Abstract: This paper employs machine learning techniques based on market volatility to identify and construct trading signals for both short-term and long-term Time Series Momentum (TSM) strategies. Through a comparative study of China's CSI 300 Index and the U.S. S&P 500 Index, we conduct an empirical analysis from a cross-market perspective. The findings reveal that the performance of time series momentum strategies is jointly determined by their signal responsiveness and the prevailing market volatility regime. Using the Random Forest algorithm, this study effectively identifies critical thresholds for regime switching between low-volatility and high-volatility states in index futures markets. The empirical results demonstrate that during high-volatility periods, short-term TSM strategies significantly outperform their long-term counterparts, whereas the opposite holds true in low-volatility environments. Further analysis indicates that the short-term momentum alpha can be attributed to market timing ability. Our findings provide important theoretical and practical implications for optimizing trend-following strategies in commodity and financial futures markets through machine learning approaches.

Abstract: Employee well-being has become a central concern in organizational research due to its strong implications for performance, job satisfaction, and organizational sustainability (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Schaufeli & Taris, 2014). In high-pressure sectors such as banking and microfinance, managers operate under strict regulatory requirements, demanding performance targets, and continuous monitoring, which may significantly affect their psychological well-being (Giorgi et al., 2017; Lee & Kim, 2023). Managerial well-being is particularly important because managers are responsible not only for achieving organizational objectives but also for supervising employees and maintaining operational stability. These challenges are especially relevant in emerging financial systems such as Albania’s, where the financial sector is largely lending-oriented and dominated by commercial banks, with microfinance institutions playing a complementary role in expanding access to finance (Bank of Albania, 2025; World Bank, 2020). Managers in these institutions face pressures related to regulatory compliance, performance expectations, and the responsibility of supporting credit access for households and SMEs. This study investigates the determinants of managers’ well-being in Albanian lending institutions using the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). It examines how job demands (e.g., workload, performance pressure), job resources (e.g., organizational support, autonomy), and work–family conflict influence managerial well-being. The study also explores whether significant differences in well-being exist across demographic characteristics such as gender, age, type of institution, position, years of service, and number of supervised employees.

Abstract: The transformation of transport is necessary not only for climate protection, but also to increase competitiveness, develop modern technologies in transport, and improve the well-being and quality of life of the population. This article discusses the current state of the transformation of transport and infrastructure to low-emission and ze-ro-emission within EU member states and, in particular, their SMART cities. This arti-cle discusses the challenges, modern technologies, disadvantaged groups, and the overall concept of transformation with the aim of designing the most effective strategy for transport transformation at the SMART cities level. The potential relationship be-tween the position of EU member states in the Climate Change Performance Index ranking and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the EU is identified and analyzed. The re-sults are reflected at the SMART cities level, confirming that proactive states achieve faster and more effective transport transformation. The conclusion of the article de-fines research trends aimed at improving the level of transport transformation and challenges related to successful transformation at the SMART cities level.

Abstract: The global consumption of resources and environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious. China produces 61.0% of the world's watermelons, yet no comprehensive assessment of the resource consumption and environmental effects of China's watermelon production system has been reported. This study applies life cycle assessment (LCA), combining farmer surveys with field experiments, to systematically evaluate and verify the reduction potential of land occupation (LO), water depletion (WD), energy depletion (ED), global warming potential (GHG), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP), as well as the resource budget and environmental impact index (REI), in north China (NC), northwest China (NW), and southwest China (SW). The results reveal significant differences in resource consumption and environmental effects. The NC region was found to achieve the highest yield, 146% and 174% greater than the two other regions, but also to exhibit the highest resource use and emissions per unit area, with the lowest REI. By contrast, the SW region was found to achieve the most favorable performance in resource consumption and environmental emissions per unit yield. During the material stage (MS), more than 86.6% of energy and water resources are consumed, while in the farm stage (FS), 47.3% to 98.7% of total pollutants are emitted. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is identified as the main contributor to GHG, WD, and EP, with field application accounting for more than 85% of the total impact. Although REI values across the three regions remain low, yield management and improved N fertilizer efficiency (PFPN) present a reduction potential of 46.5% to 55.4%, enabling both high yield and high efficiency. Field experiments further verify that reducing N fertilizer use by 14.3% to 40.0% can lower environmental impacts, which is of great significance for promoting green watermelon production.

