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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxy morphology, machine learning; data analysis; object classification
Online: 22 October 2018 (15:01:42 CEST)
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Automated machine classifications of galaxies are necessary because the size of upcoming surveys will overwhelm human volunteers. We improve upon existing machine classification methods by adding the output of SpArcFiRe to the inputs of a machine learning model. We use the human classifications from Galaxy Zoo 1 (GZ1) to train a random forest of decision trees to reproduce the human vote distributions of the Spiral class. We prefer the random forest model over other black box models like neural networks because it allows us to trace post hoc the precise reasoning behind the classification of each galaxy. We find that, across a sample of 470,000 Sloan galaxies that are large enough that details could be seen if they were there, the combination of SpArcFiRe outputs with existing SDSS features provides a better machine classification than either one alone on comparison to Galaxy Zoo 1. We suggest that adding SpArcFiRe outputs as features to any machine learning algorithm will likely improve its performance.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Gravitational atom; quantum black hole; quantum levels; Schrodinger equation; mass spectrum.
Online: 18 October 2018 (12:39:33 CEST)
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We apply Rosen’s approach to the quantization of the gravitational collapse in the simple case of a pressureless “star of dust” and we find the gravitational potential, the Schroedinger equation and the solution for the collapse’s energy levels without any approximation. By applying the constrains for a black hole (BH), we found the analogous quantum quantities and the BH mass spectrum, again without any approximation. Remarkably, such a mass spectrum is the same which was found by Beken-
stein in 1974. Finally, our approach permits to find the exact quantum representation of the Schwarzschild BH ground state at the Planck scale.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Planck scale; Mach’s relation; quantum cosmology; critical density; ordinary matter; dark matter; thermal redshift; expansion velocity; Hubble’s law
Online: 18 October 2018 (10:42:57 CEST)
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Considering Planck mass as a baby universe and evolving universe as a growing Planck ball, a hypothetical spherical model of cosmology can be developed. In addition, by considering the famous relation GM = c2R, a Machian model of quantum cosmology can also be developed. Proceeding further, in all directions, cosmic expansion velocity can be referred to ‘from and about’ the baby universe. This hypothetical scenario can be made versatile by adding a heuristic idea: apart from normal expansion, ‘cosmic temperature seems to be redshifted by a factor ; where (Hpl, Ht) represent Planck scale and time dependent Hubble parameters respectively.
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Igor Bychkov,
Andrey Demichev,
Julia Dubenskaya,
Oleg Fedorov,
Andreas Haungs,
Andreas Heiss,
Yulia Kazarina,
Elena Korosteleva,
Dmitriy Kostunin,
Alexander Kryukov,
Andrey Mikhailov,
Minh-Duc Nguyen,
Stanislav Polyakov,
Evgeny Postnikov,
Alexey Shigarov,
Dmitry Shipilov,
Achim Streit,
Viktoria Tokareva,
Doris Wochele,
Jürgen Wochele,
Dmitry Zhurov
Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; astroparticle physics, cosmic rays, data life cycle management, data curation, meta data, big data, deep learning, open data
Online: 12 October 2018 (16:48:32 CEST)
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Modern experimental astroparticle physics features large-scale setups measuring different messengers, namely high-energy particles generated by cosmic accelerators (e.g. supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, etc): cosmic and gamma rays, neutrinos and recently discovered gravitational waves. Ongoing and future experiments are distributed over the Earth including ground, underground/underwater setups as well as balloon payloads and spacecrafts. The data acquired by these experiments have different formats, storage concepts and publication policies. Such differences are a crucial issue in the era of big data and of multi-messenger analysis strategies in astroparticle physics. We propose a service ASTROPARTICLE.ONLINE in the frame of which we develop an open science system which enables to publish, store, search, select and analyse astroparticle physics data. The cosmic-ray experiments KASCADE-Grande and TAIGA were chosen as pilot experiments to be included in this framework. In the first step of our initiative we will develop and test the following components of the full data life cycle concept: (i) describing, storing and reusing of astroparticle data; (ii) software for performing multi-experiment and multi-messenger analyses like deep-learning methods; (iii) outreach including example applications and tutorial for students and scientists outside the specific research field. In the present paper we describe the concepts of our initiative, and in particular the plans toward a common, federated astroparticle data storage.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; radio astronomy; interferometry; square kilometre array; big data; faraday tomography
Online: 7 October 2018 (10:13:42 CEST)
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The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be both the largest radio telescope ever constructed and the largest Big Data project in the known Universe. The first phase of the project will generate on the order of 5 zettabytes of data per year. A critical task for the SKA will be its ability to process data for science, which will need to be conducted by science pipelines. Together with polarization data from the LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS), we have been developing a realistic SKA-like science pipeline that can handle the large data volumes generated by LOFAR at 150 MHz. The pipeline uses task-based parallelism to image, detect sources, and perform Faraday Tomography across the entire LOFAR sky. The project thereby provides a unique opportunity to contribute to the technological development of the SKA telescope, while simultaneously enabling cutting-edge scientific results. In this paper, we provide an update on current efforts to develop a science pipeline that can enable tight constraints on the magnetised large-scale structure of the Universe.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galactic magnetic field; RM-synthesis; Faraday depolarization; wavelet analysis
Online: 4 October 2018 (17:27:30 CEST)
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We present an idea how to use long-wavelength multi-wavelength radio continuum observations of spiral galaxies to isolate magnetic structures which were previously accessible from short-wavelength observations only. The approach is based on the RM-synthesis and 2D continuous wavelet transform. Wavelet analysis helps to recognize a configuration of small-scale structures which are produced by Faraday dispersion. We find that these structures can trace galactic magnetic arms for the case of the galaxy NGC 6946 observed at $\lambda = 17 \div 22$~cm. We support this interpretation by an analysis of a synthetic observation obtained using a realistic model of a galactic magnetic field.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Gravitation - Fundamental Problems and General Formalism; Electrodynamics; Scale Invariance; Mach Principle; Dark Energy
Online: 3 October 2018 (17:35:51 CEST)
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As gravitation and electromagnetism are closely analogous long-range interactions, and gravitation is
formulated in terms of geometry in general relativity (GR), we expect the latter also to appear through the geometry. This unification has however remained an unfulfilled goal. The goal is achieved here in a new theory, which results from the principles of equivalence and Mach supplemented with a novel insight that the field tensors in a geometric theory of gravitation and electromagnetism must be traceless, since these long-range interactions are mediated by virtual exchange of massless particles whose mass is expected to be related to the trace of the field tensors. Hence the Riemann tensor, like the analogous electromagnetic field tensor, must be traceless. Thence emerges a scale- invariant, Machian theory of gravitation and electrodynamics unified, wherein the vanishing of the Ricci tensor appears as a boundary condition. While the field equations of the theory are given by the vanishing divergence of the respective field tensors and their duals, the matter and charge emerge from the spacetime. A quantitative formulation of the emergent fields embodied in ‘energymomentum super tensors’ follows from the respective Bianchi identities for the two fields. The resulting theory is valid at all scales and explains the observations without invoking the non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy or inflation. Moreover, it answers the questions that the GR-based standard paradigm could not address.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; hypothesis; collision; heavy elements; solar system
Online: 25 September 2018 (10:47:51 CEST)
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Why is it that in the neighborhood of a calm ordinary star (the Sun) located at the quiet periphery of its galaxy (the Milky Way), non-native heavy elements are abundant in such concentrated form? Where did these elements really come from? Where did Earth's gold come from? Our analysis of the known data offers a fact-reconciling hypothesis: What if, in the early solar system, an explosive collision occurred -- of a traveling from afar giant-nuclear-drop-like object with a local massive dense object (perhaps a then-existent companion of the Sun) -- and the debris, through the multitude of reaction channels and nuclei transformations, was then responsible for (1) the enrichment of the solar system with the cocktail of all detected exogenous chemical elements, and (2) the eventual formation of the terrestrial planets that pre-collision did not exist, thus offering a possible explanation for their inner position and compositional differences within the predominantly hydrogen-helium rest of the solar system.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; energy and angular momentum transfer; modified theories of gravity; anomalous increase of the astronomical unit
Online: 18 September 2018 (07:23:11 CEST)
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In this paper, we revisit a modified version of the classical Whitehead's theory of gravity in which all possible bilinear forms are considered to define the corresponding metric. Although, this is a linear theory that fails to give accurate results for the most sophisticated predictions of general relativity, such as gravity waves, it can still provide a convenient framework to analyze some new phenomena in the Solar System. In particular, recent development in the accurate tracking of spacecraft and the ephemerides of planetary positions have revealed certain anomalies in relation with our standard paradigm for celestial mechanics. Among them the so-called flyby anomaly and the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit play a prominent role. In the first case the total energy of the spacecraft changes during the flyby and a secular variation of the semi-major axis of the planetary orbits is found in the second anomaly. For this to happen it seems that a net energy and angular momentum transfer is taken place among the orbiting and the central body. We evaluate the total transfer per revolution for a planet orbiting the Sun in order to predict the astronomical unit anomaly in the context of Whitehead's theory. This could lead to a more deeply founded hypothesis for an extended gravity model.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; astronomical data bases; catalogues; binaries: general; cataclysmic variables
