Physical Sciences

Abstract: CMB radiation is the blackbody radiation at 2.7 Kelvin with a peak wavelength of 966 nm. Its origin is supposed to be the recombination period 378.000 years after the initial explosion, when the temperature was 3000 Kelvin, and the radiation peak wavelength was 1.073.249 nm. Since its origin in the recombination period, this radiation has existed in space-time for about 13,8 billion years. The idea that radiation at 3000 Kelvin has transformed into radiation at 2,7 Kelvin and increased its peak wavelength by 1111 times because universal space has cooled contradicts Wien’s law. Also, cosmological redshift contradicts Wien’s law. There is no experimental evidence that, in an expanding space that cools down, light increases its wavelength. CMB and gravitational redshift have no support in the direct reading of astrophysical data; they are based on their misinterpretation.

Abstract: This paper presents a computational demonstration of the Bayesian estimation framework developed for third-order extended thermodynamics (ET3) transport coefficients in chemically reactive nonequilibrium flows. The study illustrates how Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can be employed to infer higher-order transport parameters, including relaxation coefficients, higherorder viscosities, and nonlinear coupling terms, from synthetic observational data consistent with the ET3 governing equations. Bayesian inference combines physically informed prior distributions with likelihood functions derived from theoretical model predictions to obtain posterior probability distributions that quantify parameter uncertainty. Representative MCMC trace plots and posterior distributions demonstrate chain convergence, parameter identifiability, and uncertainty reduction following Bayesian calibration. The inferred posterior distributions are propagated through the ET3 model to assess confidence intervals for key thermodynamic quantities and nonequilibrium transport variables. The computational results illustrate that Bayesian calibration significantly improves parameter estimation while preserving thermodynamic consistency and providing rigorous uncertainty quantification. Although based on synthetic benchmark data, the study demonstrates the practical implementation of the theoretical Bayesian framework and establishes a reproducible methodology for calibrating higher-order transport coefficients in reactive nonequilibrium flows. The proposed approach provides a foundation for future applications involving experimental measurements and high-fidelity numerical simulations in combustion, hypersonic aerothermodynamics, plasma physics, and other high-energy-density flow environments.

Abstract: We investigate radiative transfer in strongly magnetized electron–ion plasmas relevant to magnetar atmospheres, where surface magnetic fields exceed B ≳ 10¹⁴ G. Extending the conventional cold-plasma approximation, we incorporate finite-temperature effects into the dielectric tensor and derive temperature-dependent polarization eigenmodes, electron scattering opacities, and free-free absorption opacities for a fully ionized hydrogen plasma. We show that thermal corrections significantly modify photon propagation and polarization evolution, smoothing resonance features through Doppler broadening and Landau damping and altering mode conversion between the ordinary (O) and extraordinary (X) polarization states. The resulting opacities differ substantially from cold-plasma predictions, particularly near vacuum and electron cyclotron resonances. Using these modified opacities, we calculate the emergent radiation spectra and find that finite-temperature effects enhance low-energy emission, broaden resonance structures, and modify the high-energy spectral tail through polarization-dependent Comptonization. Our results demonstrate that thermal effects play a crucial role in shaping the spectral and polarization properties of magnetar radiation and provide a more realistic framework for modeling thermal emission from highly magnetized neutron stars.

