Search Subject Areas | Preprints.org

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0020.v1

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

O. Adrian Pfiffner

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: thin-skinned tectonics; thick-skinned tectonics; structural geology; structure of mountain ranges; fold-and-thrust belts; décollement; nappe stacking; continent-continent collision; subduction; basin inversion

Online: 11 July 2017 (08:12:50 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0091.v2

The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS) Application in China: A Case Study in Heihe River Basin

Xian-yong Meng, Hao Wang, Si-yu Cai, Xue-song Zhang, Guo-yong Leng, Xiao-hui Lei, Chun-xiang Shi, Shi-yin Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: reanalysis climate data; hydrologic modeling; comparative analysis

Online: 3 February 2017 (03:50:07 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Large-scale hydrological modeling in China is challenging given the sparse meteorological stations and large uncertainties associated with atmospheric forcing data.Here we introduce the development and use of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) in the Heihe River Basin(HRB) for improving hydrologic modeling, by leveraging the datasets from the China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS)(including climate data from nearly 40000 area encryption stations, 2700 national automatic weather stations, FengYun (FY) 2 satellite and radar stations). CMADS uses the Space Time Multiscale Analysis System (STMAS) to fuse data based on ECWMF ambient field and ensure data accuracy. In addition, compared with CLDAS, CMADS includes relative humidity and climate data of varied resolutions to drive hydrological models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Here, we compared climate data from CMADS, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and traditional weather station (TWS) climate forcing data and evaluatedtheir applicability for driving large scale hydrologic modeling with SWAT. In general, CMADS has higher accuracy than CFRS when evaluated against observations at TWS; CMADS also provides spatially continuous climate field to drive distributed hydrologic models, which is an important advantage over TWS climate data, particular in regions with sparse weather stations. Therefore, SWAT model simulations driven with CMADS and TWS achieved similar performances in terms of monthly and daily stream flow simulations, and both of them outperformed CFRS. For example, for the three hydrological stations (Ying Luoxia, Qilian Mountain, and ZhaMasheke) in the HRB at the monthly and daily Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranges of 0.75-0.95 and 0.58-0.78, respectively, which are much higher than corresponding efficiency statistics achieved with CFSR (monthly: 0.32-0.49 and daily: 0.26 – 0.45). The CMADS dataset is available free of charge and is expected to a valuable addition to the existing climate reanalysis datasets for deriving distributed hydrologic modeling in China and other countries in East Asia.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0414.v1

The Development of Cartographical Studies and Praxis in Montenegro

Gojko Nikolic, Velibor Spalevic, Zoran Susic, Mehmed Batilovic, Goran Skataric, Ruzica Bozovic, Radovan Djurovic, Dragan Vuckovic

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Montenegro; cadastre; geography; geodesy; geoinformatics; syllabus for cartography; cartographical heritage

Online: 26 June 2018 (12:07:05 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0096.v1

Biomineralization of Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate Minerals Induced by Bacillus licheniformis and Its Application in Water Softening

Yanyang Zhao, Hui Zhao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: biomineralization; calcium ions; magnesium ions; Bacillus lichemiformis; carbonates

Online: 22 January 2017 (04:58:39 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Reducing the hardness of hard water is of great concern nowadays due to some adverse effects on water pipes, boilers and soap consumption. Using the method of biomineralization to precipitate calcium and magnesium ions to become carbonate minerals was one of the most important innovations for reducing the hardness of hard water. The present study sought to explore the physical and chemical conditions of carbonates bio-precipitation and the potential use of Bacillus licheniformis SRB2 strain (GenBank: KM884945.1) isolated from sludge sample of Moshui River (Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China) in reducing the hardness of hard waters by the induction of carbonate minerals. In this study, B. licheniformis SRB2 strain was identified based on the morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA gene sequence homology analysis. The carbonate minerals induced by B. licheniformis bacteria in the liquid culture medium with 3% NaCl and Mg/Ca molar ratio of 0, 6, 8, 10 and 12 were investigated. The culture medium was inoculated with the bacterial liquid seed was set as the experimental group and the other culture medium was inoculated with the same volume of distilled water was set as the control group. The mineral phases, micromorphologies, and crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray detector, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The bacterial concentrations and pH values of the solution were measured by a spectrophotometer and a pH meter, respectively. The urease secreted by B. licheniformis SRB2 was found to greatly increase the pH values of the liquid medium, which favored the formation of calcium carbonate.As a result, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ion concentrations decreased greatly due to the biomineralization of calcium carbonate and nesquehonite minerals in the presence of B. licheniformis SRB2 bacterium. There were only few calcium carbonates and no nesquehonite minerals in the control groups. It was also found that the minerals of nesquehonite induced by B. licheniformis SRB2 had a phenomenon of preferred orientation. What was more, even though Mg²⁺ ions inhibited the precipitation of Ca²⁺ ions, but under the action of B. licheniformis SRB2 bacteria, the inhibition effect was significantly declined. The bio-precipitation of calcium carbonate and nesquehonite minerals may represent a new method of pretreatment for the hardness reduction of hard water. The accomplished study is of certain interest for interpretation of the carbonates biomineralization in natural environment, and maybe also has a certain application value in the former processing of hard water

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0023.v1

Hydrological Implications of Climate Change on River Basin Water Cycle: Case Studies of the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basins, China

Liu Liu, Zongxue Xu, Rong Li, Youzhi Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: climate change; water cycle; downscaling; hydrological model; Yangtze River; Yellow River; Tibetan Plateau

Online: 8 October 2016 (11:29:05 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0066.v1

MERIDIONAL AND ZONAL WAVENUMBER DEPENDENCE IN POTENTIAL VORTICITY FLUX IN ROSSBY WAVES

Sanjeeva Balasuriya

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: maximum flux; midlatitude cyclones; oceanic jets; chaotic transport

Online: 22 July 2016 (05:17:29 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0089.v1

Regional Lithological Mapping Using ASTER-TIR Data: Preliminary Case Study for the Tibetan Plateau and the Surrounding Area

Yoshiki Ninomiya, Bihong Fu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ASTER; TIR; geology; mineralogy; suture zone; quartz; feldspars; silicates; carbonates; sulfates; granitic rocks; felsic; ultramafic; mapping

Online: 9 August 2016 (10:10:41 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0109.v1

The Effect of Petrographic Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Aggregates on the Quality of Concrete

Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Panagiotis M. Stamatis, Paraskevi Lampropoulou, Basilios Tsikouras, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: petrographic characteristics; physicomechanical properties; concrete petrography

Online: 5 October 2018 (16:27:54 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0091.v1

The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) and it's Application in the Heihe River Basin in China

Hao Wang, Xian-yong Meng, Si-yu Cai, Xue-song Zhang, Xiao-hui Lei, Guo-yong Leng, Chun-xiang Shi, Shi-yin Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: CMADS; SWAT; hydrologic modeling; comparative analysis

Online: 18 December 2016 (05:12:01 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Large-scale hydrological modeling in China is challenging given the sparse meteorological stations and large uncertainties associated with atmospheric forcing data. Here we introduce the development and use of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) in the Heihe River Basin(HRB) for improving hydrologic modeling, by leveraging the datasets from the China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS)(including climate data from nearly 40000 area encryption stations, 2700 national automatic weather stations, FengYun (FY) 2 satellite and radar stations). CMADS uses the Space Time Multiscale Analysis System (STMAS) to fuse data based on ECWMF ambient field and ensure data accuracy. In addition, compared with CLDAS, CMADS includes relative humidity and climate data of varied resolutions to drive hydrological models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Here, we compared climate data from CMADS, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and traditional weather station (TWS) climate forcing data and evaluated their applicability for driving large scale hydrologic modeling with SWAT. In general, CMADS has higher accuracy than CFRS when evaluated against observations at TWS; CMADS also provides spatially continuous climate field to drive distributed hydrologic models, which is an important advantage over TWS climate data, particular in regions with sparse weather stations. Therefore, SWAT model simulations driven with CMADS and TWS achieved similar performances in terms of monthly and daily stream flow simulations, and both of them outperformed CFRS. For example, for the three hydrological stations (Ying Luoxia, Qilian Mountain, and ZhaMasheke) in the HRB at the monthly and daily Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranges of 0.75-0.95 and 0.58-0.78, respectively, which are much higher than corresponding efficiency statistics achieved with CFSR (monthly: 0.32-0.49 and daily: 0.26 – 0.45). The CMADS dataset is available free of charge and is expected to a valuable addition to the existing climate reanalysis datasets for deriving distributed hydrologic modeling in China and other countries in East Asia.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0035.v1

A Novel Hybrid Approach Based on Instance Based Learning Classifier and Rotation Forest Ensemble for Spatial Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides Using GIS

Quang-Khanh Nguyen, Dieu Tien Bui, Nhat-Duc Hoang, Phan Trong Trinh, Viet-Ha Nguyen, Isık Yilmaz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: landslide; classifier ensemble; instance based learning; Rotation Forest; GIS; Vietnam

Online: 4 May 2017 (08:25:12 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0062.v1

Crustal and Upper Mantle Density Structure Beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Surrounding Areas Derived from EGM2008 Geoid Anomalies

Honglei Li, Jian Fang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; geoid anomaly inversion; crustal and upper mantle density construction

Online: 15 October 2016 (08:25:13 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0171.v1

Investigation of Geological Structures of Hydrogeological Importance of 1:100,000 Sheet 185 (Paiko) North-Central Nigeria Using Integrated Geophysical and Remote Sensing Techniques

