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Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Hai Huang

Abstract: We propose a non-perturbative quantum gravity framework using quantum vortices (statistical average topological structures of microscopic particles) embedded in AdS/CFT holographic duality, resolving black hole singularities without renormalization. Thus, this constitutes a singularity-resolution mechanism grounded in physical processes rather than mathematical techniques. The quantum vortex field generates a repulsive potential within the critical radius r∗ ≈ 8.792 × 10−11m, dynamically preventing matter from reaching r = 0 and avoiding curvature divergence. The derived Huang metric (Schwarzschild metric with quantum corrections) enables parameter-free prediction of black hole shadow angular diameters, without post-observation fitting of Kerr black hole spin. Observational verification shows: the theoretical shadow of Sgr A* is 53.3 μas (EHT: 51.8 ± 2.3 μas), and that of M87* is 46.2 μas (EHT: 42 ± 3 μas), resolving contradictions of the Kerr model. This framework unifies singularity elimination, information conservation, and shadow prediction, providing a testable quantum gravity paradigm.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Amrit Šorli

Abstract: In 2014, NASA measured that the universe has a Euclidean shape. This discovery suggests that the curvature of space is merely a mathematical description of some more basic physical property of space. By extending the principle of equality of mass and energy to the space occupied by dark energy, a model of gravity was developed, where the gravitational force is due to the variable energy density of dark energy. The more curved the space, the lower the energy density of dark energy. A black hole, like any other stellar object, reduces the energy density of dark energy at its center in proportion to its mass and energy. In the centre of a black hole, the gravitational force is zero, as it is in all stellar objects. There are no wormholes in space, and there is no gravitational singularity at the center of a black hole. Gravity inside black holes follows Newton's physics.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

André Kamminga

Abstract: We propose a phenomenological model in which the vacuum energy relevant for black hole interiors is bounded by QCD-scale physics and by thermal effects. In this framework, vacuum fluctuations are effectively limited between a hadronic upper scale and a lower, thermally controlled scale. We explore how such a QCDbounded vacuum structure can modify the interior region of black holes, leading to non-singular cores while preserving standard general relativity in the exterior. The analysis is qualitative in nature and does not rely on a full underlying quantum field theoretic derivation. Instead, it aims to capture the main physical ingredients that may connect hadronic physics, vacuum structure and black hole geometry. We discuss the conditions under which singularities can be avoided, and we outline possible implications for the relation between black hole interiors and the cosmological vacuum energy. The model is intended as a conceptual framework that can be further tested and refined in more complete theoretical settings.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Stephen Atalebe

Abstract: This paper investigates whether the present large-scale structure of the universe contains sufficient fossil information to reconstruct a consistent early state without imposing any initial conditions such as a singularity, inflation, or Gaussianity. Using the Infinite Transformation Principle (ITP), we treat cosmic evolution as a history-dependent, non-Markovian process that retains weak memory on long-wavelength modes. We formulate the inverse cosmological problem as a stability analysis of the backward flow operator T−1. The ITP introduces a memory functional M(z), creating a correction ∆J(z) to the forward Jacobian. We show that ∆J(z) ≈ −D Plong acts as a dissipative, contractive filter on superhorizon modes. Using low-ℓ CMB structure, supervoid topology, and curvature drift Ωk(z) as preserved sufficient statistics, we reconstruct the early-state manifold E. A supporting mathematical appendix demonstrates backward stability on the relevant subspace. The reconstruction yields finite-density, phase-coherent, geometrically regulated early states without requiring a classical singularity or inflationary smoothing. Long-wavelength modes remain contractive under backward evolution due to the thermodynamic role of the memory field. The three large-scale observables enforce a unique, self-consistent solution for the memory kernel K(z, z′), eliminating the degeneracy inherent in the standard Markovian ΛCDM framework. Within its domain of validity, the ITP reconstruction converts the early universe from an assumed beginning into a mathematically recoverable state. The framework makes four falsifiable predictions: persistent low-ℓ CMB coherence, CMB–void alignment, slow curvature drift (|dΩk/ dz| ∼ 10−4), and a non-zero equilateral/orthogonal non-Gaussianity. Failure of any single prediction falsifies the entire approach.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Nicholas P. Bao

