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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0163.v1

A Step-Wise Modelling Approach to Identifying Structural Features That Control Groundwater Flow in a Folded Carbonate Aquifer System

Elisabetta Preziosi, Nicolas Guyennon, Anna Bruna Petrangeli, Emanuele Romano, Cristina Di Salvo

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Carbonate aquifer; groundwater modelling; multilayer aquifer; MODFLOW-NWT formulation; Central Italy

Online: 11 July 2022 (14:19:53 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0252.v1

An Efficient Global Scale Sentinel-1 Radar Backscatter and Interferometric Processing System

Piyush S. Agram, Michael S. Warren, Matthew T. Calef, Scott A. Arko

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: SAR; InSAR; Sentinel-1; Big data

Online: 17 June 2022 (09:00:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0222.v1

Google Earth Geoscience Video Library (GEGVL): Organizing Geoscience Videos in a Google Earth Environment to Support Place-Based Geoscience Education

Ning Wang, Robert J. Stern, Mary L. Urquhart, Katherine M. Seals

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: multimedia; geoscience videos; geoscience education; GEGVL; earth systems science education; educational technology; place-based education; active learning

Online: 17 May 2022 (04:37:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0162.v1

Comprehensive Understanding of the Planform Complexity of the Anastomosing River and the Dynamic Imprint of the River’s Flow: Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh

Shiblu Sarker, Tanni Sarker, Sarder Udoy Raihan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: anastomosing; erodibility; planform; Fourier transform; power spectral density; sample entropy; approximate entropy

Online: 12 May 2022 (08:03:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0260.v1

Climatic Extrapolations in Hydrology: The Expanded Bluecat Methodology

Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Alberto Montanari

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Bluecat; climate models; stochastics; uncertainty.

Online: 27 April 2022 (10:46:45 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0240.v1

Towards an Effective Application of Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis to Mathematical Groundwater Models

Paulo A. Herrera, Miguel Angel Marazuela, Giovanni Formentin, Thilo Hofmann

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: calibration; uncertainty quantification; numerical modeling; groundwater hydrology

Online: 17 March 2022 (02:48:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0074.v1

Effectiveness of Measures to Reduce the Influence of Global Climate Change on Tomato Cultivation in Solariums. Case Study: CrișUrilor Plain, Bihor, Romania

Mihai Cărbunar, Olimpia Mintaș, Nicu Cornel Sabău, Ioana Borza, Alina Stanciu, Ana Pereș, Adelina Venig, Mircea Curilă, Mihaela Lavinia Cărbunar, Teodora Vidican, Cristian Oneț

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: tomatoes; drip irrigation; mulching; solar pump; photovoltaic panel; economic indices; irrigation water indices

Online: 4 March 2022 (08:39:44 CET)

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Tomatoes, one of the most appreciated vegetables consumed, are crops well adapted for cultivation in arid and semi-arid conditions, the success of large yields is guaranteed by covering water consumption through irrigation. Solar Pumps - SP are driven by Photovoltaic Panels - PV (SPAPV), eliminating the dependence on electricity or diesel; they are environmentally friendly because they generate carbon-free electricity and the cost of operation and maintenance is lower. In order to preserve the water administered by drip to the tomato crop grown in solariums, mulching is used. In Husasău de Tinca, in the Crișurilor Plain, cultivation of tomato varieties without mulching (WM) and with mulching with black foil (MBF) were studied. To answer the question "How effective are water conservation measures in terms of energy independence?", two variants of SPAPVs, direct pumping (ADP) and storage tank (AST) were simulated. Considering the conditions in the solariums, tomato crops do not benefit from the contribution of precipitation, therefore it is proposed to determine the water consumption of tomatoes (ETRo), using the temperatures inside the solarium. In 2016, the average temperatures during the vegetation period were observed with an insurance of over 20 %, the irrigation norms were 6945.7 m3 ha-1, for the WM variant and 6594.0 m3 ha-1 for the MBF variant, respectively. Specific Investment (SI) is 214,795 Euro ha-1 in case of ADP and respectively 202,990 Euro ha-1 in case of ATS. The payback period (IPT) is between 2.68 years and 2.53 years for the ADP variant and between 1.63 years and 1.54 years for the ATS variant, respectively. The indications for water use and irrigation water use show that in the MBF variant the water administered by localized irrigation is better utilized than in the WM variant. In the conditions of Crișurilor Plain, the best solution for the distribution of water in solariums, with the help of SPAPVs is the mulching system of tomatoes grown in solariums (MBF) and the arrangement of the drip irrigation system with a water storage tank (ATS).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0298.v1

Prioritization of Critical Areas on Hydrological Response Unit Level for Sediment and Nutrient Loss Control in a River Basin of India

Dhiraj Khalkho, M. P. Tripathi, S. Patel, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Love Kumar, Atish Sagar, Prashant Singh, Vijay Kumar Singh, Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma, Ahmed Elbeltagi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Sediment yield; runoff; SWAT; Watershed; Hydrological model; Hydrological Response Units; Critical area

Online: 23 February 2022 (14:38:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0184.v2

Quantitative Geochemical Prediction from Spectral Measurements and its Application to Spatially Dispersed Spectral Data

Andrew Rodger, Carsten Laukamp

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Spectral; Geochemistry; Random Forest; Regression; Whole Rock; MIR; SWIR; VNIR; NMF

Online: 21 December 2021 (12:35:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0184.v1

Quantitative Geochemical Prediction from Spectral Measurements and its Application to Spatially Dispersed Spectral Data

Andrew Rodger, Carsten Laukamp

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Spectral; Geochemistry; Random Forest, Regression, Whole Rock, MIR, SWIR, VNIR, NMF

Online: 10 December 2021 (13:28:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0535.v1

On the ROC Area of Ensemble Forecasts for Rare Events

Zied Ben Bouallegue, David S. Richardson

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: ROC area; discrimination; verification artefacts; trapezoidal approximation; bi-normal model; imprecise probability

Online: 29 November 2021 (12:36:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0306.v1

Growth and Hierarchy of Cities in Algeria: Application of the Rank-Size Rule

Ahmed Bousmaha, Salah Zeraib, Nassira Benhassine, Yacine Kouba

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: urbanization; urban growth urban hierarchy; urban system

Online: 17 September 2021 (11:22:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0203.v1

Sensitivity of Reservoir and Operational Parameters on the Energy Extraction Performance of Combined CO2-EGR–CPG Systems

Justin Ezekiel, Diya Kumbhat, Anozie Ebigbo, Benjamin M. Adams, Martin O. Saar

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: CO2-plume geothermal (CPG); Enhanced gas recovery (EGR); Combined CO2-EGR–CPG system; Sensitivity analysis; Reservoir simulation; Geothermal power generation

Online: 13 September 2021 (11:14:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0450.v1

The Effect of Water Vapor Originating from Land on the 2018 Drought Development in Europe

Fares Al Hasan, Andreas Link, Ruud J. van der Ent

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Drought; NDVI; Soil moisture; moisture recycling; land-atmosphere interactions

Online: 20 July 2021 (12:12:28 CEST)