Jude Steven Ejepu, Peter Olasehinde, Appollonia A. Okhimamhe, Ipoola Okunlola

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: groundwater; hydrogeological structures; remote sensing; aeromagnetic survey; radial vertical electrical sounding

Online: 30 September 2017 (12:29:44 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Aeromagnetic data coupled with Landsat ETM+ data and SRTM DEM have been processed in order to map regional hydrogeological structures in the basement complex region of Paiko, north-central Nigeria. Lineaments were extracted from derivative maps from aeromagnetic, Landsat ETM+ and SRTM DEM datasets. Ground geophysical investigation utilizing Radial Vertical Electrical Sounding (RVES) was established in nine transects comprising of four sounding stations which are oriented in three azimuths. Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) was employed to map the average depths structures from aeromagnetic dataset. Selected thematic layers which included lineaments density, lithologic, slope, drainage density and geomorphologic maps were integrated and modelled using ArcGIS to generate groundwater potential map of the area. Groundwater zones were classified into four categories: very good, good, moderate and poor according to their potential to yield sustainable water to drilled wells. Results from RVES survey reveal a close correlation to lineaments delineated from surface structural mapping and remotely sensed datasets. Hydrogeological significance of these orientations suggest that aeromagnetic data can be used to map relatively deep-seated fractures which are likely to be open groundwater conduits while remotely sensed lineaments and orientations delineated from the RVES survey may indicate areas of recharge. Regions with high lineament density have relatively better groundwater potential. This is attributable to areas having deep weathering profiles associated with intrusive bodies that have resulted in intense fracturing in the area. Drill depths in this area should target a minimum of 80 m to ensure sufficient and sustainable supplies to drilled wells. The outcome of this study should act as information framework that would guide the siting of productive water wells and while providing needed information for relevant agencies in need of data for the development of groundwater resources.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0063.v1

Speleothems from the Middle East: An Example of Water Limited Environments in the SISAL Database

Yuval Burstyn, Belen Martrat, Jordi F. Lopez, Eneko Iriarte, Matthew J. Jacobson, Mahjoor Ahmad Lone, Michael Deininger

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SISAL database; speleothem; cave; isotopes; Middle East, palaeoclimate

Online: 6 February 2019 (13:32:13 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0029.v1

Categorical Forecast of Precipitation Anomaly Using the Standardized Precipitation Index SPI

Leszek Łabędzki

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: precipitation deficit; precipitation surplus; standardized precipitation index SPI; forecast; verification

Online: 4 November 2016 (13:39:29 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0092.v2

Variability of Darcian Flux in the Hyporheic Zone at a Natural Channel Bend

Shaofeng Xu, Jinxi Song, Weiwei Jiang, Guotao Zhang, Ming Wen, Junlong Zhang, Ying Xue

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: hyporheic zone; Darcian flux; channel bend; vertical hydraulic conductivity; stream topography; grain size; porosity

Online: 26 February 2017 (10:07:31 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0026.v1

Basin Resonance and Seismic Hazard for Jakarta, Indonesia

Athanasius Cipta, Phil Cummins, Masyhur Irsyam, Sri Hidayati

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seismic hazard; openquake; GMPE; basin-induced amplification; SPECFEM2D

Online: 4 January 2018 (10:04:35 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0123.v1

Three-Dimensional Facies Analysis using Object-Based Geobody Modeling: A Case Study for the Farewell Formation, Maui Gas Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

AKM Eahsanul Haque, Md. Aminul Islam, Mohamed Ragab Shalaby

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geobody modeling, object-based facies modeling (OBFM), variogram analysis, farewell formation, paleo-depositional environment

Online: 15 January 2018 (10:01:00 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0081.v1

Subduction Zone Characterization of the Northern Papua through the Study of Earthquake History

Miftachul Janah, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Ian Yulianti, Yuni Trisnowati, Andya S. P. Putro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Northern Papua; Subduction; Seismicity

Online: 14 April 2017 (05:55:31 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0020.v2

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

O. Adrian Pfiffner

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: thin-skinned tectonics, thick-skinned tectonics, structural geology, structure of mountain ranges, fold-and-thrust belts, décollement, nappe stacking, continent-continent collision, subduction, basin inversion

Online: 27 July 2017 (10:14:40 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0079.v1

Calibrating the EGS Flow Stimulation Process for Basement Rock

Peter Leary, Peter Malin, Tero Saarno, Ilmo Kukkonen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: EGS; crustal permeability; finite element flow modelling; crustal wellbore temperatures; wellbore injection; well logs; well core

Online: 18 September 2017 (12:01:16 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0261.v1

Post-Glacial Land Uplift Rate in Fennoscandia and Laurentia Determined by GRACE Data

Mehdi S. Shafiei Joud, Lars Erik Sjöberg, Mohammad Bagherbandi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Glacial Isostatic Adjustment; gravimetric land uplift rate modelling; GRACE; independent component analysis

Online: 25 January 2019 (15:08:15 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0150.v1

Genesis of the Koka Gold Deposit in Northwest Eritrea, NE Africa: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and C-H-O-S Isotopes

Kai Zhao, Huazhou Yao, Jianxiong Wang, Ghebsha Fitwi Ghebretnsae, Wenshuai Xiang, Yi-Qu Xiong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: C-H-O isotopes; fluid inclusion; Koka deposit; orogenic gold deposit

Online: 15 January 2019 (09:57:18 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0008.v1

Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics in Parts of Aravalli Mountain Range, India: Implication of Geomorphic Indices, Remote Sensing and GIS

Syed Ahmad Ali, Javed Ikbal

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: eomorphic indices; relative active tectonics; stream deflection; lineament; Aravalli range

Online: 2 January 2018 (09:41:41 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0023.v1

Global Spatial Relationship between Land Use Land Cover and Land Surface Temperature

Azad Rasul

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Land Use Land Cover (LULC); Land Surface Temperature (LST); Google Earth Engine (GEE); relationship; remote sensing indices; MODIS; global

Online: 3 January 2020 (05:03:05 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0100.v2

Mapping of Cold-Water Coral Carbonate Mounds Based on Geomorphometric Features: An Object-Based Approach

Markus Diesing, Terje Thorsnes

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: cold-water coral; carbonate mound; habitat mapping; spatial prediction; image segmentation; GEOBIA; random forest; accuracy, confidence

Online: 18 January 2018 (16:08:36 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0104.v1

The Effect of Rainfall, Soil Type and Slope on the Processes and Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Landslide

Yan Liu, Zhiyuan Deng, Xiekang Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: landslides; artificial rainfall; grain size; rainfall pattern; pore water pressure

Online: 4 November 2021 (16:15:36 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0112.v1

Subsidence Trends of Volturno River Coastal Plain (Northern Campania, southern Italy) Inferred by SAR Interferometry Data

Fabio Matano, Marco Sacchi, Marco Vigliotti, Daniela Ruberti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SAR; alluvial plain; subsidence; Volturno; Italy

Online: 16 November 2017 (19:04:21 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0054.v1

Climate Resilient Deep Groundwater Investigation and Development in the Ogaden Jesoma Sandstone Aquifers of Somali Region, Ethiopia

Samuel Godfrey, Getachew Hailemicheal, Charles Serele

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Groundwater; Climate resilience; Deep wells, Deep aquifers, Drought, Somali, Ethiopia

Online: 7 June 2019 (12:03:05 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0246.v1

The Potential of Speleothems from Western Europe as Recorders of Regional Climate: a Critical Assessment of the SISAL Database

Franziska Lechleitner, Sahar Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, Andrea Columbu, Laia Comas-Bru, Inga Labuhn, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Kira Rehfeld

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SISAL database, speleothem, cave, oxygen isotopes, Western Europe, palaeoclimate

Online: 13 September 2018 (15:32:34 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0072.v1

Combining Spherical-Cap and Taylor Bubble Fluid Dynamics with Plume Measurements to Characterize Basaltic Degassing

Tom D. Pering, Andrew J. S. McGonigle

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: strombolian, puffing, Taylor bubble, gas slug, spherical-cap bubble, basaltic volcanism

Online: 12 October 2017 (03:47:01 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0056.v1

Mass Balance of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian High Arctic, using Time-Variable Gravity from GRACE and Altimetry Data from ICESat and Cryosat-2

Enrico Ciracì, Isabella Velicogna, Tyler Clark Sutterley

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Novaya Zemlya; Altimetry; Gravity; Russian High Arctic; Glaciers and Ice Caps; Remote Sensing; Climate Change;

Online: 3 October 2018 (14:37:48 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0052.v1

Shale Gas Content Calculation of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Southeastern Ordos Basin, China

Jiao Su, Yingchu Shen, Bo Liu, Jin Hao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: shale gas; lost shale gas content; oil dissolved shale gas content; improved USBM method; Ordos Basin

Online: 9 October 2017 (13:00:10 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Shale gas content is the key parameter for shale gas potential evaluation and favorable area prediction. Therefore, it is very important to determine shale gas content accurately. Generally, we use the USBM method for coal reservoirs to calculate gas content of shale reservoirs. However, shale reservoirs are different from coal reservoirs in depth, pressure, core collection, etc. This method would inevitably cause problems. In order to make the USBM method more suitable for shale reservoir, an improved USBM method is put forward on the basis of systematic analysis of core pressure history and temperature history during shale gas desorption. The improved USBM method modifies the calculation method of the lost time, and determines the temperature balance time of water heating. In addition, we give the calculation method of adsorption gas content and free gas content, especially the new method of calculating the oil dissolved gas content and water dissolved gas content which are easily neglected. We used the direct method (USBM and the improved USBM) and the indirect method (adsorption gas, free gas and dissolved gas) to calculate the shale gas content of 16 shale samples of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Southeastern Ordos Basin, China. The results of the improved USBM method show that the total shale gas content is high, with an average of 3.97 m³/t, and the lost shale gas content is the largest proportion with an average of 62%. The total shale gas content calculated by the improved USBM method is greater than that of the USBM method. The results of the indirect method show that the total shale gas content is large, with an average of 4.11 m³/t, and the adsorption shale gas content is the largest proportion with an average of 71%. The oil dissolved shale gas content which should be taken attention accounts for about 7.8%. The relative error between the improved USBM method and indirect method is much smaller than that between USBM method and indirect method, which verifies the accuracy of the improved USBM method.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0288.v1