Online: 17 September 2018 (14:53:07 CEST)
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Binary star DataBase (BDB) is the database of binary/multiple systems of various observational types. BDB contains data on physical and positional parameters of 260,000 components of 120,000 stellar systems of multiplicity 2 to more than 20, taken from a large variety of published catalogues and databases. We describe the new features in organization of the database, integration of new catalogues and implementation of new possibilities available to users. The development of the BDB index-catalogue, Identification List of Binaries, is discussed. This star catalogue provides cross-referencing between most popular catalogues of binary stars. We describe ideas and methods for reliable cross-identification of different entities (systems, pairs, components) in binary and multiple stellar systems.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; supermassive black holes: non-thermal radiation; active galactic nuclei: BL lacertae objects: individual: J1043+2408; galaxies: jets; method: time series analysis
Online: 17 September 2018 (08:00:08 CEST)
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Search for periodic signals from blazars has become widely discussed topic in recent years. This is because periodic signals bear imprints of the processes occurring near the innermost regions of blazars which are mostly inaccessible to our direct view. Such signals provide insights into various aspect of blazar studies including disk-jet connection, magnetic field configuration and, more importantly, strong gravity near the supermassive black holes and release of gravitational waves from the binary supermassvie black hole systems. In this work, we report detection of a periodic signal in the radio light curves of the blazar J1043+2408 spanning ~10.5 years. We performed multiple methods of time series analysis, namely, epoch folding, Lomb-Scargle periodogram, and discrete auto-correlation function. All three methods consistently reveal a repeating signal with a periodicity of ~563 days. To robustly account for the red-noise processes usually dominant in the blazar variability and other possible artifacts, a large number of Monte Carlo simulations were performed. This allowed us to estimate a high significance (99.9% local and 99.4% global) against possible spurious detection. As possible explanations, we discuss a number of scenarios including binary supermassive black hole system, Lense-Thirring precession, and jet swing and precession.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; general relativity; past lightcone gauge; direct observational approach; cosmological observables; galaxy surveys; galaxy number count; density contrast; overdensity; cosmological perturbations
Online: 11 September 2018 (10:08:39 CEST)
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The lightcone gauge is a set of what are called the observational coordinates adapted to our past lightcone. We develop this gauge by producing a perturbed spacetime metric that describes the geometry of our past lightcone where observations are usually obtained. We connect the produced observational metric to the perturbed Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker metric in the standard general gauge or what is the so-called 1+3 gauge. We derive the relations between these perturbations of spacetime in the observational coordinates and those perturbations in the standard metric approach, as well as the dynamical equations for the perturbations in observational coordinates. We also calculate the observables in the lightcone gauge and re-derive them in terms of Bardeen potentials to first order. A verification is made of the observables in the perturbed lightcone gauge with those in the standard gauge. The advantage of the method developed is that the observable relations are simpler than in the standard formalism, and they are expressed in terms of the metric components which in principle are measurable. We use the perturbed lightcone gauge in galaxy surveys and the calculations of galaxy number density contrast. The significance of the new gauge is that by considering the null-like light propagations the calculations are much simpler due to the non-consideration of the angular deviations.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Lorentz invariance; Standard-Model extension; polarization; Active Galactic Nuclei; Gamma-ray Bursts
Online: 9 September 2018 (11:04:03 CEST)
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Theories of quantum gravity suggest that Lorentz invariance, the fundamental symmetry of the Theory of Relativity, may be broken at the Planck energy scale. While any deviation from conventional Physics must be minuscule in particular at attainable energies, this hypothesis motivates ever more sensitive tests of Lorentz symmetry. In the photon sector, astrophysical observations, in particular polarization measurements, are a very powerful tool because tiny deviations from Lorentz invariance will accumulate as photons propagate over cosmological distances. The Standard-Model Extension (SME) provides a theoretical framework in the form of an effective field theory that describes low-energy effects due to a more fundamental quantum gravity theory by adding additional terms to the Standard Model Lagrangian. These terms can be ordered by the mass dimension d of the corresponding operator and lead to a wavelength, polarization, and direction dependent phase velocity of light. In this paper, we analyze optical polarization measurements from 63 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) in order to search for Lorentz violating signals. We derive the first set limits on each of the 10 individual birefringent coefficients of the minimal SME with d = 4, with 95% confidence limits on the order of 10−34 on the dimensionless coefficients.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; accelerated frames; galactic rotation curve; dark matter
Online: 31 August 2018 (12:00:39 CEST)
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In this article the galactic rotation curve is analyzed as an effect of an accelerated reference frame. This phenomenon is the strongest evidence for the so called dark matter. We show that a non-inertial reference frame could explain the experimental data. We also show that general relativity is not enough to complete explain that which encouraged alternatives paths such as the MOND approach. Considering the effect of dark matter as a realization of accelerated reference frames is a simple but powerful hypothesis.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Cosmological Constant; MOND; dark matter; antigravity
Online: 31 August 2018 (07:24:08 CEST)
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By solving the weak field limit of Einstein’s Field Equation including the Cosmological Constant, under the constraint of spherical isotropy, it is shown that, at large cosmological distance, the gravitational force exceeds the one that is predicted by Newton’s gravity law, such that it corresponds with Milgrom’s MOND hypothesis. However, the resulting prediction that, at extremely large distances, gravity with some spatial periodicity turns on-and-off into antigravity marks a decisive difference.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; planetary nebula; X-ray; stellar evolution
Online: 1 August 2018 (14:04:48 CEST)
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The stellar winds of the central stars of planetary nebulae play an essential role in planetary nebulae shaping. In the interacting stellar winds model, the fast stellar wind injects energy and momentum which are transfered to the nebular envelope through an X-ray-emitting hot bubble. Together with other physical processes, such as the ionization of the nebular envelope, the asymmetrical mass-loss in the AGB, and the action of collimated outflows and magnetic fields, the presurized hot gas determines the expansion and evolution of planetary nebulae. \emph{Chandra} and \emph{XMM-Newton} have provided us with detailed information of this hot gas. Here in this talk I will review our current understanding of the effects of the fast stellar wind in the shaping and evolution of planetary nebulae and give some hints of the promissing future of this research.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; black hole; event horizon; asymmetry
Online: 30 July 2018 (11:54:59 CEST)
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A black hole in a Schwarzschild spacetime is considered. A transformation is proposed that describes the relationship between the coordinate systems exterior and interior to an event horizon. Application of this transformation permits considerations of the (a)symmetry of a range of phenomena taking place on both sides of the event horizon. The paper investigates two distinct problems of a uniformly accelerated particle. In one of these, although the equations of motion are the same in the regions on both sides, the solutions turn out to be very different. This manifests the differences of the properties of these two ranges.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; dark matter; dark energy; inflation; scale covariance; foundations of general relativity
Online: 25 July 2018 (12:49:18 CEST)
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In a recent Foundations of Physics paper [5] by the current author it was shown that, when the self force problem of classical electrodynamics is properly solved, it becomes a plausible ontology underlying the statistical description of quantum mechanics. In the current paper we extend this result, showing that ordinary matter, thus represented, possibly suffices in explaining the outstanding observations currently requiring for this task the contrived notions of dark-matter, dark-energy and inflation. The single mandatory `fix' to classical electrodynamics, demystifying both very small and very large scale physics, should be contrasted with other ad hoc solutions to either problems. Instrumental to our cosmological model is scale covariance (and `spontaneous breaking' thereof), a formal symmetry of classical electrodynamics treated on equal footing with its Poincare covariance, which is incompatible with the (absolute) metrical attributes of the GR metric tensor.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; planetary nebulae; AGB & post-AGB stars; binarity; accretion disks; jets; mass-loss; circumstellar matter; (sub)millimeter interferometry; ultraviolet radiation; X-rays
Online: 9 July 2018 (15:58:51 CEST)