Abstract: Galactic rotation curves require an attractive contribution beyond that produced by baryonic matter. We develop a covariant alternative in which local fluctuations of a scalar meta-field about the stationary Tier-30 background modify the physical metric through a universal conformal coupling. The environmental restoring coefficient is sourced by the baryonic stress-energy trace, avoiding self-counting through the curvature of the already modified metric. In the static weak-field limit, high central density pins the field; declining density across the disk increases its correlation length, and the resulting radial relaxation adds positively to the circular velocity. Every smooth axisymmetric center remains regular, with vanishing central radial acceleration and finite Poisson-equivalent density. We solve the two-dimensional boundary-value problem for a fixed Milky Way stellar model composed of a Plummer bulge and Miyamoto-Nagai thin and thick disks, excluding the parent particle-dark-matter halo, and compare it with 30 circular-velocity measurements over 5.27-19.71 kpc. The best fit gives \( \gamma =1.77781\times {10}^{6}, V_{\ast }^{2}=1.35669\times {10}^{5}\; {\text{km}}^{2}\,{\text{s}}^{-2} \), and \( {\mu }_{0}=0 \). Using the unweighted RMS residual as the primary measure of point-by-point agreement, the best-fit response gives \( 2.760\ \mathrm{km}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1} \), compared with \( 58.254\ \mathrm{km}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1} \) for the same fixed baryonic components alone. The fitted parameters and RMS residual remain stable when the adopted systematic scale is varied over the published range. Because the full inter-bin covariance is unavailable, chi-squared values obtained by treating the two-percent systematic allowance as independent in every bin are reported only as conditional diagnostics rather than as a calibrated likelihood. Over the measured Milky Way interval, the axisymmetric calculation reproduces the rotation curve without including a particle-dark-matter halo. It also predicts a regular central dynamical core and gravitational slip with leading cancellation of the conformal contribution from the Weyl lensing potential, enabling independent tests with lensing, local-gravity measurements, and common-parameter analyses across galaxies.

Abstract: The predictive capability of third-order Extended Thermodynamics (ET3) models for chemically reactive nonequilibrium flows depends critically on the accurate estimation of transport coefficients governing higher-order relaxation processes. These coefficients, including higher-order viscosities, thermal conductivities, relaxation times, and nonlinear coupling parameters, are often difficult to determine experimentally and remain a significant source of model uncertainty. This paper presents a Bayesian inference framework for the estimation and uncertainty quantification of third-order transport coefficients in reactive nonequilibrium flows. The proposed methodology combines the ET3 governing equations with a probabilistic inverse modelling approach that incorporates experimental measurements and high-fidelity numerical data through Bayes’ theorem. Prior distributions are assigned to the unknown transport parameters based on physical constraints and kinetic-theory considerations, while posterior distributions are obtained using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Model predictions are accelerated through surrogate modelling techniques, enabling efficient exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces without compromising predictive accuracy. Posterior uncertainty is propagated through the governing equations to quantify confidence intervals for macroscopic observables, including temperature, pressure, species concentrations, heat flux, higher-order moments, and entropy production. Global sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the dominant transport coefficients influencing reactive shock structures and nonequilibrium relaxation processes. Synthetic benchmark problems demonstrate that Bayesian calibration substantially reduces parameter uncertainty while improving agreement between theoretical predictions and reference solutions. The resulting posterior distributions provide physically interpretable estimates of higher-order transport properties together with rigorous credibility intervals, thereby enhancing the robustness and predictive capability of third-order Extended Thermodynamics models. The proposed framework establishes a systematic methodology for integrating thermodynamic theory, statistical inference, and uncertainty quantification, providing a foundation for data-informed modelling of chemically reacting nonequilibrium flows in combustion, hypersonic aerothermodynamics, plasma physics, and high-energy-density applications.