Rare Earth Element Phases in Bauxite Residue

Johannes Vind, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain, Petros E. Tsakiridis, Alan H. Tkaczyk, Vicky Vassiliadou, Dimitrios Panias

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: bauxite; bauxite residue; red mud; rare earth elements; rare earth minerals; rare earth ferrotitanate; perovskite; loparite

Online: 30 January 2018 (20:42:31 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0218.v1

The Influence of Knowledge and Education in Public Risk Perception. A Case Study in Calabria (Southern Italy)

Roberto Coscarelli, Loredana Antronico, Francesco De Pascale, Francesca Condino

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: risk perception; geo-hydrological risk; education; Southern Italy

Online: 26 March 2018 (14:17:57 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0091.v1

The Nature and Articulation of Ethical Codes on Tailings Management in South Africa

Tobius Thobile Poswa, Theophilus Clavell Davies

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: mine tailings; ethics; legislations; corporate social responsibility; policy research; South Africa

Online: 27 August 2017 (10:38:56 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0390.v1

Understanding Landslide Expression in SAR Backscatter Data: A Global Study

Erin Lindsay, Alexandra Jarna Ganerød, Graziella Devoli, Johannes Reiche, Steinar Nordal, Regula Frauenfelder, Lars-Christian Tokle

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: change detection; time-series; landslide detection; land cover; Sentinel-1; backscatter; Google Earth Engine;

Online: 22 February 2023 (15:33:14 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

During disaster response, clouds or darkness can prevent the use of optical images for detecting consequences of natural disasters, including landslides. In these situations, radar images can be used to detect changes more rapidly. However, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter intensity images are underutilized for landslide detection. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of understanding about how to interpret landslide signatures in SAR imagery. In this study, we investigate how the morphometric features and material properties of landslides, and preexisting land cover, control their expression in SAR backscatter intensity change images. Trends in the spatial and temporal signatures of over 1000 landslides in 30 diverse case studies are investigated, using multi-temporal composites and dense time-series of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR backscatter intensity data. The results show that the orientation of landslide surfaces relative to the sensor, pre-existing land cover, and the roughness of the landslide surface, determine whether landslides will produce an increase or decrease in backscatter intensity values. In certain cases, we can identify morphometric features of landslides (e.g. scarps, transit zone, deposits, ponding) and material properties. Generally, we see that landslides appear most clearly with a strong increase in intensity when they occur in herbaceous vegetation or non-vegetated ground surfaces, due to an increase in surface roughness. While in forested or densely vegetated areas, landslides produce a more complex signature with both decreases due to radar shadow and vegetation removal, and an adjacent edge of increased intensity due to double bounce and direct return from vertical tree trunks and convex edges. In most cases, rough deposits produce an increase in intensity, while smooth deposits (e.g. from mudslides) exhibit specular reflection, and thus show decreased values. Landslides are less visible in cases with pre-event very rough ground, or mixed vegetation conditions. The conceptual model developed can aid interpretation of landslides in SAR imagery, and provide domain knowledge needed to train models for automatic landslide detection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0520.v1

LiCSAR: An Automatic InSAR Tool for Measuring and Monitoring Tectonic and Volcanic Activity

Milan Lazecky

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SAR Interferometry; Sentinel-1; deformation monitoring; tectonics; volcanism; automatic processing

Online: 31 May 2020 (21:43:50 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0076.v1

Physico- Chemical and Microbial Properties of Surface and Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Kogi State, Central Nigeria

Seyi Mepaiyeda, Kakaba Madi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: cations; groundwater; heavy metals; pollution; anions; surface water; microbes

Online: 9 January 2018 (07:39:44 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0619.v1

Gas Hydrate Estimate in an Area of Deformation and High Heat Flow at the Chile Triple Junction

Lucía Villar-Muñoz, Iván Vargas-Cordero, Joaquim P. Bento, Umberta Tinivella, Francisco Fernandoy, Michela Giustiniani, Jan H. Behrmann, Sergio Calderon-Diaz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: BSR; gas hydrate; methane; seepage; active margin; Chile Triple Junction

Online: 26 October 2018 (06:18:51 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0148.v1

A Controlled-Site Comparison of Microwave Tomography and Time-Reversal Imaging Techniques for GPR Surveys

Vinicius Santos, Emerson Almeida, Jorge Porsani, Fernando Teixeira, Francesco Soldovieri

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ground penetrating radar; microwave tomography; time-reversal technique

Online: 23 October 2017 (11:08:34 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0024.v1

Evolution of the Uranium Isotopic Compositions of the Groundwater and Rock in the Sandy-Clayey Aquifer

Alexander I. Malov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: aquifer, rock, radioactive isotopes, groundwater dating

Online: 4 October 2017 (16:45:54 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0020.v1

Preliminary Description of the Origin of a Sedimentary – Exhalative Ore Deposit, in Molango, Hidalgo Mexico

Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz, Ventura Rodríguez-Lugo, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Demetrio Mendoza-Anaya, Ma. Isabel Reyes-Valderrama, Rosa A. Vázquez-García, Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: rare earths; platinum; SEDEX ore body; rift mega structure; transgression

Online: 2 March 2018 (08:58:08 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0418.v1

Geological Risk Calculation through Probability of Success (PoS), Applied to Radioactive Waste Disposal in Deep Wells: A Case Study in the Pre-neogene Basement in the Northern Croatia

Tomislav Malvić, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Josipa Velić, Jasenka Sremac, Josip Ivšinović, Marija Bošnjak, Uroš Barudžija, Želimir Veinović, Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geological risk; pre-Neogene basement; radioactive waste; waste disposal; Northern Croatia; Probability of Success (PoS)

Online: 26 May 2020 (04:11:18 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The basic principles of geological risk calculation through Probability of Success (PoS) are mostly applied for numerical estimation of additional hydrocarbon existence in proven reservoirs or potential hydrocarbon discoveries in selected geological regional subsurface volume. It can be tailored and validated for a comprehensive input dataset collected in the selected petroleum province, adapted by dividing up geological events into several probability categories and classes. The most applied categories are (existence of) reservoir rocks, traps and isolators, source rocks, migration pathways and preservation conditions for hydrocarbons The methodology results in unique probability values as multiplication of independent statistical events, which can also be applied in the assessment of a potential hydrocarbon discovery of desired minimal volume and its value in any virtual currency like risk-neutral dollars. Such methodology has been extensively developed in the last decades in the Croatian subsurface, mostly in the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System (CPBS). Through the adaptation of geological categories, it was also applied in hybrid, i.e., stochastical, models developed in the CPBS (Drava Depression). Stochastically estimation of porosity was already applied. As the robustness of this methodology is very high, it was also modified to estimate the influence of water-flooding in increasing oil recovery in some proven Neogene sandstone reservoirs in the CPBS (Sava Depression). This new modification is being presented to be applied to geological risk calculation, intending to assess the safety of geological environment in deep wells, where depleted radioactive fuel would be disposed, a subject of great importance. The case study encompassed the magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the pre-Neogene basement of the CPBS. For disposal purpose, these are regionally lithologies considered as to be the safest ones considering petrophysical values, water saturation, recent weathering and tectonic activity.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0100.v1

Mapping of Cold-Water Coral Carbonate Mounds Based on Geomorphometric Features: An Object-Based Approach

Markus Diesing, Terje Thorsnes

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: cold-water coral; carbonate mound; habitat mapping; spatial prediction; image segmentation; GEOBIA; random forest; accuracy, confidence

Online: 15 December 2017 (05:22:01 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0430.v1

Specifying the External Impact on Fluvial Lowland Evolution: the Last Glacial Tis(Z)a Catchment In Hungary and Serbia

Jef Vandenberghe, Kees Kasse, Dragan Popov, Slobodan Markovic, Dimitri Vandenberghe, Sjoerd Bohncke, Gyula Gabris

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Tisza, Tisa, Pannonian Basin, fluvial evolution, terrace development, tectonic impact, local conditions, last glacial, OSL-dating

Online: 26 June 2018 (15:55:33 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0023.v1

The Validation Process of the Method of Balancing Gas Contained in the Pore Space of Rocks via Rock Comminution

Mateusz Kudasik, Anna Pajdak, Norbert Skoczylas

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: porosity; gas; outburst; dolomite, copper ore mines