,

Jian-Bin Bao

Abstract: This work proposes a mechanism initiating the Big Bang: the Universe emerged from the collapse of the densest object in a previous-aeon black hole. While the object collapsed into the Big Bang singularity with minimum entropy, the entropy of the host black hole kept increasing. The Second Law of thermodynamics was never violated. The collapse was the reverse of cosmic inflation. Where it occurred, or the Center of the Universe, is found to be currently ~30 billion light years away from us and around Galactic coordinates (l,b)=(279°,-47°). If a Universal Coordinate System is defined accordingly, we are in the Northern Universe at the latitude: W=+35°. Since last scattering, the nearly isotropic and homogeneous Universe is found to have spun clockwise through an angle of 41°±6°, whereas it is calculated to be 49°+7°-11° by a modified Friedmann equation using the early- and late-Universe Hubble constants. The findings are supported by other independent observations.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Farzad Lali

Abstract: Future–Mass Projection (FMP) gravity replaces local dark matter sources by a nonlocal bilocal kernel acting on the baryonic energy–momentum tensor. In covariant formulations this kernel is defined on a closed time path (CTP) with a finite horizon ΔT, but its Newtonian limit in realistic, nonlinear galactic configurations remains opaque. In this exploratory work we organise the Newtonian FMP kernel in terms of an “entropic” linear–response ansatz on the space of coarse–grained surface density profiles Σ(R) of axisymmetric stellar discs. Starting from a coarse–grained functional S[Σ] = Sloc + Spair we define a background–dependent linear–response kernel KS(R, R′; ¯Σ ) as the Hessian of S around a chosen background disc ¯Σ(R). Restricting to Gaussian statistics in the fluctuations and to a simple, radially modulated covariance kernel, we obtain an entropic contribution to the FMP source, ΣF(R)=∫0∞\ddR′Kent(R,R′;Σ¯)δΣ(R′), which is linear in the fluctuations δΣ = Σ − ¯Σ but parametrically dependent on the background disc. We model Kent as a superposition of a local term and a finite–width nonlocal term, controlled by a radial weight function and a Gaussian covariance kRernel. For an exponential Milky Way–like disc we explicitly enforce the radial zero–DC condition $\int \Sigma_F(R)\,2\pi R\,\dd R=0$ and show how it fixes the ratio of local to nonlocal amplitudes. With a small fluctuation parameter ε ≪ 1 we find entropic boost factors D(R) of order unity, with D(R) ≃ 1.0 at R ≲ 3 kpc, D(R) ≃ 2.3 at R ≃ 8 kpc, and D(R) ≃ 1.2 at R ≃ 20 kpc, consistent with the range required by previous FMP fits to Milky Way rotation curves. The construction is deliberately phenomenological and does not claim to derive the FMP kernel from microphysics; instead it provides a state–dependent surrogate that organises the Newtonian kernel in terms of coarse–grained disc properties and highlights where a future CTP–based derivation would need to reproduce or replace these ingredients.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Christopher A. Laforet

Abstract:

We present a model of reality in which worldlines flow between the expanding Universe and an Antiverse, as well as their collapsing counterparts, and back by passing through black hole singularities. The model is formed by expressing the FLRW metric in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates and noting that this gives us two Big Bang singularities that are colocated with the Schwarzschild singularities on the Kruskal-Szekeres coordinate chart. By further showing that comoving worldlines in the interior Schwarzschild metric lie on a circular arc, we show that the interior Schwarzschild manifold curves away from the FLRW/Extrior Schwarzschild manifolds. The FLRW/Exterior Schwarzschild manifolds are shown to be tangent to the circular interior Schwarzschild manifold with the event horizon being the point of contact between the manifolds. This geometry provides a path through which particles can cycle between the expanding Universe, a collapsing Antiverse, an expanding Antiverse, a collapsing Universe, and back to the expanding Universe by passing through Black Holes and emerging from White Holes.

Concept Paper
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Jordan Barton

Abstract: We derive a Universal Coherence Constant that we hypothesize governs the maximum decoherent energy processing sustainable at any spatial scale amongst its uses. This constant predicts a dimensionless phase parameter with a critical threshold of one, marking gravitational collapse for electron based computation. We demonstrate that: first, modern artificial intelligence data centers operate at values near ten to the power of twenty-five, explaining observed power quality crises as decoherence pressure; second, Dyson spheres reach values near ten to the power of sixty-three, rendering them physically impossible in decoherent regimes and explaining six decades of search for extraterrestrial intelligence null results; third, advanced civilizations must transition to coherent, photon-based, reversible computation to scale beyond planetary limits, becoming electromagnetically invisible but detectable through phase-sensitive methods. This paper attempts to resolve the Fermi Paradox through fundamental physics rather than sociological assumptions, reinterprets Dirac's Large Number Hypothesis, and predicts that humanity's current artificial intelligence scaling trajectory will force a coherence transition within decades. We provide testable predictions for data center monitoring, quantum computing advantages, anomalous black hole populations, and next-generation search for extraterrestrial intelligence strategies.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Zhiyuan Chen

