Abstract: Digital twins are increasingly proposed as a means of bridging the physical and virtual representations of the built environment, yet many existing implementations remain static geometric replicas, or are confined to two-dimensional dashboards that offer limited immersion and do not preserve the semantic richness of the underlying Building Information Model (BIM). This paper presents the development and proof-of-concept evaluation of a real-time, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)-based digital twin of the Abercrombie Building at Oxford Brookes University, developed by the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD). IFC data derived from a two-dimensional Revit model of the building were imported into Unreal Engine, preserving the semantic hierarchy of individual building elements and enabling their identification and selection within a high-fidelity, navigable 3D environment. Two Internet of Things (IoT) air-quality sensors were installed on the ground floor of the building, and their live temperature and humidity readings were mirrored onto virtual sensor replicas positioned at the corresponding physical wall locations within the 3D scene, updating in real time as conditions in the building changed. The resulting digital twin is accessible through an interactive, web-deployable, VR-compatible viewer that allows users to explore the building and observe environmental conditions as they occur. The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of coupling IFC-preserved BIM geometry with live IoT data streams inside a game engine, and the paper discusses implications for building management, occupant wellbeing and sustainability, together with limitations and directions for future work, including expanded sensor coverage and predictive analytics.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Professional combat sport athletes represent a unique population characterized by extreme training demands, repeated high-impact loading, and strict weight-class requirements. Despite growing interest in fighter health and performance, limited data exist on comprehensive body composition and bone health characteristics among elite professional fighters across organizations and weight divisions. The purpose of this study was to assess body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone min-eral density (BMD) in a cohort of world-class professional fighters and to examine sex-based differences in these variables. Methods: Fifty-two professional fighters (45 males, seven females) competing across multiple combat sport organizations (including UFC, Bel-lator/PFL, WBO Boxing, and BFKC) underwent whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiom-etry (DXA) assessments. Variables measured included body weight, body fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, BMC, BMD, and bone T- and Z-scores. An independent-samples t-test was used to compare males and females, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Of the total sample of 57 subjects, 20% (10 male, 2 female) are current or past world cham-pions. Male and female fighters were similar in age (30.1 ± 5.4 vs. 33.6 ± 5.6 years; p = 0.163). Bone health indices were notably high in both sexes, with elevated T-scores (males: 2.7 ± 1.1; females: 2.3 ± 1.1; p = 0.407) and Z-scores (males: 2.6 ± 1.0; females: 2.0 ± 1.0; p = 0.182), indicating substantially greater bone density compared to age- and sex-matched norms. Males exhibited significantly greater BMC (3728.0 ± 558.2 g vs. 2569.9 ± 344.4 g; p < 0.001) and BMD (1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 g·cm⁻²; p < 0.001) than females. Body weight, lean mass, and lean mass plus BMC were also significantly higher in males (all p < 0.001). Females demonstrated a higher body fat percentage (21.0 ± 2.1% vs. 14.6 ± 2.0%; p < 0.001), though absolute fat mass did not differ significantly between sexes. Body weight (R2 = 0.427) and lean mass (R2 = 0.484) were the most significant predictors of bone mineral density. Conclusions: World-class professional fighters exhibit exceptionally high bone mineral density and favorable body composition, likely reflecting the combined effects of resistance training, impact loading, and long-term athletic development.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Treat-to-target strategies have made clinical remission an achievable goal in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Yet many patients still report foot pain and difficulty walking. This narrative review asks whether disease control, as captured by standard activity indices, translates into resolution of foot symptoms and function, and what foot orthoses can offer when it does not. Methods: The review builds on a structured search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL; March–May 2026; PRISMA 2020; PROSPERO CRD420261338225) that identified 18 observational and randomized studies published between 2016 and 2026. This was supplemented by key complementary literature on remission definitions and pain mechanisms. Study quality was appraised with RoB 2, MINORS and the JBI checklist. Results: Foot pain and disability persisted across cohort and cross-sectional studies in patients with low disease activity or remission. Forefoot deformity, mid- and hindfoot involvement, residual synovitis, kinesiophobia, anxiety, depression and physical inactivity were each associated with worse outcomes. In patients in remission with metatarsal pain, perceived disability was related mainly to pain and forefoot stiffness. Gait performance was related to age, body mass index and graded structural severity. Three randomized trials of foot orthoses suggested benefits for pain and, in one trial, for balance, mobility and foot function. Effects on function and quality of life were inconsistent, and designs were heterogeneous. Conclusions: Controlling systemic inflammation does not guarantee a healthy foot. Foot pain and disability in RA arise from inflammatory, structural, mechanical and psychosocial mechanisms that act together. Routine foot assessment, early podiatric care including foot orthoses, and attention to psychological factors should complement pharmacological control. Larger, methodologically homogeneous trials are needed.