Abstract: This paper develops a baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) test for a new FRW R_H=ct cosmology using the Haug--Tatum cosmological-redshift assumption. The square-root redshift relation between the observed redshift and the Hubble radius was used by Haug and Tatum in their Hubble-tension analysis and subsequently presented as a cosmological-redshift formula [1,2]. Here, however, that redshift relation is embedded in an explicit FRW metric construction. The usual metric-redshift variable is retained as an auxiliary geometric parameter, while z_H is interpreted as the observational redshift assigned to spectra. In this sense, the present model is distinct from a direct light-travel-distance construction: it demonstrates how the published redshift assumption can be used under an FRW metric assumption and derives new closed-form BAO distance relations from that geometry.The central relation is that the auxiliary FRW metric redshift is the square of the observational-redshift factor, \( 1+z_{\rm FRW}=(1+z_H)^2 \). In a spatially flat \( R_H=ct\ \) FRW background this leads to a logarithmic transverse comoving distance and a corresponding radial Jacobian with respect to the observed redshift. The resulting scale-independent BAO anisotropy is \( (1+z_H)\ln(1+z_H) \), a compact prediction that follows the broad trend of the DESI DR2 anisotropic BAO measurements and is much more successful than applying the Haug--Tatum light-travel distance directly to BAO.The paper also extends the model by incorporating the Hubble-sphere mass relation, the critical-density condition, and the exact photon radiation-density parameter derived in Ref.[3]. These ingredients provide a route toward a model-specific acoustic ruler and show how a larger effective BAO scale may arise in this framework. However, a Gaussian likelihood test using the public DESI DR2 BAO data vector and covariance shows that the minimal flat one-normalization implementation is not statistically consistent with the full DESI BAO constraints, mainly because of the high-redshift radial Lyman-\( \alpha \) measurement. The conclusion is therefore deliberately balanced: the present model provides a coherent metric-based extension of the published redshift relation and derives several nontrivial BAO relations, but the simplest flat version is not yet a successful BAO cosmology. Possible next directions include a curved extension of the model, a first-principles acoustic-ruler calculation, and a direct correlation-function analysis using the modified-redshift mapping.

Abstract: Third-order relativistic hydrodynamics has emerged as an essential framework for accurately describing nonequilibrium phenomena in relativistic fluids, particularly in regimes where second-order theories become inadequate due to strong dissipative effects and large gradients. While existing third-order formulations are predominantly derived from relativistic kinetic theory, Rational Extended Thermodynamics (RET) offers an alternative continuum approach in which higher-order transport equations follow directly from balance laws, the entropy principle, and hyperbolicity requirements without relying explicitly on the Boltzmann equation. In this work, we investigate the predictive capability of a third-order RET formulation through a systematic comparison with established third-order kinetic-theory-based hydrodynamics under the relativistic Bjorken expansion, a standard benchmark relevant to the evolution of the quark–gluon plasma produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The governing third-order RET equations are formulated within a causal and symmetric hyperbolic framework and integrated numerically using identical physical parameters and initial conditions employed in the kinetic-theory model. The evolution of the normalized shear stress, pressure anisotropy, effective longitudinal and transverse pressures, entropy production, and relaxation dynamics are examined over a broad range of shear viscosity-to-entropy density ratios. Quantitative error measures are introduced to assess the level of agreement between the two formulations and to identify regimes where higher-order nonlinear contributions become significant. The numerical results demonstrate that the RET model reproduces the principal dissipative dynamics predicted by third-order kinetic theory with excellent accuracy throughout the hydrodynamic evolution while preserving strict causality, thermodynamic consistency, and hyperbolicity. Small deviations observed at late proper times are associated with differences in the nonlinear closure structure rather than fundamental inconsistencies between the theories. These findings indicate that the entropy-based RET formulation captures the dominant third-order transport mechanisms governing relativistic dissipative flows and provides a mathematically rigorous continuum alternative to kinetic-theory closures. The present study establishes third-order Rational Extended Thermodynamics as a robust framework for modeling relativistic nonequilibrium fluids and provides further evidence that entropy-based continuum theories can accurately reproduce higher-order transport phenomena. The proposed formulation offers a promising foundation for future applications involving multidimensional relativistic flows, chemically reacting gas mixtures, relativistic magnetohydrodynamics, and high-energy astrophysical and cosmological systems.

Abstract: Isaac Newton believed that gravity requires the universe to be centreless and infinite in all directions. For Issac Newton, the idea that the universe exploded out of nothing was unthinkable. He believed that in the universe, time does not play any role; the universe is eternal. In Post-Newtonian cosmology, universal space is time-invariant. Time, as the duration of stellar objects motion in space, is an emergent physical quantity that enters existence in the process of measurement. The universe is uncreated and eternal. AGNs are rejuvenating systems of the universe. The model of the stationary universe is based on direct reading of astrophysical data and is far superior to the Big Bang theory. We re-examine the origin of the universe in some distant physical past and find that it is a theoretical mistake based on a misinterpretation of astrophysical data.