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The 2018 summer drought in Europe was particularly extreme in terms of intensity and impact due to the combination of low rainfall and high temperatures. However, it remains unclear how this drought developed in time and space in such an extreme way. In this study we aimed to get a better understanding of the role of land-atmosphere interactions. More specifically, we investigated whether there was a change in water vapor originating from land, if that caused a reduction in rainfall, and by this mechanism possibly the propagation and intensification of the drought in Europe. Our first step was to use remote sensing products for soil moisture content (SMC) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to see where the 2018 drought started and how it developed in time and space. Our SMC and NDVI analysis showed that the 2018 drought started to impact the soil and vegetation state in June in Scandinavia and the British Isles. After that it moved towards the West of Europe where it intensified in July and August. In September, it started to decay. In October, drought was observed in southeast Europe as well. Based on the observed patterns we divided Europe into six regions of similar spatiotemporal characteristics of SMC and NDVI. Then, we used a global gridded dataset of the fate of land evaporation (i.e., where it ends up as precipitation) to investigate whether the drought intensification and propagation was impacted by the reduction in water vapor transported from the regions that first experienced the drought. This impact was investigated by identifying the anomalies in the water vapor originating from land recycling, imports and exports within Europe during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. From these regions we identified four drought regions and investigated the changes in water vapor originating from source regions on the development of drought in those regions. It was found that during the onset phase of the 2018 drought in Europe that the water vapor originating from land played an important role in mitigating the precipitation anomalies as, for example, the share of land evaporation contributing to precipitation increased from 27% (normal years) to 38% (2018) during July in West of Europe. Land evaporation played a minor role in amplifying it during the intensification phase of the drought as the share of land evaporation contribution to precipitation decreased from 23% (normal years) to 21% (2018) during August in West of Europe. These findings are somewhat in contrast to similar studies in other continents that found the land surface to play a strong amplifying role for drought development. Subsequently, we found that the relative increase in the amount of land water vapor originating from eastern half of Europe played a role in delaying the onset and accelerating the decay of the 2018 drought in West of Europe.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0456.v1

Effects of Some Weather Parameters on Oil Palm Production in the Peninsular Malaysia

Abubakar Ahmed, Mohd Yusoff Ishak, Mohd Kamal Uddin, Mohd Yusoff Abd Samad, Suleiman Mukhtar, Samir Shehu Danhassan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Rainfall; Temperature; oil palm; Malaysia

Online: 17 June 2021 (10:17:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0030.v1

Concentration of selenium and other minerals and their relationship in soils and fodder plants in Kosovo

Arsim Ademi, Bal Ram Singh, Aksel Bernhoft, Hysen Bytyqi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: micro minerals, selenium, deficiency, soil-plant relationship, Kosovo

Online: 1 April 2021 (16:17:35 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0053.v1

Interpretability in Convolutional Neural Networks for Building Damage Classification in Satellite Imagery

Thomas Chen

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: climate; disasters; interpretability; relief; satellite imagery

Online: 4 January 2021 (15:58:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0380.v1

Numerical Analysis for Hydrogen Flame Acceleration during a Severe Accident in the APR1400 Containment Using a Multi-Dimensional Hydrogen Analysis System

Hyung Seok Kang, Jongtae Kim, Seong Wan Hong, Sang Baik Kim

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: APR1400; COM3D; Containment Integrity; Hydrogen Flame Acceleration; Multi-Dimensional Hydrogen Analysis System; Overpressure; PAR; Severe Accident

Online: 19 October 2020 (13:20:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0574.v1

Crowdsourcing LUCAS: Citizens Generating Reference Land Cover and Land Use Data with a Mobile App

Juan Carlos Laso Bayas, Linda See, Hedwig Bartl, Tobias Sturn, Mathias Karner, Dilek Fraisl, Inian Moorthy, Michaela Busch, Marijn Van Der Velde, Steffen Fritz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: land cover; land use; citizen science; mobile apps; in-situ data collection; LUCAS

Online: 24 September 2020 (08:26:29 CEST)

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There are many new land use and land cover (LULC) products emerging yet there is still a lack of in-situ data for training, validation, and change detection purposes. The LUCAS (Land Use Cover Area frame Sample) survey is one of the few authoritative in-situ field campaigns, which takes place every three years in European Union member countries. More recently, a study has considered whether citizen science and crowdsourcing could complement LUCAS survey data, e.g., through the FotoQuest Austria mobile app and crowdsourcing campaign. Although the data obtained from the campaign were promising when compared with authoritative LUCAS survey data, there were classes that were not well classified by the citizens, and the photographs submitted through the app were not always of sufficient quality. For this reason, in the latest FotoQuest Go Europe 2018 campaign, several improvements were made to the app to facilitate interaction with the citizens contributing and to improve their accuracy in LULC identification. In addition to extending the locations from Austria to Europe, a change detection component (comparing land cover in 2018 to the 2015 LUCAS photographs) was added, as well as an improved LC decision tree and a near real-time quality assurance system to provide feedback on the distance to the target location, the LULC classes chosen and the quality of the photographs. Another modification was the implementation of a monetary incentive scheme in which users received between 1 to 3 Euros for each successfully completed quest of sufficient quality. The purpose of this paper is to present these new features and to compare the results obtained by the citizens with authoritative LUCAS data from 2018 in terms of LULC and change in LC. We also compared the results between the FotoQuest campaigns in 2015 and 2018 and found a significant improvement in 2018, i.e., a much higher match of LC between FotoQuest Go Europe and LUCAS. Finally, we present the results from a user survey to discuss challenges encountered during the campaign and what further improvements could be made in the future, including better in-app navigation and offline maps, making FotoQuest a model for enabling the collection of large amounts of land cover data at a low cost.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0260.v1

Assessing Alluvial Fan of Bergama Using High Resolution DEM Generated from Airborne LiDAR Data

Beycan Hocaoğlu, Müge Ağca

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: LiDAR; Bergama; Alluvial Fan; Geomorphology; Bakırçay River

Online: 13 September 2020 (11:25:59 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Impact of El Niño and La Niña on Agriculture in Ethiopia: Implications for El Niño and La Niña Adaptation and Food Security in Ethiopia

Abadi Berhane, Teklay Tesfay

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: El Niño; La Niña; statistical indices; climate change adaptation; Ethiopia

Online: 3 September 2020 (15:33:05 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Potential and Limitations of Satellite Altimetry Constellations for Monitoring Surface Water Storage Changes – A Case Study in the Mississippi Basin

Denise Dettmering, Laura Ellenbeck, Daniel Scherer, Christian Schwatke, Christoph Niemann

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: satellite altimetry; terrestrial water storage; Mississippi basin; SWOT

Online: 27 August 2020 (11:54:43 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Deformations Prior to the Brumadinho Dam Collapse Revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR Data Using SBAS and PSI Techniques

Fábio Furlan Gama, José Claudio Mura, Waldir Renato Paradella, Cleber Gonzales de Oliveira

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Brumadinho; Tailings dam; SBAS; PSI; Sentinel-1B

Online: 18 August 2020 (16:21:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0386.v1

Geoethics for Nudging Human Practices in Times of Pandemics

Eduardo Marone, Martin Bohle

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Geoethics; social-ecological systems; ethical imperatives; COVID-19 pandemic; responsible science

Online: 18 August 2020 (11:15:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0163.v1

Is There a Relationship Between Climate, Morphology and Urbanization and COVID19? Preliminary Analysis of Environmental and Pandemic Data in the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy)

Massimiliano Fazzini, Claudio Bna, Alessandro Cecili, Andrea Giuliacci, Sonia Illuminati, Fabrizio Pregliasco, Claudia Baresi, Enrico Miccadei

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), temperate sub-continental climate, Lombardy, temperature, solar radiation

Online: 6 August 2020 (11:39:41 CEST)

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the defining global health and socioeconomic crisis of our time and represents the greatest challenge faced by the world since the end of the Second World War. The academic literature indicates that climatic features, specifically the temperature and absolute humidity, are very important factors affecting infectious pulmonary disease epidemics (e.g., SARS, MERS); however, the influence of climatic parameters on COVID-19 remains extremely controversial. The goal of this study is to quantify the existing relationship between several daily climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, accumulated precipitation, solar radiation, wind direction and intensity, and evaporation), local morphological parameters, and new daily positive swabs for COVID-19, which represents the only parameter that can be statistically used to quantify the pandemic. The daily deaths parameter was not considered because it is not reliable due to frequent administrative errors. Daily data on meteorological conditions and new cases of COVID-19 were collected for the Lombardy area from March 1, 2020, to April 20, 2020. This region in Italy exhibited the largest number of official deaths in the world per million inhabitants, with a value of approximately 1700 per million on june 30, 2020. Moreover, the apparent lethality was approximately 17% in this area, mainly due to the considerable housing density and the extensive presence of industrial and craft areas. The Mann-Kendall test and multivariate statistical analysis showed that none of the considered climatic variables exhibited statistically significant relationships with the epidemiological evolution of COVID-19, at least in the spring months in temperate subcontinental climate areas, with the exception of solar radiation, which was directly related and showed an otherwise low explained variability of approximately 20%. Furthermore, the average temperatures of two highly representative meteorological stations of Molise and Lucania, the most weakly affected by the pandemic. The temperatures at these stations were approximately 1.5°C lower than that in the cities in Lombardy of Bergamo and Brescia, again confirming that a significant relationship between the increase in temperature and decrease in virology from COVID-19 was not evident, at least in the Italian peninsula.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0595.v1

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis Technique for Solar Power Sites Selection in Duhok Governorate – Iraq

Gaylan R. Faqe Ibrahim, Kamaran Wali Mahmood, Muhammad Mirza Mahmud

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Duhok Governorate; Solar Power; MCDA; AHP; Boolean

Online: 24 July 2020 (14:36:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0429.v1

How Does N Mineral Fertilizer Influence the Crop Residue N Credit?

