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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0271.v2

Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Chuan-bin Sun, Yue-ye Wang, Geng-hao Liu, Zhe Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Coronavirus; 2019-nCOV; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; infection; conjunctiva; eye

Online: 24 March 2020 (06:42:35 CET)

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The outbreak of recently identified 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) infection has become a world-wide health threat. Currently, more information is needed for further understanding the transmission, clinical characteristics, and infection control procedures of 2019-nCOV. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCOV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations about other high infectious human COVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide helpful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, mechanisms of human CoVs infection, and infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCOV is discussed. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of ocular surface and upper respiratory tract is connected by nasolacrimal duct and share same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses. The eye is rarely involved in human CoVs infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection, and COV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection is also very low, which imply that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human COVs infection, nor is a preferred gateway of entry for human COVs to infect respiratory tract. However, pathogens exposed to the ocular surface might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through lacrimal duct, and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice which are apt to transmit human COVs by droplets and fomites, hand hygiene and personal protection are still highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0271.v1

Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Chuan-bin Sun, Yue-ye Wang, Geng-hao Liu, Zhe Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Coronavirus; 2019-nCOV; transmission; infection; conjunctiva; eye

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:00:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0161.v1

Analysis of the Pathogenic Factors and Management of Dry Eye in Ocular Surface Disorders

Marcella Nebbioso, Paola Del Regno, Magda Gharbiya, Marta Sacchetti, Rocco Plateroti, Alessandro Lambiase

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: dry eye; lacrimal gland; lipids and lipidomics; Meibomian gland; ocular surface disorders; proteins and proteomics; tear film

Online: 22 May 2017 (07:54:47 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0101.v1

Therapeutic Approaches with Intravitreal Injections in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Drugs and Potential Molecules

Marcella Nebbioso, Alessandro Lambiase, Alberto Cerini, Paolo Giuseppe Limoli, Maurizio La Cava, Antonio Greco

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; anti-inflammatory agents; dry AMD; geographic atrophy; intravitreal injection; complement inhibitors; neuroprotective agents; non-exudative AMD

Online: 12 February 2019 (11:00:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0020.v1

Moraxella nonliquefaciens and M. osloensis are Important Moraxella Species that Cause Ocular Infections

Samantha LaCroce, Mollie N. Wilson, John E. Romanowski, Jeffrey D. Newman, Vishal Jhanji, Robert M.Q. Shanks, Regis P. Kowalski

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Moraxella; keratitis; conjunctivitis; endophthalmitis; DNA sequencing; MALDI TOF MS; Biolog ID system

Online: 6 February 2019 (06:27:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0125.v1

Incidence and Characteristics of Cataract Surgery in Poland, during 2010 -2015

Michal Nowak, Iwona Grabska-Liberek, Katarzyna Michalska-Malecka, Andrzej Grzybowski, Milena Koziol, Wojciech Niemczyk, Barbara Wieckowska, Jacek Szaflik

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: eye, cataract, epidemiology, public health

Online: 19 February 2018 (16:37:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0010.v1

Revolution in Gene Medicine Therapy and Genome Therapy

David Jiang, Christine L. Xu, Stephen H. Tsang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Gene therapy, gene editing, CRISPR/Cas9, Cas12a, dual AAV, triple AAV, clinical trials, retina, hereditary retinal dystrophies

Online: 1 October 2018 (13:52:23 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

HLA-A29 and Birdshot Uveitis: Further down the Rabbit Hole

Jonas J.W. Kuiper, Wouter J. Venema

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: HLA; Uveitis; Birdshot; Antigen Presentation Pathway; Autoimmune Disease; Inflammation; ERAP1 and ERAP2

Online: 30 August 2020 (17:39:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0026.v1

Ocular Hypotension, Actin Stress Fiber Disruption and Phagocytosis Increase by RKI-1447, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor

Yalong Dang, Chao Wang, Priyal Shah, Susannah Waxman, Ralitsa T. Loewen, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: pig eye perfusion model; pigmentary glaucoma; ocular hypertension; ocular hypotension; phagocytosis; rho-kinase inhibitor

Online: 5 February 2018 (03:39:57 CET)

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Objective: The Rho GTPase/Rho kinase pathway is an important target in glaucoma treatment. This study investigated the hypotensive effect of RKI-1447, a Rho kinase inhibitor developed for cancer treatment, in a porcine ex vivo pigmentary glaucoma model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight fresh porcine anterior chambers were perfused with pigment medium (1.67 × 10⁷ pigment particles/mL) for 48 hours before being subjected to the RKI-1447 (n = 16) or the vehicle control (n = 12). Another twelve eyes with normal medium perfusion served as the control. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was recorded at two-minute intervals and the outflow facility was calculated. To investigate the intracellular mechanism of the IOP reduction, primary trabecular meshwork cells were exposed to RKI-1447 or the vehicle control and then analyzed for changes in cytoskeleton, motility, and phagocytosis. Results: Compared to the baseline, the perfusion of pigment caused a significant increase in IOP in the RKI-1447 group (P = 0.003) at 48 hours. Subsequent treatment with RKI-1447 significantly reduced IOP from 20.14 ± 2.59 mmHg to 13.38 ± 0.91 mmHg (P = 0.02). Pigment perfusion reduced the outflow facility from 0.27 ± 0.03 at baseline to 0.18 ± 0.02 at 48 hours (P < 0.001). This was partially reversed with RKI-1447. RKI-1447 exhibited no apparent changes in the micro- or macroscopic appearance, including histology. Primary TM cells exposed to RKI-1447 showed a significant disruption of the actin cytoskeleton both in the presence and absence of pigment exposure (P < 0.001) but no effect on TM migration was observed. Pigment-treated TM cells exhibited a reduction in TM phagocytosis, which RKI reversed. Conclusions: RKI-1447 is a novel ROCK inhibitor that significantly reduces IOP by disrupting TM stress fibers and increasing TM phagocytosis. These features may make it especially useful for the treatment of secondary glaucomas with an increased phagocytosis load but also for other open angle glaucomas.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0310.v1

Efficacy and Safety of Timolol-Dorzolamide Fixed-Combination Three Times a Day Versus Two Times a Day in Newly Diagnosed Open Angle Glaucoma

Mohammad Pakravan, Afsaneh Naderi Beni, Shahin Yazdani, Hamed Esfandiari

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: primary open angle glaucoma; dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination; drug efficacy; safety

Online: 24 April 2018 (08:36:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0096.v1