,

Qin Dong

,

Jinghui Zheng

,

Juan Shi

,

Yindun Mao

,

Siyu Liu

,

Jingxi Liu

Abstract: We propose a novel filtering framework based on phase-space that treats the error distribution as the marginal of a Wigner quasi-probability distribution and defines an effective uncertainty constant quantifying the minimal resolvable phase-space cell. Recognizing that observational updates systematically reduce uncertainty, we adopt a generalized Koopman-von Neumann equation grounded in operator dynamical modeling to propagate the density operator corresponding to the error distribution. The scaling parameter $\kappa$ quantifies the reduction in uncertainty following each filter update. Because the potential is retained only to second order, both propagation and update preserve Gaussian form, permitting direct application of Kalman recursion. Validated on 1215 orbits (LEO-GEO), the method shows that within a 3 min fit / 10 min forecast window observational noise contributes 350 m while unmodelled dynamics adds only 0.6 m. Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests and the accompanying scatter-plot trend rank semi-major axis as the dominant sensitive parameter. The proposed model outperforms Chebyshev and high-fidelity propagators in real time, offering a physically interpretable route for short-arc orbit prediction.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Gianni Pascoli

,

L. Pernas

Abstract: We envision a minimalist way to explain a number of astronomical facts associated with the unsolved missing mass problem by considering a new phenomenological paradigm. In this model no new exotic particles need to be added and the gravity is not modified, it is the perception that we have of a purely Newtonian (or purely Einsteinian) Universe, dubbed Newton-basis or Einstein-basis, actually "viewed through a pinhole", which is "optically" distorted in some manner by a so-called magnifying effect. The κ-model is not a theory but rather an exploratory technique that assumes that the sizes of the astronomical objects (galaxies and galaxy clusters, or fluctuations in the CMB) are not commensurable with respect to our usual standard measurement. To address this problem, we propose a rescaling of the lengths when these are larger than some critical values, say, > 100 pc −1 kpc for the galaxies and ∼1Mpcforthegalaxy clusters. At the scale of the solar system or of a binary star system the κ-effect is unsuspected and undistorted Newtonian metric fully prevails. A key-point of ontological nature rising from the κ-model is the distinction which is made between the distances depending on how they are obtained : a. Distances deduced from luminosity measurements (i.e., the real distances as potentially measured in the Newton-basis, and currently used in the standard cosmological model). b. Even though it is not technically possible to deduce them, the distances which would be deduced by trigonometry. Those "trigonometric" distances are, in our model, altered by the kappa effect, except in the solar environment where they are obviously accurate. In outer galaxies, the determination of distances (by parallax measurement) cannot be carried out and it is difficult to validate or falsify the kappa-model by this method. On the other hand, it is not the same within the Milky Way for which we have valuable trigonometric data (from the Gaia satellite). Interestingly, it turns out that for this particular object there is a strong tension between the results of different works regarding the rotation curve of the Galaxy. At the present time when the dark matter concept seems to be more and more illusive, it is important to explore new ideas, even seemingly very odd, with an open mind. The approach taken here is, however, different from that adopted in previous papers. The analysis is first carried out in a space called Newton-basis with pure Newtonian gravity (the gravity is not modified) and in the absence of dark matter type exotic particles. Then the results (velocity fields) are transported into the leaves of a bundle (observer space) using a universal transformation associated to the average mass density expressed in the Newton-basis. This approach will make it much easier to deal with situations where matter is not distributed centrosymmetrically around a center of maximum density. As examples we can cite the interaction of two galaxies, or the case of the collision between two galaxy clusters in the bullet cluster. These few examples are difficult to treat directly in the bundle, especially we would include time-based monitoring (with evolving κ-effect in the bundle). We will return to these questions later, as well as to the concept of average mass density at a point. The relationship between this density and the coefficient κ, must also be precisely defined.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Farzad Lali