Abstract: A recent 2026 paper by Courbin and Maeder have demonstrated that the Hubble tension can be resolved within the Scale Invariant Vacuum (SIV) paradigm but they didn’t demonstrate that the CMB spectra would be correctly reproduced. In this paper, an equivalent but physically different idea using time Re-parameterization Invariant Scaling Symmetry (RISS) is utilized to build a model that resolves the Hubble tension without introducing new particles or fields. Here the Hubble tension is recognized to be due to difference in the unit of time during the decoupling and the current era since the corresponding gravitational potentials are different. This is justified by considering the SIV-like scaling factor using Newtonian gauge to define \( \lambda=N/N_0=\sqrt{(1+2\Psi)}/N_0 \). Then by introducing specific λ(a) a new gauge independent background reformulation is achieved since now λ depends on the expansion scale factor a that can be viewed as a specific time parametrization for the evolution of the Universe. The key is an epoch-dependent rescaling of the Hubble function \( H_{new}=\xi(a)^{-1}H_{std}(a) \). Finally, after adjustments to the main cosmology parameters one can reproduce the original LCDM CMB spectrum within less than a few percent for the individual ClTT values. The values of the new cosmology parameters are \( h=0.755, \Omega_m =0.248, \omega_b=\Omega_b h^2=0.0225, A_s=2.07\times10^{-9}, n_s=0.968,\tau_{rei}=0.0489 \).

Abstract: In this work we propose Carrier-Embedded Non-Holonomy Matter (CENM) as a possible new phase of matter and test whether its effective galactic dynamics can account for observed rotation curves. In the motivating reconstruction framework, localized visible matter is associated with carrier-relative holonomy-bearing defects, whereas CENM is an extended gravitating phase without an ordinary gauge-readable defect core. The galactic model is deliberately more limited than this microscopic interpretation. It treats the CENM density as a conserved continuum field whose leading weak-field evolution is a gravitational drift–smoothing gradient flow. Zero-flux equilibrium gives the isothermal relation ρ_D∝exp(−Φ/σ_D²). In a dark-dominated spherical envelope, the regular isothermal equation approaches ρ_D∝r⁻² and v_c²→2σ_D². For transparent rotation-curve fitting we use the familiar pseudo-isothermal interpolation, explicitly distinguishing this empirical profile from the new CENM interpretation. The proposed cross-galaxy restriction is a universal transition acceleration a_CENM. Conditional on the transition and matching relations, it gives v_∞⁴=GM_b^aCENM. We therefore test two nested models: an unconstrained CENM/pseudo-isothermal halo with (v_∞,r_c) fitted independently for each galaxy, and a constrained CENM model in which one aCENM is shared by the full sample and only r_c remains galaxy specific. Applying a predeclared quality selection to the SPARC database leaves 113 galaxies and 2666 rotation-curve points. The shared-acceleration fit gives a_CENM=1.825_−0.007^+0.007×10⁻¹⁰ms⁻². The median reduced chi-squares of the unconstrained and constrained CENM models are 1.058 and 3.082, respectively, compared with 1.046 for Burkert and 1.893 for NFW. The unconstrained surrogate has the lowest information criteria among the four fitted profiles and a near-unity median galaxy-level reduced chi-square, although its global reduced chi-square of 4.71 shows that outliers or unmodeled systematics remain important. The one-acceleration closure is decisively rejected: relative to CENM-U it increases chi-square by Δχ²=15273.4 for 112 restrictions and gives ΔBIC_A−U=14389.9. Thus the familiar pseudo-isothermal effective profile is comparatively compatible with the data, but the distinctive shared-acceleration closure tested here is not. The analysis neither identifies the microscopic non-holonomy interpretation nor supplies a complete cosmology.