Two-Year Outcomes of Ab Interno Trabeculectomy with the Trabectome for Chinese Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

Yalong Dang, Xiao Wang, Yujie Cen, Ying Hong, Ping Huang, Nils Loewen, Chun Zhang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: primary open-angle glaucoma; minimally invasive glaucoma surgery; ab interno trabeculectomy; intraocular pressure; success rate

Online: 11 January 2018 (04:01:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0248.v1

Five-Year Clinical Outcomes of Trabectome Surgery at a Single Glaucoma Center

Hamed Esfandiari, Priyal Shah, Pooya Torkian, Ian P. Conner, Joel S. Schuman, Kiana Hassanpour, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Ab interno trabeculectomy; Trabectome surgery; long-term outcomes; microinvasive glaucoma surgeries; MIGS

Online: 19 April 2018 (09:41:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0269.v1

Impaired Cargo Clearance in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Underlies Irreversible Blinding Diseases

Eloise Keeling, Andrew J. Lotery, David A. Tumbarello, J. Arjuna Ratnayaka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE); endosomes; phagosomes; lysosomes, autophagy; RPE cultures; Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Online: 29 January 2018 (08:07:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0017.v1

Impact of Same-Session Trabectome Surgery on Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Outcomes

Hamed Esfandiari, Tarek Shazly, Priyal Shah, Kiana Hassanpour, Pooya Torkian, Mehdi Yaseri, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Ahmed glaucoma valve; trabectome surgery; hypertensive phase; glaucoma surgery

Online: 5 February 2018 (03:10:08 CET)

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Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and survival rates of same session ab interno trabeculectomy with the trabectome and Ahmed glaucoma valve implant (AT) in comparison to the Ahmed glaucoma valve alone (A). Method: A total of 107 eyes undergoing primary glaucoma surgery were enrolled in this retrospective comparative case series, including 48 eyes which underwent AT and 59 eyes which received A alone. Participants were identified using the procedural terminology codes, and their medical records were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was surgical success, defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) > 5 mmHg, ≤ 21 mmHg, and IOP reduction ≥ 20% from baseline at two consecutive visits after three months, no reoperation for glaucoma. Secondary outcome measures were IOP, the number of glaucoma medications, incidence of a hypertensive phase, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results: The cumulative probability of success at one year was 70% in AT, and 65% in A (p=0.85). IOP decreased significantly from 26.6 ± 10.1 mmHg at baseline to 14.7 ± 3.3 mmHg at the final follow-up in AT (p= 0.001). The corresponding numbers for A were 28.8 ± 10.2 and 16.7 ± 4.9, respectively (p= 0.001). The final IOP was significantly lower in AT (p= 0.022). The number of medications at baseline was comparable in both groups (2.6 ± 1.2 in AT and 2.5 ± 1.3 in A, p=0.851). Corresponding number at 1 year visit was 1.2±2 in AT and 2.8±1.8 in A (p=0.001). The incidence of a hypertensive phase was 18.7% in AT and 35.5% in A (p=0.05). HP resolved in only 30% of eyes. The criteria for HP resolution were fulfilled in 9 eyes (30%). There was no difference in the rate of resolution of the hypertensive phase between AT and A (33.3% and 28.5%, respectively, p=0.67). Conclusion: Ahmed glaucoma valve implant with same session trabectome surgery significantly decreased the rate of the hypertensive phase and postoperative IOP as well as the number of glaucoma medications.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0134.v1

Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland

Michal S. Nowak, Piotr Jurowski, Andrzej Grzybowski, Janusz Smigielski

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia

Online: 21 November 2017 (03:28:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0347.v1

Stem Cell Surgery and Growth Factors in Retinitis Pigmentosa Patients: Pilot Study After Literature Review

Paolo Giuseppe Limoli, Enzo Maria Vingolo, Marco Ulises Morales, Celeste Limoli, Marcella Nebbioso

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: autograft; embryonic stem cells (ESC); growth factor (GF); hereditary retinal disease; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); Limoli retinal restoration technique (LRRT); mesenchymal stem cell (MSC); retinitis pigmentosa; spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)

Online: 31 July 2019 (04:45:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0040.v1

Toxic Effects of Methanol among Illegally Dispatched Workers at Aluminum CNC cutting process in Small-scale 3rd tier Subcontractor Factories of Smartphone Manufacturers in the Republic of Korea

Chung Won Kang, Hyunjoo Kim, Kyoung Seok Shin, Jia Rhu, Kyounghee Jungchoi, Key Hwan Lim, Jin-Ha Kim

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Methanol exposure; toxic effects; subcontractor manufacturing; dispatched workers; visual defect; neurobehavioral function

Online: 3 April 2018 (16:11:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0146.v1

Solving STODS - Surgical Temporary Ocular Discomfort Syndrome

Matthew Hirabayashi, Bradley P. Barnett

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: STODS; GOLD optimization; LASIK; dry eye

Online: 8 December 2022 (06:39:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0007.v1

Impact of Pigment Dispersion on Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Chao Wang, Yalong Dang, Ralitsa Loewen, Susannah Waxman, Priyal Shah, Xiaobo Xia, Nils Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: pigment dispersion syndrome; pigmentary glaucoma; trabecular meshwork; phagocytosis; migration; contraction; cytoskeleton; gene microarray; Rho signaling pathway

Online: 2 April 2018 (07:00:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Effect of Systemic Erythropoietin and Oral prednisolone on Recent-Onset Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Homayoun Nikkhah, Mahya Golalipour, Azadeh Doozandeh, Mehdi Yaseri, Hamed Esfandiari, Mohammad Pakravan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; NAION; erythropoietin; systemic steroid; neuroprotection

Online: 6 August 2019 (15:52:14 CEST)