Abstract: This study examines how religious architecture contributes to community well-being, using the Chapel of the Resurrection as a case study. Although the theological significance of worship spaces is well documented, limited empirical research exists on how specific architectural elements—particularly natural light and spatial arrangement—affect the social and psychological well-being of users within African academic environments. The study adopts a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative thematic analysis and site observations with quantitative data collected through 80 structured questionnaires administered to members of the university community. Drawing on theories of architectural phenomenology, emotional atmospheres, and place attachment, the Chapel is examined not merely as a ritual space but as active social infrastructure that shapes human experience and interaction. Findings reveal that the Chapel’s tropical modernist design functions as a restorative environment. A large majority of respondents (89.4%) reported that natural light creates a calm atmosphere, while 87.2% indicated that the space helps reduce stress. The spatial configuration also promotes inclusivity, with 93.6% agreeing that movement within the space is easy and 89.4% feeling included during services. Notably, 93.6% stated that the Chapel fosters a strong sense of belonging, demonstrating a clear connection between thoughtful architectural design and communal cohesion. The study concludes that the building effectively translates indigenous African ideals of egalitarian gathering into a contemporary institutional form and offers evidence-based design recommendations for community-supportive religious spaces in Nigerian universities.

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming knowledge work, yet their implications for fundamental work design theory remain underexplored. This study examines how LLM integration affects the Job Characteristics Model (JCM), a foundational framework linking work design to employee outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling with a comprehensive simulated dataset (N = 10,000 knowledge workers across 30 organizational contexts), we analyze five major LLM architectures (GPT-4o, o1-preview, Gemini 1.5 Pro, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and open-weight models) under varying implementation conditions. Results demonstrate that LLM augmentation substantially enhances core job characteristics—particularly skill variety (+0.95 SD on average, ranging to +1.15 SD for multimodal architectures), task significance (+0.63 SD), and feedback quality (+0.71 SD)—with architecture-specific patterns emerging based on reasoning capabilities, multimodal integration, and customization options. The motivating potential score (MPS) increased by approximately 61% on average (from baseline M=106 to M=170), with effects moderated by growth need strength (GNS), override authority levels, and advanced AI features. Multi-architecture portfolios achieved 23% higher MPS gains than single-architecture implementations (η² = 0.19, p < 0.001) but required 127% greater implementation investment. Trajectory analyses revealed sustained improvements over 24 months, with high-GNS workers showing accelerating benefits while low-GNS workers plateaued after 12 months. These findings suggest LLMs can fundamentally enrich work design when thoughtfully implemented, though benefits depend critically on architecture selection, worker characteristics, and organizational support structures. We propose an expanded theoretical framework integrating AI capabilities into JCM constructs and discuss implications for human-AI work design.

Abstract: New quantum spin perspective redefines notion of quantum spin and reduced Planck c onstant h. Other consequences of this perspective are well-known. Here I propose smooth scale transition of quantum domain using auto-correct orauto-balance mechanism of this perspective. Equilibrium governs nature. All universal constants and equations work just to contribute to maintain equilibrium of cosmos. Relation between elementary quantum of action (¯h) and new quantum spin perspective is also established. why matter wave works the way it works? and why simultaneous measurement of two main pair of canonical conjugates ( x and p and E and t) are not possible in nature? are also explained via this perspective. Cause of uncertainty principle of quantum physics is also comprehended. De Broglie hypothesis and uncertainty principle emerge out of novel formula of h.