Abstract: We prove, in the weak-field regime, that the spacetime metric \(g_{\mu\nu}\) and the Fundamental Speed Theory (FST) kinetic field \(\nu^\mu\) are linked by an explicit map and together form a consistent covariant vector--tensor system. Building on the foundational FST relations (validated on 171 SPARC galaxies with mean reduced \(\chi^2_\nu=0.170\)), we establish: (i) a static spherical metric--kinetic map; (ii) an Einstein correspondence requiring the coupling identity \(\beta_{\text{eff}}=|\lambda|\nu_0^2/(6c_1)\); (iii) weak-field invertibility; (iv) an FLRW extension with modified Friedmann equations; (v) a gravitational-wave correspondence with a second-harmonic signature; (vi) a lensing test yielding median ratios 1.09 (all 19 galaxies) and 0.88 (15 reliable galaxies) without dark matter; (vii) post-Newtonian consistency with \(\gamma=1\); and (viii) a minimal-verification theorem via the Bianchi identity. We also provide a screened near--Schwarzschild limit, a numerical integration of the coupled static-spherical system (confirming photon-sphere-scale deviations \(\sim 10^{-14}\)), and complete SI dimensional checks.

Abstract: We investigate the implications for cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectral distortions of the proposed relation \( T_{\mathrm{CMB}} = \left(T_P / 8\pi\right)\sqrt{2\ell_P / R_H} \) in a thermodynamic, black-hole-inspired subclass of R_H=ct cosmologies. This relation was derived under stated cosmological assumptions from the Stefan--Boltzmann law by Haug and Wojnow, and interpreted by Haug and Tatum as the geometric mean of limiting Hawking temperatures. Combining it with blackbody thermodynamics and the standard critical density yields \( \Omega_\gamma = 1/(5760\pi) \); we show that this is an algebraic consequence of the temperature law rather than an independent thermalization result. With R_H=ct and \( a \propto t \), the relation requires \( T_\gamma\propto a^{-1/2} \), \( u_\gamma\propto a^{-2} \), and \( n_\gamma\propto a^{-3/2} \), so the comoving photon number grows. The required homogeneous sources are \( Q_\gamma=2Hu_\gamma \) and \( \Psi_\gamma=(3/2)Hn_\gamma \). Their ratio is exactly blackbody preserving, and the photon kinetic equation fixes the net equilibrium source spectrum to \( C_{\rm new}^{(0)}=(H/2)x n_{\rm Pl}(1+n_{\rm Pl}) \). We give a covariant effective realization as adiabatic gravitational photon creation with\( \Gamma_\gamma=3H/2 \) and show that departures from its energy--number balance source \( \mu \)-, residual-, or \( y \)-type distortions. Haug's extremal-Hubble-sphere Carnot proposal supplies a possible macroscopic heat-flow interpretation:\( \dot Q_{\rm CMB}=2HU_\gamma \), entropy and photon number grow at the same fractional rate, and the mean heat supplied per created photon must be\( 3.601\, k_B T_\gamma \); reversibility requires a compensating reservoir entropy current. The Haug--Tatum redshift\( 1+z_{\rm HT}=\sqrt{R_{H,0}/R_H} \) makes the temperature law \( T=T_0(1+z_{\rm HT}) \), while ordinary scale-factor redshift obeys \( 1+z_a=(1+z_{\rm HT})^2 \). Using Haug and Tatum's determination \( H_0=66.8943\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} \), a leading-order benchmark with constant baryon-to-photon ratio, matched baryon creation, full ionization, and \( T_e=T_\gamma \) gives \( T_{\mu y}\simeq2.83\times10^6\,{\rm K} \) and \( T_{\rm th}\simeq2.64\times10^7\,{\rm K} \), corresponding to \( z_{{\rm HT},\mu y}\simeq1.04\times10^6 \) and \( z_{{\rm HT},\rm th}\simeq9.70\times10^6 \). Unlike \( \Lambda \)CDM, where post-thermalization photons freely redshift with approximately conserved comoving number, this model requires continuing, spectrally tuned photon creation and a specified donor sector. It therefore offers a possible Planck--Hubble-scale normalization of the CMB temperature, but is not yet a complete alternative thermal history; precision tests require a fundamental interaction, self-consistent baryon and recombination histories, and full numerical kinetic evolution. The construction is also distinct from Melia's Friedmann--Robertson--Walker \( R_h=ct \) cosmology.