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Background: To evaluate the effect of systemic erythropoietin, as well as oral steroids, in the management of recent onset non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Method: Ninety-nine eyes of 99 patients diagnosed with NAION within 5 days of onset were included in this single masked randomized clinical trial. Thirty-four patients were randomized into group 1 (systemic erythropoietin), group 2 (oral steroids), and group 3 (control). Group A received 10,000 units of erythropoietin twice a day for three days. Group B received oral prednisone 75 mg daily for two weeks followed by a tapering dose (70 mg for 5 days, 60 mg for 5 days, and 5 mg reductions thereafter every 5 days). Functional and structural outcomes were analyzed at 3 and 6 months following treatment. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was the main outcome measure, and mean deviation (MD) of visual field (VF) test and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (PRNFLT) were secondary outcome measures. Results:The mean BCVA (±SD) at the time of presentation was 1 ± 0.56, 1.01 ± 0.6, and 0.94 ± 0.47 logMAR in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P = 0.140); corresponding values were 0.72 ± 0.45, 0.83 ± 0.46, and 0.78 ± 0.4 logMAR (P = 0.417), and at 6-month follow-up, they were 0.70 ± 0.44, 0.73 ± 0.35, and 0.75 ± 0.39 logMAR, respectively (P = 0.597). Fifty-five percent of patients in group A vesus 34.3% in group B, and 31.2% in group C had an improvement of at least 3 lines in the BCVA values at the 6th-month follow-up visit. (P= 0.04) The mean deviation (MD) at the time of presentation was 19.67 ± 6.2, 20.83 ± 4.83, and 18.94 ± 6.92 decibels (db), respectively (P= 0.483).The corresponding values at month 3 were 18.22 ± 7.5, 19.82 ± 7.15, and 17.65 ± 7.22 db, (P = 0.848); and at month 6 they were 16.56 ± 7.08, 18.15 ± 6.57, and 15.9 ± 5.97 db, respectively. (P = 0.699) PRNFLT at presentation was 189 ± 58, 193 ± 64, and 199 ± 62 micrometers, respectively (P = 0.779), which decreased to 110 ± 45, 127 ± 37, and 119 ± 37 at month 3 (P = 0.423). The corresponding values for month 6 were 88 ± 12, 74 ± 25, and 71 ± 18, respectively (P = 0.041). Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate the beneficial effects of systemic erythropoietin in preserving the function and structure of the optic nerve in recent onset NAION.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0301.v1

Glaucoma Detection Technique in Retina-A study

Shruti Jain, Sunil Datt Sharma, Shilpa Kaushal

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Glaucoma; Intraocular Pressure(IOP); fundus images; early detection; Cup-to-Disk Ratio(CDR)

Online: 19 June 2018 (13:54:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0346.v1

Characterization of Mitochondrial GSH Transporters and Their Role in RPE Protection

Mo Wang, Ling-ing Lau, Parameswaran G. Sreekumar, Christine Spee, Lin Liu, David R. Hinton, Srinivas R. Sadda, Ram Kannan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); oxidative stress; mitochondria; apoptosis; 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC); dicarboxylate carrier (DIC); glutathione (GSH); mitochondrial GSH (mGSH)

Online: 19 July 2018 (06:15:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0248.v1

Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation: Graft-Free Short Tunnel Small Flap versus Scleral Patch Graft After 1 Year Follow-Up: A Randomised Clinical Trial

Mohammad Pakravan, Mohammadmehdi Hatami, Hamed Esfandiari, Shahin Yazdani, Azadeh Doozandeh, Bahareh Kheiri, Ian Conner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: short tunnel small flap; glaucoma drainage device implantation; tube exposure; STSF; Ahmed glaucoma valve; AGV

Online: 15 June 2018 (09:40:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0152.v1

Factors Associated with Lamina Cribrosa Displacement After Trabeculectomy Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography in Advanced Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Hamed Esfandiari, Ali Efatizadeh, Azadeh Doozandeh, Mehdi Yaseri, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; lamina cribrosa; optic nerve head; optical coherence tomography; corneal hysteresis; visual field; trabeculectomy

Online: 24 February 2018 (11:06:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0028.v1

Outflow Enhancement by Three Different ab Interno Trabeculectomy Procedures in a Porcine Anterior Segment Model

Yalong Dang, Chao Wang, Priyal Shah, Susannah Waxman, Ralitsa T. Loewen, Ying Hong, Hamed Esfandiari, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; ab interno trabeculectomy; goniotome; trabectome; Kahook Dual Blade; MIGS; minimally invasive surgery

Online: 5 February 2018 (03:50:14 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0307.v1

Human Amniotic Membrane Preparation, Preservation and Clinical Application Using Various Techniques for the Treatment of Ophthalmic Dysfunctions

Md. Arifuzzaman, Md. Liakat Hossain, Farzana Diba, Ayesha Siddika, MH Adnan, Naznin Akhtar, Md. Zahid Hasan, S.M. Asaduzzaman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Keywords: amniotic membrane; epithelialization; inflammation; ocular surface disorders; anti-fibrotic action, amniotic membrane eye drop, amniotic membrane graft transplantation.

Online: 15 October 2018 (12:06:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0207.v3

Visual Light Leak in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Hole: A Photon-Electron Theory for Living Tissue for Explaining Myopia

Alex Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: myopia,photon-electron theory,high-frequency electromagnetic radiation

Online: 12 June 2019 (12:31:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0363.v1

An Eye on the Dog as the Scientist’s Best Friend for Translational Research in Ophthalmology: Focus on the Ocular Surface

Lionel Sebbag, Jonathan P. Mochel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Ocular Surface; Tear Film; Albumin; Pharmacology; Animal Models; Translational Research; One Health

Online: 23 May 2020 (05:59:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0278.v1

Melanopsin⁺RGCs Are Fully Resistant to NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity

Beatriz Vidal-Villegas, Johnny Di Pierdomenico, Juan Antonio Miralles de Imperial-Ollero, Arturo Ortín-Martínez, Francisco Manuel Nadal-Nicolás, Jose Manuel Bernal-Garro, Nicolás Cuenca Navarro, María Paz Villegas-Pérez, Manuel Vidal-Sanz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: NMDA; excitotoxicity; Glaucoma; melanopsin-RGCs; intrinsically photosensitive-RGCs; Brn3a+RGCs; adult albino rat; retina; SD-OCT

Online: 23 May 2019 (04:43:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0030.v1

Assessing the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Systems for the Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ryan Sadjadi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Neural Networks; Deep Learning; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diabetes Mellitus

Online: 2 August 2021 (12:26:52 CEST)