Abstract: Background: Restoration of apical support is a primary objective in pelvic organ prolapse surgery; however, postoperative pelvic floor biomechanics and vaginal axis orientation are increasingly recognized as relevant determinants of clinical outcome. Laparoscopic pectopexy may be performed using synthetic mesh or non-absorbable sutures (wire), yet the influence of fixation material on postoperative vaginal axis remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate vaginal axis orientation after mesh versus wire pectopexy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: A prospective non-randomized comparative cohort study included 100 women with symptomatic apical pelvic organ prolapse (POP-Q stage ≥ II). Fifty patients underwent mesh pectopexy and fifty wire pectopexy. All patients underwent standardized postoperative pelvic MRI at one-year follow-up using a 1.5 Tesla scanner with dynamic Valsalva sequences. MRI measurements included vaginal PS3L axis angle, H-line, and M-line. Clinical outcomes were assessed by gynecological examination. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, logistic regression, and ROC curve evaluation. Results: No cases of apical prolapse recurrence were observed. Vaginal axis orientation was significantly associated with postoperative clinical findings (F = 3.867, p = 0.019). Logistic regression identified vaginal axis angle as an independent predictor of normal clinical outcome (β = −0.257, p = 0.008; AUC = 0.819). A more physiological vaginal axis was more frequently observed following wire pectopexy Conclusions: Postoperative vaginal axis orientation assessed by MRI represents a relevant parameter after apical prolapse repair. Wire pectopexy was associated with a more physiological vaginal axis alignment, suggesting potential biomechanical advantages that may influence postoperative pelvic floor stability.

Abstract: (1) Background: The non-consensual dissemination of intimate images constitutes a severe form of online gender-based violence (OGBV) that inflicts profound harm on victims' sexual privacy, psychological well-being, and social functioning. Taiwan enacted comprehensive legislative reforms in 2023—commonly referred to as the "Four Acts on Sexual Violence Prevention"—to strengthen criminal responses and expand victim protection mechanisms. However, the extent to which these reforms have translated into effective frontline practice remains insufficiently examined. (2) Methods: This qualitative study employed reflexive thematic analysis to investigate frontline professionals' experiences with enforcing intimate image offence legislation and delivering victim support services. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 practitioners—including social workers, police officers, prosecutors, and lawyers—between August and November 2024. (3) Results: Three superordinate themes emerged across macro, meso, and micro structural levels. At the macro level, limited public awareness and persistent victim-blaming attitudes undermine prevention and reporting. At the meso level, legislative fragmentation, digital evidence challenges, and inter-agency coordination gaps constrain enforcement capacity. At the micro level, procedural delays, risks of secondary victimization, and perceived inadequacies in compensation mechanisms weaken victims' trust in institutional responses. (4) Conclusions: While Taiwan's legislative reforms represent a significant institutional advancement, legal reform alone is insufficient to address digital sexual violence effectively. Comprehensive responses require integrated public education initiatives, enhanced inter-agency coordination, strengthened digital investigation capacity, and trauma-informed victim protection practices across all structural levels.

Abstract: This review outlines the health risks associated with excessive dietary intake of n 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly linoleic acid (LA), which is highly prevalent in the Western diet. It proposes a targeted nutritional strategy to reduce n 6 PUFA overconsumption and increase n 3 PUFA intake, aiming to restore a healthier fatty acid balance and counteract imbalance induced pathogenetic consequences. The conceptual framework builds on the foundational insights of William E. M. Lands regarding PUFA driven eicosanoid imbalance. It extends these principles by integrating contemporary models of impaired adipose tissue expandability, functional lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and ectopic lipid deposition as central mechanisms of lipotoxicity and as unifying drivers of the modern organo metabolic spectrum of non communicable diseases. The proposed nutritional strategy combines dietary modifications—such as avoiding seed oils and processed foods as well as products from industrialized animal farming, while prioritizing fatty fish and/or algae derived supplements—with lifestyle interventions and ongoing laboratory monitoring. This approach is designed to lower chronic disease risk and improve overall metabolic resilience. In addition, Western diet related socioeconomic issues and ecological burdens are addressed. However, further research is required to corroborate the available findings before broader implementation of the proposed strategy can be recommended.

Abstract: Accurate representation of short-term reservoir water-level dynamics is essential for operational analysis and scenario-based assessment under prescribed inflow–outflow conditions. In many practical applications, physically based modelling is limited by incomplete process knowledge, unavailable boundary conditions, or insufficient temporal resolution of input data. This study presents a data-driven framework for hourly conditional simulation of reservoir water level based on a hybrid Conv1D–LSTM architecture. The model learns nonlinear relationships among hydraulic forcing, operational control, and system state from historical observations, and is evaluated in a recursive multi-step simulation (rollout) mode to reflect its intended use and capture error accumulation over time. A systematic analysis of input sequence length and activation function is performed to identify a robust model configuration. On the test set, the selected configuration (L=24, GELU) achieved RMSE = 0.1057 m, MAE = 0.0881 m, and R² = 0.972 in rollout evaluation. The proposed framework is designed for scenario-based simulation rather than one-step deterministic forecasting, enabling rapid operational screening of alternative inflow–outflow regimes. Unlike many previous studies that emphasize one-step predictive accuracy, this work explicitly assesses model stability in recursive multi-step simulation, which is more relevant for reservoir scenario analysis.

