Abstract: Background: Disease recurrence is common after surgery for pleural mesothelioma (PM), and evidence guiding post-recurrence management remains limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center cohort study including patients with PM treated within a curative-intent multimodality treatment pathway including surgery aiming for macroscopic complete resection when feasible between 2001 and 2024. Post-recurrence treatments were categorized as best supportive care only (BSC), systemic therapy alone, or local with or without systemic therapy. Survival and disease-free outcomes were analyzed in relation to treatment patterns and clinical prognostic factors. Results: Among 67 patients with a median follow-up time of 107 months from surgery, 58 (86.6%) developed disease recurrence. At first recurrence, 21 patients (36%) received local with or without systemic therapy, 26 (45%) systemic therapy alone, and 11 (19%) BSC. Median post-recurrence survival was 21.7 months for patients receiving local with or without systemic therapy, 10.8 months for systemic therapy alone, and 1.6 months for BSC. Lung-sparing surgery and a disease-free interval of at least 12 months were associated with improved post-recurrence survival and post-recurrence progression-free survival. Conclusion: In this real-world cohort of patients with PM with extended follow-up, active post-recurrence treatment was associated with longer post-recurrence survival in selected patients. However, conclusions regarding comparative effectiveness are limited by the retrospective design, incomplete recurrence-related data, and patient selection at recurrence.

Abstract: The Arousal Appraisal Model (AAM) reconceptualizes emotion as one regime within a structural-continuum model of arousal-regulated experience. Its novelty lies in treating arousal not as an episodic fight-or-flight response, but as a continuous mobilization-calibration process in which the nervous system samples external sensory input, interoceptive bodily condition, and memory-based meaning to estimate how much physiological recruitment is needed now. AAM specifies four graded regimes along a mobilization-capacity continuum: low-load contemplation, matched-load action, excess-load emotion, and overload collapse/freeze. When mobilization remains below the threshold for coordinated output, experience is characterized by quiet readiness and tentative inclination. When mobilization approximates available capacity and can be deployed through effective throughput, it becomes coherent engagement or flow-like action. When mobilization exceeds what can be directly deployed into the available task or action pathway, surplus activation is expressed phenomenologically and behaviorally as emotion. Its valence and form are shaped by appraisal, meaning, social context, and outcome. When exceedance persists under high constraint or blocked action, output may be restricted as collapse or freeze. The model yields testable predictions linking physiological mobilization, capacity, throughput, and appraised constraint to reports of possibility, propulsion, affective expression, or output restriction.

Abstract: Conventional valve-controlled hydraulic excavator boom drive systems suffer from low energy conversion efficiency and severe throttling losses. To address this issue, this paper proposes a pump-controlled digital hydraulic drive system based on a Direct Energy Recovery Digital Pump (DERDP). The DERDP integrates hydraulic pumping and boom potential energy recovery within a single unit, enabling both energy recuperation and precise flow regulation. An AMESim simulation model of the system is developed and validated against experimental measurements from a dedicated hardware-in-the-loop test bench. Using the validated model, the operational characteristics are investigated under varying boom load pressures, pump displacement fractions, and motor displacement fractions; the drive and energy recovery efficiencies are systematically evaluated across different operating conditions. Simulation results show that the boom energy recovery efficiency reaches 50%–60%. These findings offer practical guidance for implementing digital hydraulic solutions in construction machinery.

Abstract: Mountain destinations are vital areas for sustainable tourism, yet the cultural value of local culinary heritage is often underutilized compared to natural attractions. This study examines the role of culinary heritage in the development of ecotourism in the Sharr Mountains region, investigating its contribution to tourist experiences, satisfaction, and destination loyalty. Data were collected from 93 domestic and international tourists through a structured survey, complemented by field observations and documentary analysis. The empirical analysis evaluates visitor perceptions regarding the authenticity and quality of traditional Sharr gastronomy, alongside behavioral intentions to recommend or return to the region. The findings indicate that traditional gastronomy is an important component of the visitor experience, receiving exceptionally high ratings for authenticity and quality. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship was observed between engagement with local food systems, overall tourist satisfaction, and intentions to revisit and recommend the Sharr Mountains. The study concludes that culinary heritage can function simultaneously as an intangible cultural resource and a strategic destination development tool. Integrating traditional gastronomy into sustainable mountain tourism products strengthens local economic participation and supports long-term cultural preservation.