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Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and one of the leading causes of blindness globally. Due to the progressive nature of the disease, earlier detection and timely treatment can lead to substantial reductions in the incidence of irreversible vision-loss. Artificial intelligence (AI) screening systems have offered clinically acceptable and quicker results in detecting diabetic retinopathy from retinal fundus and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant investigations was performed to document the performance of AI screening systems that were applied to fundus and OCT images of patients from diverse geographic locations including North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. A systematic literature search on Medline, Global Health, and PubMed was performed and studies published between October 2015 and January 2020 were included. The search strategy was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines, and AI-based investigations were mandatory for studies inclusion. The abstracts, titles, and full-texts of potentially eligible studies were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies were included in this systematic review; 18 met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity of the evaluated AI screening systems in detecting diabetic retinopathy was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.94) and the specificity was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.86-0.89). The included studies detailed training and external validation datasets, criteria for diabetic retinopathy case ascertainment, imaging modalities, DR-grading scales, and compared AI results to those of human graders (e.g., ophthalmologists, retinal specialists, trained nurses, and other healthcare providers) as a reference standard. The findings of this study showed that the majority AI screening systems demonstrated clinically acceptable levels of sensitivity and specificity for detecting referable diabetic retinopathy from retinal fundus and OCT photographs. Further improvement depends on the continual development of novel algorithms with large and gradable sets of images for training and validation. If cost-effectiveness ratios can be optimized, AI can become a financially sustainable and clinically effective intervention that can be incorporated into the healthcare systems of low-to-middle income countries (LMICs) and geographically remote locations. Combining screening technologies with treatment interventions such as anti-VEGF therapy, acellular capillary laser treatment, and vitreoretinal surgery can lead to substantial reductions in the incidence of irreversible vision-loss due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0128.v2

Conjunctivitis and Exposure to Ambient Ozone

Mieczyslaw Szyszkowicz, Ariela Gordon Shaag, Einat Shneor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: air pollution; conjunctivitis; exposure; linear; model; case-crossover; poisson

Online: 17 April 2019 (11:58:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0137.v1

SGCD a Novel Candidate Gene for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Andric Christopher Perez-Ortiz, Alexandra Luna-Angulo, Juan Carlos Zenteno, Alvaro Rendon, Liliana Guadalupe Cortes-Ballinas, David Jimenez-Collado, Bani Antonio-Aguirre, Martha Janneth Peralta-Ildefonso, Israel Ramirez, Stefany Jacob-Kuttothara, Francisco Javier Estrada-Mena

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: SGCD; delta-sarcoglycan; candidate-gene approach; AMD

Online: 7 August 2018 (08:04:52 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0108.v1

Analysis of Circadian Clock Gene BMAL1 in Pakistani Congenital Cataract Families

Udita Bagchi, Shazia Micheal, Sorath Noorani Siddiqui, Muhammad Imran Khan, Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, Arthur A.B. Bergen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: congenital cataract; consanguineous; circadian; mutation

Online: 6 August 2018 (10:04:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0466.v1

Calcium Channels in Retinal Function and Disease

Brittany Williams, Wesley Maddox, Amy Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: ribbon synapse; photoreceptor; Ca2+; neurotransmitter release; ion channel

Online: 25 January 2021 (10:09:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0744.v1

Specialised Independent Prescribing Optometrists Delivering a Community Shared-Care Glaucoma Service: A Pilot Study

Vidushi Golash, Ejaz Ansari

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; independent prescibing; optometrist; visual fields; intraocular pressure; shared care

Online: 30 March 2021 (13:52:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0139.v1

Management Strategies of Ocular Abnormalities in Patients with Marfan Syndrome: Current Perspective

Hamed Esfandiari, Shabnam Ansari, Hossein Mohammad Rabie

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Marfan syndrome; ophthalmology; ectopis lentis; ocular complication; management

Online: 9 May 2018 (06:37:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0149.v1

New Perspectives in Imaging of Uveal Melanoma

Malgorzata Solnik, Natalia Paduszynska, Anna M. Czarnecka, Kamil J. Synoradzki, Yacoub A. Yousef, Tomasz Choragiewicz, Robert Rejdak, Mario Damiano Toro, Katarzyna Dyndor, Michal Fiedorowicz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: uveal melanoma; diagnosis; imaging; MRI; PET; CT; SPECT; OCT; ultrasonography

Online: 8 September 2021 (12:38:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0028.v2

Outflow Enhancement by Three Different ab Interno Trabeculectomy Procedures in a Porcine Anterior Segment Model

Yalong Dang, Chao Wang, Priyal Shah, Susannah Waxman, Ralitsa T. Loewen, Ying Hong, Hamed Esfandiari, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: ab interno trabeculectomy; intraocular pressure; outflow facility; canalogram; trabecular meshwork

Online: 27 March 2018 (05:13:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0436.v1

Intraocular Pressure Reduction in a Pigmentary Glaucoma Model by Goniotome Ab Interno Trabeculectomy

Chao Wang, Yalong Dang, Priyal Shah, Hamed Esfandiari, Ying Hong, Ralitsa Loewen, Susannah Waxman, Sarah Atta, Xiaobo Xia, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: pigmentary glaucoma; trabecular meshwork; Goniotome; intraocular pressure; outflow facility

Online: 27 June 2018 (09:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0219.v1

A Porcine Ex Vivo Model of Pigmentary Glaucoma

Yalong Dang, Susannah Waxman, Chao Wang, Ralitsa T. Loewen, Ming Sun, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: pigmentary glaucoma; pigment dispersion; intraocular pressure; trabecular meshwork; cytoskeleton; phagocytosis; gene expression microarray; signal pathway

Online: 27 March 2018 (05:22:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0411.v1

Effect of Glucosamine on Intraocular Pressure

Hamed Esfandiari, Syeda Sumara Taranum Basith, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Glucosamine, intraocular pressure, glaucoma, osteoarthritis, medication side effects.

Online: 23 August 2018 (10:20:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0207.v1

Visual Light Leak in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Hole: A Photon-Electron Theory for Living Tissue for Explaining Myopia

Alex Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: myopia,photon-electron theory,high-frequency electromagnetic radiation

Online: 22 March 2019 (09:51:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0625.v1

A drug safety surveillance study of a ciprofloxacin / dexamethasone ophthalmic fixed combination in Peruvian population

Homero Contreras-Salinas, Leopoldo Martín Baiza-Durán, Mariana Barajas-Hernández, Alan Omar Vázquez-Álvarez, Lourdes Yolotzin Rodríguez-Herrera

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Drug Safety Surveillance, Adverse Drug Reaction, Ophthalmic, Ciprofloxacin, Dexamethasone.

