Abstract: Post-annealing treatments constitute a simple and cost-effective strategy to tailor the structure and photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). In this work, PCNs synthesized from melamine and urea were subjected to post-annealing at 580 °C under air and CO₂ atmospheres to elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding, as well as other structural modifications induced by oxidizing atmospheres, on photocatalytic water splitting. Comprehensive structural, chemical, and textural characterization (XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, SSNMR, HRTEM, BET, TGA, and UV–Vis DRS) reveals that post-annealing induces markedly different effects depending on the precursor. For melamine-derived PCN, the treatment selectively disrupts hydrogen bonds between melon strands without introducing nitrogen vacancies, amorphization, or framework shortening. This structural rearrangement increases surface area, reduces particle size, slightly widens the band gap, and enhances water–framework interactions, resulting in a twofold improvement in the hydrogen evolution rate (HER), reaching ~3300 µmol h⁻¹ g·cat⁻¹ under visible-light irradiation. In contrast, urea-derived PCN undergoes only minor structural modifications, including slight exfoliation and possible nitrogen deficiency, which do not translate into a measurable enhancement of photocatalytic activity. These results demonstrate that selective hydrogen-bond disruption is a key factor governing charge transport and photocatalytic efficiency in PCN. Importantly, the optimized melamine-derived PCN achieves HER values comparable to those of urea-derived PCN while maintaining a substantially higher synthesis yield, highlighting its potential for scalable solar hydrogen production.

Abstract: Mpox is a zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus. Here, we report Mali’s index Mpox case, which was clinically identified at the Mali-Guinea border by the national telemedicine centre and confirmed by PCR. The library prepared with NextGenPCR™ MPXV Sequencing Library Prep and sequenced on Minion MK1C revealed a genome length length of 177,122 bp with an average depth 1284.4x. The strain belonged to clade IIb G1 lineage and exhibited 85 mutations relative to NC_063383.1. To decipher genomic epidemiology, genomes ≥195 kb were retrieved from NCBI and aligned with MAFFT. Time-resolved phylogenetic reconstruction and ancestral trait inference were performed with TreeTime v0.11.4. Phylogeographic analysis revealed clustering with clade IIb (G.1 lineage) linked to the May 2025 outbreak in Sierra Leone.

Abstract: Airborne terminals increasingly rely on OTA updates, yet their performance is limited by high satellite-link delays and the overhead of kernel-based packet handling. This study designs a DPDK–SR-IOV transmission path that moves packet processing to user space and assigns fixed queues to OTA traffic. Tests on an airborne terminal and a co-simulation platform show that the new path raises link utilization from 68.4% to 91.7%, reduces median delay by 36.2%, and lowers the 99th-percentile jitter by 47.9%. The retransmission rate stays below 0.4% across 1000 update cycles, indicating stable behavior under long runs. These findings show that kernel-bypass methods, when applied with controlled queue and CPU settings, can support high-throughput and low-jitter OTA updates in aircraft. The study also notes the need for broader testing across different hardware and mixed traffic conditions before deployment at fleet scale.

Abstract: To evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) angular displacement (Roll, Yaw, and Pitch) of the upper cervical vertebrae (C1, C2, and C3) in patients with severe mandibular deviation (MD) due to condylar hyperplasia (CH), utilizing a computed tomography (CT)-based segmentation approach. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 50 patients with MD ≥6 mm caused by hemimandibular elongation (HE) or hybrid form (HF) of CH. The skull, mandible, and cervical vertebrae (C1-C3) were segmented using 3D Slicer software. Angular deviations (Pitch, Yaw, Roll) were measured relative to the Frankfurt plane. Patients were categorized by the side of CH (right or left), and intergroup comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Spearman correlation analyses assessed associations between MD magnitude and cervical angles. Results: CH was significantly more prevalent in females (58%; p = 0.021). C2 and C3 exhibited significantly increased lateral Roll inclination toward the side of deviation (p = 0.006 and p = 0.045, respectively). C2 Pitch negatively correlated with MD severity bilaterally (r ≈−0.51, p = 0.02 right; r ≈−0.50, p = 0.02 left). Strong intra-vertebral correlations between Pitch and Yaw were observed in C1 and C2, indicating synchronized vertical and rotational motion. No significant intergroup differences were found in Yaw angles (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with CH and severe MD exhibit consistent patterns of 3D cervical displacement, particularly in lateral inclination and vertical movement, suggesting compensatory postural adaptations in the upper cervical spine.