Abstract: The information technology (IT) sector is one of the fastest growing contributors to employment and export earnings in Pakistan, yet timely and detailed evidence on the skills and roles employers actually demand remains scarce. This study addresses that gap by analysing 3,734 IT job advertisements collected from LinkedIn for locations in Pakistan. The advertisements span 1,794 distinct job titles, 1,420 companies, and 49 cities. Postings were manually collected from publicly visible listings, cleaned, and classified into six IT domains and twenty-two subcategories, and were examined along the dimensions of occupational structure, geographic distribution, employer concentration, work arrangement, employment type, industry, and applicant competition. To compare competition across advertisements of differing ages, an exposure-adjusted measure of application intensity (applicants per posting-hour) was used. The results show that Software Development dominates advertised demand (75.76% of postings), while Artificial Intelligence and Data Science together form a substantial and highly contested second cluster (20.17%). Competition is strongly inverse to volume: specialised fields such as Computer Vision (9.18) and Data Science (8.93) attract far higher application intensity than high-volume categories such as Software Development (1.71). Hiring is geographically concentrated in Punjab, Sindh, and the Islamabad Capital Territory, and is dominated by a small number of large employers. Remote and full-time positions attract disproportionately high competition. The findings provide current, platform-specific evidence on the structure of Pakistan’s advertised IT labour market and demonstrate a transparent, reproducible framework for deriving labour-market intelligence from public job postings, while explicitly acknowledging the interpretive limits of single-platform vacancy data.

Abstract: Conventional superhydrophobic coatings on aluminum alloys are frequently limited by inadequate coating-substrate adhesion, poor mechanical robustness, and the vulnerability of their surface micro/nanostructures to mechanical damage. To address these challenges, a hydroxyl-rich anodic oxide interlayer was formed via hard anodization followed by a subsequent hydroxylation treatment, thereby promoting interfacial bonding and providing abundant active anchoring sites for coating deposition. Based on this interface-engineering strategy, a mechanically durable superhydrophobic F-SiO₂@polyurethane (PU) composite coating with hierarchical micro/nanostructures was successfully fabricated on aluminum alloy substrates through a facile spray-coating process. The anodized substrate provides abundant hydroxyl groups and interface anchoring sites, while the PU matrix enhances structural integrity and facilitates particle fixation. By incorporating fluorinated SiO₂ nanoparticles, a hierarchical micro/nanostructure with low surface energy was fabricated. After 10,000 cm abrasion and 200 tape-peeling cycles, the coating maintained contact angles above 150°. The coating maintained superior corrosion resistance during prolonged immersion in acidic, alkaline, and saline environments. The improved durability and corrosion resistance originate from the synergistic effects of strong interfacial bonding, polymer barrier protection, and the fluorinated hierarchical structure. This study offers a promising strategy for developing durable superhydrophobic coatings for long-term protection of aluminum alloys.

Abstract: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is often described through functional labels such as emotion regulation, self-punishment, interpersonal influence, or escape from aversive internal states. These labels describe important functions but do not explain how self-injury becomes selected under stress. This paper proposes the Inward-Routed Mobilization Model (IRM) of NSSI, a mechanism-level account of selection under high activation, reduced deployable capacity, and constrained outward representation. IRM proposes that NSSI becomes more likely when mobilization rises, negative affect cannot be safely represented toward an over-idealized figure, outward expression is appraised as relationally or psychologically dangerous, and the body becomes the most immediate site for state change. The relevant mobilization may appear as protest, hurt, disappointment, shame, humiliation, or boundary-relevant action pressure without being consciously labeled as anger. The model specifies a common origin pathway: over-idealized figure constraint, truncated negative affective mobilization, inward routing, and bodily state transition. IRM yields testable predictions for ecological momentary assessment, developmental research, clinical formulation, and treatment studies focused on constraint repair, capacity restoration, and safe outward throughput.

Abstract: Internalized cultural capital refers to dispositions and evaluative schemas incorporated through socialization, constituting a symbolic substrate difficult to measure empirically. Valid instruments for this construct in higher education remain scarce in Latin America. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Internalized Cultural Capital Scale (Díaz Herrera et al., 2020) in Chilean university students. A sample of 616 undergraduates (58.8% women; M age = 22.58, SD = 4.37) was split into two subsamples (n = 308 each) for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. EFA on polychoric correlations replicated the five-factor structure (KMO = 0.844), explaining 68.1% of variance. CFA (WLSMV) revealed an identification problem in the two-indicator Family Projection factor. A four-factor model showed adequate fit (CFI = .958; TLI = .948; RMSEA = .106; SRMR = .082). Three dimensions showed good reliability (ordinal α: .79–.94; ω: .748–.918; AVE: .511–.677). The total score correlated negatively with socioeconomic self-placement (ρ = −.250; p < .001) but overlapped substantially with the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (ρ = −.654; p < .001), not supporting discriminant validity. Women scored significantly higher than men on three dimensions. These findings inform instrument refinement for research on cultural inequality in higher education.