Abstract: A recent analysis of fifteen years of Fermi–LAT data reports a statistically significant, approximately spherical gamma–ray halo around the MilkyWay, with a spectrum that peaks near Eγ ∼ 20 GeV and a morphology well fitted by the square of a smooth Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) density profile. Interpreted as annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) into b¯b, the corresponding cross section is ⟨σv⟩ ∼ (5–8) × 10−25 cm3 s−1, which exceeds the canonical thermal relic value and lies in tension with bounds from dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the extragalactic gamma–ray background. In this work, the same halo is reinterpreted within the Future–Mass Projection (FMP) framework, a diffeomorphism–invariant bilocal modification of gravity defined on a closed time path. In the Newtonian limit, FMP produces an effective “future–mass” density ρF sourced nonlocally by baryons, such that the Poisson equation becomes ∇2Φ = 4πG(ρb + ρF). The Fermi halo is then naturally identified with ρF of the Milky Way, and its NFW parameters calibrate the FMP kernel for our Galaxy. We show that the required kernel parameters (ε, k0) fall in the same range previously inferred from SPARC rotation curves, cluster lensing (including the Bullet Cluster), and cosmological background evolution. In this picture the 20 GeV gamma–ray excess constrains cosmic–ray emission and transport in the FMP–modified potential, while the WIMP interpretation becomes at best an upper limit on any genuine nonbaryonic component.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Ashour Ghelichi

Abstract: We present a geometric reformulation of the Casimir effect within the Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory wherein vacuum forces arise from boundary-constrained gradients of the primordial energy field ℰ(x,t) coupled to Space-time torsion rather than zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations. Metallic plates impose geometric boundary conditions ℰ|_surface = ℰ_metal establishing energy density depletion through spatial inversion property ℰ_metal < ℰ_vacuum, generating torsion-induced stress tensor T^α_μν ∝ ∇ℰ that produces measurable pressure through modified Einstein equations. The framework reproduces classical result F/A = -(π²ℏc)/(240d⁴) without invoking infinite vacuum energies or ad hoc renormalization, validated against Lamoreaux measurements achieving 0.08% agreement at d = 1 μm. Natural ultraviolet cutoff λ_quantum = ℏc/(ℰ₀√2) ≈ 10⁻³⁵ m eliminates divergences while establishing fundamental connection between nanoscale vacuum forces and cosmological dark matter geometric pressure through identical mathematical structure P_geo = -(1/8π)(∇ℰ)²/ρ_Planck. Three falsifiable predictions distinguish CEIT from quantum electrodynamics: gravitational corrections scaling as δF/F = -(κ_e/2)(GM/c²r) with κ_e = 2.7×10⁻⁵ testable near compact objects, dynamic response exhibiting resonance at f_res = c/(2πd) ≈ 48 THz for d = 1 μm accessible through ultrafast optomechanics, and electromagnetic field-dependent force modulation providing experimental verification of energy field geometry coupling within laboratory parameter regimes.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Stephen Atalebe

Abstract: Self-gravitating, collisionless systems such as dark-matter halos, stellar halos, and satellite galaxies consistently exhibit long-lived violations of equipartition. Standard ΛCDM relaxation theory attributes these deviations to extremely long relaxation times, predicting slow asymptotic decay toward the partial-equipartition curves derived from the Fokker–Planck equation. This work introduces an alternative explanation, the Structural Memory Framework (SMF), based on a history-dependent constraint. A dimensionless structural information budget I0 is defined, computed directly from a halo’s merger tree, together with a corresponding structural information functional I[ f ] defined as the Kullback–Leibler divergence of a phase-space distribution relative to the Markovian baseline fM. The stationary state is obtained by maximising the entropy S[ f ] subject to conservation of energy, particle number, and the constraint I[ f ] = I0. This produces a history-tilted Boltzmann distribution fstat ∝ f α M exp[−βeff H], in which the deformation exponent α is set by I0. The Structural Memory Framework predicts a qualitatively distinct evolution of the equipartition deficit ∆eq. Whereas ΛCDM relaxation theory requires monotonic decay d∆eq/dt < 0, SMF predicts saturation d∆eq/dt → 0 to a non-zero floor determined by I0. Three binary falsification tests are formalised, including a corrected “Twins Test” using the History–Kinematic Correlation Ratio RIK = Corr(∆eq, I0) /max[Corr(∆eq, ΛCDM proxies)] , and outer stellar halos and tidally processed satellites are identified as the primary observational targets. The framework provides a mathematically rigorous and observationally testable alternative to the Markovian assumption underlying ΛCDM relaxation theory, and establishes the structural parameter α as a unifying quantity linking non-equipartition, the S8 suppression, and rotation-curve stabilisation within the broader CIOU paradigm.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