Abstract: Automatic stabilizers dampen macroeconomic fluctuations without legislative action, but whether flat or progressive personal income tax (PIT) schedules stabilize more strongly over the business cycle remains open. We examine real gross domestic product (GDP) growth volatility in 11 Central and Eastern European economies over 1995–2024, combining rolling-window volatility measures, two-way fixed-effects regressions and direct estimates of the cyclical responsiveness of fiscal balances, revenue and expenditure ratios. Unconditionally, five-year output volatility is 1.16 percentage points higher under flat PIT regimes, but the difference does not survive country and year fixed effects and lagged covariates. Interacted with the 2008–2010 global financial crisis the differential widens by 2.42 percentage points, an effect that rests on the three Baltic economies, whereas the COVID-19 interaction is indistinguishable from zero. A one-percentage-point rise in real GDP growth improves the fiscal balance by 0.265 percentage points of GDP under progressive regimes and by 0.242 under flat regimes, a difference that is not significant. In levels, a weaker revenue response under flat regimes is largely offset by a stronger expenditure response. The results do not support a simple ranking: stabilization capacity depends on the whole tax–benefit system, fiscal institutions and the nature of the shock.

Abstract: Pain assessment in non-communicative critically ill adult patients is a clinical challenge that requires approaches adapted to their ability to communicate. This scoping review aimed to map the scientific evidence on the use of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) for pain assessment in this population in intensive care units and to identify its potential contributions to specialized nursing practice. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and was reported according to PRISMA-ScR. Eligibility was defined using the Population–Concept–Context framework, and data were charted and synthesized narratively. Of 330 records identified, 9 studies were included, conducted in different intensive care settings. CPOT implementation increased the frequency of pain assessment and, in one study, reassessment, and promoted its integration into clinical protocols. The instrument showed acceptable validity and variable inter-rater reliability, including in its European Portuguese version. CPOT scores were associated with disease severity and sedation level, with reduced behavioral expression of pain under deeper sedation. The mapped evidence indicates that the CPOT strengthens systematic pain assessment and supports individualized pain management, contributing to evidence-based specialized nursing practice.

Abstract: In this letter, we propose an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system based on an electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antenna that employs a single-radio frequency (RF) chain. By jointly designing the baseband transmit waveform and the dynamic reactance profile of the parasitic elements over time, the proposed system exploits mutual electromagnetic coupling as a spatio-temporal synthesis degree-of-freedom (DoF). We formulate a non-convex co-design optimization problem that minimizes the mean square error (MSE) between the achieved and desired radar transmit beam patterns while satisfying the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) requirements of communication users (CUs), varactor reactance tuning limits, slew-rate hardware constraints, and transmit power constraints. To solve the problem, we develop an alternating optimization (AO) framework that combines majorization-minimization (MM) and convex relaxation techniques. Numerical results confirm that the single-RF-chain ESPAR-based ISAC architecture achieves promising dual-functional sensing and communication performance while significantly reducing hardware complexity and power consumption compared with conventional multi-RF-chain digital array system.

Abstract: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart disease. ISL LIM Homeobox 1 (ISL1), a master transcription factor for cardiac progenitor cells, has been linked to CHD, but its promoter variants in PDA have not been explored. We sequenced the ISL1 promoter in 320 PDA patients and 302 healthy controls. Ten variants were found across the ISL1 promoter. Six were identified in patients; five were also present in controls, and one novel heterozygous variant, g.5238 C>T, was found exclusively in a single PDA patient and absent in all controls (two-sided Fisher exact test, p = 1.00). Functional assays using dual‑luciferase reporter in HEK293 and A7r5 cells and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that this variant significantly increased reporter activity and altered nuclear protein binding patterns. In addition, bioinformatic analysis predicted disruption of an E2F1 site and creation of novel MYC, MAX, NFE2L2, USF1, and MYCN binding sites. This variant may be associated with PDA susceptibility, although its clinical significance remains uncertain. Our findings highlight the importance of promoter region variants in PDA and provide preliminary information for future studies.