Abstract: Let \(X\) be a Tychonoff space and let \(bX\) be a Hausdorff compactification of \(X\). We study the boundary-approach density \(d_b^{\partial}(X)\), an embedding-sensitive cardinal measuring how small a single subset of \(X\) can be while its closure reaches the whole remainder. We examine its behavior under products and as the compactification varies. For a non-empty family \((X_i)_{i\in I}\) of non-empty Tychonoff spaces with Hausdorff compactifications \(b_iX_i\), put \(P=\prod_{i\in I}X_i\) and \(K=\prod_{i\in I}b_iX_i\). We obtain an exact trichotomy. If all factors are compact, the value is \(0\). If exactly one factor is non-compact, the value is the maximum of the boundary-approach density of that factor and the density of the remaining compact product. If at least two factors are non-compact, the value is exactly \(\text{dens}(P)\), independently of the chosen factor compactifications. For a non-compact locally compact Tychonoff space \(X\), the one-point and Stone–Čech compactifications attain the minimum and maximum of the boundary-approach spectrum. If \(X\) also admits a clopen decomposition \(X=\coprod_{\xi<\tau}G_\xi\), where \(\tau\) is infinite and each \(G_\xi\) is non-empty and non-\(\omega\)-bounded, then every infinite cardinal \(\lambda\leq\tau\) is realized by a compactification \(b_\lambda X\), and the compactifications may be chosen to form a chain in the compactification order. When \(\tau=\text{dens}(X)\), the spectrum is the full interval \(\{\lambda:\omega\leq\lambda\leq\text{dens}(X)\}\). In particular, every non-compact locally compact metrizable space has this full spectrum. We also obtain an exact closed-core formula, an intrinsic Stone–Čech characterization, the identity \(d_\beta^{\partial}(X)=\text{dens}(X)\) for non-compact metrizable \(X\), and monotonicity of \(d_\beta^{\partial}\) under continuous maps with dense image.

Abstract: Criminal extortion and protection fees have emerged as significant threats to the sustainability of township businesses in South Africa, undermining entrepreneurship, formalisation, investment, and local economic development. While FinTech has transformed financial inclusion and digital transactions globally, its potential to disrupt cash-based extortion economies and strengthen the resilience of township enterprises remains largely unexplored. This paper investigates how FinTech innovations, including blockchain-enabled payment systems, mobile money, digital payment technologies, and complementary community-based digital platforms, can enhance economic resilience by reducing vulnerabilities associated with cash-based transactions and extortion. Drawing on the diffusion of innovation theory, this qualitative systematic literature review examined the opportunities, challenges, and institutional conditions influencing the adoption of these technologies within township economies. The findings suggest that FinTech innovations have the potential to reduce cash dependency, enhance transaction transparency, strengthen financial inclusion, improve collective reporting mechanisms, and build community resilience against extortion networks. However, their effectiveness depends on complementary investments in digital literacy, affordable digital infrastructure, institutional trust, enabling regulatory frameworks, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The paper contributes to digital governance and FinTech scholarship by reframing technology adoption not only as a financial inclusion strategy but also as a governance mechanism that can enhance transparency, accountability, collective reporting, and economic security within vulnerable local economies. It further demonstrates how FinTech-enabled digital financial ecosystems can support the long-term sustainability of township economies through enhanced business resilience, secure digital transactions, and inclusive local economic development.

Abstract: Protected least-sufficient reconstruction (PLSR) is applied to a codimension-three timelike Codazzi defect with a primitive projective link and two non-scalar source grades. Exact marked recovery selects E₃ ⊕ E₂ and M₃(C) ⊕ M₂(C). Primitive multiplication unifies the projective exact sequence, the rigid (2, 3) correspondence, its Green metric, the minimal rank-five Hermitian carrier, and a structural dark port line. Centered determinant/Clifford completion gives S(U(3) × U(2)), the primitive Z₆ quotient, chiral 16-plets, and k_Y = 5/3; the integral A₂ branch gives the three-state family orbit and primitive commensurate norm-seven class. One Alena-Codazzi response supplies typed realization tests. Its finite realization combines the upstream source/local incidences with three executable packets: a marked four-moment primitive-port certificate, a control-basis-invariant scalar/trace susceptibility residual, and a common-root holonomy test whose remaining primitive-root lift is one Z₂ bit. After the stated exact reduced attachments, the scale-free response is a one-dimensional saturation manifold with global coordinate u and a discrete norm-seven orientation. One predeclared scale-free observable may locate u; the remaining continuous CKM, PMNS, neutral-shape, and bosonic coordinates are no-retune tests. Absolute normalization, continuum poles and lifetimes, and precision matching remain separate completion problems.

Abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia carries high mortality in very old adults with multimorbidity, yet preventable medication-related harm is often under-recognised. This case report describes a woman in her late 80s with stage G3a chronic kidney disease who presented with community‑acquired pneumonia to a large multidisciplinary centre. Empiric meropenem was initiated shortly after admission and the dose was increased on day 8 despite persistent renal impairment. Amikacin 1 g once daily was then added. On the same day, the patient received furosemide, intravenous potassium chloride, and glucose infusions as metabolic abnormalities emerged. After temporary stabilisation in the intensive care unit, amikacin was discontinued, linezolid was started, and the patient was transferred to a general ward, where she died four days later. On her final day, life-threatening hyperkalaemia was documented, yet additional potassium was administered, precipitating cardiac arrest. This case illustrates how routine interventions—broad-spectrum antibiotics, aminoglycosides, diuretics, and potassium supplementation—can become iatrogenic in frail older adults when dosing and monitoring are not adjusted for age and kidney function. It underscores the need for strict renal dose adjustment, cautious potassium management, and early geriatric assessment in hospitalised multimorbid older patients.

Abstract: Large language models can now generate sermons, prayers, doctrinal explanations, and testimonially styled religious speech. Epistemologists have begun to debate whether artificial outputs can count as testimony, while practical-theological studies show that pastors can use AI as a drafting aid without audiences necessarily detecting the assistance. This article asks a more specifically theological question: can words generated by an entity incapable of belief, confession, repentance, commitment, or accountability become Christian witness? It argues that linguistic orthodoxy is insufficient for witnessing agency. An AI system may generate proclamation-content without itself performing the act of proclamation in the full testimonial-theological sense. The article develops the category of Derivative Witness: AI-generated language may enter a genuinely human act of Christian witness when a responsible speaker verifies the content, assents to it, intentionally appropriates it, and accepts answerability for its public use. Extended discussion of speech-act theory, the theology of inspired and derivative speech, and six illustrative cases, from blind reading of AI text to human-authored preaching with AI editing, shows how agency shifts with adoption and responsibility. The article closes with anticipated objections, practical implications for disclosure and formation, and a bounded research agenda. The proposal offers a middle position between treating AI as a preacher and prohibiting all AI assistance.

Abstract: Contemporary democracies face an apparent paradox: while numerous indicators point to a decline in political trust and democratic functioning, political participation remains relatively stable and is even increasing in some contexts. This study proposes a psychosocial and institutional framework to explain this paradox by jointly analysing political trust, generalized social trust, external political efficacy, and satisfaction with human development as predictors of both institutional and extra-institutional political participation. It also analyses the role of democratic quality as a contextual factor that moderates these relationships. Data from the eleventh wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) were analysed using structural equation modelling and multigroup analysis across countries with varying levels of democratic quality according to the Democracy Index. The results show that generalized social trust and external political efficacy are positively associated with both forms of participation, whereas political trust is positively associated only with institutional participation. All three variables are positively related to satisfaction with human development, which in turn shows a negative association with both forms of participation and acts as a mediating variable. Furthermore, democratic quality moderates these relationships: in flawed democracies, the associations between generalized trust and institutional participation, and between political trust and extra-institutional participation, disappear. Overall, the findings show that political participation depends on the interaction among psychosocial factors, contextual factors, and democratic institutions, integrating insights from political sociology, the social psychology of participation, and relative deprivation theory.

Abstract: In the context of the climate crisis, individuals’ psychological resources, such as climate hope and a sense of connection with nature, are significant for adopting pro-environmental behaviors and at the same time also important for mental health. In this study, we present a model describing the relationships under investigation, concurrently considering sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and religiosity) to gain a more detailed understanding of the predictors of pro-environmental intentions. The study involved 620 participants aged between 18 and 74 (M = 31.95; SD = 13.55), who completed an online set of standardized questionnaires measuring climate hope, connection with nature, mental well-being, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and pro-climate behavioral intentions. The hypotheses were tested using correlation analyses and multiple linear regression. Climate hope (r = .38, p < .001) and connection with nature (r = .33, p < .001) showed positive correlations with pro-environmental behaviors. Both variables were also associated with higher psychological well-being. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed the significance of these variables and selected socio-demographic variables for pro-environmental behavior. Climate hope and a connection with nature are key factors in fostering care for the environment and one’s own mental wellbeing.