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It is widely believed that the dramatic transformation of the spherical outflows of AGB stars into the extreme aspherical geometries seen during the planetary nebula (PN) phase is linked to binarity and driven by the associated production of fast jets and central disks/torii. The key to understanding the engines that produce these jets and the jet-shaping mechanisms lies in the study of objects in transition between the AGB and PN phases. I discuss the results of our recent studies with high-angular-resolution (with ALMA & HST) and at high-energies (with GALEX, XMM-Newton & Chandra) of several such objects, which reveal new details of close binary interactions and high-speed outflows. These include two PPNe (the Boomerang Nebula and IRAS16342-3814), and the late carbon star, V Hya. The Boomerang is notable for a massive, high-speed outflow that has cooled below the microwave background temperature, making it the coldest object in the Universe. IRAS16342 is the prime example of the class of water-fountain PPNe (very young PPNe with high-velocity H2O masers) and shows the signature of a precessing jet. V Hya ejects high-speed bullets every 8.5 years associated with the periastron passage of a companion in an eccentric orbit. I discuss our work on AGB stars with strongly-variable high-energy (FUV, X-ray) emission, suggesting that these objects are in the early stages of binary interactions that result in the formation of accretion disks and jets.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; stellar spectra; atomic and molecular data; databases
Online: 26 June 2018 (15:08:52 CEST)
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Vienna Atomic Line Database (VALD) contains data on atomic and molecular energy levels and parameters of spectral lines required for stellar spectra analysis. Hundreds of millions lines for fine spectral synthesis and for opacity calculations are collected in present version of VALD (VALD3). Critical evaluation of the data and the diversity of extraction tools support high popularity of VALD among users. The data model of VALD3 incorporates obligatory links to the bibliography making our database more attractive as publishing platform for data producers. The VALD data quality and completeness are constantly improving allowing better reproduction of stellar spectra. To illustrate continuous evolution of the data content we present a comparative analysis of the recent experimental and theoretical atomic data for Fe-group elements, which will be included in the next VALD release. This release will also include a possibility for extracting the line data with full isotopic and hyperfine structures.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; R-matrix; atomic data; atomic processes; collisions; Fe-peak elements; electron-impact excitation; photoionization
Online: 26 June 2018 (13:41:44 CEST)
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The spectra currently emerging from modern ground- and space-based astronomical instruments are of exceptionally high quality and resolution. To meaningfully analyse these spectra researchers utilise complex modelling codes to replicate the observations. The main inputs to these codes are atomic data such as excitation and photoionisation cross sections as well as radiative transition probabilities, energy levels and line strengths. In this publication the current capabilities of the numerical methods and computer packages used in the generation of these data are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to Fe-peak species and the heavy systems of tungsten and molybdenum. Some of the results presented to highlight certain issues and/or advances have already been published in the literature, while other sections present, for the first time, new recently evaluated atomic data.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; stellar evolution; late stage stellar evolution; binarity; transients; planetary nebulae
Online: 25 June 2018 (12:30:21 CEST)
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Intermediate-luminosity-optical-transients (ILOTs) are stellar outbursts with luminosity between those of classical novae and supernovae. They are divided into a number of sub-groups depending on the erupting progenitor and the properties of the eruption. Many of the ILOTs sit on the slanted Optical Transient Stripe (OTS) in the Energy-Time Diagram (ETD) that shows their total energy vs. duration of their eruption. We describe the different kinds of ILOTs that populate the OTS and other parts of the ETD. We also stand on similarities between Planetary Nebulae (PN) to ILOTs, and suggest that some PNe were formed in an ILOT event. The high energy part of the OTS is reserved to the supernova impostors -- giant eruption of very massive stars. We show results of 3D hydrodynamical simulations of supernova impostors that expose the mechanism behind these giant eruptions, and present new models for recent ILOTs. We stand on the connection between different kinds of ILOTs, and suggest that they are powered by a similar source of energy -- gravitational energy released by mass transfer.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; cosmology: theory; gravitation; early universe; dark energy; large-scale structure of universe; cosmic background radiation; neutrinos
Online: 12 June 2018 (10:43:45 CEST)
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A new model of cosmology is proposed, where the state of high energy density commonly associated with the big bang is generated by the collapse of an antineutrino star that has exceeded its Chandrasekhar limit. To allow the first neutrino stars and antineutrino stars to form naturally from an initial quantum vacuum state, matter and antimatter are assumed to gravitationally repel. In this scenario, a degenerate antineutrino star in effective hydrostatic equilibrium has a density that is similar to the dark energy density of the ΛCDM model. When viewed from the core, such a star could today accelerate matter radially and emit the isothermal cosmic microwave background radiation, which addresses the horizon and flatness problems. This model and the ΛCDM model are in similar quantitative agreement with supernova distance measurements. The presented model is also in qualitative agreement with observed large-scale anisotropy and inhomogeneity, which distinguishes it from the ΛCDM model.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; entropic gravity; MOND; dark matter
Online: 8 June 2018 (14:40:57 CEST)
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In this article a simplified view is given on Verlinde’s entropic gravity. It reveals several shortcomings in the theory. This holds in particular for the inclusion of the dark matter effect in the derived modified expression for the Newtonian gravitational acceleration. Although the merit of the entropic view on gravity is recognized, the proposed explicit axiomatic hypothesis as a basis is criticized. There is no reason why it should be preferred above Einstein’s Field Equation.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; gravitational lenses; hubble constant; cosmology
Online: 31 May 2018 (13:43:05 CEST)
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We consider an alternative formula for time delay in gravitational lensing. Imposing a smoothness condition on the gravitationally deformed paths followed by the photons from the source to the observer, we show that our formula displays the same degrees of freedom of the standard one. In addition to this, it is shown that the standard expression for time delay is recovered when small angles are involved. These two features strongly support the claim that the formula for time delay studied in this paper is the generalization to arbitrary angles of the standard one, which is valid at small angles. This could therefore result in a useful tool in view of softening the known discrepancy between the various estimates of the Hubble constant. As an aside, two interesting consequences of our proposal for time delay are discussed: the existence of a constraint on the gravitational potential generated by the lens and a formula for the mass of the lens in the case of central potential.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; white dwarfs; burning in stars; plasma diagnostics; atomic spectra; plasma spectroscopy; laser spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Online: 31 May 2018 (07:13:00 CEST)
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This work communicates a review on Balmer series hydrogen beta line measurements and applications for analysis of white dwarf stars. Laser-induced plasma investigations explore electron density and temperature ranges comparable to white dwarf star signatures such as Sirius B, the companion to the brightest star observable from the earth. Spectral line shape characteristics of the hydrogen beta line include width, peak separation, and central dip-shift, thereby providing three indicators for electron density measurements. The hydrogen alpha line shows two primary line-profile parameters for electron density determination, namely, width and shift. Both Boltzmann plot and line-to-continuum ratios yield temperature. The line-shifts recorded with temporally- and spatially- resolved optical emission spectroscopy of hydrogen plasma in laboratory settings can be larger than gravitational redshifts that occur in absorption spectra from radiating white dwarfs. Published astrophysical spectra display significantly diminished Stark or pressure broadening contributions to red-shifted atomic lines. Gravitational redshifts allow one to assess the ratio of mass and radius of these stars, and subsequently, the mass from cooling models.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; planetary nebulae: general;
stars: AGB and post-AGB;
stars: variables: general;
stars: winds, outflows
Online: 16 April 2018 (16:05:31 CEST)
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I review some aspects related to the influence of planets on the evolution of stars before and beyond the main sequence. Some processes include the tidal destruction of a planet on to a very young main sequence star, on to a low mass main sequence star, and on to a brown dwarf. This process releases gravitational energy that might be observed as a faint intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) event. I then summarize the view that some elliptical planetary nebulae are shaped by planets. When the planet interacts with a low mass upper asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star it both enhances the mass loss rate and shapes the wind to form an elliptical planetary nebula, mainly by spinning up the envelope and by exciting waves in the envelope. If no interaction with a companion, stellar or sub-stellar, takes place beyond the main sequence, the star is termed a Jsolated star, and its mass loss rates on the giant branches are likely to be much lower than what is traditionally assumed.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; numerical relativity; many-core architectures; Knight Landing; vectorization
Online: 26 March 2018 (09:53:06 CEST)
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A simple optimization strategy for the computation of 3D finite-differencing kernels on many-cores architectures is proposed. The 3D finite-differencing computation is split direction-by-direction and exploits two level of parallelism: in-core vectorization and multi-threads shared-memory parallelization. The main application of this method is to accelerate the high-order stencil computations in numerical relativity codes.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Quantum Gravity; Gravitational Lensing; Dark Matter; Quantum Vacuum; Graviton
Online: 14 February 2018 (12:57:57 CET)