Abstract:

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen in periodontitis, known for its ability to invade gingival epithelial cells and persist intracellularly. Conventional antimicrobials are often ineffective against intracellular pathogens, and natural products remain poorly explored in this context. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of Boswellia serrata extract and its bioactive compounds on the dynamics of P. gingivalis infection in human gingival epithelial cells. During early times of infection, B. serrata extracts stimulate endocytic mechanisms and increased bacterial internalization, suggesting a modulation of epithelial uptake mechanisms. At later times of infection, B. serrata increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in host cells and markedly reduced intracellular bacterial load. The antimicrobial effect was abolished by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine, confirming a role for oxidative mechanisms in the clearance of P. gingivalis. Similar results were obtained with 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), one of the major boswellic acid derivatives found in B. serrata extract. These findings reveal a dual role of B. serrata compounds in response to P. gingivalis infection, in which B. serrata initially facilitates bacterial entry and subsequently promotes ROS-dependent intracellular killing. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of host-pathogen interactions by the natural products found in B. serrata. Our results support the therapeutic potential of B. serrata–derived compounds for managing periodontal infections.

Abstract: Heavy drinking is prevalent in young adulthood, yet its relationship with psychosocial well-being remains com-plex. This study examines the association between heavy drinking and social isolation among young adults and tests whether this relationship varies by sexual orientation. Using pooled, nationally representative data from the 2022 and 2024 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), we analyzed adults aged 18–29 (N = 723). Perceived social isolation was measured using the PROMIS Social Isolation Short Form. Weighted multivariable linear regression models assessed interactions between sexual orientation and heavy drinking occasions (0 vs. 1+), adjusting for sociodemographics and psychological distress. 45.5% reported heavy drinking. Lesbian/gay (B = 5.39, p < .001) and bisexual (B = 1.49, p < .001) young adults reported higher isolation than straight peers; heavy drinking was inversely associated with isolation (B = −1.34, p < .001). A significant interaction indicated that among lesbian/gay young adults, heavy drinking was associated with lower perceived isolation (B = −5.90, p < .001). These findings suggest that alcohol-centered social spaces may play a distinct role in fostering community belonging for lesbian/gay young adults. Interventions should account for the social meanings of alcohol use to avoid unintentionally increasing isolation among sexual minoritized populations.

Abstract: Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is an increasingly important source of environmental lead exposure in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), placing children at heightened risk during critical periods of neurodevelopment; however, the magnitude and consistency of these effects have not been systematically synthesised. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies identified through searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and African regional databases from inception to 2024, assessing e-waste-related lead exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children (≤18 years). Random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed, heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and study quality was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, of which five (total N = 1,492 children) provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. Overall, higher e-waste-related lead exposure was associated with significantly poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes (pooled SMD = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.23; I² = 56%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated a stronger association in SSA (SMD = -0.58; 95% CI: -0.89, -0.27; I² = 49%) compared with non-SSA low- and middle-income countries (SMD = -0.35; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.16; I² = 42%). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of findings, and visual inspection of funnel plots did not indicate substantial publication bias, although statistical power was limited. These results indicate that e-waste-related lead exposure is associated with clinically meaningful neurodevelopmental deficits in children, with evidence of a disproportionately higher burden in SSA, underscoring the urgent need for enforceable e-waste regulation and child-focused environmental health policies in the region.