Online: 2 March 2018 (12:47:16 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The article discusses the validation process of a certain method of balancing gas contained in the pore space of rocks. The validation was based upon juxtaposition of the examination of rocks' porosity and the effects of comminution in terms of assessing the possibility of opening the pore space. The tests were carried out for six dolomite samples taken from different areas of the 'Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ copper mine in Poland. Before the rock material was ground, it was examined using the porosimetric method and subsequently subjected to the SEM analysis. After grinding, the research material was subjected to the granulometric analysis. Prior to the grinding process, the rocks' porosity fell in the range of 0.3-14.8%, while the volume of the open pores was included in the 0.01-0.06 cm3/g range. The research material was also characterized by inhomogeneous distribution of the pore volume. The grinding process was performed using an original device – the GPR analyzer. The ground samples were characterized by similar particle size distribution and mean diameters D_3.2 of about 4.0-4.5 µm. The SEM analysis revealed pores of various size and shape on the surface of the rock cores, while at the same time demonstrating lack of pores following the grinding process. The grain size distribution curves were compared with the cumulative pore volume curves of the cores before grinding. The resulting intersection points of both curves were seen as testifying to the presence of openings in the rock pores and release of the accumulated gas. The opening percentage of the pore space was associated with the coordinates of the curves' intersections. In order to confirm the argument put forward in this paper – i.e. that comminution of a rock to grains of a size comparable with the size of the rock's pores results in the release of gas contained in the pore space – the amount of gas released as a result of the comminution process was studied. The results of gas balancing demonstrated that the pore space of the investigated dolomites was filled with gas in amounts from 3.19 cm3/kg to 45.86 cm3/kg. The obtained results of the rock material comminution to grains comparable – in terms of size – to the size of the pores of investigated rocks, along with asserting the presence of gas in the pore space of the studied dolomites, were regarded as a proof that the method of balancing gas in rocks via rock comminution is correct.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0064.v1

Trace Metals Distribution in Sulfide Minerals of the Ultramafic-Hosted Hydrothermal Systems: Example from the Kairei Vent Field, Central Indian Ridge

Yejian Wang, Xiqiu Han, Sven Petersen, Matthias Frische, Zhongyan Qiu, Yiyang Cai, Peng Zhou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: trace elements; hydrothermal sulfides; Laser Ablation ICP-MS; ultramafic-hosted; Central Indian Ridge

Online: 4 September 2018 (12:04:28 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

The ultramafic-hosted Kairei vent field, located at 25°19′S, 70°02′E towards the northern end of the segment 1 of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR-S1) in a water depth of ~2450 m. This study aims to investigate the distribution of trace elements among sulfides of differing textures, and discuss the possible factors controlling the trace element distribution in those minerals by using LA-ICP-MS spot analyses as well as line scans. Our results show that there are distinct systematic trace element distributions throughout the different minerals：(1) Pyrite is divided into three types at the Kairei, including early-stage euhedral pyrites (py-I), sub-euhedral pyrites (py-II), and colloform pyrites (py-III). Pyrite is generally enriched in Mo, Au, As, Tl, Mn, and U. py-I have higher contents of Se, Te, Bi, and Ni, py-II are enriched in Au relative to py-I and py-III, but poor in Ni, py-III are enriched in Mo, Pb, and U but are poor in Se, Te, Bi, and Au. Variations in the concentrations of Se, Te, and Bi in pyrite are likely governed by the strong temperature gradient. Ni is generally lower than Co in pyrites, indicates that our samples precipitated at a high-temperature condition, whereas the extreme Co enrichment is likely from a magmatic heat source combined serpentinization reactions underlie the deposits. (2) Chalcopyrite is characterized by high concentrations of Co, Se, Te. The abundant of Se and Te in chalcopyrite cause by the high solubilities of Se and Te incorporated into chalcopyrite lattice at high temperature fluids. The concentration of Sb, As and Au is relatively low in chalcopyrite from the Kairei vent field. (3) Sphalerite from both the Zn-rich chimney is characterized by high concentrations of Sn, Co, Ga, Ge, Ag, Pb, Sb, As, and Cd, but depleted in Se, Te, Bi, Mo, Au, Ni, Tl, Mn, Ba, V, and U in comparison with the other minerals. The high concentration of Cd and Co is likely caused by the substitution of Cd2+ and Co2+ for Zn2+ in sphalerite. A high concentration of Pb accompanied by high Ag concentration in sphalerite indicating the Ag occurs in the microinclusions of Pb-bearing minerals such as galena. Au is generally low in sphalerite and strong correlate with Pb suggesting its presence in the microinclusions of galena. The strong correlation of As with Ge in sphalerite from Kairei suggests that they might precipitate under medium- to low-temperature with moderately reduced conditions. (4) Bornite-digenite is very low in most trace elements, except for Co, Se, and Bi. The high concentration of Se and Bi in all the sulfide minerals was observed in bornite-digenite can be explained by abundant Bi-selenide inclusions. Serpentinization in ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems might play an important role on Au enrichment in pyrite with low As contents. Compared with felsic-hosted seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits, sulfide minerals from the ultramafic-hosted deposits show higher concentrations of Se and Te, but lower As, Sb, and Au concentrations attributed to the contribution of magmatic volatile input. Significant Se enrichment in chalcopyrite has been found from mafic-hosted SMSs indicate that the primary factor that controls the Se enrichment is its temperature-controlled mobility in fluids.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0270.v1

Geostatistical Interpolation of Subsurface Properties by Combining Measurements and Models

Wolfram Rühaak, Kristian Bär, Ingo Sass

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Subsurface temperatures; Kriging with External Drift; Conductive Numerical Modeling; Joint Interpolation; Geostatistics; Simulation

Online: 14 September 2018 (16:31:59 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0193.v1

Reconstruction of a Segment of the UNESCO World Heritage Hadrian’s Villa Tunnel Network by Integrated GPR, Magnetic-Paleomagnetic, and Electric Resistivity Prospections

Annalisa Ghezzi, Antonio Schettino, Pietro Paolo Pierantoni, Lawrence Conyers, Luca Tassi, Luigi Vigliotti, Erwin Schettino, Milena Melfi, Maria Elena Gorrini, Paolo Boila

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: archaeological geophysics; magnetic methods; ground penetrating radar; tunnel detection; data integration

Online: 15 May 2019 (11:14:34 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0017.v1

Initiation of a “Lost” Large River on the East Asia Margin in the Middle Eocene

Xiaowei Fu, Rong Yang, Weilin Zhu, Shouye Yang, Jianhua Geng, Luyao Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: East Asia; Detrital zircon; Large River; Rift Basin

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:07:26 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The forming of large rivers are the integral consequences of the deep earth process and the surface. In contrast to the hot topics for rivers related to orogenic domains, rift-related large rivers are largely ignored especially in deep time studies. The Cenozoic East Asia margin provides very good opportunity to observe this kind of rivers. It has been believed that basin-and-swell physiography dominated the East Asia margin and impeded the forming of large rives in the early Cenozoic. In this paper, we combined provenance analysis of East China Sea Basin, where is a crucial place to trace the river evolution in East Asia margin, and regional geologic constraints to reveal drainage reorganizations. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Early Eocene sediments of the East China Sea Basin are firstly reported. Our results together with literature data demonstrate that regional provenance changes occurred at the middle Eocene from one singe age peak at ~110 Ma of proximal sources to multiple age spectrum derived from far inland. Source to sink analysis indicated that the North China Block and Korea Peninsular provided the most detritus. Sedimentation and tectonic features of rift basins in the potential source areas indicated that rivers flowed into Bohai Basin and Jianghan Basin cannot provide terrigenous clasts for the lower reaches in the Eocene. Contrastingly, the dominantly fluvial sediments across the Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin suggested external river system and a bypassing region since the middle Eocene, coinciding with provenance change in ECSB. All these demonstrated that a large river (East Asia River) established in east Asia margin in the middle Eocene and flowed southwestward approximately 1500km to the sea in southern ECSB. This river might last to the middle Miocene. The deep earth processes driven by Izanagi-Pacific ridge subduction resulted in the overfilled stage of Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin and the post-rift subsidence in west depression of ECSB, and thus facilitated the initiation of the EAR. Our finding shed new light on the evolving landscape in East Asia and showed how subduction of deep earth process controlled the initiation of rift-related large rivers.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0081.v1

Estimating Wave Direction by Using Terrestrial GNSS Reflectometry

Jörg Reinking, Ole Roggenbuck, Gilad Even-Tzur

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: GNSS; reflectometry; SNR; wave direction

Online: 8 April 2019 (10:41:17 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0280.v1

Controls of Depositional Environments on Reservoir Quality in Terms of Porosity and Permeability Gabo Field Niger Delta

Richmond Ideozu, Tochukwu Nduaguibe

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Porosity, permeability, skolithos, Ophiomorpha, lithofacies, reservoir, bioturbation, channel and coastal barrier systems.