Online: 25 November 2020 (08:02:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0131.v1

RKI-1447, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor Causes Ocular Hypotension, Actin Stress Fiber Disruption and Increased Phagocytosis

Yalong Dang, Chao Wang, Priyal Shah, Susannah Waxman, Ralitsa T. Loewen, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: pigmentary glaucoma; ROCK kinase inhibitor; RKI-1447; trabecular meshwork; phagocytosis; cytoskeleton

Online: 9 July 2018 (11:27:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0193.v1

Cucurbita argyrosperma Seed Extracts Attenuate Angiogenesis in a Corneal Chemical Burn Model

María Fernanda Estrella-Mendoza, Francisco Jiménez-Gómez, Adolfo López-Ornelas, Rosa Martha Pérez-Gutiérrez, Javier Flores-Estrada

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: C. argyrosperma; corneal chemical burn; angiogenesis; corneal neovascularization (CNV); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); Interleukin-1β (IL-1β); Cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2); Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB)

Online: 17 April 2019 (06:07:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0533.v1

Inter-Eye Correlation Analysis of 24-hour IOPs and Glaucoma Progression

Mohamad Dakroub, Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Vaia Agorastou, Julian Schön, Jost Hillenkamp, Frank Puppe, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma progression; nycthemeral intraocular pressure; right-left comparison; laterality

Online: 30 August 2021 (09:52:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0600.v1

Outflow Facility and Extent of Angle Closure in a Porcine Model

Ying Hong, Chao Wang, Ralitsa Loewen, Susannah Waxman, Priyal Shah, Hamed Esfandiari, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: angle closure model; glaucoma; trabecular meshwork; outflow facility

Online: 27 November 2018 (08:42:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0177.v1

Incidence and Characteristics of Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery in Poland, during 2010-2015

Michal S. Nowak, Andrzej Grzybowski, Katarzyna Michalska-Malecka, Jacek P. Szaflik, Milena Koziol, Wojciech Niemczyk, Iwona Grabska-Liberek

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Cataract surgery, acute endophthalmitis, chronic endophthalmitis

Online: 14 May 2019 (15:28:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0139.v1

Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography for Longitudinal Monitoring of Postnatal Retinal Development

Guangying Ma, Jie Ding, Tae-Hoon Kim, Xincheng Yao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: postnatal retinal development; retinal layer thickness; OCT

Online: 11 January 2022 (13:01:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0191.v1

Analysis of the Resilience Process Experienced by People Living with Visual Impairment

In Ok Sim

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: experience; resilience; process; visual impairments

Online: 14 February 2020 (09:24:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0226.v1

Digital Image Processing and Development of Machine Learning Models for the Discrimination of Corneal Pathology: An Experimental Model

Andres Bustamante-Arias, Abbas Cheddad, Julio Cesar Jimenez-Perez, Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Artificial intelligence; machine learning; cornea; SD-OCT; keratoconus; ectasia; keratitis; random forest, convolutional neural network; transfer learning.

Online: 8 March 2021 (13:51:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0207.v2

Visual Light Leaks in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Hole: A Photon-Electron Theory for Living Tissue for Explaining Myopia

Alex Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: myopia,photon-electron theory,high-frequency electromagnetic radiation

Online: 5 April 2019 (12:16:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0132.v1

Changes in Gene Expression Profiling and Phenotype in Aged Multidrug Resistance Protein 4-Deficient Mouse Retina

Kyung Woo Kim, Sentaro Kusuhara, Atsuko Katsuyama-Yoshikawa, Sho Nobuyoshi, Megumi Kitamura, Sotaro Mori, Noriyuki Sotani, Kaori Ueda, Wataru Matsumiya, Akiko Miki, Takuji Kurimoto, Hisanori Imai, Makoto Nakamura

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: multidrug resistance protein 4; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; aging; retina; mouse; electroretinogram

Online: 4 February 2021 (10:58:06 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Visual Cortical Prosthesis : An Electrical Perspective

Léo Pio-Lopez, Romanos Poulkouras, Damien Depannemaecker

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: visual cortical prosthesis; brain-machine interface; electrical stimulation; prosthetic vision

Online: 23 March 2021 (10:42:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0235.v1

Coarsened Exact Matching of Excisional to Plasma-Ablative Ab Interno Trabeculectomy

Mohamad Dakroub, Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Alicja Strzalkowska, Jost Hillenkamp, Yousef Al Yousef, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Glaucoma; TrabEx; Trabectome; ab-interno trabeculectomy; prognosis; intraocular pressure

Online: 14 September 2021 (11:01:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0347.v1

Inhibition of Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization by a Novel Peptide Derived from Calreticulin Anti-Angiogenic Domain

Youn-Shen Bee, Jinying Chen, Pei-Jhen Tsai, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, Hsiu-Chen Lin, Hu Huang, Guei-Sheung Liu, Ming-Hong Tai

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: choroidal neovascularization; neovascular age-related macular degeneration; calreticulin anti-angiogenic domain

Online: 19 July 2018 (06:20:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0392.v1

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Pterygium Surgeries in Polish Caucasian Population. A Retrospective Case Series

Marcin Palewski, Agnieszka Budnik, Łukasz Lisowski, Joanna Konopińska

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Pterygium; Pterygium surgery; Amniotic membrane; Conjunctival auto-graft; Polish Caucasian population

Online: 26 January 2022 (11:54:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0571.v2

HIOP-Reader: Automated Data Extraction for the Analysis of Manually Recorded Nycthemeral IOPs and Glaucoma Progression

Vaia Agorastou, Julian Schoen, Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Mohamad Dakroub, Jost Hillenkamp, Frank Puppe, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma progression; nycthemeral intraocular pressure; mean ocular perfusion pressure

Online: 1 July 2021 (11:08:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0279.v1

Detection of Glucoma and Diabetes through Image Processing and Machine Learning Approaches

Samir Bandyopadhyay, Payal Bose, SHAWNI DUTTA, Vishal Goyal

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Glaucoma; Diabetic Retinopathy; Convolution Neural Network (CNN); Vision Loss; Blindness; Machine Learning

Online: 12 August 2021 (15:36:51 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0059.v1

Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan

Han-Chih Cheng, Koyin Chang, Elizabeth Shen, Kai-Shin Luo, Yung-Hsiang Ying

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: myopia progression; environmental factors; vision care knowledge

Online: 7 October 2019 (10:55:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0310.v1

Association of a TGFBI Mutation with Congenital Glaucoma in GAPO Syndrome

Viney Gupta, Arnav Panigrahi, Bindu I Somarajan, Shikha Gupta, Koushik Tripathy, Abhishek Singh, Anshul Sharma, Dibyabhaba Pradhan, Arundhati Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: congenital glaucoma; GAPO; GAPO syndrome; TGFBI; ANTXR1