Abstract: Can an agent be in contact with all other agents without being dissolved in them? We give this question a precise topological form. A pairwise-contact foam is a family of regions ("bubbles") of a state space with pairwise disjoint interiors, which represent the preserved individuality of each agent, such that every two regions touch, which represents connection, ideally along a set of positive size. We show that the naive formulation of the condition is degenerate unless the regions are regular closed with nonempty interior, and that point contact is cheap in dimension \( \ge2 \) while contact along arcs is impossible in the plane for more than four disks. We then prove that foams exist for every number \( N\ge2 \) of regions and, in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space \( \ell^2 \), for countably infinitely many regions covering the whole space: the regions \( D_k=\{x:|x_k|\ge|x_j|\ \forall j\} \) meet pairwise along codimension-one walls \( x_k=\pm x_l \). In dimension three and on orientable surfaces of higher genus the planar obstruction is bypassed as well. Gluing along contact sets leaves every piece intact, which is the formal sense of "union without dissolution". Pairwise contact is strictly weaker than the Wada property, and riddled basins are a degenerate, non-proper case. For empirical use we separate three quantities that are easily confused: the global separation \( d(C_i,C_j) \) of two regions, the switching distance \( d(x,C_j) \) from a given state, and the activation distance to the contact set, together with intervention-specific versions that depend on an actuation model. We replace a single adjacency density by the spectrum of separations, a threshold-free completion scale, and a persistent nerve, with explicit limits on what the nerve proves, dimension-aware null models, and a rule that unsupported regions make a test inconclusive rather than being deleted. We define preservation of an agent's own control pattern so that it includes distinguishability of agents, give a confirmatory test of the composite hypothesis H4 whose unit of analysis is the independent replicate, and outline falsifiable programs in morphospace navigation by bioelectric interventions and in the information topology of human, AI, and biological collectives, including prediction of group fragmentation. No empirical result is claimed. The interpretive layer (cognitive light cone, "noosphere") is kept strictly apart from the mathematical and testable layers.

Abstract: As AI-enabled workplace monitoring expands, organizations may increasingly have the technical capacity to classify prosocial conduct, assign scores, and link those scores to managerial incentives. This paper treats the governance implications as an AI-enabled management control and accounting governance question, not an engineering scoring study; reward crowding-out is borrowed evidence, not a new finding here. It makes two contributions. First, it explains how accounting measurement, target setting, budgeting, disclosure, and compensation design turn a fleeting motivational reaction into a durable arrangement reproduced across reporting periods. Second, it analyzes the asymmetry between auditable behavioral indicators and moral costs that resist measurement, and why those costs stay out of ordinary records. A four-arm governance design—management control, financial reporting, internal audit, compensation—extends these contributions in practice. Three layers and four falsifiable propositions follow, offered for later testing, not validated causal claims.

Abstract: This commentary highlights community priorities from a longitudinal cohort study addressing human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer prevention and awareness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in South Australia. Spanning eight years, the project aims to explore the prevalence, incidence and persistence of human papillomavirus, with future research directions strengthened by longstanding partnership and input between researchers and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations. Through reflections from this partnership, we highlight the current state of human papillomavirus and cancer awareness in communities including: (i) community access to dental care and mouth cancer screening; (ii) sexual health awareness, knowledge, and education; and (iii) community awareness around cancer. We state key priorities to be actioned in the next phase of this research including: (i) incorporating culturally safe education and awareness alongside identifying high-risk human papillomavirus prevalence; (ii) community outreach and engagement activities; and (iii) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workforce training, education and empowerment. Embedding these priorities are essential to advancing equitable oral cancer prevention and ensuring that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are not overlooked in existing health promotion efforts.