Risely Ferraz-Almeida, Natália Lopes da Silva, Beno Wendling

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: sugarcane; soybean; trash; soil N; waste management

Online: 19 July 2020 (19:49:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0070.v2

Haze, Hunger, Hesitation: Disaster Aid after the 1783 Lakagígar Eruption

Claudia Wieners

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Iceland; volcanic eruption; famine; disaster aid

Online: 25 June 2020 (15:51:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0478.v1

Socio-economic determinants for adoption of riverbed farming in Deukhuri valley of Western Nepal

Shree Kumar Maharjan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: adaptation; agriculture; riverbed farming; Terai; Nepal

Online: 27 April 2020 (04:34:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0405.v1

How Could Sustainable Agriculture Increase Climate Resilience? A Systematic Review

Daniel El Chami, André Daccache, Maroun El Moujabber

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Systematic Review; Sustainable Agriculture; Climate Change; Resilience; Agro-Systems

Online: 27 February 2020 (12:23:04 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Reducing Phosphorus Fertilizer Input in High Phosphorus Soils for Sustainable Agriculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Thuy Pham Thi Phuong, Hoa Nguyen My, Warren A Dick

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: total P; bray 1 available P; P sorption; P saturation; P release; P fertilizer input; corn yield

Online: 21 February 2020 (07:14:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0095.v1

Variation of Ground Temperature along the Stratum Depth in Ice-rich Tundra

Ziying Liu, Tianlai Yu, Ning Yan, Lipeng Gu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: permafrost; temperature; nonlinear fitting; prediction model

Online: 7 February 2020 (11:31:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0050.v1

Optimising Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivation by Selection of Proper Soils

Štefan Koco, Jozef Vilček, Stanislav Torma, Eva Michaeli, Vladimír Solár

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: potato cultivation soil suitability; agricultural landscape categorisation; GIS

Online: 5 February 2020 (02:52:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0047.v2

Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate - A Case of Gombe Metropolis

Ishiyaku Abdulkadir, J. Sathish Kumar, Monica Noon

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: sustainable development goals; land consumption; population growth; urban area

Online: 31 January 2020 (09:58:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0300.v1

Parsing Synthetic Aperture Radar Measurements of Snow in Complex Terrain: Scaling Behaviour and Sensitivity to Snow Wetness and Landcover

Surendar Manickam, Ana Barros

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: snow; synthetic aperture radar; Sentinel-1; spatial variability; spectral scaling; topography; wet snow

Online: 26 January 2020 (01:42:48 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0070.v1

Haze, Hunger, Hesitation: Disaster Aid after the 1783 Lakagígar Eruption

Claudia Wieners

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Iceland; volcanic eruption; famine; disaster aid

Online: 9 January 2020 (05:14:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0334.v1

Physical Scaling Predicts Oil Production Rates and Ultimate Recovery from All Horizontal Wells in the Bakken Shale

Wardana Saputra, Wissem Kirati, Tadeusz Patzek

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: scaling EUR; unconventional; refracturing; USGS; EIA

Online: 25 December 2019 (03:41:27 CET)

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A recent study by the Wall Street Journal reveals that the hydrofractured horizontal wells in shales have been producing less than forecasted by the industry with the empirical hyperbolic decline curve analysis (DCA). As an alternative to DCA, we introduce a simple, fast and accurate method of estimating ultimate recovery (EUR) in oil shales. We adopt a physics-based scaling approach to analyze oil rates and ultimate recovery from 14,888 active horizontal oil wells in the Bakken shale. To predict EUR, we collapse production records from individual horizontal shale oil wells onto two segments of a master curve: (1) We find that cumulative oil production from 4,845 wells is still growing linearly with the square root of time; and (2) 6,401 wells are already in exponential decline after approximately seven years on production. In addition, 2,363 wells have discontinuous production records, because of refracturing or changes in downhole flowing pressure, and are matched with a linear combination of scaling curves superposed in time. The remaining 1,279 new wells with less than 12 months on production have too few production records to allow for robust matches. These wells are scaled with the slopes of other comparable wells in the square-root-of-time flow regime. In the end, we predict that total ultimate recovery from all existing horizontal wells in Bakken will be some 4.5 billion barrels of oil. We also find that wells completed in the Middle Bakken formation, in general, produce more oil than those completed in the Upper Three Forks formation. The newly completed longer wells with larger hydrofractures have higher initial production rates, but they decline faster and have EURs similar to the cheaper old wells. There is little correlation among EUR, lateral length, and the number and size of hydrofractures. Therefore, technology may not help much in boosting production of new wells completed in the poor immature areas along the edges of the Williston Basin. Operators and policy-makers may use our findings to optimize the possible futures of the Bakken shale and other plays. More importantly, petroleum industry may adopt our physics-based method as an alternative to the overly-optimistic hyperbolic DCA that yields an "illusory picture" of shale oil resources.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0282.v1

Integrated Method for Rice Cultivation Monitoring Using Sentinel-2 Data and Leaf Area Index

Abdelraouf M. Ali, Igor Savin, Anton Poddubsky, Mohamed Aboelghar, Nasser Salem

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Sentinal-2; NDVI; LAI; rice; yield

Online: 21 December 2019 (11:00:09 CET)

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Rice is an essential crop for national food security in Egypt. Increasing the population calls for regular increases in rice production. At the same time, cultivated rice crop areas should be decreased because of the gradual scarcity of irrigation water. This means more rice production should be gained from less rice area. This situation calls for the annual accurate system for rice monitoring and yield estimation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a remotely sensed based system for rice cultivation assessment using satellite imagery parallel with field measurements of some biophysical parameters. Multi-temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from twelve sentinel-2 imagery cover the whole summer season with variance and maximum value assessed by ground control points (GCPs), were used to isolate uncultivated areas, then to isolate rice areas and other vegetation covers. object-based classification methods with kappa co-efficient 0.9261 and overall accuracy 94.92% was generated to discriminate rice crop area and other summer crops on the study area. Leaf area index (LAI) for the experiment the l site was calculated using the surface energy balance algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model and then tested versus measured (LAI). NDVI and LAI were used to generate an empirical ran rice yield prediction model. Then, this model was used to produce rice to yield a map. The study was carried out in an experimental site in Kafr Elsheikh governorate with a total area of 5040 Hectare. Produced cultivated land use map showed 95% overall accuracy. High similarity was observed between measured and calculated (LAI) with high accuracy of R2 = 0.94. of Rice, yield map showed expected to yield more to than a month before harvest. The generated yield map was tested using a correlation coefficient between actual yield and estimated yield with high accuracy R2 = 0.9. This method is applicable to estimate the acreage and productivity of rice in the northern Nile delta in adequate time before harvest.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0047.v1

Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to the Population Growth Rate- A Case of Metropolitan Gombe

Ishiyaku Abdulkadir, J Sathish Kumar, Monica Noon

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: SDGs; sustainable development goalsl; indicator; sustainable cities

Online: 4 December 2019 (11:16:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0253.v1