Online: 30 April 2022 (03:34:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0164.v1

Tools and Data Towards Supporting Quantitative Systems Pharmacology of the Eye – An Overview

Lars Kuepfer, Georg Fuellen, Thomas Stahnke

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: QSP; PBPK; glaucoma; primary human tenon fibroblasts; josamycin; connectivity map

Online: 11 March 2022 (09:29:14 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0168.v1

New Therapies of Neovascular AMD – Beyond Anti VEGFs

Praveen Yerramothu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: neovascular AMD; new therapies; anti-VEGFs; AMD signalling

Online: 12 June 2018 (06:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0346.v1

A Predictive Test of Outflow Enhancement by Ab Interno Trabeculectomy

Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Mohamad Dakroub, Hong Han, Jost Hillenkamp, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: goniopuncture; ab interno trabeculectomy; porcine eyes; glaucoma; predictive test

Online: 20 September 2021 (16:34:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0231.v1

Comparison of PRESERFLO Implantation Techniques using a New Small Posterior Incision versus a Standard Anterior Peritomy

Ahmed Bamousa, Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Mohamad Dakroub, Kosmas Papadopoulos, Jost Hillenkamp, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma surgery; PRESERFLO; microshunt; surgical technique

Online: 26 April 2022 (06:15:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0509.v1

Long Term Follow-up of Laser Myopia Surgery

Gracia Castro-Luna, Hazem Alaskar, Antonio Pérez-Rueda, Diana Jimenez-Rodriguez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: laser excimer; myopia surgery; long term; Femto-LASIK; PRK

Online: 22 July 2020 (09:53:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0211.v1

Coarsened Exact Matching of Trabectome Surgery Combined with Baerveldt to Baerveldt: Same Session Trabectome Negates Tube Fenestration

Hamed Esfandiari, Kiana Hassanpour, Peter Knowlton, Tarek Shazly, Mehdi Yaseri, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Trabectome Surgery, ab interno trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage devices, Baerveldt Glaucoma Implantation, tube ligation

Online: 8 November 2018 (11:26:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0423.v1

Clinical Outcomes After Mix-and-Match Implantation of Extended Depth of Focus and Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses

Jae Hyuck Lee, Ho Seok Chung, Su Young Moon, Hun Lee, Jae Yong Kim, Hungwon Tchah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: mix-and-match; extended-depth-of-focus intraocular lens; diffractive multifocal intraocular lens; stereopsis

Online: 24 April 2020 (03:30:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0152.v1

Functional Assessment of Outer and Middle Macular Layers in Multiple Sclerosis

Lucia Ziccardi, Lucilla Barbano, Laura Boffa, Maria Albanese, Andrzej Grzybowski, Benedetto Falsini, Diego Centonze, Vincenzo Parisi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: multiple sclerosis; preganglionic retinal elements; photoreceptors; bipolar cells; multifocal electroretinogram; neurodegeneration

Online: 8 July 2020 (11:52:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0080.v1

The application of Artificial Intelligence to Ophthalmology: A bibliometric study (2000-2021)

Han Wang, Xiaoshu Zhou, Wencai Du, Lina Huang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Ophthalmology; Bibliometric Study; CiteSpace; Machine Learning; Deep Learning.

Online: 3 November 2021 (13:39:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0068.v1

Analysis of Accommodation Gain of Presbyopia Eye after Laser Ablation (or Shrinkage) of Sclera via Lens Reshaping and Anterior Shift

Jui-Teng Lin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Presbyopia; accommodation; scleral ablation; ciliary body; lens reshaping; lens anterior shift

Online: 3 August 2021 (09:52:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0466.v1

Variable Anterior Segment Dysgenesis And Cardiac Anomalies Caused By A Novel Truncating Variant Of FOXC1

Mariya R Ahmed, Saumil Sethna, Michael B Yang, Robert B Hufnagel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: FOXC1; in vitro studies; novel variant; ophthalmic genetics; intrafamilial variability; anterior segment dysgenesis

Online: 31 January 2022 (13:36:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0364.v1

Cannabidiol-Loaded Mixed Polymeric Micelles of Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) And Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) For Trans-Corneal Delivery

Alejandro Sosnik, Ronya Ben Shabo, Hen Moshe Halamish

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Polymeric micelles; cannabidiol (CBD); spray-drying; ocular drug delivery; corneal epithelial cells

Online: 19 November 2021 (14:48:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0109.v1

Two-Year Data Comparison of Ab Interno Trabeculectomy and Trabecular Bypass Stenting Using Exact Matching

Hamed Esfandiari, Kenneth Taubenslag, Priyal Shah, Swati Goyal, Adam J. Weiner, Melissa L. Severson, Asher Weiner, Davinder S. Grove, Igor I. Bussel, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: ab interno trabeculectomy, trabectome surgery, iStent, phacoemulsification, glaucoma surgery

Online: 5 November 2018 (15:29:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0142.v1

Tissue-Engineered Anterior Segment Eye Cultures Display an Intraocular Pressure Homeostatic Response

Susannah Waxman, Chao Wang, Yalong Dang, Ralitsa Loewen, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; tissue engineering; trabecular meshwork; outflow facility

Online: 10 July 2019 (09:53:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0046.v1

Trends in Infectious Keratitis in Taiwan: An Update on Predisposing Factors, Microbiological and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns

Jin-Jhe Wang, Chien-Hsiung Lai, Chau-Yin Chen, Chia-Yen Liu, Meng-Hung Lin, Yao-Hsu Yang, Pei-Lun Wu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: infectious keratitis; corneal infection; antibiotic susceptibility; antimicrobial resistance

Online: 4 July 2022 (09:41:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0670.v1

Comparing the Loading Dose between Aflibercept and Faricimab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Chikako Hara, Masaki Suzue, Satoko Fujimoto, Yoko Fukushima, Kaori Sayanagi, Kentaro Nishida, Kazuichi Maruyama, Shigeru Sato, Kohji Nishida

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; aflibercept; faricimab; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy; exudative change

Online: 10 November 2023 (07:30:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0069.v1

The Lubricating Effect of Eye Drops Containing Hyaluronic Acid and Mallow Extract in Patients With Dry Eye Disease – A Pilot Study

Andrea Attilio Basile, Giulia Mandelli, Magda Cendali, Rebecca Hufnagel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: hyaluronic acid; mallow extract; Visiodoron Malva®; lubricating effect; dry eye disease; pilot study; medical device

Online: 3 March 2023 (09:53:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0128.v1