Abstract:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable microbial polyesters that represent a promising sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Salterns, hypersaline environments, are recognized as significant sources of halotolerant microorganisms that can produce PHAs in high-salinity conditions; however, Vietnamese saltern ecosystems have not been extensively investigated. This research aimed to isolate and initially characterize salt-tolerant bacteria capable of synthesizing PHAs from the Hon Khoi saltern in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. A total of 37 halotolerant bacterial isolates were obtained, and potential PHA-producing strains were initially screened using Sudan Black B and Nile Blue A. TEM microscopy was then employed to confirm the existence of PHA granules. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy and GC–MS/MS spectrometry were utilized to analyze the chemical structure and monomer composition of the extracted polymers. Six isolates were identified as PHA-producing bacteria, including Salinivibrio sp. HK101 and HK116, Halomonas sp. HK105, Priestia sp. HK125 and HK142, and Bacillus sp. HK130. These strains exhibited growth across 3–10% NaCl and temperatures from 25 to 45 °C. Priestia sp. HK142 and Salinivibrio sp. HK101 exhibited the most substantial PHA accumulation, achieving 50.72 ± 1.83% and 42.07 ± 1.8% of DCW, respectively. These results indicate that the Hon Khoi saltern represents a promising source of halotolerant PHA-producing bacteria with potential relevance for future biopolymer production studies.

Abstract:

This paper is Part 2 continuing from investigation Part 1 from 2024. To recall, in Part 1, with the derivation of two theorems, defined is an axiomatic approach to the time interval only description. The time interval only set approach is an alternative to the usual one moment time description and the traditional tangent approach of change and differentiation. The two fundamental and nearly equivalent set theorems are the multiplication linearity theorem and the multiplication closure theorem. Both these theorems claim the multiplication of two time intervals results is a time interval. The present paper includes the construction of an overall simultaneous emission example surface for any approximation of spherical symmetric wave emission, applying a variation to a well known construction for indecomposable continua. Several comments and overall theorems are derived that evaluate the example surface construction. These include proof of two new theorems, emission theorem I and II, related to the identity transformation or mapping, which have value in their own right when considered as mathematical theorems. Emission theorem I and II depend on the ‘current parameter’ concept applying a multiple ‘dimensional domain definition’ within both the one moment time and time interval only description, new concepts defined applying set representation theory. Another part of the approach is the linear functional theorem. Within this approach defined is zero and non-zero equilibrium and simultaneous emission with ‘zero’ temperature to be a lowest bound temperature, resembling Boson type of simultaneous emission from collectives of multiple star sources. Finite time intervals being asymmetric this approach can be integrated in Curie’s principle for asymmetry. The current parameter allows for a comment on the fundamental theorem on polynomials. Assuming simultaneous emission internal interaction with em kinematic energy and gravitation energy provides several overall results including introduction of a time interval only description gravitation constant.

Abstract: Background: The crista terminalis (CT) is a fibromuscular ridge forming the embryonic boundary between the sinus venosus and the primitive right atrium. While a physio-logical structure, rare cases of CT hypertrophy present a diagnostic challenge, often appearing as a right atrial pseudo-mass on imaging. Given its role as a site of conduction block and its association with two-thirds of right atrial arrhythmias, distinguishing hy-pertrophy from pathological masses is clinically vital. We present a case of a 58-year-old female who was referred to our hospital for rapid, irregular palpitations, accompanied by hypertension. Transthoracic and then transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed an isoechoic right atrial mass, attached to the posterolateral wall of the right atrium, with a broad base of implantation and no intrinsic mobility. To exclude high-risk diagnoses, such as thrombi and myxomas, as well as other common right atrial mass mimics like the Chiari network, cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was performed. CCTA provided high-resolution tissue characterization, confirming the mass as a hy-pertrophied CT by its lack of contrast enhancement and its precise anatomical orientation. Conclusion: This case reinforces the epidemiological profile of CT hypertrophy, which predominantly affects females in their sixth decade. It highlights the necessity of a multi-modal imaging approach, transitioning from TEE to CCTA or cardiac magnetic resonance imagery (CMR), to prevent unnecessary invasive interventions or anticoag-ulation. Furthermore, this report supports the hypothesis that structural hypertrophy may exacerbate the CT's underlying arrhythmogenic potential, possibly through enhanced conduction anisotropy. Further research is needed to establish the correlation between CT thickness and the severity of atrial tachyarrhythmias.