Calculating Point Cloud Object Volume Using Co-Opposite-Direction Slicing Method

Bin Li, Xiaowei Bi, Cheng Peng, Yong Chen, Xiaofa Zhao, Chengsheng Yang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: point cloud objects (PCOs); volume calculation (VC); co-opposite-direction slicing method (CODSM); systematic directional errors; random errors

Online: 22 November 2019 (05:37:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0159.v1

Integration of Peach (Prunus persica L) Biochar, Compost and Peach Residues along with Beneficial Microbes and Phosphorus Improve Agronomic Efficiency, Phosphorus use Efficiency, Partial Factor Productivity and Soil P in Soybean vs Maize Crops

Imran Imran, Amanullah Amanullah

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: peach carbon sources; agronomic efficiency; pue; partial factor productivity; soil p; biochar; trichoderma; ps

Online: 14 November 2019 (11:11:27 CET)

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Phosphorus (P) is an important element in a complete and balanced fertility program that can improve crop P use efficiency and ultimately productivity and profitability. Phosphatic fertilizers use without organic fertilizers leads to gradual decline in soil organic matter, native nutrient status and ultimately reduction in agricultural productivity and economic growth. The objectives of this was to evaluate P efficiencies with incorporation of peach sources, beneficial microbes and P application. From sustainability points of view, alternative use of different sources and forms of organic sources alone or in combination with inorganic P and beneficial microbes possess potential for improving productive capacity of the soil. Separate field experiments (one each on maize and soybean as a test crop) were conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Mingora Swat (ARI) for two consecutive years in summer season of 2016 (year one) and 2017 (year two). For the first time such a study were conducted to utilize peach leftovers and biomass (leaves, twigs, fruits, stones and barks partially decomposed, its compost and biochar) along with three phosphorus (P) levels (50, 75, 100 kg P ha-1) and two beneficial microbes (PSB and Trichoderma) on such a way to enhance soil sustainability and P use efficiency of soybean and maize. The results revealed that organic sources had significant effect on soybean and maize P use efficiency (PUE), P agronomic efficiency (PAE), partial factor productivity (PFPp) and soil P concentration. In experiment 1 among the organic sources, peach residues increased soil P (12.0 mg kg-1) as compared to peach compost and biochar (8.6 & 11.7 mg kg-1). Soil P concentration was maximum (12.1 mg kg-1) with PSB than Trichoderma (9.5 mg kg-1). Application of P at 100 kg ha-1increased soil P contents (16.9 mg kg-1) as compared to 50 and 75 kg P ha 1 (5.9 & 9.6 mg kg-1) respectively. P concentration was increased drastically in year 2 (12.4 mg kg-1) than year one (9.1 mg kg-1). PUE in both crops (soybean and maize) was maximum (25.6 & 28.4%) with peach biochar than compost and residues along with Trichoderma (21.7 & 27.8%). Highest PUE in soybean was recorded with 75 kg P ha-1(22.2%) however in maize maximum PUE was noted with 50 kg P ha-1(33.5%). PAE and PFPp in both crops was maximum with biochar and soil application of Trichoderma than other organic sources and PSB. Among the P levels highest PAE in soybean and maize was recorded with 75 kg ha-1whereas PFPp in soybean was maximum with 75 kg P ha-1 and interestingly in maize it was noted with 50 kg ha-1. Conclusively soybean and maize PAE, PFPp and PUE was higher with biochar, soil incorporation of Trichoderma and P at the rate of 75 kg ha-1 and can improve soybean and maize yield and soil productivity on sustainable basis.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy)

Davide Notti, Alberto Cina, Ambrogio Manzino, Alessio Colombo, Iosif Horea Bendea, Paolo Mollo, Daniele Giordan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: low-cost GNSS; warning threshold; unstable slope; cultural heritage

Online: 10 November 2019 (10:46:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0316.v1

Assessing the Use of Sentinel-2 Time Series for Monitoring Cork Oak Decline in Portugal

Ana Navarro, João Catalão, João Calvão

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Quercus suber; cork oak decline; sentinel-2; time series; vegetation indices

Online: 28 September 2019 (15:01:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0292.v1

Water and Sediment Budget of Casiquiare Channel Linking Orinoco and Amazon Catchments, Venezuela

Alain Laraque, Jose Luis Lopez, Santiago Yepez, Paul Georgescu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Casiquiare; Orinoco; Amazon; bifurcation; hydro-sedimentary budget

Online: 26 September 2019 (03:59:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0321.v1

Analysis of WRF Simulation Skill for Seasonal Rainfall: A Case Study of 2015 September–November Season

Ronald Ingula Odongo, Isaac Mugume

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Intra–Seasonal rain fall characteristics; Short rains; WRF Model

Online: 30 August 2019 (09:57:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0275.v1

Remote Sensing and GIS Application for Land use/ Land cover Change Analysis: Case Study of Jarmet Wet-Land and its Surrounding Environments in Western Ethiopia

Amanuel Kumsa, Professor Sileshi Nemomissa, Asmamaw (PhD) Legas, Dessalegn Gurmessa

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Accuracy Assessment, Analysis Change, Detection analysis, Environmental change, GIS and Remote Sensing, Jarmet and others wetland change,LULC, change population growth

Online: 24 July 2019 (12:04:29 CEST)

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Wetlands are one of the crucial natural resources. They provide invaluable biodiversity resources, aid in water quality improvement, support ground water recharge, help in moderating climate change and support flood control. Environment is in the other hand, where we live and something, we are very familiar with our day to day life. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing and Global Positioning System (GPS) were a useful tool for wetland and environmental change analysis and to improve on the classification accuracy. This study investigates population and environmental change of Jarmet wetland and its surrounding area change analysis over the period of 1972 to 2015. The purpose of this study was to show land use/ land cover change of Jarmet wetland and its surrounding environment over years as a response to population growth. For this purpose, multi-temporal satellite imageries (Landsat MSS 1972, TM1986, ETM+ 2000, 2005 and 2015 and SRTM 2000) were obtained and used for LULC change analysis, elevation analysis and change detection analysis. ERDAS Imagine 2015, ARC GIS 10.5.1, Global Mapper11, ENVI 5.0 and DNR Garmin softwares were used to process the image data and accuracy assessment analysis. The result of LULC showed that there is spatial reduction in wetland, forest, Shrubland and grassland in the period of 43 years (1972-2015) by -1,722.8 ha, -296.2 ha, -1,718.7 ha and -661.9 ha respectively, due to increase in the farmland and plantation area as a response to overpopulation, lack of environmental policy implementation and irresponsible for natural resource degradation. The accuracy assessment of LULC change are done for recent satellite image showed the overall accuracy of 84.06% with Kappa index 75.19% this means this classification is accurately classified and handle greater than 75% of error. Finally, this study suggests that create strictly natural resource conservation law, stopping illegal expansion of farmland, educating society about the value of natural resource especially wetland and create a source of income for society rather than farming.

Working Paper REVIEW

Periodicity in Volcanic Plumes: A Review and Analysis

Tom D. Pering, Tehnuka Ilanko, Emma J. Liu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Volcanic plumes; Periodicity; Basaltic volcanism; Passive degassing; Fluid dynamics

Online: 19 July 2019 (10:38:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0164.v1

Investigating Fold-River Interactions for Major Rivers Using a Scheme of Remotely Sensed Characteristics of River and Fold Geomorphology

Kevin P. Woodbridge, Saied Pirasteh, Daniel R. Parsons

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: major river; fold; geomorphology; interactions; remote sensing; characteristics; Karun; Dez; Iran

Online: 12 July 2019 (05:26:16 CEST)