Conjunctivitis and Exposure to Ambient Ozone

Mieczyslaw Szyszkowicz, Ariela Gordon Shaag, Einat Shneor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: air pollution; conjunctivitis; exposure; linear; model; case-crossover; poisson

Online: 14 January 2019 (09:49:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0104.v1

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Fungal Keratitis in the United Kingdom 2011-2020: A 10-Year Study

Darren Shu Jeng Ting, Mohamed Galal, Bina Kulkarni, Mohamed S. Elalfy, Damian Lake, Samer Hamada, Dalia G. Said, Harminder S. Dua

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Candida; Corneal infection; Corneal ulcer; Contact lens; Fungal infection; Fusarium; Infectious keratitis; Keratoplasty

Online: 6 October 2021 (10:45:42 CEST)

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Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious ocular infection that often poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. This study aimed to examine the causes, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors of FK in the UK. All culture-positive and culture-negative presumed FK (with complete data) that presented to Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, and Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, between 2011 and 2020 were included. A total of 117 patients (n=117 eyes) with FK were included in this study. The mean age was 59.0±19.6 years (range, 4-92 years) and 51.3% patients were female. Fifty-three fungal isolates were identified from 52 (44.4%) culture-positive cases, with Candida spp. (33, 62.3%), Fusarium spp. (9, 17.0%), and Aspergillus spp. (5, 9.4%) being the most common organisms. Ocular surface disease (60, 51.3%), prior corneal surgery (44, 37.6%), and systemic immunosuppression (42, 35.9%) were the three most common risk factors. Hospitalisation for intensive treatment was required for 95 (81.2%) patients, with a duration of 18.9±16.3 days. Sixty-six (56.4%) patients required additional surgical interventions for eradicating the infection. Emergency therapeutic/tectonic keratoplasty was performed in 29 (24.8%) cases, though 13 (44.8%) of them failed at final follow-up. The final corrected-distance-visual-acuity (CDVA) was 1.67±1.08 logMAR. Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated increased age, large infiltrate size (>3mm), and poor presenting CDVA (<1.0 logMAR) as significant negative predictive factors for poor visual outcome (CDVA of <1.0 logMAR) and poor corneal healing (>60 days of healing time or occurrence of corneal perforation requiring emergency keratoplasty; all p<0.05). In conclusion, FK represents a difficult-to-treat ocular infection that often results in poor visual outcome, with a high need for surgical interventions. Innovative treatment strategies are urgently required to tackle this unmet need.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0109.v2

Two-Year Data Comparison of Ab Interno Trabeculectomy and Trabecular Bypass Stenting Using Exact Matching

Hamed Esfandiari, Kenneth Taubenslag, Priyal Shah, Swati Goyal, Adam J. Weiner, Melissa L. Severson, Asher Weiner, Davinder S. Grove, Igor I. Bussel, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: ab interno trabeculectomy, trabectome surgery, iStent, phacoemulsification, glaucoma surgery

Online: 3 December 2018 (08:46:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0347.v2

Inhibition of Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization by a Novel Peptide Derived from Calreticulin Anti-Angiogenic Domain

Youn-Shen Bee, Yi‐Ling Ma, Jinying Chen, Pei-Jhen Tsai, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, Hsiu-Chen Lin, Hu Huang, Guei-Sheung Liu, Ming-Hong Tai

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: choroidal neovascularization; neovascular age-related macular degeneration; calreticulin anti-angiogenic domain

Online: 18 September 2018 (06:27:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0491.v1

Changes to Glaucoma Surgery Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Shift Toward Less Invasive Procedures

Natalia Dub, Kinga Golaszewska, Emil Saeed, Diana Anna Dmuchowska, Iwona Obuchowska, Joanna Konopińska

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma surgery; SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; minimally invasive glaucoma surgery; glaucoma surgery patterns; COVID-19; trabeculectomy; canaloplasty; iStent

Online: 30 December 2021 (17:09:06 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0397.v1

Giant Intracranial Xanthoma with Blurred Vision as the First Symptom: A Case Report and Literature Review

Xueting Wang, Xuejiao Li, XuHui Liu, Yizhe Yin, Yalong Dang, Fang Lei

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: intracranial xanthoma; vision; eye

Online: 16 November 2020 (08:30:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0142.v2

Tissue-Engineered Anterior Segment Eye Cultures Maintain Intraocular Pressure

Susannah Waxman, Chao Wang, Yalong Dang, Ralitsa Loewen, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; tissue engineering; trabecular meshwork; outflow facility

Online: 28 April 2020 (10:42:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0237.v1

Combination Treatment of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy and Meibomian Gland Expression for Evaporative Dry Eye

Kai-Ling Peng, Chen-Jui Chiu, Hsin-I Tuan, YI-Chen Lee, Pyn-Sing Hsu, Jiunn-Liang Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: dry eye; intense pulsed light therapy; meibomian gland; tear

Online: 18 May 2022 (06:14:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0376.v1

Short Tear Break-Up Time and Seasonal Variation in Intra-Ocular Pressure

Masahiko Ayaki, Kazuno Negishi, Kenya Yuki, Motoko Kawashima, Miki Uchino, Kazuo Tsubota

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: dry eye; tear break-up time; intra-ocular pressure; seasonality

Online: 29 December 2019 (09:17:39 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0164.v2

Tools and Data Towards Supporting Quantitative Systems Pharmacology of the Eye – An Overview

Lars Kuepfer, Georg Fuellen, Thomas Stahnke

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: QSP; PBPK; glaucoma; primary human tenon fibroblasts; josamycin; connectivity map

Online: 12 July 2022 (09:11:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0389.v1

Topical Treatment of Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Magdalena Gumińska, Roman Goś, Janusz Śmigielski, Michał Szymon Nowak

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Graves’ ophthalmopathy; exophatlmos; intraocular pressure; topical medications

Online: 17 September 2020 (08:35:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0170.v1

Fluid Gas Exchange for Flap Closure of Idiopathic Macular Hole

Tsung-Tien Wu, Kai-Ling Peng

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Fluid gas exchange; flap closure; idiopathic macular hole; vitrectomy; inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique

Online: 13 June 2022 (05:35:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0752.v1

The Increased Burden of Rare Variants in Four Matrix Metalloproteinase-Related Genes in Childhood Glaucoma Suggests a Complex Genetic Inheritance of the Disease

Angel Tevar, José-Daniel Aroca-Aguilar, Juan-Manuel Bonet-Fernández, Raquel Atienzar-Aroca, Ezequiel Campos-Mollo, Carmen-Dora Méndez-Hernández, Laura Morales-Fernández, Iñaki Leal Palmer, Miguel Coca-Prados, Jose-Maria Martinez-de-la-Casa, Julian Garcia-Feijoo, Julio Escribano

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Glaucoma; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Multifactorial Inheritance.