Abstract: Motorsport’s upcoming 2027 technical constraints reduce the role of active mechanical stabilizers and shift a larger share of vehicle-dynamics understanding to real-time perception and software. This paper introduces Agentic Visual Telemetry, a hybrid Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Cache-Augmented Generation (CAG) framework designed to diagnose high-frequency dynamic regimes from onboard video under millisecond-level latency and edge-hardware limits. The approach combines (i) spatiotemporal gating to detect novelty and uncertainty, (ii) cache-first inference to reuse stable visual priors at O(1) cost, and (iii) safety-aware supervision with fail-silent operation and a safe-mode degradation strategy when thermal or compute margins shrink. We validate the framework on the Aspar-Synth-10K dataset, focusing on safety-critical phenomena such as suspension chatter. Retrieval grounding yields large gains over a memoryless baseline, improving Macro-F1 from 0.62 (B0) to 0.88 (B5), while maintaining real-time feasibility; a RAG-only oracle provides slightly higher PR-AUC but violates the latency envelope. Full precision–recall curves show that the proposed hybrid model preserves performance in the high-recall operating region for chatter detection, reducing false negatives consistent with the grounding hypothesis. Overall, the results demonstrate that high-fidelity video interpretation can be achieved within strict real-time constraints through cache-first, retrieval-grounded agentic perception, enabling robust visual telemetry for next-generation motorsport analytics.

Abstract: Background: England is a high-income country with a predominantly publicly funded health system organised around the National Health Service (NHS). Yet children’s oral health outcomes continue to reflect a persistent access and prevention gap, with late presentation and hospital-based extractions remaining common. Objective: To present a policy-facing, evidence-informed critique of how structural constraints in NHS dentistry shape paediatric clinical pathways—often converting “advances” (biological caries management, silver diamine fluoride, and planned extraction pathways for compromised permanent molars) into compensations for service failure rather than patient-centred progress. Methods: Narrative commentary drawing on UK official statistics and major policy reports, alongside key clinical trials and evidence syntheses relevant to contemporary paediatric dentistry. Results: The dominant failure mode is not a lack of clinical tools, but impaired delivery: restricted access to routine NHS dentistry, contract and workforce pressures, and unequal prevention coverage. These pressures correlate with crisis-led care (including extractions under general anaesthesia), and can distort how minimally invasive/biological interventions are used—functioning as endpoints rather than bridges to definitive care. In parallel, guidance for compromised first permanent molars (including those affected by MIH) risks being operationalised as an “efficiency pathway” when restorative capacity is constrained. Conclusions: In NHS England, paediatric dental “advances” cannot be judged solely by trial efficacy; they must be evaluated within a delivery system that currently selects for late-stage, irreversible outcomes. A credible “advances” agenda requires contract reform, workforce retention, prevention at scale, and explicit safeguards against the normalisation of extraction-only trajectories.

Abstract: Plastic pollution represents a systemic governance failure with disproportionate social, environmental, and health impacts on grassroots communities, particularly in low- and middle-income contexts. Conventional top-down regulatory and technological responses have proven insufficient to address the complexity of plastic pollution, often excluding those most affected from decision-making and solution design. This paper examines how democratizing plastic governance through effective engagement of grassroots communities can generate equitable, effective, and scalable responses to plastic pollution. Drawing on empirical evidence from the #RestorationX10000 initiative led by Community Action Against Plastic Waste (CAPws), the paper documents implementation processes and outcomes achieved between 2021 and 2025 across 71 impacted communities in 21 countries spanning Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. The initiative was designed to empower 10,000 youths and women as community leaders, practitioners, and advocates by equipping them with leadership, technical, and policy engagement skills to drive systemic change in plastic governance and circular economy practice. Using a transdisciplinary, community-based action research approach, the initiative integrates capacity building, citizen science, circular economy interventions (collection, sorting, repair, reuse, repurposing, and recycling), and policy advocacy. Quantitative and qualitative evidence demonstrates that grassroots-led interventions can simultaneously reduce plastic leakage, create decent green livelihoods, and strengthen environmental governance. Overall, this paper contributes to emerging scholarship on inclusive environmental governance by providing evidence that democratized plastic governance, rooted in grassroots participation and circular economy principles, can deliver durable environmental restoration, socio-economic resilience, and policy-relevant outcomes. The results have direct implications for national plastic action plans, extended producer responsibility frameworks, and ongoing global negotiations toward a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution.