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We report the use of Einstein rings to reveal the quantized and dynamical states of space-time in a region of impressed gravitational field as predicted by the Nexus Paradigm of quantum gravity. This in turn reveals the orbital speeds of objects found therein and the radius of curvature of the quantized space-time. Similarities between the Nexus graviton and the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) in the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm are highlighted. However unlike the singular isothermal sphere, the Nexus graviton does not contain singularities or divergent integrals. This solves the core cusp problem. In this work, data from a sample of fifteen Einstein rings published on the Cfa-Arizona Space Telescope Lens Survey (CASTLES) website is used to probe the quantized properties of space-time.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; X-rays; polarimetry; general; history of astronomy
Online: 7 February 2018 (11:35:37 CET)
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Astronomical X-ray polarimetry was first explored in the end of the 60's by pioneering rocket instruments. The craze arising from the first discoveries on stellar and supernova remnant X-ray polarization led to the addition of X-ray polarimeters on-board of early satellites. Unfortunately, the inadequacy of the diffraction and scattering technologies required to measure polarization with respect to the constraints driven by X-ray mirrors and detectors, coupled to long integration times, slowed down the field for almost 40 years. Thanks to the development of new, highly sensitive, compact X-ray polarimeters in the beginning of the 2000's, the possibility to observe astronomical X-ray polarization is rising again and scientists are now ready to explore the high energy sky thanks to modern X-ray polarimeters. In the forthcoming years, several X-ray missions (both rockets, balloons and satellites) will open a new observational windows. A wind of renewal blows over the area of X-ray polarimetry and this paper presents for the first time a quantitative assessment, all based on scientific literature, of the growth of interest for astronomical X-ray polarimetry.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; The Big Bang concept; history of modern cosmology; singularity theorems; cosmological singularities in modified gravity models.
Online: 26 January 2018 (07:44:23 CET)
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The first part of this paper contains a brief description of the beginnings of modern cosmology, which, the author will argue, was most likely born in the Year 1912. Some of the pieces of evidence presented here have emerged from recent research in the history of science, and are not usually shared with the general audiences in popular science books. Then, the important issue of the formulation of the original Big Bang concept, in the exact words of Fred Hoyle, is discussed. Too often, this is very deficiently explained (when not just misleadingly) in most of the available generalist literature. Other frequent uses of the same words, Big Bang, as to name the initial singularity of the cosmos, and also whole cosmological models, are then addressed, as evolutions of its original meaning. Quantum and inflationary additions to the celebrated singularity theorems by Penrose, Geroch, Hawking and others led to subsequent results by Borde, Guth and Vilenkin. And corresponding corrections to the Einstein field equations have originated, in particular, R2, f(R), and scalar-tensor gravities, giving rise to a plethora of new singularities. For completeness, an updated table with a classification of the same is given.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Cosmological Constant; MOND; dark matter; dark energy; Lamda-CDM model
Online: 10 January 2018 (11:29:21 CET)
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In this article a two-parameter model is developed for the universe. The two parameters are the age of the universe and Milgrom’s acceleration constant. It is shown that these are sufficient to calculate the amounts of matter and dark energy in the universe, as well as the contributions of dark matter and baryonic matter in the matter part. All this, not only for present time, but also as a function of cosmological time. The developed theory gives an adequate explanation for the phenomena of the accelerated scaling of the universe and the anomaly of the stellar rotation curves in galaxies. The numerical results are in agreement with those of the Lamda-CDM model.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; entropic gravity; Cosmological Constant; quantum gravity; dark matter
Online: 2 November 2017 (15:39:13 CET)
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It is shown that Verlinde’s hypothetical concepts of entropic gravity can be successfully applied to the author’s previous work on the modification of the Newtonian gravity by Einstein’s Cosmological Constant. It allows a theoretical justification for Milgrom’s empirical acceleration constant, thereby revealing some fundamental differences with Verlinde’s conclusions.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies; active -- method; statistical -- radio continuum; ISM
Online: 31 October 2017 (05:18:48 CET)
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The launch of the RadioAstron space radio telescope provides a unique opportunity to study the extreme high brightness temperature of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) with unprecedented long baselines of up to 28 Earth diameters. A coordinated ground-based flux density monitoring of RadioAstron targets is essential to determine the effect of interstellar scintillation (ISS) on the Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (SVLBI) visibilities. Moreover, a combination/comparison of scintillation with SVLBI observations is expected to reveal the relative influence of source brightness temperature, compactness, and properties of the interstellar medium on the observed variability at centimeter wavelengths. In 2014 we started a RadioAstron target triggered flux monitoring with the Effelsberg 100-m radio telescope in support of this SVLBI mission. A total of 112 targets were observed during the five-session monitoring performed so far. In this paper we present a statistical study on the short-term flux density variability of the sample, which is focused on the variability characteristics and derived physical properties of the observed sources.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; gradient-entropy; contrast; phase-field models; diffuse interfaces; entropy of geometric objects; Bekenstein-Hawking entropy; Heaviside function; Dirac function; 3D Delta function
Online: 17 October 2017 (12:48:36 CEST)
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Different notions of entropy can be identified in different communities: (i) the thermodynamic sense, (ii) the information sense, (iii) the statistical sense, (iv) the disorder sense, and (v) the homogeneity sense. Especially the “disorder sense” and the “homogeneity sense” relate to and require the notion of space and time. One of the few prominent examples relating entropy to geometry and to space is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a Black Hole. Although being developed for the description of a physics object—a black hole—having a mass, a momentum, a temperature, a charge etc. absolutely no information about these attributes of this object can eventually be found in the final formula. In contrast, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy in its dimensionless form is a positive quantity only comprising geometric attributes like an area A—which is the area of the event horizon of the black hole-, a length LP—which is the Planck length - and a factor ¼. A purely geometric approach towards this formula will be presented. The approach is based on a continuous 3D extension of the Heaviside function, with this extension drawing on the phase-field concept of diffuse interfaces. Entropy enters into the local, statistical description of contrast respectively gradient distributions in the transition region of the extended Heaviside function definition. The structure of the Bekenstein-Hawking formula eventually is derived for a geometric sphere based on mere geometric-statistic considerations.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; classical general relativity; gravitational lenses
Online: 13 September 2017 (06:54:57 CEST)
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One application of the Cosmological Gravitational Lensing in General Relativity is the measurement of the Hubble constant H_0 using the time delay Delta t between multiple images of lensed quasars. This method has already been applied, obtaining a value of H_0 compatible with that obtained from the SNe 1A, but non compatible with that obtained studying the anisotropies of the CMB. This difference could be a statistical fluctuation or an indication of new physics beyond the Standard Model of Cosmology, so it desirable to improve the precision of the measurements. At the current technological capabilities it is possible to obtain H_0 to a percent level uncertainty, so a more accurate theoretical model could be necessary in order to increase the precision about the determination of H_0. The actual formula which relates Delta t with H_0 is approximated; in this paper we expose a proposal to go beyond the previous analysis and, within the context of a new model, we obtain a more precise formula than that present in the Literature.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; AGN; jets; polarisation; linear; circular; radio; polarised radiative transfer
Online: 31 August 2017 (17:25:30 CEST)
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The polarised emission from AGN jets carries information about the physical conditions at the emitting plasma elements while its temporal evolution probes the physical processes that introduce variability and dynamically modify the local conditions. Here we present the analysis of multi-frequency radio linear and circular polarisation datasets with the aim to exactly quantify the conditions in blazar jets. Our analysis includes both the careful treatment of observational datasets and numerical modelling for the reproduction of synthetic polarisation curves that can be compared to the observed ones. In our approach the variability is attributed to traveling shocks. The emission from the cells of our jet model is computed with radiative transfer of all Stokes parameters. The model also accounts for Faraday effects which map the low-energy particle populations. We present two extreme cases in terms of the significance of Faraday conversion in the production of circular polarisation. As we show, in both regimes the model gives realistic reproduction of the observed emission.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; quantum space; expansion of the universe; dark energy; thermodynamics; dark matter; plasma; recombination; vacuum energy; Cosmological Constant; Quintessence; spaceons
Online: 18 August 2017 (06:51:40 CEST)
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We present a model of space that considers it to be a quantized dynamical entity which is a component of the universe along with matter and radiation. The theory is used together with thermodynamic data to provide a new view of cosmic evolution and an insight into the nature of dark energy and dark matter.