Abstract: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otological emergency with complex and heterogeneous etiologies, and most cases remain unexplained and are therefore classified as idiopathic. Viral infection has long been considered an important potential cause of SSNHL; however, the mechanisms underlying virus-associated hearing loss and the causal relationship between viral infection and SSNHL have not been fully elucidated. Current evidence suggests that viruses may induce acute hearing loss through direct invasion of the inner ear, reactivation of latent viruses, immune-mediated injury, and cellular stress and inflammatory responses. This review describes the major viruses associated with SSNHL and their epidemiological and clinical characteristics, summarizes evidence from serological testing, molecular virology, imaging, temporal bone histopathology, and animal studies, and discusses recent advances in the pathogenic mechanisms, etiological diagnosis, and antiviral treatment of virus-associated SSNHL. This review aims to systematically clarify the current evidence and controversies surrounding the viral etiology of SSNHL and to provide a reference for etiological identification, patient stratification, and targeted treatment of virus-associated SSNHL.

Abstract: Prion diseases are characterized as lethal neurodegenerative illnesses caused by abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins (PrP^C) into infectious agents (PrP^Sc), marked by permanent neuronal degeneration and associated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The compounds developed for prion diseases have failed all clinical studies, making the development of effective multi-target drug strategies necessary in order to deal with complex prion pathogenicities. The philosophy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is based on the knowledge of the use of herbal preparations that include several active components, thereby fitting perfectly to the therapy of complex diseases associated with protein folding. The goal of the present systematic ethnopharmacological review is to summarize the preclinical evidence on the effectiveness of TCM phytochemicals, native herbal medicines, and herbal mixtures, as well as to analyze their direct and indirect mechanisms of action, identify obstacles to successful clinical application, and consider integration of contemporary African medicines. The literature published in the period from 1990 to September 2025 has been selected by means of searching the following databases - PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CNKI, and African Journals Online based on PRISMA criteria. There are three main groups of TCM compounds that have proven anti-prion activity: single phytochemicals (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols), standardized single-herb extracts, and complex herbal mixtures (Huanglian Jiedu decoction). The activity of these compounds can be explained by their ability to bind prion protein and prevent the occurrence of fibrilla, as well as by the activation of autophagy, suppression of neuroinflammation, and stimulation of oxidative defense processes in the body. However, there are several factors preventing successful use of the above mentioned compounds in practice, including low bioavailability, poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier, variable experimental methods, and unstudied synergy of herbal medicines. In the course of comparative analysis of the ethnopharmacology of TCM and African traditional medicine it has been revealed that the effects of Moringa oleifera on prions coincide.. We propose standardized preclinical testing protocols, nanocarrier delivery optimization, network pharmacology synergism dissection, and ethical cross-continental natural product research consortia to accelerate TCM anti-prion therapeutic translation. This review establishes an evidence-based ethnopharmacology framework to advance holistic herbal therapeutics for untreatable prion diseases.

Abstract: Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems still rests on aggregated, time-invariant inventories. In Colombia, where registered solar projects grew 128.6% between 2018–2022 and 2022–2025, environmental follow-up is self-reported, semi-annual and unmeasured by the authority. We report IMPACT Energy.CO, an infrastructure running in that authority’s production environment, which normalises heterogeneous sensor telemetry onto a versioned canonical vocabulary, hash-chains every derived indicator, and drives openLCA headlessly. A matrix of 144 candidate indicators was screened to 32 and scored independently by external experts and by communities in Magdalena and Cesar. On fifteen shared social indicators the two rankings show no detectable association (Spearman’s ρ = −0.07), yet their disagreement is ordered by stakeholder category: communities move an indicator up in priority the further its category lies from the firm’s internal sphere, and down the closer it lies (Kendall’s τ_b = 0.63, p = 0.004, utility-scale track). Experts rank labour conduct highest; communities rank their own channels of recourse highest. Of seventeen environmental indicators exactly two—energy and carbon payback time—cannot be obtained as impact-assessment results, because both are defined on measured generation; experts ranked them second and third. Harmonising IEA PVPS figures to Colombian irradiance lowers the mono-Si global warming potential by 32%, and carbon payback time varies three-fold across grid emission factors published for the same year. Static inventories cannot deliver the indicators their own users rank highest.