André Kamminga

Abstract: We introduce a Quantum Entropic Vacuum (QEV) framework in which the vacuum spectrum is bounded by a QCD-scale ultraviolet knee and a thermal infrared floor anchored to the CMB Wien scale. At galaxy scales, this bounded spectrum maps to four interpretable contributions—Newtonian (baryonic), a mid-disk thermal lift, a saturating entropic term, and a sign-definite hadronic floor modeled as a weak negative acceleration. Using a single, unit-consistent configuration, we reproduce the rotation curve of NGC~3198 with small residuals and illustrate, on a few additional spirals, that flat outer regions can emerge in the shown cases without explicitly adding dark halos. At background level, diagnostic panels for $E(z)$ and $q(z)$ broadly track flat-$\Lambda$CDM for $0<z\lesssim1$. These cosmology curves are illustrative only; we do not perform a joint likelihood over SNe~Ia, BAO, or cosmic-chronometer data in this work. For transparent figure-level replication, we provide a minimal package consisting of one Python script and two small SPARC-based tables (CSV). The present results should be read as an indication of how the QEV picture can operate in practice, motivating targeted observational tests and a full statistical validation in follow-up work.

Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Amrit Sorli

Abstract: The undeniable scientific fact is that time is information about the numerical order of changes that occur in the time-invariant space that we experience as the Now. Nothing could have happened in some distant physical past because it doesn't exist. We do not have single experimental evidence that time is a dimension in which the universe exists. That’s why the origin of the universe in some distant past is a philosophical-religious research topic. Appropriate scientific research methodology is how the universe we observe works. Astronomical observations confirm that SMBHs in the centre of galaxies throw into intergalactic space fresh energy for the formation of new stars in the form of astrophysical jets. SMBHs are rejuvenating systems of the universe. Evidence-based cosmology research methodology is superior to the Big Bang cosmology research methodology because it has no theoretical assumptions and is strictly empirical. It confirms that the observable universe rejuvenates itself.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Jack Denur

Abstract: It has been theorized that black holes are surrounded by firewalls, although there is not universal agreement concerning this. We first review basic concepts pertaining to Schwarzschild black holes and Hawking radiation. Then we discuss the anticipation of Hawking radiation—albeit from non-black holes— initially by R. C. Tolman alone and shortly thereafter with P. Ehrenfest. We compare evaporation into a vacuum at absolute zero (0 K) of black holes with that of non-black holes, and show that not only black holes but also non-black holes evaporate within a finite time. The times required for evaporation of black holes and non-black holes are compared. We show that a 1-solar-mass black dwarf and Earth will completely Tolman-evaporate into a vacuum at absolute zero (0 K) in much less time than required for a 1-solar-mass black hole and 1-Earth-mass black hole, respectively, to completely Hawking-evaporate into a vacuum at absolute zero (0 K). We also compare the times required for a minimal (1-Planck-mass) black hole to Hawking-evaporate and a minimal (1-Planck-mass) near-but-non-black hole to Tolman-evaporate into a vacuum at absolute zero (0 K), mentioning but not resolving a discrepancy related thereto. Next, we show that (i) if firewalls exist, they can originate via Hawking radiation at the minimum possible ruler distance (the Planck length) beyond the Schwarzschild horizon, where it has not suffered any gravitational redshift, or, alternatively, suffered maximal gravitational blueshift and (ii) the firewall temperature is on the order of the Planck temperature, independently of the mass and hence also of the Schwarzschild radius of a Schwarzschild black hole. We then explain the exponential nature of the gravitational frequency shift as a function of the gravitational potential. Next, we consider the firewall-mass problem, and provide an at least prima facie tentative resolution thereto based on: (i) the mass of a firewall being canceled by the negative gravitational mass = (negative gravitational energy)/c2 accompanying its formation, (ii) the unchanged observations of a distant observer upon formation of a firewall, and (iii) Birkhoff’s Theorem (actually first discovered by Jørg Tofte Jebsen). We then consider one aspect of thermodynamics in gravitational fields, showing that equilibrium relativistic gravitational temperature gradients cannot be exploited to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Following a concluding synopsis, auxiliary topics are discussed in the Notes.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