Space is made up of energy quanta. The universe started from an atomic size volume at very high temperature and pressure near the Planck epoch. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred resulting in the formation of radiation, fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grow into stars, galaxies, and clusters. From a phase diagram of cosmic composition, we obtained a correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using the Friedmann equations, data from WMAP studies of the composition of the universe at 3.0 x 105 (a=5.25 x 10-2) years and at present (a=1), are well fitted by our model with an equation of state parameter, w= -0.7. The accelerated expansion of the universe, starting at about 7 billion years, determined by BOSS measurements, also correlates well with the dominance of dark energy at 7.25 x 109 years ( a= 0.65). The expansion can be attributed to Quintessence with a space force arising from a quantum space field. From our phase diagram, we also find a correlation suggesting that dark matter is a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed during the photon epoch immediately prior to recombination.
Our Quantum Space Model leads to a universe which is homogeneous and isotropic without the need for inflation. The thermodynamics of expansion is consistent with BOSS data that show the process to be adiabatic and the rate of expansion decelerating during the first 6 billion years after the Big Bang. However, it became non-adiabatic and accelerating thereafter. This implies an influx of energy from a source outside the universe; it warrants consideration as a possible factor in the accelerated expansion of the universe.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; gravitational waves; cosmology; dark energy; inflation
Online: 16 August 2017 (20:46:56 CEST)
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In this three-part paper, we show that gravitational waves (classical and quantum) produce the accelerated de Sitter expansion at the start and by the end of the cosmological evolution of the Universe. In these periods of time, the Universe contains no matter fields but contains classical and quantum metric fluctuations, i.e. it is filled with classical gravitational waves and gravitons. In such gravitational wave and graviton dominated eras of evolution of the Universe, the de Sitter state is the exact solution to the self-consistent equations for gravitational waves and gravitons and background geometry for the empty (with no matter fields) space-time with FLRW metric. In both classical and quantum cases, this solution is of the instanton origin since it is obtained by Wick rotation with the subsequent analytic continuation to real time. The cosmological acceleration from gravitational waves and gravitons provides a transparent physical explanation to the coincidence and threshold paradoxes of dark energy avoiding recourse to the anthropic principle. The cosmological acceleration from gravitons/gravitational waves at the start of the Universe evolution produces inflation which is consistent with the observational data on CMB anisotropy.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; cosmology; dark energy; dark matter; cosmological constant problem
Online: 12 June 2017 (08:16:52 CEST)
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We are encouraged to look beyond ɅCDM as there are no satisfactory explanations for either dark energy or dark matter. A data centred phenomenological approach supports an explanation where dark energy is Holographic Dark Information Energy, HDIE. HDIE explains many effects attributed separately to Ʌ and CDM. HDIE mimics Ʌ with sufficient energy and an equation of state parameter, w= -1.03±0.05 at redshifts z<1.35 to account for accelerating expansion. HDIE is clumped around galaxies at densities that distort space-time, explaining many CDM attributed effects. The present ratio of HDIE/baryons ~2.15, required for the observed expansion history, is equivalent to a dark matter fraction ~68%, consistent with many galaxies. The HDIE/baryon model is based largely on proven physics, provides a common explanation for dark energy and dark matter, and solves the cosmological coincidence problem. At earlier times, z > ~1.35, HDIE was phantom, w = -1.82±0.08, enabling the model to be falsified. HDIE fits Planck dark energy wo-wa plots at least as well as Ʌ, and is consistent with other results that suggest dark energy was phantom at earlier times. A new w-parameterisation is proposed, as the usual CPL parameterisation is biased and unsuitable for distinguishing between HDIE/baryon and ɅCDM models.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; entropic gravity; Lagrange formalism; phase-field models; gradient-entropy; constraints; maximum entropy principle; curvature of space; conservation laws; Modified Newtonian Dynamics; MOND
Online: 17 March 2017 (06:16:12 CET)
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Terms related to gradients of scalar fields are introduced as scalar products into the formulation of entropy. A Lagrange density is then formulated by adding constraints based on known conservation laws. Applying the Lagrange formalism to the resulting Lagrange density leads to the Poisson equation of gravitation and also includes terms being related to curvature of space. The formalism further leads to terms possibly explaining nonlinear extensions known from modified Newtonian dynamics approaches. The article concludes with a short discussion of the presented methodology and provides an outlook on other phenomena, which might be tackled using this new approach.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; foundations of science; cosmology: observations; cosmology: theory; galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; inertia; MoND
Online: 16 March 2017 (10:31:27 CET)
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First, this paper broaches the epistemological status of scientific tenets and approaches: phenomenological (descriptive only), well-founded (solid first principles, conducive to deep understanding), provisional (can be falsified if universal and verified if existential), and imaginary (fictitious entities or processes, conducive to empirically unsupported beliefs). The ΛCDM “concordance model” involves such beliefs: the emanation of the universe out of a non-physical stage, cosmic inflation (invented ad hoc), Λ (fictitious energy), and exotic dark matter. Big Bang cosmology further faces conceptual and pragmatic problems in delimiting what expands from what does not. The problems dissolve after untying inertia from space. The cosmology that emerges appears immediately compatible with the considered observations and the ‘perfect cosmological principle’. Waves and field perturbations that propagate at c expand exponentially with distance (a gravitational effect). The cosmic web of galaxies does not. Potential -Φ varies as H/(cz) instead of 1/r. Inertial forces arise from the gravitational action of the rest of the universe. Due to dilatation, they are reduced disproportionately at low accelerations. A cut-off value a0 = 0.168 cH is deduced. This explains the successful description of galaxy rotation curves by MoND. A fully elaborated physical theory is still pending. Wider implications are briefly discussed.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; active galaxies; blazars; jets; radio continuum; gamma-rays; time-series analysis; Bayesian modelling; Gaussian processes
Online: 1 March 2017 (13:56:13 CET)
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This article shortly introduces Gaussian processes as a new approach for modelling time series in the field of blazar physics. In the second part of the paper, recent results from an application of GP modelling to the multi-wavelength light curves of the blazar PKS 1502+106 are discussed.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Cosmology; Observational cosmology; Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements; dark matter; dark energy; superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe
Online: 1 February 2017 (17:06:52 CET)
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The main foundations of the standard $\Lambda $CDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Universe plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravitation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies; clusters; general; methods N-body simulations; cosmology; theory
Online: 9 December 2016 (17:38:17 CET)
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We explore the possibility of using the external regions of galaxy clusters to measure their mass accretion rate (MAR). The main goal is to provide a method to observationally investigate the growth of structures on the nonlinear scales of galaxy clusters. We derive the MAR by using the mass profile beyond the splashback radius, evaluating the mass of a spherical shell and the time it takes to fall in. The infall velocity of the shell is extracted from N-body simulations. The average MAR returned by our prescription in the redshift range z=[0, 2] is within 20-40% of the average MAR derived from the merger trees of dark matter haloes in the reference N-body simulations. Our result suggests that the external regions of galaxy clusters can be used to measure the mean MAR of a sample of clusters.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; dark matter; THINGS; MOND; metric skew-tensor gravity; scalar-tensor-vector gravity; CMB angular power spectrum
Online: 16 November 2016 (10:39:24 CET)