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There are frequently interactions between active folds and major rivers (mean annual water discharges > 70 m³s^-1). The major river may incise across the fold, to produce a water gap across the fold, or a bevelling (or lateral planation) of the top of the fold. Alternatively, the major river may be defeated to produce a diversion of the river around the fold, with wind gaps forming across the fold in some cases, or ponding of the river behind the fold. Why a river incises or diverts is often unclear, though influential characteristics and processes have been identified. A new scheme for investigating fold-river interactions has been devised, involving a short description of the major river, climate, and structural geology, and 13 characteristics of river and fold geomorphology: 1) Channel width at location of fold axis, w, 2) Channel-belt width at location of fold axis, cbw, 3) Floodplain width at location of fold axis, fpw, 4) Channel sinuosity, Sc, 5) Braiding index, BI, 6) General river course direction, RCD, 7) Distance from fold core to location of river crossing, C-RC, 8) Distance from fold core to river basin margin, C-BM, 9) Width of geological structure at location of river crossing, Wgs, 10) Estimate of erosion resistance of surface sediments/rocks and deeper sediments/rocks in fold, ERs, ERd, 11) Channel water surface slope at location of fold axis, s, 12) Average channel migration rate, Rm, 13) Estimate of fold total uplift rate, TUR. The first 10 geomorphological characteristics should be readily determinable for nearly all major rivers using widely available satellite imagery and fine scale geological maps. The last 3 characteristics should be determinable for most major rivers where other data sources are available. This study demonstrates the methodology of this scheme, using the example of the major rivers Karun and Dez interacting with active folds in the foreland basin tectonic setting of lowland south-west Iran. For the rivers Karun and Dez (mean annual water discharges 575 m³s^-1 and 230 m³s^-1, respectively), it was found that geomorphological characteristics Nos. 2, 3 and 7 had statistically significant differences (p-value ≤ 0.05) between the categories of river incision across a fold and river diversion around a fold. For river incision, at the fold axis, channel-belt width was always < 2.7 km, and floodplain width was generally (80 % of cases) < 5.7 km; whereas for river diversion, at the projection of the fold axis, these two characteristics had a wide range of values. For river incision, the distance from the fold core to the location where the river channel crossed the fold axis, was generally (80 % of cases) ≤ 8.5 km; whereas for river diversion, this distance was always > 22 km. Since it is highly likely that different characteristics will be important for other major rivers interacting with other folds, it is recommended that this scheme is now used to investigate a variety of major rivers from across the globe. By comparing the same parameters for different major rivers, a better understanding of fold-river interactions should be achieved.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0170.v1

Development of Geopolymers Formulations Based on Low-Grade Kaolins as a Potential Construction Material

Cristiana Costa, Sara Fernandes, Ana Velosa, Fernando Rocha

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: geopolymers; kaolins; diatomite; applications

Online: 18 June 2019 (08:27:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0011.v1

Influence of the Rift Molango over the mineralization of platinum group elements and light rare earths into a sedimentary exhalative ore deposit

Edgar A. Cardenas-Reyes, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Ventura Rodríguez-Lugo, Ma. Pilar Gutierrez-Amador, Edmundo Roldan-Contreras, Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Platinum; Light Rare Earths Elements; Sedimentary ore deposit: SEDEX

Online: 3 June 2019 (09:12:09 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)

Valenti Rull

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: islands, discovery, settlement, colonization, Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean, Polynesians, Amerindians

Online: 28 March 2019 (11:22:33 CET)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Orthodox Science Versus Alternative Philosophies: A Clash of Cultures

Robert White, Martin Andrew

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: orthodox soil science, alternative practices, corrective strategies

Online: 26 March 2019 (09:43:00 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)

Valenti Rull

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: islands, discovery, settlement, colonization, Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean, Polynesians, Amerindians

Online: 20 March 2019 (14:54:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0202.v1

Precipitation of CaCO3 Polymorphs from Aqueous Solutions: The Role of pH and Sulphate Groups

Iris Cuesta Mayorga, José Manuel Astilleros, Lurdes Fernández-Díaz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: CaCO3 polymorphs; sulphate; ageing process; aragonite; gypsum

Online: 21 February 2019 (10:45:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0224.v1

Improving Soil Moisture Estimates Over the Contiguous US Using Satellite Retrievals and Ensemble Based Data Assimilation Techniques

Jostein Blyverket, Paul D. Hamer, Laurent Bertino, Clément Albergel, David Fairbairn, William A. Lahoz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: land data assimilation; EnKF; EnOI; SMAP; SMOS; ESA CCI

Online: 22 January 2019 (12:33:58 CET)

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A number of studies have shown that assimilation of satellite derived soil moisture using the ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) can improve soil moisture estimates, particularly for the surface zone. However, the EnKF is computationally expensive since an ensemble of model integrations have to be propagated forward in time. Here, assimilating satellite soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, we compare the EnKF with the computationally cheaper ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) method over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The background error-covariance in the EnOI is sampled in two ways: i) by using the stochastic spread from an ensemble open-loop run, and ii) sampling from the model spinup climatology. Our results indicate that the EnKF is only marginally superior to one version of the EnOI. Furthermore the assimilation of SMAP data using the EnKF and EnOI is found to improve the surface zone correlation with in-situ observations at a 95% significance level. The EnKF assimilation of SMAP data is also found to improve root-zone correlation with independent in-situ data at the same significance level; however this improvement is dependent on which in-situ network we are validating against. We evaluate how the quality of the atmospheric forcing affects the analysis results by prescribing the land surface data assimilation system with either observation corrected or model derived precipitation. Surface zone correlation skill increases for the analysis using both the corrected and model derived precipitation, but only the latter shows an improvement at the 95% significance level. The study also suggest that the EnOI can be used for bias-correction of the atmospheric fields where post-processed data are not available. Finally, we assimilate three different Level-2 satellite derived soil moisture products from ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI), SMAP and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) using the EnOI, and then compare the relative performance of the three resulting analyses against in-situ soil moisture observations. In this comparison, we find that all three analyses offer improvements over an open-loop run when comparing to in-situ observations. The assimilation of SMAP data is found to perform marginally better than the assimilation of SMOS data, while assimilation of the ESA CCI data shows the smallest improvement of the three analysis products.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0099.v1

Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America

Jessica Oster, Sophie Warken, Natasha Sekhon, Monica Arienzo, Matthew Lachniet

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: SISAL database; speleothem; cave; oxygen isotopes; North America; Central America; Caribbean

Online: 10 January 2019 (11:58:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0027.v1

Chemostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Smackover Formation for Little Cedar Creek and Brooklyn Fields, Alabama

Rian Engle, Lance D. Yarbrough, Greg Easson

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: x-ray fluorescence, paleo-depositional environments; porosity correlation

Online: 3 January 2019 (13:54:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0227.v1

Integration of UAV, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data for Mangrove Plantations Aboveground Biomass Monitoring in Senegal

José Antonio Navarro, Nur Algeet, Alfredo Fernández-Landa, Jéssica Esteban, Pablo Rodríguez-Noriega, María Luz Guillén-Climent

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: digital aerial photogrammetry; SAR; model-assisted; biomass estimation; Copernicus; unmanned aerial vehicles

Online: 19 December 2018 (02:56:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0038.v1

Speleothem Stable Isotope Records from Eastern Europe & Turkey

Zoltán Kern, Attila Demény, István Gábor Hatvani

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Carpathians; Balkan peninsula; holocene; hydroclimate; cryogenic cave carbonate; carbon; oxygen

Online: 4 December 2018 (02:46:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0494.v1

Stocks and Stoichiometry of Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphorus after Vegetation Restoration in the Loess Hilly Region, China

Hongwei Xu, Qing Qu, Peng Li, Ziqi Guo, Entemake Wulan, Sha Xue

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: soil stoichiometry; soil nutrient; nutrient limitations; natural grassland; natural forest

Online: 20 November 2018 (09:35:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0424.v1

Analysis of Retrackers’ Performances and Water Level Retrieval over the Ebro River Basin Using Sentinel-3

Qi Gao, Eduardo Makhoul, Maria Jose Escorihuela, Mehrez Zribi, Pere Quintana Seguí, Pablo García, Mònica Roca

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: altimetry; retracking; Sentinel-3; synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

Online: 19 November 2018 (06:55:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0347.v1

Rapid Thinning at a Glacier Terminus and Icefield of Mt. Tanggula, Tibet, Detected by TOPEX/Poseidon, and Jason-2/-3 Altimeters: Confirmation by Satellite Imagery