Online: 25 April 2019 (11:16:30 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The controls of depositional environments on reservoir quality have been evaluated in terms of porosity and permeability of the Gabo Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data used in this research include Well logs, Core data and photos, and grain size analysis for Wells 51 and 52 in the study area. Standard methods as applicable in petrophysical and sedimentological analysis has been adopted. Thirteen reservoir units have been identified in wells 51 and 52 which had 5 reservoirs cored each. The lithofacies units of the identified reservoirs across the study area, comprise pebbly sands, coarse -, medium -, fine- and very fine-grained sands, sandy mud, silty sands and heteroliths. The heteroliths – very fine-grained silty muds are highly bioturbated. Ophiomorpha and skolithos are the major trace fossils with sedimentary structures (ripple lamination, wavy lenticular and planar beds, cross bedded sands, coarsening and fining upward). The facies associations interpreted for the study area are Channel and Coastal barrier systems and the environment of deposition as distributary channel, upper and lower shoreface. The sedimentary processes that deposited facies ranged from high energy regimes, reworking by waves to low energy with periodic influx of silts and muds. The average porosity and permeability for reservoirs in Well 51 is 16.7% and 1317 Md, reservoirs in Well 52 is 28.2% and 2330Md whereas porosity range for the study area is 2% - 32% and permeability is 1.2 – 10600 Md. The reservoir quality reservoir of the sand units in Well 51 (7, 9 and 13) and Well 52 (5, 7, 9, 11 and 13) is excellent - good, this is because of the dynamics environments of deposition (upper shoreface and distributary channel) as well as the mechanisms that play out during deposition such as bioturbation, sorting, sedimentary structures formed. Whereas the poor quality across the reservoirs especially the lower shoreface and prodelta facies is as result of lack bioturbation, connectivity, multiplicity of burrows that may have been plugged by clay and intercalation of shale and sand (heteroliths). This research has shown that environments of deposition have direct influence the reservoir quality in terms of porosity and permeability.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0298.v1

Watching the Beach Steadily Disappearing – the Evolution of Understanding of Retrogressive Breach Failures

Dick R. Mastbergen, Konrad Beinssen, Yves Nédélec

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: coastal erosion; beach morphodynamics; beach erosion; flow slide; slope instability; bank erosion; bank collapse; flood risk; breaching; dredging; liquefaction; submarine landslide; turbidity current; dilatancy

Online: 28 August 2019 (15:17:30 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0385.v1

Apatite Composition and U-Pb Geochronology from the Ptarmigan and Tom Deposits, NWT Canada; Implications for Petrogenesis

Mark W. Richardson, Christopher R.M. McFarlane, David R. Lentz, Hendrik Falck

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: apatite; rare earth elements; hydrothermal fluids; Ptarmigan Mine

Online: 15 March 2021 (13:40:19 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

The Ptarmigan and Tom mesothermal gold deposits are located 10 km to the northeast of the city of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories in northern Canada. Both gold deposits comprise a series of en echelon veins that are hosted within upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies ~2630 Ma (peak) rocks. Supracrustal units across the craton are intruded by the ca. 2610–2605-Ma granodiorite, tonalite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, and affiliated rocks of the Concession Suite. Hydrothermal apatite is a common accessory mineral in both mineralized and non-mineralized quartz veins in the metasedimentary host rocks that constitute the Ptarmigan and Tom deposits. This study characterizes and compares turbidite-hosted hydrothermal apatite from the Ptarmigan and Tom deposits, non-mineralized veins adjacent to the ore body, and magmatic apatite from proximal LCT-pegmatites. Using electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), micro-XRF, and cathodoluminescence (CL), the major, minor, and trace element abundances have been quantified and mapped. In addition to utilizing this data to determine if the chemistry of apatite can be used to constrain the source of hydrothermal fluids, the apparent age of the apatite is also evaluated utilizing in situ U-Pb dating. The distribution and abundance of major, minor, and trace elements from in situ recovered apatite were studied to characterize the nature of mineralizing ﬂuids. Most apatite from mineralized and non-mineralized veins show different Mn, Sr, and Pb contents, as well as chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) and Y abundance patterns. REEs display five unique chondrite-normalized patterns: (1) negative sloped pattern with slight negative Eu anomaly, (2) a flat pattern with a positive Eu anomaly, (3) a positive slope with a negative Eu anomaly, (iv) light rare earth element (LREE) depleted pattern with positive Eu anomaly, and (v) bell-shaped pattern with a negative Eu anomaly. The REE patterns reflect both the source of the auriferous hydrothermal fluids and, perhaps, co-precipitating mineral phases. Apatite from the Ptarmigan vein occurs with both: (1) a flat pattern with a positive Eu anomaly and (2) bell-shaped pattern with a negative Eu anomaly. The bell-shaped and flat patterns typify orogenic gold deposits. Vein-hosted apatite commonly displays compositional zoning with a characteristic yellow cathodoluminescence (CL) emission spectra with darker cores and brighter rims. The cores have lower REE, whereas the rims are notably higher in REE. It is thought that the darker cores in CL images reflect a transition from an early low REE hydrothermal fluid to one enriched in REE. The hydrothermal apatite age of 2585 ± 15 Ma is consistent with the intrusions of the 2605 and 2590 Ma two-mica granites of the Prosperous Suite and associated LCT pegmatites.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0246.v1

Satellite and Ground Remote Sensing Techniques to Trace the Hidden Growth of a Lava Flow Field: The 2014-15 Effusive Eruption at Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde)

Sonia Calvari, Gaetana Ganci, Sónia Silva Victória, Pedro A. Hernandez, Nemesio Perez, Vera Alfama, José Barrancos, Jeremias Cabral, Nadir Cardoso, Samara Dionis, Paulo Fernandes, Gladys Melian, José Pereira, Hélio Semedo, Germán Padilla, Fátima Rodriguez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: remote sensing monitoring; Fogo volcano; effusive eruption; lava flow inflation; lava tubes; time averaged effusion rate (TADR); magma supply rate (SR)

Online: 15 June 2018 (05:58:05 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0195.v1

Generalized Extreme Value Statistics, Physical Scaling and Forecasts of Oil Production in the Bakken Shale

Wardana Saputra, Wissem Kirati, Tadeusz Patzek

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: EUR; shale; infill wells; (re)fracturing; pressure depletion; average well; Middle Bakken; Three Forks

Online: 19 August 2019 (12:56:57 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0131.v1

Is Equilibrium Modelling Outdated for Recent Challenges in River Management?

Arianna Varrani, Michael Nones

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: 1D modelling; large rivers; morphodynamic equilibrium; river concavity; bottom fining

Online: 19 December 2017 (07:15:22 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0224.v1

Time-Series Displacement of Landslide In Danba County (China) Monitoried By the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Technique

Bo Hu, Yang Wu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SBAS; landslide; danba; time-series; displacement

Online: 14 June 2018 (08:44:11 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0362.v1

The Impact of Secondary Phyllosilicate Minerals on the Engineering Properties of Various Igneous Aggregates from Greece

Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Paraskevi Lampropoulou, Eleni Koutsopoulou, Dimitrios Papoulis, Basilios Tsikouras, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: phyllosilicate minerals; serpentine; chlorite; clay minerals; aggregates; physicomechanical properties

Online: 22 June 2018 (15:38:55 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0010.v1

Urban Design Factors Influencing Surface Urban Heat Island in the Humid Subtropical Region Based on Local Climate Zone

Yurong Shi, Yirui Xiang, Yufeng Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Land surface temperature; Surface urban heat island, Local climate zone; Retrieval algorithms

Online: 3 June 2019 (09:02:15 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0196.v1

Satellite Remote Sensing of the Greenland Ice Sheet Ablation Zone: A Review

Matthew G. Cooper, Laurence C. Smith

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ablation zone; Greenland; ice sheet; surface mass balance; mass balance; altimetry; albedo; scatterometry; lidar; sea level rise

Online: 20 August 2019 (02:55:39 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0408.v1

Land Surface Albedo Derived on a Ten Daily Basis from Meteosat Second Generation Observations: the NRT and Climate Data Record Collections from the EUMETSAT LSA SAF

Dominique Carrer, Suman Moparthy, Gabriel Lellouch, Xavier Ceamanos, Florian Pinault, Sandra Coelho, Isabel Trigo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: surface albedo; remote sensing; geostationary satellites; climate data records; essential climate variables; near real-time; operational processing; climate; land surface modeling

Online: 26 June 2018 (10:31:10 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Land surface albedo determines the splitting of downwelling solar radiation into components which are either reflected back to the atmosphere or absorbed by the surface. Land surface albedo is an important variable for the climate community and therefore was defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV). Within the scope of the Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) of EUMETSAT, a near-real time (NRT) daily albedo product was developed in the last decade from observations provided by the SEVIRI instrument on board the geostationary satellites of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) series. In this study we present a new collection of albedo satellite products based on the same satellite data. The MSG Ten-day ALbedo (MTAL) product incorporates MSG observations over 31 days with a frequency of NRT production of 10 days. The MTAL collection is more dedicated to climate analysis studies compared to the daily albedo that was initially designed for the weather prediction community. For this reason, a homogeneous reprocessing of MTAL was done in 2018 to generate a Climate Data Record (CDR). The resulting product is called MTAL-R and has been made available to the community in addition to the NRT version of the MTAL product which has been available for several years. The retrieval algorithm behind the MTAL products comprises three distinct modules: one for atmospheric correction, one for daily inversion of a semi-empirical model of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, and one for monthly composition that also determines surface albedo values. In this study the MTAL-R CDR is compared to ground surface measurements and concomitant albedo products collected by sensors on-board polar-orbiting satellites (SPOT-VGT and MODIS). We show that MTAL-R meets the quality requirements if MODIS or SPOT-VGT are considered as reference. This work leads to 14 years of production of geostationary land surface albedo products with a guaranteed continuity in the LSA SAF for the future years with the forthcoming third generation of European geostationary satellites.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0161.v1

On the Main Components of Landscape Evolution Models

Michael Nones

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Numerical modelling; landscape evolution; surface processes; river networks

Online: 17 June 2019 (10:37:13 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0118.v1

Development of Statistics-Based Estimation Model (SEM) for Landslide-Triggering Factors Using the Soil Physical Properties of the Landslide in Gneiss and Granite Areas of South Korea

Kyeong-Su Kim, Man-Il Kim, Moon-Se Lee, Eui-Soon Hwang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: statistics-based estimation model (sem); different geological condition; permeability coefficient; shearing strength; landslide-triggering factor

Online: 10 October 2019 (14:53:30 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