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Since general relativity (GR) has already established that matter can simultaneously have two different values of mass depending on its context, we argue that the missing mass attributed to non-baryonic dark matter (DM) actually obtains because there are two different values of mass for the baryonic matter involved. The globally obtained "dynamical mass'' of baryonic matter can be understood as a small perturbation to a background spacetime metric even though it's much larger than the locally obtained "proper mass". Having successfully fit the SCP Union2.1 SN Ia data without accelerating expansion or a cosmological constant, we employ the same ansatz to compute dynamical mass from proper mass and explain galactic rotation curves (THINGS data), the mass profiles of X-ray clusters (ROSAT and ASCA data) and the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (Planck 2015 data) without DM. We compare our fits to modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), metric skew-tensor gravity (MSTG) and scalar-tensor-vector gravity (STVG) for each data set, respectively, since these modified gravity programs are known to generate good fits to these data. Overall, we find our fits to be comparable to those of MOND, MSTG and STVG. While this favorable comparison does not establish the validity of our proposition, it does provide confidence in using the fits to pursue an underlying action. Indeed, the functional form of our ansatz reveals an interesting structure in these fits.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; big bang; planck scale Hubble parameter; quantum cosmology; Mach’s principle; holographic principle; observational cosmology; super luminal expansion speed; super luminal rotation speed; dark energy; cosmic rotational kinetic energy; cosmic microwave back
Online: 8 October 2016 (12:26:06 CEST)
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With reference to Planck scale Hubble parameter, super luminal expansion speeds, super luminal rotation speeds, Mach’s principle and Holographic principle, we review the current cosmological observations with eight simple assumptions. By understanding Yuri N. Obukhov and V.A. Korotky proposed cosmic rotational effects of polarization of radiation due to massive bodies, to some extent cosmic rotation can be deep-rooted in an observational approach and the ratio of current angular velocity and Hubble parameter can be estimated. It is possible to show that, at H0 =70 km/sec/Mpc, current cosmic temperature, age, radius, mass, mass density are 2.721 K, 4.41x1017 sec, 90 billion light years, 1.14654x1054 kg, 0.0482 times the current critical density respectively. Clearly speaking, current universe seems to constitute 267 Hubble spheres. Important point to be noted is that, current rotational kinetic energy is 0.6667 times the current critical energy. Based on the estimated current mass density and current rotational kinetic energy, current cosmic dark matter density can be shown to be 0.2851 times the current critical density. These numerical coincidences cast serious doubt on the on the real existence of currently believed ‘dark energy’. Initial and current expansion speeds are 3x108 m/sec and 3.56x109 m/sec respectively. With increasing cosmic age and increasing cosmic expansion speed, current universe is expanding with a speed of 11.885c. By knowing the time to time future cosmic temperatures, future Hubble parameters and corresponding future cosmic expansion speeds can be estimated and thus future expansion speed can be understood. Starting from ‘speed of light’, our model assumes a continuous increase in expansion speed and attains a current radius of 90 billion light years (without inflationary concepts) and casts a serious doubt on the actuality of currently believed ‘inflation’.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Galaxy clusters; cosmic rays; magnetic fields; turbulence
Online: 30 August 2016 (10:53:32 CEST)
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1) Background: the budget of non-thermal energy in galaxy clusters is not well constrained, owing to the observational and theoretical difficulties in studying these diluted plasmas on large scales. 2) Method: we use recent cosmological simulations with complex physics in order to connect the emergence of non-thermal energy to the underlying evolution of gas and dark matter. 3) Results: the impact of non-thermal energy (e.g. cosmic rays, magnetic fields and turbulent motions) is found to increase in the outer region of galaxy clusters. Within numerical and theoretical uncertainties, turbulent motions dominate the budget of non-thermal energy in most of the cosmic volume. 4) Conclusion: assessing the distribution non-thermal energy in galaxy clusters is crucial to perform high-precision cosmology in the future. Constraining the level of non-thermal energy in cluster outskirts will improve our understanding of the acceleration of relativistic particles by cosmic shocks and of the origin of extragalactic magnetic fields.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Distant Retrograde Orbit; DRO; orbits–stability; radiation pressure; orbits–resonance; dynamics
Online: 1 August 2016 (11:00:06 CEST)
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Distant Retrograde Orbits in the Earth-Moon system are gaining in popularity as stable `parking' orbits for various conceptual missions. To investigate the stability of potential Distant Retrograde Orbits, simulations were executed, with propagation running over a thirty-year period. Initial conditions for the vehicle state were limited such that the position and velocity vectors were in the Earth-Moon orbital plane, with the velocity oriented such that it would produce retrograde motion about Moon. The resulting trajectories were investigated for stability against the eccentric relative orbits of Earth and Moon in an environment that also included gravitational perturbations from Sun, Jupiter, and Venus, and the effects of radiation pressure. The results appear to indicate that stability is enhanced for certain resonant states within the Earth-Moon system.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; VLBI; Space-VLBI; Correlation; RadioAstron; AGN
Online: 19 July 2016 (06:54:57 CEST)
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DiFX is a software VLBI correlator currently adopted by several main correlation sites around the globe. After the launch of the RadioAstron Space-VLBI mission in 2011, an extension was necessary to handle processing of an orbiting antenna, to be correlated with supporting ground arrays. We present here a branch of the main DiFX distribution (2.4), recently uploaded on the publicly available repository, that MPIfR developed to process data of the three AGN-imaging RadioAstron key science projects. It can account for general relativistic correction of an orbiting antenna with variable position/velocity, providing a routine to covert the native RDF format to the more common M5B one. Also, a fringe-finding algorithm able to manage arbitrary large fringe-search window is included, allowing one to increase the search space normally adopted by common software packages like HOPS.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Gravitational collapse; Oppenheimer-Snyder; horizonless solutions; neutron stars
Online: 19 July 2016 (06:53:26 CEST)
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This article argues that there is a consistent description of gravitationally collapsed bodies, including neutron stars above the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff mass and also supermassive galactic centres, according to which collapse stops before the object reaches its gravitational radius, the density reaching a maximum close to the surface and then decreasing towards the centre. Models for such shell-like objects have been constructed using classic formulations found in the 1939 articles of Oppenheimer-Volkoff and Oppenheimer-Snyder. It was possible to modify the conclusions of the first article by changing the authors’ boundary conditions at r = 0. In the second case we find that the authors’ solution of the field equations needs no changes, but that the choice of their article’s title led many of their successors to believe that it supports the black-hole hypothesis. However, it is easily demonstrated that their final density distribution accords with the shell models found in our articles. Because black holes, according to many formulations, "have no hair", their thermodynamics is rather simple. The kind of collapsar which our models describe are more like main-sequence stars; they have spatiotemporal distributions of pressure, density and temperature, that is they have hair. In this article we shall concentrate on the dynamics of the Oppenheimer-Snyder collapsar; both pressure and temperature are everywhere zero, so there can be no thermodynamics. Only in the time independent case of Oppenheimer-Volkoff type models is it currently feasible to consider some thermodynamic implications; here some valuable new insights are obtained through the incorporation of the Oppenheimer-Snyder dynamics.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; AGN; polarimetry
Online: 18 July 2016 (12:54:35 CEST)
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We present preliminary results of JVLA wideband full polarization observations of a sample of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) with very high Rotation Measure (RM) values, sign of extreme environment. The polarization properties show a complex behaviour with the polarization angle (PA) and the fractional polarization (fp) that dramatically change within the wideband. The measured RM is not constant within the wide band. Its complex behaviour reflects the complexity of the medium with the presence of several Faraday components. The depolarization have been studied, modeling the Stokes parameters Q and U together with the polarization parameters (PA and fp) with wavelength by applying combinations of the simplest existing depolarisation models. With this JVLA study we could spectrally resolve multiple polarized components of unresolved AGN. These preliminary results reveal the complexity of these objects, still improvements have to be done on the depolairzation modeling to better understand the polarization structure of these sources.