Abstract: Polysubstance use, particularly the combination of opioids with stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine, is increasingly prevalent and contributes to severe morbidity and mortality. It results in complex clinical consequences, with an expanded spectrum of complications and reduced efficacy of standard emergency interventions. Co-occurring psychiatric disorders and under-recognized systemic injuries beyond primary target organs further complicate patient assessment and management. We report a clinical case of a 37-year-old male with chronic Hepatitis C Virus in-fection and documented polysubstance abuse, including fentanyl, cocaine, metham-phetamine, and cannabis, resulting in fatal complications. The patient developed mas-sive rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury with anuria, generalized edema, and left-sided deep vein thrombosis. The clinical course demonstrated rapid progression of multisystem dysfunction, severe electrolyte disturbances, and high-risk metabolic de-rangements. Management included intensive intravenous hydration, diuretic therapy, urinary alkalinization, electrolyte correction, anticoagulation, hemodialysis, and com-prehensive supportive care. This case illustrates the complex pathophysiology of polysubstance toxicity, in which additive and potentially synergistic interactions exacerbate organ damage. Acute rhabdomyolysis emerged as a central mechanism, driven by both sympathomi-metic-induced hypermetabolism and opioid-related immobilization, ultimately precip-itating fatal renal and systemic complications. Despite intensive medical interventions, including hemodialysis, and active family support, the patient’s refusal to continue treatment proved a critical determinant of the fatal outcome. The case underscores the urgent need for effective strategies to manage patients with substance use disorders in acutely life-threatening conditions. It raises the importance of early psychiatric in-volvement, assessment of decision-making capacity, and, where legally justified, tem-porary measures to prevent self-harm resulting from treatment refusal.

Abstract: Introduction: Cardiac amyloidosis, primarily comprising transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) and light-chain (AL) subtypes, is an increasingly recognized contributor to the global heart failure burden. Management has shifted from supportive care to disease-modifying agents targeting specific stages of the amyloid cascade. This systematic review qualitatively characterizes the current pharmacological clinical trial landscape through a registry-based analysis. Methods: A qualitative systematic analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted for interventional trials registered between January 2015 and November 2025. Following PRISMA principles, studies were screened to include pharmacological interventions with explicit cardiac targeting while excluding neuropathy-dominant amyloidosis. Trial-level data regarding therapeutic classes, study phases, enrollment, and primary outcome domains were extracted and synthesized. Results: Eighteen trials met the inclusion criteria (14 ATTR-CM; 4 AL-cardiac), representing a total enrollment of 4,924 participants across 11 unique agents. Five therapeutic classes were identified: amyloid-clearing monoclonal antibodies (44.4% of trials), TTR silencers, TTR stabilizers, fibril-modifying agents, and cardiac phenotype–directed therapies. Monoclonal antibodies represented the largest class by both trial count and enrollment (3,075 participants). Clinical events (n=7) and safety/tolerability (n=5) were the most frequent primary outcome domains. ATTR-CM trials dominated the landscape, accounting for 77.7% of the total study population, while parallel-group placebo-controlled designs were the most common study architecture (n=10). Conclusion: The therapeutic landscape for cardiac amyloidosis is transitioning toward stage-specific, mechanism-based interventions. While ATTR-CM currently dominates research efforts, the expansion of silencers and monoclonal antibodies reflects an increasing capacity to intercept the amyloid cascade at distinct molecular checkpoints. However, significant heterogeneity in outcome measures and the shift toward diagnosing milder disease pose challenges for demonstrating clinical efficacy. Future priorities include standardized progression markers and addressing barriers to global access for these high-cost therapies.