Online: 13 February 2024 (15:28:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0040.v1

Difference in Nycthemeral IOP Variation and Outflow Facility after Filtering Microshunt versus Canal-Based Ab Interno Glaucoma Surgery

Mohamad Dakroub, Marina Barkhuysen, Raoul Verma-Fuehring, Ahmed Bamousa, Jost Hillenkamp, Nils A. Loewen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: glaucoma; PRESERFLO; Trabectome; nycthemeral IOP measurement; tonographic outflow facility

Online: 2 August 2022 (05:09:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0500.v1

The Role of Autophagy, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidants in Eye Diseases, and the Need for Government Interventions and Education to Prevent Eye Diseases in the Digital Era

Sakthishreenidhi Manivel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Oxidative stress and cell death; Reactive oxygen species; ROS; ROS cell death; autophagy; role of antioxidants; eye disease; cornea; lens; epithelium; retinal ganglion cells; retinal pigment epithelium; macular degeneration; antioxidants in the macula; oxidative stress prevention with antioxidants; lifestyle changes; digital eye strain; glaucoma; cataracts; dry eye disease; computer vision syndrome; digital eye strain; diabetic retinopathy; Vitamin A; Vitamin C; copper; glutathione; zinc; selenium; magnesium; blue light damage; UV light damage; blue light reactive oxygen species; autophagy; ferroptosis; ROS cell death; superoxide dismutase; optic nerve gliomas; food deserts; myopia; free radicals

Online: 29 March 2023 (03:33:55 CEST)

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Increased screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic and the accelerated incorporation of technology into daily practices have directly contributed to the increased prevalence of eye disease. The human eye is not built for continual technological use and must adjust to exposure to digital screens. Overexposure to technology can result in eye strain and an increased risk of eye diseases such as myopia with complications later in life, including retinal tears, cataracts, and macular degeneration. As vision and ocular diseases become more prevalent, the study of eye diseases, including their causes and treatments, is especially relevant. There is a need to prevent ocular diseases before they become a burden to individuals, their families, and their communities by better understanding the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Several ocular diseases are thought to be caused by imbalances in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy. ROS refers to a class of highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules that can undergo damaging reactions with other molecules in the cell. Autophagy is a cellular process of self-eating whereby damaged, harmful, or dead material in cells is broken down to maintain cellular homeostasis. This paper discusses the role of ROS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of computer vision syndrome (CVS), digital eye strain (DES), myopia, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), optic nerve crush injury (OCN), optic nerve gliomas, and retinoblastoma. Lifestyle changes such as limiting screen time, ensuring adequate exposure to evening sunlight, and using blue light protection measures or protective eyewear are important in the prevention of eye disease. Nutrition also contributes significantly to eye health. A balanced diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants may help to prevent ROS and autophagy imbalance-induced eye disease. Medical and surgical treatments become necessary when preventative measures fail. This paper also addresses how government measures to decrease the onset of eye disease, including targeted programs to increase access to fresh vegetables and fruits in food deserts, are a critical macro-level avenue to reduce eye disease prevalence in the US, which according to the National Eye Institute, costs $139 billion yearly.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0105.v1

Evaluation of Anterior and Posterior Corneal Higher Order Aberrations for the Detection of Keratoconus and Suspect Keratoconus

Abdelrahman Salman, Obeda Kailani, John Marshall, Marwan Ghabra, Ashraf Armia Balamoun, Taym R. Darwish, Abdul Aziz Badla, Hala Alhaji

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: higher-order aberrations; sensitivity; keratoconus suspect; Sirius topography; Scheimpflug

Online: 7 September 2022 (07:24:29 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pars Plana Vitrectomy and the Risk of Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma: Where Are We?

Tommaso Rossi MD, Guido Ripandelli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Ascorbate; Pars Plana Vitrectomy; Open Angle Glaucoma; Oxidative Stress; Ocular Hypertension

Online: 29 October 2020 (10:58:20 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0304.v1

Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina

Malgorzata B. Rozanowska

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: lipofuscin; retina; fundus autofluorescence; fluorescence imaging; oxidative stress; photooxida-tion; oxidation; biomarker; age-related macular degeneration

Online: 5 July 2023 (10:42:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0207.v1

Underreporting and Triggering Factors for Ophthalmic Drugs’ ADR Notification; a Comparison between Spontaneous Reporting and Active Pharmacovigilance Databases

Homero Contreras-Salinas, Leopoldo Martín Baiza-Durán, Manuel Alejandro Bautista-Castro, Diego Rodrigo Alonso-Rodríguez, Lourdes Yolotzin Rodríguez-Herrera

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Adverse Drug Reaction; Spontaneous reporting; Active surveillance; Underreporting; Antiglau-coma; Artificial tear

Online: 11 August 2022 (04:07:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0743.v1

Factors Associated with Success of Switching to Faricimab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Refractory to Intravitreal Aflibercept

Akira Machida, Akio Oishi, Junichiro Ikeda, Junko Kurihara, Ai Yoneda, Eiko Tsuiki, Yuki Hirata, Ryuya Murakami, Takashi Kitaoka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD); Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment; Drug switch; Intravitreal aflibercept (IVA); Intravitreal faricimab (IVF); Macular neovascularization (MNV); Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV); Real-world date; Refractory cases; Treat-and-extend (TAE) regimen

Online: 9 January 2024 (15:53:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0049.v1

Vitamin K and the Visual System: A Narrative Review

Michael A. Mong

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: vitamin K; vitamin K1; vitamin K2; eye; visual function; cognitive function; vitamin K-dependent protein; matrix Gla protein; ferroptosis

Online: 3 February 2023 (01:15:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0366.v1

Management of Dry Eye Disease in Asia: A Review

Atsushi Kawahara

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Dry eye disease (DED); Diquafosol; Cyclosporine; Supplement; Contact lens; Human umbilical cord serum; Intense pulsed light; Lid debris debridement; Vectored thermal pulsation; Intraductal meibomian gland probing

Online: 14 April 2023 (10:36:02 CEST)

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Medicine and Pharmacology