These questions identify different issues, not dimensions of a validated scale. The proposed contribution is a temporal and measurement specification within existing theories, rather than a new general theory of privacy. Three propositions and complementary longitudinal and vignette designs identify what could support or weaken the account. The analysis preserves the recipient's ability to seek support, discuss shared risks, and make relationship decisions. No new data are reported. The relevant outcome is greater freedom to choose whether and how to speak, which need not entail more disclosure.

Abstract: Awareness of artificial intelligence (AI) in legal work does not necessarily imply that respondents regard AI literacy as an employment requirement or attribute career confidence to their ability to use it responsibly. This cross-sectional study separates these judgements using 385 adult responses to a common questionnaire in Bangladesh. We report item distributions, joint endorsement and within-person contrasts, then estimate exploratory adjusted associations with conditional career confidence and intention to develop AI skills. Self-reported understanding of legal AI capabilities and limitations was endorsed by 277 respondents (71.9%), while 154 (40.0%) endorsed the growing importance of AI literacy for legal employment. The paired difference was 31.9 percentage points (95% CI 25.5 to 38.4; Holm-adjusted p < 0.001). Confidence attributed to responsible AI use was endorsed by 171 respondents (44.4%), and 71 (18.4%) endorsed both that statement and employment relevance. In adjusted models, the coefficient for legal AI awareness in relation to conditional confidence was 0.071 (95% CI −0.081 to 0.222); none of the four focal coefficients met the multiplicity-adjusted threshold. The findings distinguish familiarity with the capabilities and risks of AI from the career value respondents assign to that familiarity. They support assessing legal AI competence and career expectations separately in curriculum evaluation. The questionnaire does not measure demonstrated skills, overall employability, labour-market demand or employment outcomes.

Abstract: Training-hour indicators appear in human-capital sustainability reporting, but disclosure presence does not show which workforce groups are represented or whether information is consistent. Guided by stakeholder theory, this study examines disclosure depth, category granularity, worker visibility and two-year consistency in Malaysian listed palm-oil companies. Quantitative content analysis of public documents covers 85 company-years in 2023 and 2024, including 72 category-level observations and 31 companies with qualifying disclosures in both years. Relevant training information appeared in all 85 observations. Numerical hours appeared in 77 (90.6%), category-level values in 72 (84.7%) and separately named numerical worker-category hours in 44 (51.8%). The category-level observations contained 27 company-defined label patterns, with a median of four categories. In the paired subset, category structure was stable in 27 companies (87.1%), coded reporting-perimeter grouping in 28 (90.3%) and the hour unit in all 31. Five companies changed category structure or disclosure basis. Broad coverage therefore coexisted with heterogeneous classifications and incomplete numerical visibility of workers. This study contributes a disaggregated account of what a prescribed human-capital indicator makes observable. It does not assess stakeholder use, training effectiveness, employee experience or workforce outcomes.