Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

A carbon element exhibits complex behavior. It can be due to its various allotropes. From various carbon precursors, a carbon material can result. The published studies on carbon-based materials are not groundbreaking enough. The discussed results also lack the original science and engineering of carbon materials. The study of each carbon allotrope is a first need. It should follow the binding of the same-state atoms. Depending on the processing conditions of a carbon precursor, a carbon atom can change its state behavior. In the state conversion of a carbon atom, the energy bits shaped-like dashes transfer electrons to nearby unfilled states. The involved dash-shaped energy bit maintains partially conserved behavior. Atoms in the graphite state also study a one-dimensional structure under the execution of electron dynamics. A structure in the nanotube atoms is two-dimensional. A fullerene structure is four-dimensional. In the structural formation of diamond, lonsdaleite, or graphene, the energy bits shaped like a golf stick bind their atoms. The binding of the diamond atoms is from the surface to the south, whereas the formation of a diamond structure is from the south to the surface. In the structural formation of a glassy carbon, the layers of gaseous, graphitic, and lonsdaleite atoms bind simultaneously. The motivation behind this study is to explore the atomic structure in carbon, state conversion, binding in carbon atoms, the glassy carbon structure, and the hardness of carbon materials. It provides a new insight into the basic and applied science of carbon-based materials.