Abstract: Food waste is an overall system failure in agri-food supply chains and a cause of 8-10% of total GHG emissions, associated with more than USD 1 trillion in lost economic value each year. It lacks operational and decision-support tools for practitioners to implement the concepts of the circular economy through food waste prevention pathways. This paper presents a novel three-layer operational decision-support framework building on a previous systematic literature survey of 374 peer-reviewed articles, which highlighted eight structural gaps, such as the lack of economic methods for SMEs, weak metrics–decision linkages and prevention-valorisation asymmetry. The methodological approach includes a literature synthesis method as well as expertise from ISO standards and EU regulatory mapping (ISO/FDIS 20001, ISO 14001, ISO 59004, ISO 22000), KPI sourcing from existing measurement frameworks (FUSIONS, REFRESH, FAO Food Loss Index, GRI 306), and structured expert validation by practitioner and academic reviewers. Layer 1 provides diagnostic hotspot mapping based on stage-level loss typologies and adds a new Hotspot Priority Score. Layer 2 implements circular economy principles through a dedicated prioritisation of prevention with explicit processes taking care of the integration of ISO governance principles and a Lock-in Risk Score. Layer 3 includes cost-based feasibility assessment (CAPEX and OPEX) to meet CSRD/ESRS needs, incorporating a payback period. A feasibility scorecard is provided containing an end-to-end agri-foods SME process example. The framework constitutes a guideline methodology that is easily replicable and can be applied throughout food value chains, including in production, retail, and HoReCa sectors, which helps avoid the diagnosis-implementation gap in food waste governance in the framework of the circular economy and supports food value chain decision-support for sustainable agri-food automation and control.

Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may alter hemoglobin–oxygen affinity through glycation, yet intact erythrocytes retain metabolic, redox, allosteric, and rheological mechanisms capable of modifying the final oxygen-unloading phenotype. We investigated whether discordant P₅₀ and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) findings represent methodological noise or reproducible physiological heterogeneity. Methods: We performed a systematic review with structured quantitative synthesis and exploratory study-level phenotype mapping of human P₅₀/oxygen-affinity, 2,3-BPG, metabolic, rheological, and tissue-oxygenation evidence, integrated with mechanistic studies of hemoglobin glycation, bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM), Band 3, erythrocyte metabolic partitioning, redox regulation, aging, and deformability. Results: Human studies demonstrated lower, preserved, and higher P₅₀ with reduced, unchanged, or increased 2,3-BPG. One mixed diabetic cohort showed higher native P₅₀ (29.79 ± 1.68 vs 28.26 ± 1.16 mmHg) and 2,3-BPG/Hb (1.04 ± 0.15 vs 0.86 ± 0.10; both P < 0.001), whereas a 90-participant T2DM cohort showed P₅₀ declining from 27.0 ± 0.5 to 26.2 ± 0.7 mmHg and 2,3-BPG from 4.8 ± 0.4 to 4.2 ± 0.5 across increasing HbA1c despite unchanged PaO₂. Metabolomics linked HbA1c to 2,3-BPG (ρ = 0.4919, P = 0.0003), ATP (ρ = 0.4606, P = 0.0008), and inversely to glutathione (ρ = −0.5944, P < 0.0001). BPGM glycation, Band 3-dependent oxygen-sensitive glycolysis/PPP partitioning, ATP–2,3-BPG allocation, NADPH/GSH buffering, S1P–PP2A–GLUT1 regulation, cellular aging, and deformability provide convergent mechanisms for variable erythrocyte compensation. Conclusions: T2DM exhibits directional oxygen-unloading heterogeneity rather than a universal P₅₀ defect. We therefore redefine glycohypoxia as a conditional functional oxygen-unloading state in which glycation-associated hemoglobin affinity pressure exceeds erythrocyte compensatory reserve, leaving a residual impairment in oxygen release whose physiological significance depends on downstream tissue oxygen-delivery reserve. The proposed Glycohypoxia Compensation–Reserve Model (GCRM) positions the diabetic erythrocyte not merely as an HbA1c-bearing recorder of glycemic exposure, but as a dynamic oxygen-delivery effector that may adapt or fail to adapt through coordinated allosteric, glycolytic, 2,3-BPG/ATP, redox, membrane, and rheological remodeling. This testable mechanism provides a foundation for an integrated oxygenomics of diabetes.