In South Korea, landslides are caused by localized heavy rainfall and typhoons, which often occur in the summer season at natural slopes in mountainous areas and artificial slopes in urban surroundings. Flow-type landslides frequently occur in mountainous areas. To evaluate flow-type landslides, it is essential to identify the physical characteristics of soil, giving focus to the soil on the top layers of various types of slope. This study conducts a survey and an analysis of the characteristics of landslides that occurred in the study area with different geological conditions of granite and gneiss. The characteristics of soil in the area and its surroundings that have or have not undergone landslides for every geological condition is also evaluated. Based on these characteristics and a statistics method, it extracts the triggering factors, permeability coefficients (k), and shearing strength with cohesion (c) and internal friction angel (φ) of soils that are highly related to landslides around weathered soil layers. As a result, the permeability coefficients show significant relevance with void ratio (e), the effective size of grains (D10), and uniformity coefficient (cu), while the shearing strength with the proportion of fine-grained soil (Fines), uniformity coefficient (cu), degree of saturation (S), dry weight density (rd), and void ratio (e). By obtaining this result, the study uses the regression analysis to suggest models to estimate the permeability coefficients and shearing strength. For the gneiss area, the statistics-based estimation model (SEM) is proposed as k_gn = (1.488 × 10^-02 × e) + (1.076 × D₁₀) + (-1.629 × 10^-04 × c_u) - (1.893 × 10^-02) for permeability coefficients; cgn = (-0.712 × Fines) + (-0.131 × c_u) + 15.335 for cohesion; and φgn = (27.01 × r_d) + (-12.594 × e) + 6.018 for internal frictional angle of soils. For the granite area, the statistics-based estimation model (SEM) is proposed as kgr = (8.281 × 10^-03 × e) + (0.639 × D₁₀) + (-2.766 × 10^-05 × c_u) - (9.907 × 10^-03) for permeability coefficients; c_gr = (-0.689 × Fines) + (-0.0744 × S) + 18.59 for cohesion; and φ_gr = (33.640 × r_d) + (-0.875 × e) - 9.685 for internal frictional angle of soils. The use of statistics-based estimation models (SEMs) for landslide-triggering factors that trigger landslides will support the simple calculation of permeability coefficient and shearing strength (cohesion and internal frictional angle), only requiring information about the physical properties of soil at the natural slopes that have different geological features such as gneiss and granite areas.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0337.v1

An Integrated View of Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Changes Based on Models and Satellite Observations

Ruth Mottram, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Synne Høyer Svendsen, Valentina R. Barletta, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Thomas Nagler, Jan Wuite, Andreas Groh, Martin Horwarth, Job Rosier, Rene Forsberg

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: essential climate variables (ECV); climate change initiative (CCI); Greenland ice sheet; mass budget; cryosphere; sea level rise

Online: 16 October 2018 (07:53:22 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The Greenland ice sheet is a major contributor to sea level rise, adding an estimated 0.47 +/− 0.23 mm/yr to global mean sea level between 1991 and 2015 (van den Broeke et al., 2016). Making sea level rise projections for the future and understanding the processes controlling current observed rates of sea level rise are crucially dependent on understanding the present-day state of the ice sheet. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of the mass budget of Greenland based on satellite gravimetry and remote sensing observations of surface elevation change, ice sheet velocity and calving front positions. We also combine these essential climate variables with a regional climate model (RCM) output from an ice sheet model (ISM) to gain insight into poorly understood ice sheet dynamical and surface mass processes. On average from 1992 to 2017 the ice sheet in some locations has lost up −2.65 m/yr in elevation based on ESA Radar altimetry analysis. Calving fronts have retreated all around Greenland since the 1990s and in only two out of 28 study locations have they remained stable. The locations of grounding lines at 5 key glaciers with floating ice tongues have remained stable over the observation period. However a detailed case study at Petermann glacier with an ice fracture model shows the sensitivity of these floating ice shelves to future climate change. GRACE gravimetric mass balance (GMB) data allows us to tie together disparate lines of evidence showing that Greenland has lost about 265 +/− 25 Gt/yr of ice over the period 2002 to 2015. RCM and ISM simulations show that surface mass processes dominate the overall Greenland ice sheet mass budget except for areas of fast ice sheet flow but marked differences between models and between models and observations indicate that not all processes are captured accurately, indicating areas of greater uncertainty and directions of future research for future sea level rise projections.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0521.v1

Measuring River Surface Velocity with Doppler Radar and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs)

Filippo Bandini, Monica Coppo Frias, Jun Liu, Kasparas Simkus, Sofia Karagkiolidou, Peter Bauer-Gottwein

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: UAS; drone; Doppler radar; PIV; river; velocity

Online: 30 September 2021 (14:53:11 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0006.v1

Radar Data Analyses for a Single Rainfall Event and Their Application for Flow Simulation in an Urban Catchment Using the SWMM Model

Mariusz Barszcz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: urban catchment; radar reflectivity; rainfall rate; Z-R relationship; SWMM model; flow simulation

Online: 1 June 2018 (07:46:00 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0466.v1

Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the 2011 Earthquakes in Lake Van Area and Rupture Complexity of the Aftershock Sequence in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Mustafa Toker

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lake Van; Van earthquake; aftershock hypocenters; rupture complexity; azimuthal distribution; aftershock clusters; microseismicity

Online: 28 June 2018 (11:26:31 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

This study presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the two large destructive earthquakes that occurred in Lake Van area on October 23, and November 9, 2011, together with the azimuth-dependent distribution of the seismic activity and microseismicity clusters after the mainshocks, associated with the complex rupture processes of their aftershock sequence. The sequence began with the magnitude Mw 7.1 earthquake of 23 October and a second destructive earthquake of Mw 5.6. The aftershock sequences of the two mainshocks were linked to the local crustal faults beneath Lake Van area, followed successively and produced unusually intense activity and significant damage in the area. The main purposes of this study are to document the spatial and temporal distribution and evolution of the October 23, 2011 aftershock hypocenters and the azimuth-dependent distribution of seismic activity, and to understand the spatial and temporal character of the aftershock sequence using the distributional and evolutional patterns of the aftershock hypocenters. A total of 10,000 aftershocks were obtained from seismic data with a high signal-to-noise ratio over collected over three years from October 23, 2011 to March 2014. These aftershocks were plotted for the time periods from November 2011 through March 2012 to March 2014 and ≈ 5000 aftershocks were retained in the depth versus distance cross-sections to detect the clusters in the first step of study (November 2011–March 2012). The focal depth distribution of the aftershock clusters, the migration of hypocenter activity and microseismicity clusters were analyzed and the distributional patterns of the detected clusters were assessed using the geometric distribution of the aftershock hypocenters. The spatial and temporal distribution of aftershocks reveal interesting key features of the deep rupture complexity of the Van earthquake: (1) most prominent aftershocks have been located in the upper crust at depths shallower than 10 km beneath ruptured area, indicating that the upper crust is brittle and seismogenic; (2) two spatial clusters have been detected at 8-10 km depths and the upward extrapolation of these clusters intersects with faults; the main cluster (60 km wide) bounded by inferred reverse faults (f3 and f4) and the central cluster (25–30 km wide) bounded by faults (f1 and f2); (3) these spatial clusters form the largest volumetric pattern of the conical-shaped cluster at depths of about 25–30 km of the azimuth-dependent rotational projections, suggesting azimuthal distributions of deep rupture characteristics; and (4) the strongest temporal cluster of microseismicity derived from temporal distribution of aftershocks has been detected within an area of about 2.5–3.0 km² and it is spatially observed at 20 km depth within the central cluster, suggesting progressive failure of the adjacent patches of possible fault.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0612.v1

A Deep Temporal Convolutional Neural Network for Regional and Teleseismic Detection

Joshua Dickey, Brett Borghetti, William Junek

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geophysical signal processing; pattern recognition; temporal convolutional neural networks; seismology; deep learning; nuclear treaty monitoring

Online: 29 November 2018 (03:37:48 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0317.v1

Multiple Scattering Theory for Heterogeneous Elastic Continua with Strong Property Fluctuation: Theoretical Fundamentals and Applications

Huijing He

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: scattering; elastic waves; porous materials; dispersion; attenuation; Mohorovičić discontinuity; seismology

Online: 28 July 2019 (15:18:25 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Scattering of elastic waves in heterogeneous media has become one of the most important problems in the field of wave propagation due to its broad applications in seismology, natural resource exploration, ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation and biomedical ultrasound. Nevertheless, it is one of the most challenging problems because of the complicated medium inhomogeneity and the complexity of the elastodynamic equations. A widely accepted model for the propagation and scattering of elastic waves, which properly incorporates the multiple scattering phenomenon and the statistical information of the inhomogeneities is still missing. In this work, the author developed a multiple scattering model for heterogeneous elastic continua with strong property fluctuation and obtained the exact solution to the dispersion equation under the first-order smoothing approximation. The model establishes an accurate quantitative relation between the microstructural properties and the coherent wave propagation parameters and can be used for characterization or inversion of microstructures. Starting from the elastodynamic differential equations, a system of integral equation for the Green functions of the heterogeneous medium was developed by using Green’s functions of a homogeneous reference medium. After properly eliminating the singularity of the Green tensor and introducing a new set of renormalized field variables, the original integral equation is reformulated into a system of renormalized integral equations. Dyson’s equation and its first-order smoothing approximation, describing the ensemble averaged response of the heterogeneous system, are then derived with the aid of Feynman’s diagram technique. The dispersion equations for the longitudinal and transverse coherent waves are then obtained by applying Fourier transform to the Dyson equation. The exact solution to the dispersion equations are obtained numerically. To validate the new model, the results for weak-property-fluctuation materials are compared to the predictions given by an improved weak-fluctuation multiple scattering theory. It is shown that the new model is capable of giving a more robust and accurate prediction of the dispersion behavior of weak-property-fluctuation materials. Numerical results further show that the new model is still able to provide accurate results for strong-property-fluctuation materials while the weak-fluctuation model is completely failed. As applications of the new model, dispersion and attenuation curves for coherent waves in the Earth’s lithosphere, the porous and two-phase alloys, and human cortical bone are calculated. Detailed analysis shows the model can capture the major dispersion and attenuation characteristics, such as the longitudinal and transverse wave Q-factors and their ratios, existence of two propagation modes, anomalous negative dispersion, nonlinear attenuation-frequency relation, and even the disappearance of coherent waves. Additionally, it helps gain new insights into a series of longstanding problems, such as the dominant mechanism of seismic attenuation and the existence of the Mohorovičić discontinuity. This work provides a general and accurate theoretical framework for quantitative characterization of microstructures in a broad spectrum of heterogeneous materials and it is anticipated to have vital applications in seismology, ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation and biomedical ultrasound.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0275.v1