Abstract: We construct the strong energy conditions (SECs) for both massive and massless stringy particles in the higher dimensional cosmology (HDC) with dark energy Λ. Exploiting these conditions we find the equation of state (EOS) parameters w ≥ −(D −4)/D for both the massive and massless stringy particles in D dimensional cosmology. We elucidate the relations between the EOS parameter in the HDCwithdarkenergy and that of Hawking-Penrose limit for the massive and massless point particles in the D = 3+1dimensions. Weevaluate the EOS parameters in terms of the contributions from the point particle property, dark energy, and extended object degrees of freedom, respectively. We also investigate the weak energy condition (WEC) and dominant energy condition for the massive and massless stringy particles in the HDC, and those for the massive and massless point particles in the D =3+1dimensions,respectively. We show that the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) data satisfies the WEC in the HDC. The high temperature asymptotic behavior of a dilaton-Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet scenario is also shown to be consistent with the corresponding WECs obtained in the HDC.

Abstract: Data augmentation is a foundational component of modern deep learning for enhancing robustness and generalization. However, medical imaging lacks a universally reliable augmentation strategy, forcing researchers into an inefficient “augmentation lottery” that hinders experimental progress and reproducibility. We introduce Stepwise Upper and Lower Boundaries Augmentation (SULBA), a simple, parameter-free framework designed to eliminate per-task augmentation tuning. SULBA generates training variations through stepwise cyclic shifts applied along data dimensions, making it inherently applicable to 2D, 3D, and higher-dimensional medical imaging data. Benchmarking across 27 publicly available datasets spanning classification and segmentation tasks, and 10 convolutional and transformer-based architectures, demonstrates that SULBA achieves the highest overall performance rank and consistently outperforms 16 widely used standard augmentation techniques. By delivering robust and reliable improvements without task- or parameter-specific tuning, SULBA establishes a principled universal default for data augmentation in medical imaging, with the potential to accelerate the development of generalizable and reproducible medical AI systems.

Abstract: Ammonia decomposition is one of the most used pathways for a carbon-free hydrogen production, particularly in systems where ammonia is used as a hydrogen carrier. Modelling and simulation are critical for the general quantification of reaction kinetics, transport limitations, reactor performance, and system-level integration; however, simulation-based studies remain disjointed across modelling scales and synthesis routes. This systematic review examines modelling and simulation studies on ammonia decomposition published in the period between 2014 and 2025, identified through a structured Scopus search and screened using PRISMA methodology. A total of 70 model-ling-focused studies were classified into five modelling categories: reactor-scale numerical and CFD modelling; kinetic and thermochemical mechanism modelling; thermodynamic, energy, and exergy-based process simulation; multiscale or cross-scale modelling; and conceptual or dimensionless modelling frameworks. The results show that reactor-scale CFD and kinetic models constitute most published studies, while integrated multiscale frameworks linking catalyst-scale phenomena to reactor and process-level performance remain limited. Furthermore, the inclusion of technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) is limited, restricting quantitative evaluation of scalability and system viability. Based on the reviewed literature, key methodological gaps are identified, and a multiscale modelling roadmap is proposed to support the design, optimisation, and scale-up of ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion systems.