Cheinway Hwang, Shiang-Hung Wei, Yung-Sheng Cheng, Hsin-Ya Peng, Jui-Chi Lee, Kuo-Hsin Tseng, Chiang-Sheng Chi, Yuan-Ni Lo, Qiu-Yu Wang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Jason-2; Jason-3; glacier; Landsat; Mt. Tanggula; satellite altimeter; Tibet; TOPEX/Poseidon

Online: 15 November 2018 (06:03:39 CET)

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An oceanic radar altimeter such as TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) is typically for observing elevation changes over the open oceans or large inland lakes/rivers, with limited applications over solid earth due to its large footprint and susceptibility to waveform contamination and slope effect. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to construct a long-term time series of glacier elevation change from T/P-series radar altimeters over two flat surfaces near a glacier terminus and an icefield (Sites A and B, with slopes of 2° and 0.8°) in Mt. Tanggula, Tibet, at elevations over 5400 m. We retracked radar waveforms using the subwaveform threshold algorithm, selected quality altimeter data (1/4 of the original) with nearly the same slope and adjusted the original elevations by fitting with a time-varying, 2nd order surface. The glacier elevation changes at the two sites from T/P (1993–2002) show seasonal elevation oscillations with linear rates at about −3 m/year and abnormal seasonal changes around the 1997–98 El Niño. Site A is over a deep valley in southern Tanggula. Its elevation dropped about 30 m over 1993–2002 (from T/P) and the glacier almost disappeared by 2016 (from altimeters and satellite images). Despite the sporadic Jason-2 and Jason-3 altimeter data, we also derived long-term rates of glacier elevation change over 1993–2017. Landsat-derived glacier area and elevation changes near the two sites confirm the rapid glacier thinning from the altimeters. The glacier meltwater near Site A supplied increasing source water to Chibuzhang Co west of Mt. Tanggula, contributing partially to its accelerated rising lake level. The glacier thinning at Site B (icefield) was correlated with the increased discharge of the Tuotuo River in eastern Mt. Tanggula, a source region of the Yangtze River. The successful detection of glacier thinning at the two sites shows that T/P-series altimeters can serve as a virtual station at a flat glacier spot to monitor long-term glacier elevation changes in connection to climate change. This virtual station concept is particularly useful for inaccessible glaciers, but its implementation faces two challenging issues: increasing the volume of quality altimeter data and improving the ranging accuracy over a targeted mountain glacier spot.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0265.v1

How to Explain and Predict the Shape Parameter of the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution of Streamflow Extremes Using a Big Dataset

Hristos Tyralis, Georgia Papacharalampous, Sarintip Tantanee

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: CAMELS; flood frequency; hydrological signatures; extreme value theory; random forests; spatial modelling

Online: 12 November 2018 (04:59:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0192.v1

A Combined Geochemical and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Hongyan Cu-Polymetallic Deposit in the Eastern Hegenshan-Heihe Suture Zone, NE China: Implications for Petrogenesis, Tectonic Setting and Mineralization

Chen Mao, Xinbiao Lü, Chen Chao

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Hegenshan-Heihe suture zone; Permian A-type granite; granite petrogenesis; Hongyan Cu-polymetallic deposit; ore-forming fluids; post-collisional slab break-off

Online: 8 November 2018 (09:45:45 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0157.v1

Earth Observation Actionable Information Supporting Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts in a Sustainable Development Framework

Alberto Lorenzo-Alonso, Marino Palacios, Ángel Utanda

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Disaster Risk Reduction; EO4SD; Official Development Assistance; Actionable Information; World Bank; International Financial Institutions

Online: 7 November 2018 (09:53:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0643.v1

Assimilation of Synthetic SWOT River Depths in a Regional Hydrometeorological Model

Vincent Häfliger, Eric Martin, Aaron Boone, Sophie Ricci, Sylvain Biancamaria

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: overland flow, satellite altimetry, hydrological modelling, data assimilation

Online: 27 October 2018 (21:08:48 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0484.v1

Arctic Sea Ice Surface Roughness Derived from Multi-Angular Reflectance Satellite Imagery

Anne W. Nolin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: ice; surface roughness; remote sensing; MISR

Online: 22 October 2018 (09:50:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0463.v1

Recycling Prospects for Saponite-Containing Water at Diamond Processing Plants in Arkhangelsk Region, Russia

Valentine A. Chanturiya, Vladimir G. Minenko, Dmitriy V. Makarov, Olga V. Suvorova, Ekaterina A. Selivanova

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: saponite-containing waters; diamond processing plants; cryogenic treatment; electrochemical separation; saponite product applications

Online: 22 October 2018 (04:34:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0377.v1

Ergonomics Applied on Drilling Centers in the Brazilian Oil Industry

Rodrigo Ferreira, Claudio Lima, Gilson Lima, Luís Zotes, Danilo Vieira, Jose Castro, Julio Wasserman

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Ergonomic Workplace Analysis; ergonomics solutions; collaborative environment; drilling centers

Online: 17 October 2018 (08:28:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0376.v1

Rock Sample Surface Preparation Influences Thermal Infrared Spectra

Evelien Rost, Christoph Hecker, Martin C. Schodlok, Freek D. van der Meer

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: thermal infrared; reflectance spectroscopy; emissivity; surface roughness; geological sample preparation; hyperspectral; drill core scanning

Online: 17 October 2018 (07:51:17 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0102.v3

What if the ‘Anthropocene’ is not Formalised as a New Geological Series/Epoch?

Valenti Rull

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Anthropocene, series/epoch, chronostratigraphic units, formalization, Anthropocene Working Group

Online: 15 October 2018 (13:56:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0264.v1

Assimilation of Sentinel-2 Data into a Snowpack Model in the High Atlas of Morocco

Mohamed Wassim Baba, Simon Gascoin, Lahoucine Hanich

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: snow; semi-arid climate; data assimilation; particle filter; SWE; MERRA-2

Online: 12 October 2018 (11:17:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0188.v1

Land Consolidation Design Based on an Evaluation of Ecological Sensitivity

Zhang Qiuqin, Zhang Tianzhu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: ecological sensitivity; ecological sensitivity evaluation; land consolidation; ecological value; Guanling

Online: 9 October 2018 (14:35:04 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0102.v2

What if the ‘Anthropocene’ is not Formalised as a New Geological Series/Epoch?

Valenti Rull

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Anthropocene, series/epoch, chronostratigraphic units, formalization, Anthropocene Working Group

Online: 8 October 2018 (12:24:41 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0102.v1

What if the ‘Anthropocene’ is not Formalised as a New Geological Series/Epoch?

Valenti Rull

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Anthropocene, series/epoch, chronostratigraphic units, formalization, Anthropocene Working Group

Online: 5 October 2018 (14:59:27 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0016.v1

A Window into Africa’s Past Hydroclimates: The SISAL_V1 Database Contribution

Kerstin Braun, Carole Nehme, Robyn Pickering, Mike Rogerson, Nick Scroxton

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: speleothem; hydroclimate; monsoon; ITCZ; SISAL; oxygen isotopes

Online: 1 October 2018 (15:13:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0573.v1

Crowd-sourced street-level imagery as a potential source of in-situ data for crop monitoring

Raphaël d'Andrimont, Momchil Iordanov, Guido Lemoine, Janine Yoong, Kamil Nikel, Marijn van der Velde

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: crowdsourcing; citizen science; agriculture; street-view; in-situ; LUCAS; Copernicus

Online: 28 September 2018 (16:30:41 CEST)