Abstract: We formulate a covariant effective framework in which a universe’s vacuum occupies discrete stationary states of a scalar meta-field Φ, structurally analogous to atomic energy levels. Each tier n carries a gravitating vacuum energy density and tier-dependent dimensional scales, c_n=c_0 e^(-α(n-30) ) and ℏ_n=ℏ_0 e^(+α(n-30) ), with α≃0.01. Consequently, ℏ_n c_n and, under the stated reference convention, the fine-structure constant remain invariant. The empirically calibrated spectrum ρ_vac^((n) )=10^(64-(111/29)(n-1) ) GeV^4 connects an inflation-compatible scale at n=1 to the observed order of the present vacuum-energy density at n=30. Within a fixed tier, the standard radiation- and matter-dominated background evolution is recovered; global transitions allow energy exchange between a universe and the multiverse while conserving total multiverse energy-momentum. Inflation, reheating, and late-time acceleration are thereby interpreted within the same quantized vacuum structure. We distinguish these global transitions from localized quantum conversion of a particle mode between universe sectors. This process is represented by a two-state Hamiltonian containing a postulated localized Hermitian off-diagonal gateway operator. In Kerr geometry, frame dragging provides the local energy and angular-momentum exchange needed to satisfy the resonance condition. For the benchmark transition U_31→U_32, the adjacent-tier electron energy release is 9.9181 keV. For an a_*=0.998 black hole and inward 1MeV electrons that are flux-isotropic in the local zero-angular-momentum frame, the Kerr resonance condition selects 0.271284% of the incident population. For eligible particles, the exact transition probability is P_(31→32)=sin^2⁡Θ. Under the additional benchmark assumption that the coherent phase is unresolved and uniformly sampled, ⟨P⟩=1/2, giving a conditional phase-averaged transition fraction of 0.135642%. The absolute transition normalization remains dependent on the postulated off-diagonal amplitude Γ(τ). Exact propagation of 4,194,304 photons emitted at r_*=1.30188M, outside the horizon and inside the ergosphere, yields a 4.72% escape fraction for electron-rest-frame isotropic emission. A local 9.9181 keV photon becomes a broad X-ray component with mean observed energy 3.95 keV and central 90% interval 0.88–6.93 keV. For a 10M_⊙ black hole at 8 kpc accreting at 0.1M ̇_Edd, using this phase-averaged benchmark the photon flux is 6.99×10^(-9) B cm^(-2) s^(-1), where B=f_q b_γ T_los. The calculated spectrum and its correlations with black-hole spin, mass, accretion rate, and distance define a falsifiable X-ray test. The framework thus converts a tiered-multiverse hypothesis into a quantitative model with explicit cosmological dynamics, transition probabilities, and observable strong-gravity signatures.

Abstract: The standard ΛCDM cosmological model faces major challenges, including the Hubble tension at the 5σ level, the non-detection of dark matter particles after four decades of direct searches, and the presence of unexpectedly massive, mature galaxies at redshifts z>10 revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope — all indicating the necessity for a fundamental revision of basic assumptions. The Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory in its fifth version (CEIT-v5) presents a geometric-field framework in which the independent concepts of dark matter and dark energy are replaced by a fundamental space-time energy field (Φ). The theory is formulated on the basis of six axioms and a single action in Einstein–Cartan–Ehresmann geometry. The spatial inversion principle establishes an energy hierarchy Φ_core <Φ_edge <Φ_IGM , arising from the local reduction of the field due to the formation of material structures. The geometric pressure resulting from the field gradient reproduces flat galactic rotation curves without unknown particles. The temporal evolution of the background field accounts for the accelerated expansion of the Universe through a dynamical equation of state. The phenomenological scope of the theory includes the Galactic warp induced by satellite perturbations, field-dependent particle stability for early structure formation, and modified black-hole evaporation with environment-dependent rates. Black hole entropy is redefined as a flux exchange between Hawking radiation and the Φ field, and the cosmic cycle is closed through a quantum bounce at the critical threshold Φ_c. General relativity is not an independent theory in this framework; rather, it is a phenomenological description of the curvature arising from field gradients. The aim of this version is to provide a self-consistent and testable framework, whose numerical calibration against independent observational data is deferred to future work.