Abstract: This study examines the impact of rolling direction on Barkhausen noise emission from the low-alloyed steel MC 500 during a uniaxial tensile test. The samples of gauged shape were cut along both the rolling and transverse directions to investigate the process of magnetic anisotropy alterations, as expressed in terms of Barkhausen noise and the extracted features. Barkhausen noise was studied as a function of both elastic and plastic straining, and the role of domain wall realignment with respect to the rolling direction, as well as the direction of the tensile load, was analysed. Barkhausen noise emission is linked to both the stress state and the microstructure, and the role of external stressing is contrasted with the residual stress state. Barkhausen noise in measured directly during tensile test (in situ) as well as after unloading (post situ). It was found that Barkhausen noise is significantly affected by stress directly during the tensile test (in situ), whereas the contribution of residual stresses is less pronounced. Barkhausen noise measured in situ during the tensile test in the direction of the tensile load is higher compared to the transverse direction. However, this relationship is reversed for the post situ measurements, especially for the more developed plastic strains. The influence of rolling direction on Barkhausen noise is relatively minor, and Barkhausen noise after matrix yielding is primarily affected by increasing dislocation density.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress and iron overload remodel erythrocyte mem-branes in β-thalassemia, but their systemic metabolic correlates are not well defined. We applied untargeted metabolomics to identify serum biomarkers reflecting these patho-physiological processes. Methods: Thirty-one adults with β-thalassemia [18 transfu-sion-dependent (TDT), 13 non-transfusion-dependent (NTD)] and 8 age/sex-matched healthy controls were studied. Fasting serum was profiled using untargeted UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. Multivariate modeling (SIMCA-P) and FDR-controlled univariate statistics identified discriminant features, followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Associations with clinical variables (chelation regimen, ferritin, cardiac MRI T2* and liver iron concentration) were examined. Results: A total of 183 metabolites were detected; versus controls, 124 were decreased, 54 increased, and 5 remained unchanged in patients. Key discriminants included lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC 18:1, 18:3), polyunsatu-rated fatty acid (PUFA)-bearing phosphatidylcholines (PC 20:4/18:0, PC 18:0/20:4), con-jugated bile acids (glycocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid), and bilirubin. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment (FDR-corrected) in linoleic acid metabolism (q = 0.024, impact = 1.000) and arachidonic acid metabolism (q = 0.022, impact = 0.433), with supportive nominal signals from glycerophospholipid (impact = 0.401) and porphyrin/heme (impact = 0.242) pathways. No significant metabolic dif-ferences were observed between TD and NTD patients. Conclusions: β-thalassemia serum metabolomics reflects oxidative membrane lipid remodeling with a prominent PLA₂/LysoPC–arachidonic axis and evidence of heme turnover and altered bile-acid signaling. These data propose a practical biomarker panel - LysoPCs, arachidonic ac-id-enriched PCs and conjugated bile acids - warranting targeted validation alongside conventional clinical parameters for disease monitoring and therapeutic assessment.

Abstract: This work presents the development and validation of a 1D, co-flow, finite-volume model for the simulation of planar SOFCs, developed for integration in more complex systems and process simulations. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental SOFC polarization curves in a wide range of operating conditions in terms of H2 and H2O molar fraction in the fuel, temperature, and fuel utilization factor, demonstrating good accuracy and the possibility to simulate the most relevant physical processes occurring within an SOFC and to investigate its internal operating conditions in terms of temperature, current density, and gas composition profiles.

Abstract: The rapid development of smart cities addresses urban challenges from population growth, resource management, and sustainability needs. Smart cities rely on Systems of Systems (SoS)—interconnected, independent systems—to achieve capabilities beyond individual components. This analysis explores SoS principles like operational autonomy, geographic distribution, and evolutionary growth in smart cities, with applications spanning healthcare, transportation, public safety, and energy efficiency. Case studies from India, Atlanta, and Porto illustrate successful SoS implementations using data-driven methods like open data platforms and IoT devices to tackle issues such as traffic congestion and resource allocation. Applying SoS frameworks in urban traffic light management can significantly reduce congestion and enhance transportation efficiency through dynamic data sharing and predictive analytics. By transforming traffic lights into interconnected ’smart sensors,’ real-time responses to traffic conditions, proactive congestion management, and improved emergency access are enabled. Addressing interoperability, scalability, and data security challenges ensures seamless system integration, supporting sustainable urban mobility.

Abstract: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent form of hair loss on a global scale. However, the current FDA-approved therapies, including minoxidil (MXD) and finasteride, are often limited by suboptimal follicular targeting, variable patient compliance, and systemic adverse effects. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have yielded promising strategies for the management of AGA. These strategies involve the delivery of drugs to specific follicles, the controlled release of drugs, and the modulation of the follicular microenvironment. Herein, we summarize recent progress in nanotechnology-based approaches for AGA treatment, with emphasis on the following: disease pathophysiology; nanocarrier design principles; nano-enabled microneedle systems; and multifunctional nanomaterials capable of regulating oxidative stress, angiogenesis, inflammation, as well as hair follicle stem cell activity. A discourse is also initiated on the subjects of safety considerations, manufacturing challenges, and regulatory perspectives that are pertinent to clinical translation. Overall, nanotechnology provides a versatile framework for addressing the key limitations of conventional AGA therapies and exhibits considerable potential for future clinical application.