Abstract: The odd Collatz dynamics is described in the coordinate of a fixed anchor n₀ by the exact balance \( n_0+C_i=\lambda_i n_i \). On the levels (4/3)ⁱ with dyadic refinement, we distinguish a stable scale factor from stability of the full node. The minimal cover and the no-skipping rule give exact criteria for recognizing a terminal position. Transferring binary blocks of the starting value into a ternary remainder defines finite epochs. We prove a criterion for encoding an epoch by its complete valuation word and a stitching rule using two moduli. For a uniform layer of starts of fixed binary length, we establish a binomial law for the number of reading steps and a positive mean decrease in length over the first epoch: analytically for large layers and by finite exact computation for the remaining small layers. We also show that the proportion of starts without descent at the first epoch boundary tends to zero exponentially with binary length. An example shows why this mean cannot automatically be transferred to subsequent epochs of a single trajectory. Universal termination and finiteness of the number of epochs remain unproved. We identify an exact criterion for descent below the starting value and specify the scope of the geometric, coding, and statistical results.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) may assist legal professionals in organising information, but its use in legal decision support raises questions about human authority, explanation and procedural safeguards. This study examines responses to related statements in 385 adult, AI-aware survey records from Bangladesh. The mixed sample includes 250 law students, 73 law graduates, 36 advocates or legal professionals and 26 other respondents; it is not presented as a representative survey of practising lawyers or judges. Individual questionnaire items are analysed using response distributions, joint endorsement, paired comparisons and exploratory ordinal correlations. Of 385 respondents, 247 (64.2%) agreed that AI decision-support tools could help legal professionals organise relevant information, 243 (63.1%) endorsed use only when a human decision-maker retains final authority, and 321 (83.4%) agreed that clear rules would increase their acceptance. A total of 158 (41.0%) endorsed both the information-organisation and human-authority statements. Within the 36 recorded advocates or legal professionals, 26 endorsed the former and 18 the latter; the subgroup is too small for a representative professional estimate. The survey does not measure actual use of a judicial system or demonstrate that oversight or rules improve outcomes. The article distinguishes perceived assistance from conditions of use and recommends direct testing of legal information quality, meaningful human review and opportunities to challenge AI-supported recommendations.

Abstract: The first generation of mass-produced electric vehicles (EVs) is now experiencing significant traction-battery degradation, expressed as capacity loss and a nonlinear increase in internal resistance (Rint). In passively cooled architectures such as the early Nissan Leaf, this degradation raises internal Joule heating and contributes to the “Rapidgate” thermal bottleneck during fast charging and high-current operation. This study evaluates the electromechanical and thermal safety of retrofitting a degraded 24 kWh Nissan Leaf AZE0 pack with modern CATL prismatic NMC cells to approximately 50 kWh. The assessment combines 1/20 C bench testing with 1 Hz on-board diagnostics (OBD) telemetry acquired during severe on-road driving, and the pack response is interpreted with a first-order Thevenin equivalent circuit model. The retrofit reduced pack-level dynamic internal resistance from 143.1 mΩ to 25.3 mΩ (82.3%), limiting maximum voltage sag at 237 A to 6.0 V (from 33.9 V). Consequently, peak internal Joule heating fell from 8.0 kW to 1.4 kW (82.5%), providing effective passive thermal mitigation. The retrofitted pack also maintained a median cell-voltage imbalance (ΔV) of approximately 17 mV under peak torque demand, compared with persistent fluctuations above 35 mV in the degraded pack. UL94 V-0-rated insulation and a &gt;500 V dielectric barrier, together with thermally derated 75 mm² busbars coordinated with the retained 225 A fuse, supported safe integration. The results validate in-vehicle life extension of legacy EVs, while dedicated fast-charge thermal mapping and multi-vehicle testing remain necessary.