Abstract: We develop a third-order formulation of Rational Extended Thermodynamics (RET) for chemically reacting mixtures of monatomic and polyatomic gases. Starting from the balance laws of mass, momentum, energy, and species densities, we construct a thermodynamically consistent closure based on the entropy principle and a third-order expansion of the specific entropy in the dissipative fields. In addition to the classical nonequilibrium variables of heat flux and dynamic pressure, higher-order couplings between irreversible fluxes and chemical reaction affinity are incorporated. The resulting entropy inequality yields nonlinear constitutive relations for the heat flux and bulk (dynamic) pressure, extending the first-order theory of Kremer and M¨uller (1998). In particular, we derive generalized Maxwell–Cattaneo-type evolution equations in which thermal conductivity and bulk viscosity acquire third-order corrections depending on quadratic invariants of the dissipative fluxes and on the chemical affinity. These corrections introduce cross-coupling effects between thermal transport, mechanical relaxation, and chemical reaction rates. The theory preserves the hyperbolic structure of the field equations and ensures finite propagation speeds for all thermodynamic disturbances. In the near-equilibrium limit, the classical Navier–Stokes–Fourier constitutive relations are recovered. The present formulation provides a unified framework for describing nonequilibrium reacting gas dynamics in regimes where nonlinear transport effects and chemical nonequilibrium are simultaneously significant, with potential applications in high-temperature gas flows, reactive shock waves, and rarefied reacting mixtures.

Abstract: We investigate the variational principle for a finite Friedmann--Lemaître--Robertson--Walker (FLRW) spacetime matched to an exterior vacuum. Requiring a well-defined Einstein--Hilbert action leads to a moving junction whose stationarity enforces continuity of the induced metric and extrinsic curvature across the boundary. The resulting junction conditions admit two physically distinct branches. A comoving branch reproduces the pressureless Oppenheimer--Snyder solution, while a second, non-comoving branch arises whenever pressure is present. We show that this branch is uniquely selected by causality and approaches a universal attractor, independent of spatial curvature. Within this framework, the effective cosmological constant emerges as a geometric consequence of the causal boundary rather than as an independent bulk parameter. The variational principle remains well defined even when the effective cosmological constants differ across the junction, allowing the interior and exterior spacetimes to possess different vacuum energies or Λ while preserving continuity of the geometry. The non-comoving branch provides an exact extension of the Oppenheimer--Snyder interior solution to the physically relevant case of non-zero pressure. The infinite FLRW limit is recovered as the boundary radius tends to infinity, for which the effective cosmological constant vanishes. Within this framework, a non-zero Λ implies a finite FLRW region bounded by a causal horizon that asymptotically coincides with its Schwarzschild radius.

Abstract:

We present the Fundamental Speed Theory (FST), a dimensionally consistent vector–tensor framework in which galactic dynamics arise from a dimensionless kinetic field \(\nu^{\mu}\) with explicit \(\hbar\) and \(c\), and fixed characteristic scales \(L_0=10\) kpc and \(M_0=\hbar/(cL_0)\). Using the SPARC rotation-curve database, we perform a hierarchical stress test of predictivity: Level 3 (no galaxy-specific fitting) reproduces \(65.7\%\) of galaxies with mean \(\chi_{\nu}^{2}=0.809\); Level 2 (parameters estimated directly from the data, still no fitting) reaches \(93.6\%\) with mean \(\chi_{\nu}^{2}=0.347\) on the 160 galaxies with \(\chi_{\nu}^{2}<3\); and Level 1 (fitted \(M,r_d\)) fits all 171 galaxies with mean \(\chi_{\nu}^{2}=0.170\) (\(91.2\%\) with \(\chi_{\nu}^{2}<0.5\)). A key result is theoretical economy: the observable predictions collapse to a single acceleration scale, \(A_0=(c_1+c_3)\nu_0^2c^2/L_0=2.42\times10^{-10}\,\mathrm{m/s^2}\), yielding a coefficient-free and unified formulation that reproduces the full theory identically across the entire sample (i.e., FST is effectively a one-parameter theory at the galactic level). We further confirm robustness via (i) a 3D numerical boundary-forcing experiment showing negligible deviation from the 1D quasi-spherical profile in tested cases, and (ii) a sign-convention swap producing identical fits when implemented consistently. Solar System bounds are satisfied because the relevant effect is set by the galactic field gradient, giving an acceleration at Earth \(\sim 8\times10^{-15}\) of Newtonian gravity. Code and full fit tables are publicly archived on Zenodo.