André J. H. Kamminga

Abstract: We propose a framework in which the physical vacuum is described as a spectrally bounded medium rather than an unbounded quantum background. Vacuum fluctuations are restricted to a finite energy interval, bounded above by the hadronic confinement scale and below by a thermal transition scale associated with hadronic matter formation. This natural double bound removes the ultraviolet divergences of standard quantum field theory and yields a finite vacuum energy density without fine-tuning. Within this bounded interval we introduce a spectral density ρ(E), a discrete energy spectrum with degenerate levels, and damping factors that encode the entropic and thermal suppression of different energy modes. We formulate the hypothesis that the stable particles of the Standard Model arise as excitation patterns of this bounded vacuum spectrum. Gauge symmetries appear as symmetry groups of internally degenerate spectral structures, such that the full SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) gauge structure emerges from this underlying organization. Coupling constants appear as geometric quantities determined by overlap integrals of spectral modes. In addition, we develop a thermodynamic formulation by introducing a spectral entropy and an effective temperature, allowing gravity to be interpreted as a thermodynamic response of the bounded vacuum spectrum to matter–energy distributions, in line with emergent-gravity ideas. We systematically present this emergent spectral vacuum model and explore its implications for vacuum energy, particle physics, and gravitational dynamics.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Floyd W. Stecker

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a more complete analysis of the theoretical concepts and experimental aspects of the physics of photoproduction interactions involving nuclei. We thus determine the relative contributions of excited nucleon, pπ, pππ resonances and ρ,η, ω and K production and the subsequent decay channels leading to neutrino and γ-ray production. This treatment is based in large part on the most recent and extensive empirical data on particle photoproduction interactions off protons and He nuclei. It is shown that in astrophysical sources with steep proton energy spectra the Δ(1232) resonance channel clearly dominates. However, a blend of N* resonances at ∼1400 GeV can contribute as much as 20% to the neutrino flux. It is further found that γ-He interactions, assuming the cosmological abundance of He, produce approximately 10% of the pions as compared with γρ interactions.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Junli Chen

Abstract:

This article proposes the equivalent spherical surface of the planet emitting gravitons and the gravitational action point of the planet, and explains the separation phenomenon of the gravitational action point and the center of mass. Taking the earth and moon as an example, the moon's gravitational point is at a radius of 0.5 on the side of the earth. Due to the separation of the earth-moon gravitational point on the moon and the moon's center of mass, the earth's gravity acts on the moon's gravitational point, causing the moon to generate a centripetal force orbiting the earth, and at the same time, the moon will generate a counter-rotation force. Regarding the rotation of the moon, since the point of gravitational force is relatively fixed, the center of mass of the moon rotates in the opposite direction relative to the point of gravitational force of the earth and the moon. According to the law of conservation of momentum, the linear velocity of the Moon orbiting the Earth caused by gravity is equal to the linear velocity of the Moon rotating around the gravitational point of action caused by gravity. They are reflected in the angular velocity of the Moon orbiting the Earth being equal and opposite. This is the fundamental reason for the conservation of angular momentum in the Moon's revolution. Under the combined action of the inertial force of the moon's movement, the centripetal force of its movement around the Earth, and the moon's rotation in the opposite direction around the gravitational point of action, the moon's revolution will form an elliptical orbit. This article simulates the elliptical orbit of the moon orbiting the earth and the eight planets orbiting the sun. Through derivation and calculation, more than 99% of the gravitational force exerted on the planet is used for the rotation of the planet. Phenomena related to the gravity between planets include: 1. The formation of elliptical orbits, 2. Gravity coefficient, 3. The precession and orbital precession of planets, 4. The tumbling of 'Oumuamua and artificial satellites, 5. Seasonal changes and cyclical changes in the Earth's rotation; 6. The long-term slowdown of the Earth's rotation; 7. The sun's orbital motion is strongly related to changes in the Earth's rotation rate; 8. The rapid reverse rotation of the Earth's core; 9. The synchronous rotation of the moon. Through the analysis of this article, these phenomena are related to the separation phenomenon of the planet's gravity point and center of mass.

Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Ashour Ghelichi

Abstract: Supernova explosions represent one of the most dynamic cosmic phenomena, playing a fundamental role in the formation of heavy elements and galactic evolution. In this paper, we investigate supernova dynamics within the framework of Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory (CEIT), which introduces a dynamic space-time energy field where geometric torsion serves as the source of gravitational phenomena. We demonstrate that critical energy field gradients at the core-envelope interface of massive stars serve as the primary driver of core collapse and shock rebound formation. Our numerical simulations predict explosion energies on the order of 10^{47} erg, consistent with Type II supernova observations. Furthermore, we establish formation criteria for compact objects (neutron stars and black holes) based on energy field thresholds. This novel framework provides a unified explanation for explosion dynamics, matter ejection, and the cosmological implications of supernovae.

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