Abstract: Historical Tibetan manuscripts, spanning from 8th-century Dunhuang cave scrolls to medieval monastic xylographs and administrative cursive registers, represent an essential repository of Central Asian cultural heritage. The automated transcription of these documents through Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is challenged by severe material deterioration, ink bleed-through, fluctuating baselines, and complex two-dimensional Brahmic syllabic stacking. In this study, we propose an end-to-end HTR architecture designed specifically for historical Tibetan document scripts. Our framework combines deformable text-line segmentation with a hybrid ResNet-Vision Transformer (ResNet-ViT) visual encoder and a joint Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) and autoregressive cross-attention decoder. To alleviate extreme data scarcity among infrequent vertical liga-tures, we introduce a syllable-centric synthetic data augmentation protocol. We conduct comprehensive evaluations across three authentic benchmark datasets: the Dunhuang Tibetan Document Dataset (DTDD), the Northwest Minzu University Historical Document Benchmark (NMU-THDTL), and the Tibetan Handwriting Khyug-yig Dataset (THKD). The proposed architecture achieves a Character Error Rate (CER) of 4.79% on formal woodblock dbu can (NMU-THDTL), 7.15% on archaic Dunhuang scrolls (DTDD), and 9.08% on cursive dbu med (THKD), outperforming standard baseline architectures by over 3.7% absolute CER while maintaining real-time inference throughput.

Abstract: The Order-Picking System is vital to warehouse operations, directly affecting order fulfillment efficiency and cost management. Key processes such as order assignment, batching, and sequencing are optimized to minimize delays. With Industry 4.0 demanding real-time adaptability, traditional methods like Genetic Algorithms struggle with complex order patterns, leading to the need for more advanced techniques. This study introduces a Hybrid Reinforcement Learning-based Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (RLAGA) and its enhanced version, Attention-RLAGA, for optimizing order batching. RLAGA combines reinforcement learning with genetic algorithms to adaptively refine batch configurations, dynamically adjusting genetic operators. Attention-RLAGA builds on this by incorporating an attention mechanism to prioritize critical orders. Experimental results show that RLAGA improves computational efficiency by 76% and reduces total tardiness by over 5%, converging 93% faster than traditional GA-based methods. While Attention-RLAGA achieves marginally better tardiness reduction, it increases computational costs by over 400%, making it less practical for real-time use. RLAGA consistently performs well across different order sizes, and though RAILS achieves slightly lower tardiness, it requires 150% more time, highlighting a trade-off between efficiency and adaptability. RLAGA emerges as the most computationally efficient method, ideal for large-scale logistics, while Attention-RLAGA offers slight improvements at the cost of excessive computational demands. Both outperform GA-based heuristics in scalability, adaptability, and solution quality. This research advances reinforcement learning in genetic algorithms, providing a scalable framework for optimizing logistics in Industry 4.0. Future work will enhance RLAGA’s real-time adaptability and explore dynamic hybrid models for improved scalability and efficiency.

Abstract:

When can a distant receiver reliably distinguish two locally prepared quantum states?Neither an operator-spreading front nor a locality bound answers this question without speci-fying the receiver and the required discrimination threshold. We define quantum informationcopy time through the Helstrom trace distance and distinguish optimal readout from exper-imentally restricted measurements.For the ensemble-averaged diagonal quantum symmetric simple exclusion process, wederive an exact finite-volume expression for the optimal discrimination advantage of anyfinite receiver following a one-site perturbation of a Bernoulli product state. Reversibilityidentifies the optimal occupation-weighted test and implies an exact two-site no-gain identityat half filling. The same microscopic construction yields finite-ring saturation, a square-rootreceiver-width enhancement in a specified diffusive regime, and threshold-dependent first-crossing laws without a Gaussian closure.A complementary coherent benchmark comes from an interacting, number-conservingspin chain in which adjacent excitations propagate while isolated excitations remain sta-tionary. Here the optimal receiver advantage is an exact sum of local pair probabilities,and a distance-scaled threshold produces a ballistic first-crossing time with a calculableAiry correction. These contrasting examples show why locality alone does not determinean operational transport exponent. For generic closed Hamiltonian systems, we identify thememory-kernel assumptions needed for a hydrodynamic reduction and prove an obstructionto imposing a dissipative quadratic-form gap on the exact unitary Mori block. Finite-sizeXXZ and TEBD/MPS diagnostics are reported without inferring thermodynamic scaling.

