A New Frame Work of Thermodynamics An Artificial Energy Cycle and the Big Energy Cycle in the Universe

This new frame work of thermodynamics consists of four parts:（1）The traditional thermodynamics (a brief one), relating to all the thermodynamical processes we meet in our life，work, ordinary research, and so on, covering an extremely immense scope. Numerous and numerous human practices confirm that all these processes are irreversible, and entropy tends to increase, never decreases; (2）The thermodynamics of thermal electrons in a magnetic field. The thermal electrons here are emitted at room temperature from two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters, A and B (work function 0.8eV) in a vacuum tube. The tube is applied by a static magnetic field parallel to A and B, bending the trajectories of the electrons, resulting in a weak asymmetry in their thermal motion（to left or to right）. Emitter A, losing some net electrons, is charged positively; and emitter B, getting some net electrons, is charged negatively. An electric potential between A and B is formed, enabling the tube outputs a continuous tiny but macroscope current to an exterior load, e.g., a resistor, or a storage battery. (Reverse the direction of the magnetic field, the output current also reverses.) Due to the ceaseless output of electric energy, the internal energy of the tube should decrease slightly, and the whole tube follows to cool down slightly. The slightly cooled tube can automatically absorb waste heat from the ambient air (that is kept at a constant room temperature) to compensate its output electric energy. The experiment converts the waste heat from the ambient air to electric energy, directly violating the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Two short experiment videos are included in this article. (3）Cosmic thermodynamics. The authors approve of the idea that the universe is gravitationally closed, and naturally, there should be an extremely immense ocean of thermal radiation in the central part of the closed universe. The 2.73K microwave background radiation discovered in 1965 should just be this immense heat ocean. Due to the big bang, all the about 2ⅹ1012 galaxies are now flying outward fiercely. When they reach their individual far-most positions in the closed universe，they will turn back one after another, fly towards the central region of the universe, passing through it, until reach their individual far most positions on the other side of the closed universe. Then they keep shuttling with extremely great amplitudes in the closed universe ceaselessly. There are numerous stars and many black holes in every galaxy. A black hole annexes any celestial body that it encounters. The directions of the shuttling of the galaxies are different in the 4p solid angle, so in a long, long duration, the 2×1012 galaxies have numerous chances to meet each other in the central region. When a black hole encounters a star or another black hole in the central region in the shuttling, annexation happens. All the matter scattered to the extremely vast space by the big bang will thus be collected step by step, until finally assemble to be a single extraordinary immense black hole, the central black hole. On the other hand, the big bang and all its subsequent processes are all huge irreversible processes. They produce and eject immense amount of light and thermal radiation into the vast cosmic space. The light and thermal radiation are also impossible to fly off the closed universe, shuttling ceaselessly in the closed universe with much, much greater amplitudes. After a long, long relaxation time, by interchange heat with the rare cosmic atoms, molecules, dusts, rocks, etc., (they are all at 2.73K) in the metagalaxy region, they will finally mingle into the 2.73 heat ocean. The central black hole, containing all the real matter of the universe, has an extraordinary immense event horizon, will take in continuously and monotonically the thermal radiation from the 2.73K heat ocean with an extraordinarily great power, leading eventually to a new big band. A big band followed by a big assembling forms a big cycle. All the matter and an extremely great amount of energy in the universe are involved in the big cycle. (4）The new theoretical system of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is still energy conservation. Energy is conserved in amount wherever and whenever. It is a law of the universe. The new second law of thermodynamics is energy cycle. All the matter and energy are involved in a big cycle in the closed universe. Entropy may increase, it may also decrease. The general increase and general decrease of entropy match each other in a big cycle. Clausius’ Heat Death is an excessive anxiety.