Vulnerability Levels of Liquefaction Zones as a Spatial Planning Concept Based the Disaster Mitigation in Pariaman City—Indonesia

Dedi Hermon, Aprizon Putra

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: liquefaction; vulnerability; earthquake; disaster mitigation; Pariaman

Online: 29 March 2019 (08:18:36 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Knowledge about the liquefaction vulnerability in Pariaman city which is prone to an earthquake is very much needed in disaster mitigation based spatial planning. The liquefaction is an event of loss of the strength of the sandy soil layer caused by the vibration of the earthquake, where the liquefaction occurs in the sandy soil layer which has loose material in the form of sand that is not compact or not solid. This research was conducted by analyzing the potential of liquefaction vulnerability based on the Conus penetration to produce Microzonation of the susceptibility of subsidence due to liquefaction at 4 locations in Pariaman city, i.e., Marunggi village, Taluak village, Pauh Timur village and Padang Birik-Birik village. The Conus penetration testing is carried out using the piezocone (CPTU) method and mechanical Cunos penetration, and approach using Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that the potential of liquefaction was found at the sandy soil layer of sand and a mixture of sand and silt, which is characterized by the value of Cunos resistance and local resistance each smaller than 15 MPa and 150 kPa at varying depths. Based on the results of the analysis using this method, the critical conditions of liquefaction found in the medium sandy soil to solid. The fine sand layer which has the potential for liquefaction is in sand units formed from coastal deposits, coastal ridges and riverbanks. This liquefaction vulnerability zones analysis is limited to a depth of 6.00 m due to the limitations of the equipment used. The results of the analysis show that the fine sand layer which has the potential for liquefaction occurs at a depth of> 1.00-6.00 m with the division of zones, i.e., 1) High liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) <0.10 g with shallow groundwater surface; 2) Medium liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) between 0.10–0.20 g with shallow groundwater surface; and 3) Low and very low liquefaction in the sandy soil layer which has a critical acceleration (a) between 0.20–0.30 g with an average groundwater deep enough surface.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0347.v1

On the Restraint Mechanism between the Earth and Moon

Jian Ding

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Moon; Earth; tidal locking; dipole magnetic field; solar wind; moonfall

Online: 29 May 2019 (10:30:43 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0018.v1

On Some Properties of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Fingerprints

Giorgio Spada, Daniele Melini

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: glacial isostatic adjustment; sea level change; fingerprints of past ice melting

Online: 2 August 2019 (08:45:05 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0058.v1

Migration of Barchan Dunes in Qatar—Controls of the Shamal, Teleconnections, Sea-Level Changes and Human Impact

Max Engel, Fabian Boesl, Helmut Brückner

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Aeolian geomorphology; Arabian Peninsula; Arabian/Persian Gulf; remote sensing; Holocene landscape change

Online: 3 May 2018 (08:51:13 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0249.v1

Methane Hydrate Stability and Potential Reserves in the Levant Basin, Southeastern Mediterranean Sea

Ziv Tayber, Aaron Meilijson, Zvi Ben-Avraham, Yizhaq Makovsky

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: gas hydrates, methane stability, seismic interpretation, Levant basin, eastern Mediterranean, climate change

Online: 22 April 2019 (12:06:46 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0584.v1

The Creep-Damage Model of Salt Rock Based on Fractional Derivative

Hongwei Zhou, Di Liu, Gang Lei, Dongjie Xue, Yang Zhao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: salt rock; creep; damage; fractional derivative; acoustic emission

Online: 30 July 2018 (11:15:31 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0162.v1

A Review of Geological Applications of High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Data

Chunming Wu, Xiao Li, Weitao Chen, Xianju Li

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: High-spatial-resolution images; Geology; Deep learning; Remote sensing

Online: 7 November 2018 (13:17:40 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0610.v1

Statistical Analysis of the Mariana Trench Geomorphology Using R Programming Language

Polina Lemenkova

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: R, statistical analysis, programming, Mariana trench, oceanography, geomorphology

Online: 28 November 2018 (10:28:16 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0282.v1

Influence of Single Fracture Inclination on Fault Activation

Yujie Zhu, Xiaoli Liu, Enzhi Wang, Sijing Wang, Jianwen Zhong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; hollow cylinder; single fracture; fault activation; induced seismicity

Online: 22 May 2018 (05:04:47 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0079.v1

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Temporal and Spatial Variation for the Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Ganga Alluvial Plain for an Agricultural Region, India

Salman Ahmed, Mohmmad Mulhim, Fazil Qureshi, Sanjay Kumar Kohli, Athar Hussain, Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan, Hafzan Eva Mansor, Elvaene James

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Groundwater quality; Shallow aquifers; agronomics; geospatial techniques; Aligarh

Online: 6 September 2021 (07:57:47 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0642.v1

3D Numerical Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis of the Processes Controlling Organic Matter Distribution and Heterogeneity. A Case Study from the Toarcian of the Paris Basin

Benjamin Bruneau, Marc Villié, Mathieu Ducros, Benoit Chauveau, François Baudin, Isabelle Moretti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Organic Matter; TOC; Global Sensitivity Analysis; Modelling; Paris Basin, Toarcian

Online: 26 October 2018 (16:47:28 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The active debate about the processes governing the organic-rich sediment deposition generally involves the relative roles of elevated primary productivity and enhanced preservation related to anoxia. However, other less spotlighted factors could have a strong impact on such deposits: e.g. residence time into the water column (bathymetry), sedimentation rate, transport behavior of organo-mineral floccules on the sea floor. They are all strongly interrelated and may be obscured in the current conceptual models inspired from most representative modern analogues (i.e. upwelling zones and stratified basins). To improve our comprehension of organic matter distribution and heterogeneities, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on the processes involved in organic matter production and preservation which have been simulated within a 3D stratigraphic forward model. The Lower-Middle Toarcian of the Paris Basin was chosen as a case study as it represents one of the best documented example of marine organic matter accumulation. The relative influence of the critical parameters (bathymetry, diffusive transport, oxygen mixing rate and primary production) on the output parameters (Total Organic Carbon, and oxygen level), determined performing a Global Sensitivity Analysis, shows that, in the context of a shallow epicontinental basin, a moderate primary productivity (> 175 gC.m^-².yr^-1) can led to local anoxia and organic matter accumulation. We argue that, regarding all the processes involved, the presence and distribution of organic-rich intervals is linked as a first-order parameter to the morphology of the basin (e.g. ramp slope, bottom topography). These interpretations are supported by very specific ranges of critical parameters which allowed to obtain output parameter values in accordance with the data. This quantitative approach and its conclusions open new perspectives about the understanding of global distribution and preservation of organic-rich sediments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0092.v1

Fracture and Lineament Patterns across the Midcontinent Indicate Post-Cretaceous Reactivation of Basement-Involved Faults

Caroline M. Burberry, Jerlyn L. Swiatlowski, Mindi L. Searls, Irina FIlina

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: fractures; potential fields; lineament analysis; fault reactivation; Midcontinent rift system; Nemaha uplift

Online: 8 April 2018 (10:52:09 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint DATA DESCRIPTOR | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0269.v1

Landslide Inventory (2001-2017) of Chittagong Hilly Areas, Bangladesh

Yasin Wahid Rabby, Yingkui Li

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: landslide; landslide inventory; chittagong hilly areas; attributes of landslides

Online: 24 November 2019 (04:57:43 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0208.v1

A Quantitative Prediction Method for Fracture Density Based on the Equivalent Medium Theory

Liang Sun, Suping Peng, Dengke He, Shu Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: fracture density; double-layer model; unconventional reservoirs; multicomponent seismic; shear-wave splitting

Online: 16 April 2018 (11:33:54 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0032.v1

An 1-D Integrated Hydro-Mechanical Model to Unravel Different Hydrological Triggering Processes of Debris Flows

Theo W.J. van Asch, Bin Yu, Wei Hu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: triggering of debris flows; overland flow; infiltration; laboratory experiments; modelling; rain intensity-duration threshold curves

Online: 5 January 2018 (07:54:11 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0372.v1

The Life and Death of the Hiatus Consistently Explained

Kristoffer Rypdal

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: hiatus; attribution; volcanic forcing; solar forcing; anthropogenic forcing; AMO; ENSO; multiple regression; long-memory response

Online: 25 May 2018 (14:49:51 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0123.v1

Assessment of Integrated Water Vapor Estimates from the iGMAS and the Brazilian Network GNSS Ground-Based Receivers in Rio de Janeiro

Galdino V. Mota, Shuli Song, Katarzyna Stępniak

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: IWV; GNSS; iGMAS; RBMC; meteorological data; MODIS; radiosonde; Rio de Janeiro

Online: 11 October 2019 (03:52:06 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