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S. Zola,
M. Valtonen,
G. Bhatta,
A. Goyal,
B. Debski,
A. Baran,
J. Krzesinski,
M. Siwak,
S. Ciprini,
A. Gopakumar,
H. Jermak,
K. Nilsson,
D. Reichart,
K. Matsumoto,
K. Sadakane,
K. Gazeas,
M. Kidger,
V. Piirola,
F. Alicavus,
K.S. Baliyan,
A. Berdyugin,
D. Boyd,
M. Campas Torrent,
F. Campos,
J. Carrillo Gomez,
D.B. Caton,
V. Chavushyan,
J. Dalessio,
D. Dimitrov,
M. Drozdz,
A. Erdem,
A. Escartin Perez,
V. Fallah Ramazani,
A.V. Filippenko,
F. Garcia,
F. Gomez Pinilla,
M. Gopinathan,
J.B. Haislip,
J. Harmanen,
G. Hurst,
K.M. Ivarsen,
M. Jelinek,
A. Joshi,
M. Kagitani,
N. Kaur,
N. Karaman,
W.C. Keel,
A.P. LaCluyze,
B.C. Lee,
E. Lindfors,
J. Lozano De Haro,
J.P. Moore,
R. Naves Nogues,
A.W. Neely,
R.H. Nelson,
W. Ogloza,
S. Okano,
J.C. Pandey,
M. Perri,
P. Pihajoki,
G. Poyner,
J. Provencal,
T. Pursimo,
A. Raj,
R. Reinthal,
S. Sadegi,
T. Sakanoi,
J.-L. Salto Gonzales,
T. Schweyer,
F.C. Soldan Alfaro,
E. Sonbas,
I. Steele,
J.T. Stocke,
J. Strobl,
L.O. Takalo,
T. Tomov,
L. Tremosa Espasa,
J.R. Valdes,
J. Valero Perez,
F. Verrecchia,
J.R. Webb,
M. Yoneda,
M. Zejmo,
W. Zheng,
J. Telting,
J. Saario,
T. Reynolds,
A. Kvammen,
E. Gafton,
R. Karjalainen,
P. Blay
Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies: active; BL Lacertae objects: individual (OJ 287); super massive black holes
Online: 18 July 2016 (12:46:26 CEST)
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We analyse the light curve in the R-band gathered during the 2015/16 observing season of OJ287. We did a search for QPOs using several methods in wide time domain. No statistically significant periods were found in the high frequency domain both in the ground data and also in K2 observations. In the longer periods domain the Lomb-Scargle periodogram revealed several peaks above the 99\% significance level. The longest one, about 95-day, corresponds to the ISCO period of the more massive SMBH. The 43-day period could be an alias or can be attributed to accretion in the form of two armed spiral wave.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies:blazar; light curve; simulation
Online: 18 July 2016 (12:39:32 CEST)
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Blazars show rapid and high amplitude variability. In this work , Fermi daily light curve of 130 sources are analyzed, distribution of daily variability are compared with each other by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. results show: 1)Some pairs of the distributions are similar; 2) In most cases, the distributions are not Gaussian.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies:blazar; light curve; simulation
Online: 18 July 2016 (12:36:38 CEST)
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In this work, we'll present the power spectra density, auto-correlation function, dentrended fluctuation analysis and multifractal spectrum are performed to the daily light curves of Blazars monitored by Fermi LAT. Some signs of power law are found.
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Marina Manganaro,
Giovanna Pedaletti,
Marlene Doert,
Denis Bastieri,
Vandad Fallah Ramazani,
Dario Gasparrini,
Elina Lindfors,
Benoit Lott,
Mireia Nievas,
Bindu Rani,
Emmanouil Angelakis,
George Borman,
Mark Gurwell,
Talvikki Hovatta,
Ryosuke Itoh,
Svetlana Jorstad,
Alex Kraus,
Thomas P Krichbaum,
Paul Kuin,
Anne Lahteenmaki,
Valeri Larionov,
Amy Yarleen Lien,
Ioannis Myserlis,
David J Thompson,
Merja Tornikoski,
J Anton Zensus
Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; BL-Lacertae objects: individual: S5 0716+714; Galaxies:active; gamma-rays: galaxies
Online: 18 July 2016 (08:02:42 CEST)
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S5 0716+714 is a well known BL-Lac object, one of the brightest and most active blazars. The discovery in the Very High Energy band (VHE, E > 100 GeV) by MAGIC happened in 2008. In January 2015 the source went through the brightest optical state ever observed, triggering MAGIC follow-up and a VHE detection with ~ sigma significance (ATel #6999). Rich multi-wavelength coverage of the flare allowed us to construct the broad-band spectral energy distribution of S5 0716+714 during its brightest outburst. In this work we will present the preliminary analysis of MAGIC and Fermi-LAT data of the flaring activity in January and February 2015 for the HE and VHE band, together with radio (Metsahovi, OVRO, VLBA, Effelsberg), sub-millimeter (SMA), optical (Tuorla, Perkins, Steward, AZT-8+ST7, LX-200, Kanata), X-ray and UV (Swift-XRT and UVOT), in the same time-window and discuss the time variability of the MWL light curves during this impressive outburst.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies: nuclei; galaxies: jets; galaxies: Seyfert; gamma-rays: general
Online: 15 July 2016 (13:29:08 CEST)
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The discovery by the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi of variable gamma-ray emission from radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxies revealed the presence of a possible third class of AGN with relativistic jets in addition to blazars and radio galaxies. Considering that NLSy1 are usually hosted in spiral galaxies, this finding poses intriguing questions about the nature of these objects and the formation of relativistic jets. We report on a systematic investigation of the gamma-ray properties of a sample of radio-loud NLSy1, including the detection of new objects, using 7 years of Fermi-LAT data with the new Pass 8 event-level analysis. In addition we discuss the radio-to-very-high-energy properties of the gamma-ray emitting NLSy1, their host galaxy, and black hole mass in the context of the blazar scenario and the unification of relativistic jets at different scales.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; active galaxies; BL Lacertae object: BL Lac; jets; GMVA: high-resolution VLBI; magnetic field; polarization
Online: 15 July 2016 (12:06:48 CEST)
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The high radio frequency polarization imaging of non-thermal emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a direct way to probe the magnetic field strength and structure in the immediate vicinity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and is crucial in testing the jet-launching scenario. To explore the the magnetic field configuration at the base of jets in blazars, we took advantage of the full polarization capabilities of the GMVA (Global Millimeter VLBI Array). With an angular resolution of ~50 micro-arcseconds at 86 GHz, one could reach scales down to ~900 Schwarzschild radii (for a 10^9 solar mass black hole). We present here the preliminary results of our study on the blazar BL Lac. Our results imply that on sub-mas scales the core and central jet of BL Lac is significantly polarized with two distinct regions of polarized intensity. We also noted a great morphological similarity between the 7mm/3mm VLBI images at very similar angular resolution.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies: active; galaxies: jets; galaxies: nuclei
Online: 15 July 2016 (11:37:39 CEST)
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In a recent paper, we calculate spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 1425 Fermi blazars, classifications of low synchrotron peak sources (LSPs) if log $\nu_{\rm p} (\rm Hz) \leq $ 14.0, intermediate synchrotron peak sources (ISPs) if $14.0 < \,\log\, \nu_{\rm p} (\rm Hz) \leq 15.3 $, and high synchrotron peak sources (HSPs) if $ \log\, \nu_{\rm p} (\rm Hz) > 15.3$ are made based on 999 logarithms of synchrotron peak frequencies with known redshift, and we obtain an empirical relation to estimate the synchrotron peak frequency, $\nu_{\rm p}^{\rm Eq.}$ from effective spectral indexes $\alpha_{ox}\, {\rm and}\, \alpha_{ro}$ as $\log \nu_{\rm p}^{\rm Eq.} = 16+4.238X $ if $X < 0$, and $\log \nu_{\rm p}^{\rm Eq.} = 16+4.005Y $ if $X > 0$, where $X = 1.0 - 1.262 \alpha_{ro} - 0.623 \alpha_{ox}$, and $Y = 1.0 + 0.034 \alpha_{ro} - 0.978 \alpha_{ox}$ \cite{Fan16}. In the present work, we investigate the correlation between the peak frequency and the radio to X-ray spectral index, that between peak luminosity (integrated luminosity) and $\gamma$-ray/optical luminosity, and that between peak luminosity and integrated luminosity. Some discussions are presented.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies: active; gamma-rays: general; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
Online: 15 July 2016 (06:40:29 CEST)