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New approaches to collect in-situ data are needed to complement the high spatial (10~m) and temporal (5-day) resolution of Copernicus Sentinel satellite observations. Making sense of Sentinel observations requires high quality and timely in-situ data for training and validation. Classical ground truth collection is expensive, lacks scale, fails to exploit opportunities for automation, and is prone to sampling error. Here we evaluate the potential contribution of opportunistically exploiting crowd-sourced street-level imagery to collect massive high-quality in-situ data in the context of crop monitoring. This study assesses this potential by answering two questions: 1) what is the spatial availability of these images across the European Union (EU)? and 2) can these images be transformed to useful data? To answer the first question, we evaluated the EU availability of street-level images on Mapillary - the largest open-access platform for such images - against the Land Use and land Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) 2018, a systematic surveyed sampling of 337031 points. For 37.78% of the LUCAS points a crowd-sourced image is available within a 2-km buffer, with a mean distance of 816.11 m. We estimate that 9.44% of the EU territory has a crowd-sourced image within 300-m from a LUCAS point, illustrating the huge potential of crowd-sourcing as a complementary sampling tool. After artificial and built up (63.14%), and inland water (43.67%) land cover classes, arable land has the highest availability at 40.78%. To answer the second question, we focus on identifying crops at parcel level using all 13.6 million Mapillary images collected in the Netherlands. Only 1.9% of the contributors generated 75.15% of the images. A procedure was developed to select and harvest the pictures potentially best suited to identify crops using the geometries of 785710 Dutch parcels and the pictures' meta-data such as camera orientation and focal length. Availability of crowd-sourced imagery looking at parcels was assessed for 8 different crop groups with the 2017 parcel level declarations. Parcel revisits during the growing season allowed to track crop growth. Examples illustrate the capacity to recognize crops and their phenological development on crowd-sourced street-level imagery. Consecutive images taken during the same capture track allow selecting the image with the best unobstructed view. In the future, dedicated crop capture tasks can improve image quality and expand coverage in rural areas.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0380.v1

The Indian Summer Monsoon from a Speleothem d¹⁸O Perspective – a Review

Nikita Kaushal, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Ashish Sinha, Vinod C. Tewari, Syed Masood Ahmad, Max Berkelhammer, Shraddha Band, Madhusudan Yadava, Rengaswamy Ramesh, Gideon M. Henderson

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: speleothem; oxygen isotopes; monsoon; paleoclimate; India; SISAL; ISM; ASM

Online: 19 September 2018 (10:18:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0024.v1

Effects of Glycine in Collagen Expression and Factors Growth, Platelet (PDGF) and Epidermal (EGF) in Oral Mucositis Induced Hamster

Odara Maria de Sousa Sá, Nilza Nelly Fontana Lopes, Maria Teresa Seixas Alves, Eliana Maria Monteiro Caran

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: oral mucositis; glycine; intercellular signaling peptides and proteins

Online: 3 September 2018 (11:09:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0388.v1

Satellite Image Fusion to Detect Changing Surface Permeability and Emerging Urban Heat Islands in a Fast-Growing City

Rajchandar Padmanaban, Pedro Cabral, Avit K Bhowmik

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Satellite Image Fusion, Land Surface Temperature, Surface Permeability, Landuse and Landcover, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, Urban Heat Island, Fast Growing City, Remote sensing

Online: 21 August 2018 (16:58:09 CEST)

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Rapid and extensive urbanization has adversely impacted humans and ecological entities in the recent decades through a decrease in surface permeability and the emergence of urban heat islands (UHI). While detailed and continuous assessments of surface permeability and UHI are crucial for urban planning and management of landuse zones, they have mostly involved time consuming and expensive field studies, and single sensor derived large scale aerial and satellite imageries. We demonstrated the advantage of fusing imageries from multiple sensors for landuse and landcover (LULC) change assessments as well as for assessing surface permeability and UHI emergence in Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Cartosat-2 and Landsat-7 ETM+ imageries from 2007 and 2017 were fused and classified using a Rotation Forest (RF), while surface permeability and temperature were quantified using Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) index, respectively. Fused images exhibited higher classification accuracies than non-fused images, i.e. overall kappa coefficient values 0.83 and 0.75, respectively. We observed an overall increase of 20 km2 (45%) in the coverage of urban (dry, real estate plots and built-up) areas, while a decrease of 27 km2 (37%) for vegetated (cropland and forest) areas in Tirunelveli between 2007 and 2017. The SAVI values indicated an extensive decrease in surface permeability for Tirunelveli overall (0.4) and also for almost all LULC zones. The LST values exhibited an associated overall increase (1.30C) of surface temperature in Tirunelveli with the highest increase (2.40C) for urban built-up areas between 2007 and 2017. The SAVI-LST combined metric depicted the Southeastern built-up areas in Tirunelveli as a potential UHI hotspot, while a caution for the Western riparian zone for UHI emergence in 2017. Our results provide important metrics for surface permeability and UHI monitoring, and inform urban and zonal planning authorities about the advantages of satellite image fusion.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0516.v1

Refining Land-Cover Classification Maps Based on Dual-Adaptive Majority Voting Strategy for Very-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

Cui Guo Qing, Lv Zhi Yong, Li GuangFei, Jón Atli Benediktsson, Lu Yu Dong

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: land-cover classification; very high spatial resolution remote sensing image; adaptive majority vote; post-classification.

Online: 26 July 2018 (15:05:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0336.v1

Using Multitemporal Landsat ETM+ Imagery to Determine a Sustainable Exploitation Patterns of the Forest Resources in the Moldo-Transylvanian Carpathians - Romania

Ana-Maria Ciobotaru, Ion Andronache, Helmut Ahammer, Herbert Jelinek, Marko Radulovic, Radu-Daniel Pintilii, Daniel Peptenatu, Cristian Constantin Draghici, Razvan-Mihail Papuc, Roxana-Andreea Radu, Alexandra Grecu, Andreea-Karina Gruia, Marian Marin, Adrian-Gabriel Simion, Mircea-Cristian Visan, Ioan-Vlad Loghin, Rasmus Fensholt

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: forest disturbance; deforestation; sustainability; fractal analysis; entropy; forest management.

Online: 18 July 2018 (15:36:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0102.v1

Analysis of Start, End and Length of the Rainfall Season Seasons for Mbeya, Southwestern Highland in Tanzania

Offoro Kimambo, Emmanuel Lubango Ndeto

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Start, End, Length, Season, Rains, Agriculture

Online: 5 July 2018 (16:26:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0447.v1

InSAR Baseline Estimation for Gaofen-3 Real-Time DEM Generation

Huan Lu, Zhiyong Suo, Zhenfang Li, Jinwei Xie, Qingjun Zhang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Gaofen-3 (GF-3); Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR); DEM; baseline estimation; real-time orbit

Online: 27 June 2018 (14:38:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0251.v1

Medical Geology and Health: An Approach to Address Diseases Related to Natural Environment-Reviewing the Ghanaian Situation

Emmanuel ARHIN, Raymond Kazapoe, Abu Mahamuda

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Geological process, geological materials, trace elements, environmental health

Online: 15 June 2018 (11:47:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0282.v1

Influence of Single Fracture Inclination on Fault Activation

Yujie Zhu, Xiaoli Liu, Enzhi Wang, Sijing Wang, Jianwen Zhong

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; hollow cylinder; single fracture; fault activation; induced seismicity

Online: 22 May 2018 (05:04:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0171.v1

Fracture Reconstruction and Analysis of Low Permeability Carbonates using x-ray Tomography for Comparison with Outcrop Data

Stephanie G. Zihms, Helen Lewis, Tiago Siqueira de Miranda, Stephen A. Hall, James M. Somerville

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: geomechanics; fractures; multi-scale; x-ray tomography; carbonates

Online: 10 May 2018 (16:24:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0067.v1

Tsygankoite, Mn8Tl8Hg2(Sb21Pb2Tl)Σ24S48, a New Sulfosalt from the Vorontsovskoe Gold Deposit, Northern Urals, Russia

Anatoly V. Kasatkin, Emil Makovicky, Jakub Plášil, Radek Škoda, Atali A. Agakhanov, Vladimir Y. Karpenko, Fabrizio Nestola

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: tsygankoite; new sulfosalt; thallium; crystal structure; Vorontsovskoe gold deposit

Online: 3 May 2018 (11:20:28 CEST)