Abstract:

Londin et al. discovered miRNAs (LmiRNAs) whose properties had been little studied for unknown reasons. In this study, we examined fully complementary interactions of LmiRNAs with mRNAs of human genes. Using the MirTarget program, a significant number of target genes with unique properties of interaction with LmiRNAs were identified. Of 3707 LmiRNAs in the mRNAs of 75 target genes, the sites of fully complementary LmiRNA binding were located in the 5'UTR with a high free energy of interaction. In the mRNAs of 81 target genes, the fully complementary LmiRNA binding sites (BSs) were located in the CDS. Only seven LmiRNAs bound in the 3'UTRs of target genes. The KIFC3, PHF15, RPL15 and SNX11 genes were identified, encoding LmiRNA-5p and LmiRNA-3p, which bind to the mRNAs of these genes. The mRNA of most genes were bound by only one LmiRNA. The BMP8B, BMP8B, FGFRL1 and SDC3 genes were identified, whose mRNAs bound the pair ID00121.5p and ID02992.5p. These results expand our knowledge of LmiRNAs and allow us to recommend these LmiRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for various diseases.

Abstract:

The tectonic framework of the 2019 Mirpur seismic sequence was investigated using local seismic data. Moment tensor inversion was performed for the Mirpur mainshock (Mw=5.8) and its largest aftershock (Mw=4.7). The mainshock exhibited a low dip angle (~10°) and shallow focal depth, suggesting association with the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Contrary, the largest aftershock showed a comparatively higher dip angle, indicating deformation along a ramp or ramp-anticline structure. The stress regime was evaluated using moment tensor solutions from two locally inverted events, two Global CMT solutions and a published focal mechanism. The results indicated a maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation of N07°E, consistent with the stress orientation of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake sequence and the regional compression driven by the Indian plate convergence. Aftershock relocation and spatial distribution patterns suggested post-seismic stress relaxation and possible activation of a higher-dip fault segment or ramp-anticline structure. Although a seismogenic depth of approximately 15 km was estimated, the concentration of seismicity around 10 km depth may involve the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). The Mirpur mainshock was triggered primarily by the movement along the MFT, whereas the subsequent aftershocks reflected post-seismic relaxation associated with the MHT and related ramp-anticline structures.

Abstract: This study proposes a unified gravitational theory framework based on discrete space element dynamics, grounded in two fundamental principles: spatial material conservation and global covariantity. The framework posits that spacetime consists of indivisible discrete space elements, where quantum virtual processes of matter generate new space elements through the consumption of conserved spatial materials. The resulting local density gradients constitute the microscopic essence of spacetime curvature. By eliminating superlative effects, this framework achieves self-consistency with general relativity under covariant constraints while fundamentally resolving four major physics puzzles: dark matter, dark energy, black hole singularities, and vacuum catastrophe.This paper first elucidates the core concept of "holistic covariant symmetry" and provides the ultimate explanation for symmetry breaking: symmetry breaking represents a local trade-off for achieving global covariance. Subsequently, it systematically expounds twelve key arguments of the framework, using the second-order discrete wave equation of complex fields as the sole foundational equation. Through rigorous step-by-step derivation, it rigorously establishes all fundamental laws of classical and quantum physics—including the Newtonian gravitational limit, mass-energy equivalence, the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, Newton's three laws, Schrödinger's equation, and Dirac equation. The paper also clarifies the geometric origin of spin-1/2 and presents the geometric formula for the fine structure constant, demonstrating that all physical laws are theoretically derived rather than externally imposed.To address fundamental gaps in existing theories—including ambiguous definitions of spacetime structures, missing quantitative mapping for compactification, unclear Laplace approximation mechanisms, and undefined density-curvature relationships—this study introduces three core innovations: an asymmetric nanograding model, a compactified Landau free energy theory, and a third-order discrete Laplace operator with differential-geometric field mappings. All quantified parameters (error <1%, fit>0.95) are derived through rigorous first-principles calculations and constrained by observational data, eliminating any artificial adjustments. The research conducts cross-verification through eight modern geometric frameworks—including fiber bundles, complex geometry, and conformal geometry—unifying standard model constants as discrete spacetime invariants. Leveraging discrete compact manifolds and亏格 geometry, it achieves parameter-free numerical calculations of lepton mass ratios, derives the Friedmann equation with discrete geometry corrections, and provides a natural geometric explanation for the "cosmic lithium problem." The study ultimately delivers eight quantitative predictions verifiable by future high-energy physics and cosmological experiments, establishing a coherent, complete, and falsifiable new pathway toward unifying quantum gravity with the standard model.