There is crescent demand for knowledge improvement of the integrated water vapor (IWV) distribution in regions affected by heat islands that are associated with extreme rainfall events such as in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ). This work assessed the suitability and distribution of IWV in the MARJ using products from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and radiosonde. GNSS data were collected by the tracking station named RDJN, from the cooperation of the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) and the National Observatory of Brazil (Observatório Nacional - ON), and the tracking stations ONRJ, RIOD, and RJCG belonging to the Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring (RBMC) in the period of January 2015–August 2018. High variability of the near surface air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) were observed among eight meteorological sites considered. The mean T differences between sites, up to 4.4 °C, led to mean differences as high as 3.1 K for weighted mean temperature (Tm) and hence 0.83 mm for IWV differences. The performance of the MODIS MOD07 and MYD07 products provided a reasonably good representation of the mean spatial distribution of IWV, especially during the daylight passages of the satellites TERRA and AQUA. Local grid points of MODIS IWV estimates had relatively good agreement with the GNSS-derived IWV, with mean differences from -2.4–1.1 mm considering only daytime passages of the satellites TERRA and AQUA. During nighttime, MODIS underestimated IWV (from -9–-3 mm) with respect to GNSS, due to attenuation of IR radiation by clouds. A contrasting behavior was found in the radiosonde IWV estimates compared with the estimates from GNSS. There were dry biases of 1.4 mm (3.7% lower than expected) by radiosonde IWV during the daytime considering that all other estimates were unbiased and the differences between IWV GNSS and IWV RADS were consistent. Based on the IWV comparisons between radiosonde and GNSS at nighttime, the atmosphere over the radiosonde site is about 1.2 (2.3) mm wetter than over RIOD (RDJN) station. The long time series of the comparisons between IWVRDJN and IWVRIOD showed that the highest values of IWV occurred from the afternoon to nocturnal hours. Further, the atmosphere over the site RIOD was consistently about 1 mm wetter than over RDJN. These results showed the feasibility of the iGMAS RDJN station data compared with the RBMC, MODIS, and radiosonde data to investigate IWV in a region with occurrence of heat islands, and the peculiar physiographic and meteorological characteristics as in the MARJ. This work recommended the usage of complete meteorological station data collocated near every GNSS receiver aiming improvements of local GNSS IWV estimates and serving as additional support for operational numerical assimilation, weather forecast, and nowcast of extreme rainfall events.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0317.v1

Uncertainty Analysis in the Optimization Process of Groundwater Exploitation Scheme Based on SVR Method—A Case Study of Hetao Plain

Yongkai An, Wenxi Lu, Xueman Yan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: surrogate model; SVR; simulation-optimization; uncertainty analysis

Online: 24 April 2018 (16:56:02 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0072.v1

Impacts of Material Engineering Properties on Slope Wash and Stability in Fine-Grained Bedrock Slopes at Fossil-Bearing Sites, Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA

Larry D. Stetler

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: badlands; erosion; slope processes; fine-grained materials; entrainment velocity

Online: 4 July 2018 (11:43:34 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0277.v1

Temperature and Conductivity as Indicators of the Morphology and Activity of a Submarine Volcano: Avyssos (Nisyros) in the South Aegean Sea, Greece

Evangelos Bakalis, Theo J. Mertzimekis, Paraskevi Nomikou, Francesco Zerbetto

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Generalized Moments Method; time series; submarine volcano; Nisyros

Online: 22 May 2018 (11:09:41 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0097.v1

Assessing the Accuracy of Deformation Time Series Using an Automated InSAR Pipeline

Kelly M. Olsen, Matthew T. Calef, Piyush S. Agram

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: InSAR; deformation; validation; GPS; consistency

Online: 7 June 2022 (08:12:53 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0184.v1

High Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations: An Explanation for Seeps Offshore South Mocha Island

Iván Vargas-Cordero, Umberta Tinivella, Lucía Villar-Muñoz, Joaquim P. Bento

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: gas hydrate; BSR; Mocha island; gas-phases

Online: 9 August 2018 (09:46:14 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0406.v1

An Array Multi-Physics Acquisition System with Focus on Reservoir Monitoring

Kurt Martin Strack, Andri Yadi Paembonan, Sofia N. Davydycheva, Tilman Hanstein, Maxim Y Smirnov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Array electromagnetics, magnetotellurics, controlled source electromagnetics, microseismics, reservoir monitoring, enhanced oil recovery, recovery factor improvement

Online: 23 September 2021 (12:27:38 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0045.v1

Analysis of Shear Failure of Surface Methane Capture Boreholes for Improving Efficient Drainage Period–A Lithology Perspective

Hongjie Xu, Zezhong Fang, Shuxun Sang, Jingfen Yang, Huihu Liu, Hai Ding, Xinzhao Dou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lithology performance; shear failure; surface methane capture borehole; shear strength

Online: 2 July 2019 (11:52:10 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0377.v1

Electrical Resistivity Tomography as a Support Tool to Estimate Physicochemical Properties of Mining Tailings Pond

María Gabarrón, Pedro Martínez-Pagán, Marcos A. Martínez-Segura, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, Ángel Faz, Jose A. Acosta

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ERT method; regression model; tailings pond; heavy metal; reclamation

Online: 31 January 2020 (05:04:37 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0063.v1

Gas Seeps at the Edge of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone on Brazil’s Continental Margin

Marcelo Ketzer, Daniel Praeg, Maria A.G. Pivel, Adolpho H. Augustin, Luiz F. Rodrigues, Adriano R. Viana, Jose A. Cupertino

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Gas hydrates, gas seeps, ocean acidification

Online: 5 April 2019 (12:04:25 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0324.v1

Characterizing a Naturally-Fractured Carbonate Formation for a CO₂ Storage Operation

Yann Le Gallo, José Carlos de Dios

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: CO2 geological storage, fractured carbonates, CO2 migration plume, updated geological model, Discrete Fracture Network

Online: 23 May 2018 (16:43:00 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Investigation into geological storage of CO2 is underway at the Technology Development Plant (TDP) at Hontomín (Burgos, Spain), the only current onshore injection site in the European Union. The storage reservoir is a deep saline aquifer located within Low Jurassic Formations (Lias and Dogger), formed by fractured carbonates with low matrix permeability. Understanding the processes involved in CO2 migration within this kind of low-primary permeability carbonates influenced by fractures and faults is key to ensure safe operation and reliable plume prediction. During the hydraulic characterization tests, 2300 tons of liquid CO2 and 14000 m3 of synthetic brine were co-injected on site in various sequences to characterize the pressure response of the seal-storage pair [de Dios et al, 2017] The injection tests were analyzed with a compositional dual media model which accounts for both temperature effects (as the CO2 is liquid at the bottom of the wellbore) and multiphase flow hysteresis (to effectively simulate the alternating brine and CO2 injection tests that were performed). The pressure and temperature responses of the storage formation were history-matched mainly through the petrophysical characteristics of the fracture network [Le Gallo et al, 2017]. The dynamic characterization of the fracture network dominates the CO2 migration while the matrix does not appear to significantly contribute to the storage capacity. This initial modeling approach was improved using the characterization workflow developed within the European FP7 CO2ReMove project for sandstone fractured reservoirs [Ringrose et al., 2011; Deflandre et al., 2011]. Fractured reservoirs are challenging to handle because of their high level of heterogeneity that conditions the reservoir behaviour during the injection. In particular, natural fractures have a significant impact on well performance [Ray et al, 2012]. Furthermore, the understanding of the processes involved in CO2 migration within relatively low-permeability storage influenced by fractures and faults is essential for enabling safe storage operation [Iding and Ringrose, 2010]. As part of the European H2020 ENOS project, the site geological model is updated by integration of the recently acquired data such as the image log interpretations from injection and observation wells. The geological model is generated through the analysis and integration of data including borehole images and well test data. Following a methodology developed for naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs [Ray et al., 2012], the image log analysis identified two sets of diffuse fractures. A Discrete Fracture Network [Bourbiaux et al., 2005] was built around both wells which encompass the caprock, storage and underburden formations. The fracture characteristics of the two sets of diffuse fractures, such as orientations, densities and conductivities, are calibrated upon the interpretation of the injection tests [Le Gallo et al, 2017]. For each facies, the DFN characteristics were then upscaled and propagated to the full-field reservoir simulation model as 3D fracture properties (fracture porosity, fracture permeability and equivalent block size).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0590.v1

The MW = 5.6 Kanallaki Earthquake of March 21, 2020 in West Epirus, Greece: Reverse Fault Model From Insar Data and Seismotectonic Implications for Apulia-Eurasia Collision

Sotiris Valkaniotis, Pierre Briole, Athanassios Ganas, Panagiotis Elias, Vasilis Kapetanidis, Varvara Tsironi, Anna Fokaefs, Helena Partheniou, Panagiotis Paschos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: deformation; earthquake; InSAR; inversion; fault; convergence; Apulia; Epirus; Greece

Online: 27 August 2020 (04:06:29 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0542.v1

Emergent Scale Invariance and Climate Sensitivity

Rypdal Martin, Hege-Beate Fredriksen, Eirik Myrvoll-Nilsen, Sigrunn H. Sørbye, Kristoffer Rypdal

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Climate sensitivity; scale invariance; long-range persistence; climate variability; emergent constrains

Online: 23 October 2018 (15:59:17 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0070.v1

Anatomy, Age and Origin of an Intramontane Top Basin Surface (Sorbas Basin, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

Martin Stokes, Anne E. Mather, Ángel Rodés, Samantha H. Kearsey, Shaun Lewin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: intramontane basin; pediment; glaci; alluvial fan; river terrace; DEM; interpolation; cosmonuclide; base level

Online: 4 July 2018 (11:06:16 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Environmental and Earth Sciences