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Tsygankoite, ideally Mn8Tl8Hg2(Sb21Pb2Tl)Σ24S48, is a new sulfosalt discovered at the Vorontsovskoe gold deposit, Northern Urals, Russia. It occurs as lath-like elongated crystals up to 0.2 mm embedded in calcite-dolomite-clinochlore matrix. The associating minerals also include aktashite, alabandite, arsenopyrite, barite, cinnabar, fluorapatite, orpiment, pyrite, realgar, routhierite, sphalerite, tilasite, titanite, etc. The new mineral is non-fluorescent, black, opaque with a metallic lustre and black streak. It is brittle with an uneven fracture and no obvious parting and cleavage. Its Vickers hardness (VHN10) is 144 kg/mm2 (range 131–167) and its calculated density is 5.450 g cm-3. In reflected light tsygankoite is white; between crossed polars it is dark-grey to black. It is strongly anisotropic: rotation tints vary from light-grey to dark-grey to black. Pleochroism and internal reflections are not observed. The chemical composition of tsygankoite (wt.%, electron-microprobe data) is: Mn 6.29, Fe 0.02, Cu 0.02, Ag 0.01, Hg 5.42, Tl 26.05, Pb 5.84, As 3.39, Sb 30.89, S 21.87, Se 0.01, total 99.81. The empirical formula, calculated on the basis of 90 atoms pfu, is: Mn8.06Tl8.00(Hg1.90Fe0.03Cu0.02Ag0.01)Σ1.96(Sb17.85As3.18Pb1.98Tl0.97)Σ23.98(S48.00Se0.01)Σ48.01. Tsygankoite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 21.362(4) Å, b = 3.8579(10) Å, c = 27.135(4) Å, β= 106.944(14)°, V = 2139.19(17) Å3 and Z = 1. The five strongest diffraction peaks from X-ray powder pattern [listed as (d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 3.587(100)(112), 3.353(70)(-114), 3.204(88)(405), 2.841(72)(-513) and 2.786(99)(-514). The crystal structure of tsygankoite was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R = 0.0607 and consists of an alternation of two thick layer-like arrays, one based on PbS-archetype and second – on SnS-archetype. Tsygankoite has been approved by the IMA-CNMNC under the number 2017-088. It is named for Mikhail V. Tsyganko, mineral collector from Northern Urals, who collected the samples where the new mineral was discovered.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0312.v1

Fatalities Caused by Hydrometeorological Disasters in Texas

Srikanto H. Paul, Hatim O. Sharif, Abigail M. Crawford

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: natural hazards; weather disasters; hydrometeorological fatalities; flooding; tornadoes; extreme temperatures

Online: 24 April 2018 (08:51:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0244.v1

Oyonite, Ag₃Mn₂Pb₄Sb₇As₄S₂₄, a New Member of the Lillianite Homologous Series from the Uchucchacua Polymetallic Deposit, Oyon District, Peru

Luca Bindi, Cristian Biagioni, Frank Keutsch

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: oyonite; lillianite homologous series; sulfosalt; copper; antimony; arsenic; Oyon district; Lima department; Peru

Online: 18 April 2018 (16:09:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0054.v1

Metadata Life Cycles, Use Cases and Hierarchies

Ted Habermann

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: metadata; documentation; data life-cycle; metadata life-cycle; hierarchical data

Online: 4 April 2018 (08:16:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0173.v1

Quick, Easy and Economic Mineralogical Studies of Flooded Chalk for EOR Experiments Using Raman Spectroscopy

Laura Borromeo, Nina Egeland, Mona Wetrhus Minde, Udo Zimmermann, Sergio Andò, Merete Vadla Madland, Reidar Inge Korsnes

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: flooded chalk; Raman spectroscopy; enhanced oil recovery; carbonates; calcite; magnesite

Online: 27 February 2018 (04:59:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0293.v1

A Preliminary Study on Dimension-Reduction Algorithm for Variational Methods in Three Dimensions

Xuan Chen

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: 3D-Var; matrix; dimension-reduction algorithm

Online: 1 February 2018 (14:37:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0244.v1

Analysis of Remotely Sensed Data for Mapping Land Cover Types by Applying a Maximum Likelihood Classifier Algorithm, in Al-Ahsaa Oasis, Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia

Abdelrahim Salih

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Remote sensing, classification, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia, Land cover

Online: 25 January 2018 (15:56:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0139.v1

Cave Pearl Data Logger – A flexible Arduino-based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments

Patricia A. Beddows, Edward K. Mallon

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: data logger; environmental monitoring network; open source; submersible; under-water; critical zone observatory; cave; Yucatan Peninsula, vadose hydrology; subterranean karst estuary

Online: 16 January 2018 (10:40:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0131.v1

Is Equilibrium Modelling Outdated for Recent Challenges in River Management?

Arianna Varrani, Michael Nones

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: 1D modelling; large rivers; morphodynamic equilibrium; river concavity; bottom fining

Online: 19 December 2017 (07:15:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0107.v1

Climate Policy Implications of Nonlinear Decline of Arctic Land Permafrost and Sea Ice

Dmitry Yumashev, Chris Hope, Kevin Schaefer, Kathrin Riemann-Campe, Fernando Iglesias-Suarez, Elchin Jafarov, Gail Whiteman, Paul Young

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: climate change; cryosphere; Arctic; permafrost; sea ice; tipping elements; climate impacts; climate policy; Paris agreement

Online: 15 December 2017 (12:51:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0057.v1

Relative Weighted Feature Space for Dimensionality Reduction and Classification of Hyperspectral Images

Seyyed Ali Ahmadi, Nasser Mehrshad, Seyyed Mohammad Razavi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: dimension reduction; feature extraction; hyperspectral image; weighted feature space; low rank representation; spectral clustering

Online: 11 December 2017 (06:55:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0147.v1

Study on the Best Water Cushion Depth of Stilling Basin with Shallow-Water Cushion at Different Froude Numbers

Qiulin Li, Lianxia Li, Huasheng Liao, Jingjing Wei, Shengyin Jiang, Faxing Zhang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: energy dissipation; hydraulic jump; Froude number; stilling basin with shallow-water cushion; large eddy simulation; hydraulic characteristics

Online: 23 October 2017 (08:30:57 CEST)

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The water cushion depth of stilling basin with shallow-water cushion is a key factor that affects the flow regime of hydraulic jump in the basin. However, the specific depth at which the water cushion is considered as “shallow” has not be stated clearly for now, and only conceptual description is provided. This paper attempts to specify the best water cushion depth based on the flow regime of hydraulic jump and underflow speed; namely, in case of critical hydraulic jump in the basin, the best water cushion depth is located where the minimum distance to the bottom plate of the stilling basin is 1/5~1/4 of the water cushion depth. The theoretical analysis indicates, at different inclinations of discharge chute (θ) and depth ratios of inlet (m), instead of monotonic change, the Froude number (Fr) at inlet of the stilling basin with shallow-water cushion firstly reduces and then increases as the flow velocity at discharge chute inlet (V) increases; the parameters of inflection point (critical flow velocity and critical Fr) increase as the inclinations of discharge chute (θ) and depth ratios of inlet (m) increase. Such regularity is the theoretical basis for selecting representative study cases. The reliability of the large eddy simulation calculation results are verified by a model test; in the paper, 30 cases including five different Froude numbers and six shallow-water cushion depths are selected, for calculating the hydraulic factors such as flow profile, flow regime and flow velocity in the stilling basin with shallow-water cushion; and the varying pattern between the best depth of stilling basin with shallow-water cushion (depth-to-length ratio) and the inflow Froude number is obtained which indicates that the best depth of stilling basin with shallow-water cushion varies little as the change of the Froude number before reaching the critical Froude number; however, the best depth-to-length ratio of stilling basin with shallow-water cushion increases as the Froude number increases after the critical Froude number is reached. The study results in this paper are of reference significance to design and calculation of the stilling basin with shallow-water cushion.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0040.v2

An Adaptive Sweep-Circle Spatial Clustering Algorithm Based on Gestalt

Qingming Zhan, Shuguang Deng, Zhihua Zheng

Subject: Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: spatial clustering; sweep-circle; Gestalt theory; data stream

Online: 24 August 2017 (10:53:05 CEST)

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