Abstract: We propose a non-Lambda-CDM framework, Multi-tier Newtonian Gravity (MULTING), that builds cosmic expansion history from local, pairwise gravitational interactions between cosmic-web nodes, rather than assuming a single global metric from the outset. We hypothesize that a node’s intracluster medium (ICM) thermal energy induces a repulsive, dipole-like gravitational force component, motivating a multipole expansion of the two-body force law between nodes. By fitting 33 data points (31 Cosmic Chronometer H(z) measurements (0<z<1.97), SH0ES, and a DESI DR2 Lyman-alpha measurement at z=2.33), MULTING produces a well-identified solution family that reduces the Planck-SH0ES tension, while performing as well as or somewhat better than flat Lambda-CDM, fixed at its standard published values, on both chi-squared and Pearson-r across all 33 points.

Abstract: The persistent tension between the CMB-inferred matter fluctuation amplitude from Planck (S₈=0.832±0.013) and the late-universe weak lensing measurements from KiDS-1000 (S₈=0.766_(-0.014)^(+0.020)) and DES Y3 (S₈=0.776±0.017) poses one of the most significant challenges to the standard ΛCDM cosmology. We demonstrate that this discrepancy finds a natural resolution within the Quantum Enthalpy-Entropy Theory (QEET) through a time-varying Newton constant G(z) driven by the vacuum expectation value of the entropy flow field. As the universe approaches the ETH saturation boundary, the nonlinear dynamics of the entropy field generates a two-stage evolution of G(z): it remains near its present value at z≫2, reaches a maximum suppression of 12.6% at z∼0.5 with G(0.5)/G₀=0.874, and freezes to a constant at z=0, naturally satisfying the stringent local constraint |G ̇/G|≲10^-15yr^-1. Numerical solution of the coupled system yields the prediction S₈^QEET=0.776±0.015, in excellent agreement with DES Y3 and within 0.5σ of KiDS-1000, while differing from the Planck 2018 value by 4.3σ--a difference that directly reflects the QEET mechanism suppressing late-time structure formation. Crucially, all parameters employed in this analysis are already present in the QEET framework; none are introduced to fit S₈ data. This work identifies the S₈ crisis as a potential first cosmological signature of an emergent, time-dependent Newton constant driven by quantum entanglement dynamics, and provides a concrete, testable realisation of emergent gravity from quantum information flow.

Abstract: Finite-distance light-time calculations sometimes subtract physical and reference radial integrals at the same turning radius, even though the two rays then reach different angular endpoints. We formulate the problem for static, spherically symmetric spacetimes and separate this common-turning-point excess from the time-transfer delay between the same source and receiver events. The radial Hamilton--Jacobi characteristic gives \(T=W+b\Phi\) and \(\dd T/\dd\Phi=b\). It follows that endpoint matching is exactly a one dimensional integral in ray space; at first order, δTend=δTr0−brefδΦr0. We derive the corresponding quadratic correction and first-order sensitivity kernels for arbitrary perturbations of the metric functions \(A\), \(B\), and \(C\). Turning-point-regular primitives are then obtained for Schwarzschild, Reissner--Nordstr\"om, and Kottler geometries. Endpoint matching changes the finite Schwarzschild term and halves the far-field coefficient of the leading charge contribution. In Kottler spacetime an exact de~Sitter reference separates background propagation from the static-coordinate lens term; the resulting mixed $M\Lambda$ contribution is a reference-dependent time-transfer building block, not by itself an independent cosmological observable.