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High redshift blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe. Although they represent a significant fraction of the extragalactic hard X-ray sky, they are not commonly detected in gamma-rays. High redshift (z>2) objects represent <10 per cent of the AGN population observed by Fermi so far, and gamma-ray flaring activity from these sources is even more uncommon. The characterization of the radio-to-gamma-ray properties of high redshift blazars represents a powerful tool for the study of the energetics of such extreme objects and the Extragalactic Background Light. This contribution will present results of multi-band campaigns, from radio to gamma-rays, on PKS 0836+710, PKS 2149-306, and TXS 0536+145. The latter is the highest redshift detection of a flaring gamma-ray blazar so far. At the peaks of their respective flares these sources reached an apparent isotropic gamma-ray luminosity of about 10^50 erg/s, which is comparable with the luminosity observed from the most powerful blazars. The physical properties derived from the multi-wavelength observations of these sources are then compared with those shown by the high redshift population.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; BL Lacertae objects: general, catalogues, gamma rays: galaxies, quasars: general, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, radio continuum: galaxies
Online: 14 July 2016 (14:11:50 CEST)
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Radio loud active galactic nuclei are composed of different spatial features, each one characterized by different spectral properties in the radio band. Among them, blazars are the most common class of sources detected at gamma-rays by \fermi, and their radio emission is dominated by the flat spectrum compact core. In this contribution, we explore the connection between emission at high energy revealed by \fermi\ and at radio frequency. Taking as a reference the strong and very highly significant correlation found between gamma rays and cm-$\lambda$ radio emission, we explore different behaviours found as we change the energy range in gamma rays and in radio, therefore changing the physical parameters of the zones involved in the radiation emission. We find that the correlation weakens when we consider (1) gamma rays of energy above 10 GeV (except for high synchrotron peaked blazars) or (2) low frequency radio data taken by the Murchison Widefield Array; on the other hand, the correlation strengthens when we consider mm-$\lambda$ data taken by ALMA.
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Kenichi Nishikawa,
Yosuke Mizuno,
Jacek Niemiec,
Oleh Kobzar,
Martin Pohl,
Jose Gomez,
Ioana Dutan,
Asaf Pe’er,
Jacob Frederiksen,
Aake Nordlund,
Athina Meli,
Helene Sol,
Phil Hardee,
Dieter Hartmann
Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; relativistic jets; particle-in-cell simulations; global jets; helical magnetic fields; kinetic instabilities; kink instability
Online: 13 July 2016 (07:37:49 CEST)
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In the study of relativistic jets one of the key open questions is their interaction with the
environment on the microscopic level. Here, we study the initial evolution of both electron–proton
(e- - p+) and electron–positron (e±) relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields, focusing on
their interaction with an ambient plasma. We have performed simulations of "global" jets containing
helical magnetic fields in order to examine how helical magnetic fields affect kinetic instabilities
such as the Weibel instability, the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI) and the Mushroom
instability (MI). In our initial simulation study these kinetic instabilities are suppressed and new
types of instabilities can grow. In the e- - p+ jet simulation recollimation-like instability occurs and
jet electrons are strongly perturbed. In the e± jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs
at early times followed by a kinetic instability and the general structure is similar to a simulation
without helical magnetic field. Simulations using much larger systems are required in order to
thoroughly follow the evolution of global jets containing helical magnetic fields.
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Julian Sitarek,
Josefa Becerra González,
Sara Buson,
Dijana Dominis Prester,
Marina Manganaro,
Daniel Mazin,
Kari Nilsson,
Mireia Nievas,
Antonio Stamerra,
Fabrizio Tavecchio,
Ievgen Vovk
Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Gamma rays: galaxies; Gravitational lensing: strong; Galaxies: jets; Radiation mechanisms: non-thermal; Galaxies: individual: QSO B0218+357
Online: 13 July 2016 (07:36:15 CEST)
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QSO B0218+357 is a blazar located at a cosmological redshift of 0.944. The source is gravitationally lensed by a spiral galaxy located at the redshift of 0.68. Strong gravitational lensing splits the signals emitted by the source into two components separated by 10-12 days, as observed in radio and gamma-ray bands. In July 2014 a GeV flare was observed by Fermi-LAT, triggering follow-up observations with the MAGIC telescopes at energies above 100 GeV. The expected time delay between the components allowed us to plan broad band MWL observations before, during and after the trailing component of the emission. The MAGIC observations at the expected time of arrival of the trailing component resulted in the first detection of QSO B0218+357 in Very-High-Energy (VHE, >100 GeV) gamma rays. It is both the farthest known VHE object and one of only a few Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars detected in this energy range. We report here the observed multiwavelength spectral and temporal properties of the emission during the 2014 flare.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; galaxies: jets---Galaxy: center---techniques: high angular resolution---techniques: image processing---techniques: interferometric
Online: 12 July 2016 (11:41:39 CEST)
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Originally developed to image the shadow region of the central black hole in Sagittarius A* and in the nearby galaxy M87, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides deep, very high angular resolution data on other AGN sources too. The challenges of working with EHT data have spurred the development of new image reconstruction algorithms. This work briefly reviews the status of the EHT and its utility for observing AGN sources, with emphasis on novel imaging techniques that offer the promise of better reconstructions at 1.3 mm and other wavelengths.
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Physical Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics; active galaxies; blazars; jets; polarization; shock acceleration
Online: 8 July 2016 (05:03:04 CEST)
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Relativistic shocks are one of the most plausible sites of the emission of strongly variable, polarized multi-wavelength emission from relativistic jet sources such as blazars, via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of relativistic particles. This paper summarizes recent results on a self-consistent coupling of diffusive shock acceleration and radiation transfer in blazar jets. We demonstrate that the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of blazars strongly constrain the nature of hydromagnetic turbulence responsible for pitch-angle scattering by requiring a strongly energy-dependent pitch-angle mean free path. The prominent soft X-ray excess (``Big Blue Bump'') in the SED of the BL Lac object AO 0235+164 can be modelled as the signature of bulk Compton scattering of external radiation fields by the thermal electron population, which places additional constraints on the level of hydromagnetic turbulence. It has further been demonstrated that internal shocks propagating in a jet pervaded by a helical magnetic field naturally produce polarization-angle swings by 180$^o$, in tandem with multi-wavelength flaring activity, without requiring any helical motion paths or other asymmetric jet structures. The specific application of this model to 3C279 presents the first consistent, simultaneous modeling of snap-shot SEDs, multi-wavelength light curves and time-dependent polarization signatures of a blazar during a polarization-angle (PA) rotation. This model has recently been generalized to a lepto-hadronic model, in which the high-energy emission is dominated by proton synchrotron radiation. It is shown that in this case, the high-energy (X-ray and $\gamma$-ray) polarization signatures are expected to be significantly more stable (not showing PA rotations) than the low-energy (electron-synchrotron) signatures.