Abstract: ABSTRACTIntimate partner violence is a serious public health issue with detrimental consequences on the victim's health. This study explores the perspectives of mental health professionals on their role in supporting women who seek help following the experience of intimate partner violence in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The findings highlight the association between the experience of violence, poverty, lack of access to health services, and rural women's limited ability to escape abuse and recover. These structural factors contribute significantly to poor health outcomes, as this study found barriers preventing rural women from receiving counselling following the traumatic experience of abuse. Most notably, our findings uncover the impact of the shortage of shelters in rural areas, which often forces mothers to separate from their young children as they try to rebuild their lives after escaping the abuse. This unique insight distinguishes this study from previous work on this topic. The findings reveal a major gap in the public health response to intimate partner violence in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, particularly regarding the lack of accessible shelters for rural women. The study concludes that addressing the major shortcomings in the public health response to abuse of women in rural areas is critical to address poor health outcomes for women. We recommend increasing the quantity of shelters across the Eastern Cape and making them accessible to rural women and their children.

Abstract: Decentralised manufacturing is expanding as digitally controlled fabrication tools become accessible to SMEs, independent operators, and community workshops outside traditional factory settings, but the resulting heterogeneous, autonomously operated network introduces systemic uncertainty that no central authority governs. This paper proposes a systems-theoretic framework in which Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) governance acts as the structural interoperability layer of a distributed cyber-physical manufacturing system (CPS), and node-local digital twins --- each hosting a machine learning (ML) disturbance estimator --- provide local adaptive compensation without centralised data aggregation. A defining property of the architecture is automatic improvement propagation: learned corrections distribute via federated learning to structurally similar nodes without operator intervention, and the open, observable FOSS ecosystem enables advances in one fabrication modality to transfer to others through shared interface standards. The framework is applied analytically to three disturbance classes: regulatory restriction, technical process variability, and supply-chain disruption. Across cases, the analysis shows how open modular interfaces and local adaptation preserve functional continuity under perturbations that would more strongly affect centralised architectures. The contribution is a unified mathematical basis for robustness analysis in decentralised manufacturing CPS and a foundation for future simulation and empirical validation.

Abstract: This study adopts an agricultural archaeology perspective, integrating excavated remains, artifact genealogies, and pictorial materials to conduct a systematic investigation into the origins, evolution, and cultural significance of traditional Chinese tea-making techniques.By examining tea plant genetic remains dating back 6,000 years, tea-processing tools from the Western Han to Tang-Song periods, Ming-Qing purple clay tea ware, and representative tea paintings from the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, this study analyzes the historical development of tea-making techniques, revealing their continuous evolution from the nascent stages of consumption to systematic development.The research demonstrates that archaeological evidence not only provides a solid foundation for chronological progression and technical analysis of traditional Chinese tea-making techniques and related customs, but also reflects the interactive relationship between technological innovation, the dissemination of tea customs, and social structures. Furthermore, archaeological material from Liao Dynasty tombs, Tibetan burial sites, and overseas shipwrecks indicates that tea customs exhibit remarkable cultural adaptability and influence in cross-regional exchanges and global dissemination.This paper argues that agricultural archaeology not only provides material evidence and methodological frameworks for studying traditional crafts but also offers new academic perspectives for understanding the diverse values of Chinese tea culture across temporal and spatial dimensions.