Abstract: Background/Objectives. Efforts to curb the obesity epidemic necessarily include policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes to mitigate obesity-promoting influences in food, nutrition, and physical activity environments. This study identifies learnings from applications of the Getting to Equity in obesity prevention framework (GTE), which was designed to inform such PSE approaches with a focus on reaching those at greatest need in marginalized and underserved populations. We analyzed published GTE applications to assess contributions to the field in the 9 years since initial publication. Materials and Methods: A citation-based search from January 2017 through January 2026 identified 257 articles citing a GTE description. Articles citing the framework without an application (n=230) were excluded. Qualitative, study-level analyses prioritized articles that applied the GTE during the research process. Results: Analyses included 23 studies (empirical research, reviews, policy analyses, and curricular). Most focused on community-level actions related to childhood obesity prevention (n=4) or aspects of programs and policies related to food access and nutrition security (n=16). We identified examples of GTE applications across all research phases, often complementary to other theories, models, or frameworks. Systems science approaches were used in three empirical studies. Analysis also generated insights about equity considerations related to the respective PSE topics. Conclusions: Unique contributions of the GTE were most evident for structuring qualitative inquiry and interpretation within and across the diverse topics and settings. Findings provided both methodological and content guidance for how to incorporate equity considerations in generating and translating findings to research, policy, and practice recommendations.

Abstract: Research on the healthy human oral and respiratory microbiome has expanded rapidly since 2020. The underlying data remain scattered across main texts and supplementary files. Here we describe a curated compendium of 64 records drawn from studies published between January 2020 and August 2026. The compendium covers four anatomical sites: the anterior nares, the nasopharynx, the oral cavity (saliva, tongue dorsum, supragingival plaque, and subgingival plaque), and the lower respiratory tract. Each data record states the source publication, a PMC, PubMed, or DOI identifier, the sample size, the population, the sampling site, the key quantitative values, and an evidence qualifier. Qualifiers mark pre-2020 baseline references, preprints, and review-derived values. The records encode age trajectories from birth to old age and the measured effects of diet, smoking, air pollution, cohabitation, vaccination, and oral hygiene. Nine documented gap intervals (five complete, two near, two sparse), including bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy children, are recorded as data gaps rather than extrapolated. The compendium is released as five tables with this article.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of good corporate Governance and structure on sustainability disclosure for SDGs. This study is a report on industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2020-2024. This research is quantitative, with good corporate Governance as the independent variable. Corporate Governance consists of an audit committee, an independent board of commissioners, and a board of directors. Ownership structure variables include managerial, institutional, and foreign ownership. The dependent variable is sustainable development. The population in this study was industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2024 period. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. The type of data used in this study was secondary data. The secondary data used were sustainability reports. Annual reports and reports for the Industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2020-2024 period—data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM PLS ). The results of data processing found that good corporate Governance has a significantly positive influence on sustainability report disclosure and the structure of ownership. No influence on sustainability report disclosure.

Abstract: Myofascial release (MFR) is commonly used to reduce pain and facilitate movement in individuals with low back pain; however, whether adding active mobility exercises provides an incremental short-term benefit remains unclear. This randomized, controlled, three-condition crossover trial compared the acute and 48-h effects of MFR alone, MFR combined with active mobility exercises (MFR+MOB), and a Control condition in physically active men with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Thirty-two participants were enrolled, and 31 completed all experimental conditions and were included in the complete-case analysis. Pain intensity, trunk/posterior-chain flexibility, and bilateral active hip-flexion range of motion were assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 10 min post-intervention, and 48 h. Nonparametric repeated-measures analyses preserved the within-participant structure of the crossover design. Pain reduction differed across conditions at all post-intervention time points (all p &lt; 0.001), with both MFR and MFR+MOB showing greater reductions than Control, whereas MFR and MFR+MOB did not differ at Post-0 (adjusted p = 0.402), Post-10 (p = 0.683), or Post-48h (p = 0.672). Trunk/posterior-chain flexibility improved relative to Control after both active interventions, with no differences between MFR and MFR+MOB. Hip-flexion responses were more heterogeneous and were not consistently superior at 48 h. These findings indicate that a single session of MFR was associated with short-term reductions in pain and changes in mobility-related outcomes, while adding active mobility exercises did not provide a consistent incremental benefit over MFR alone within 48 h.