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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0850.v1

Green Synthesis of Cobalt-Doped CeFe2O5 Nanocomposites Using Waste Gossypium arboreum L. Stalk and Its Application in the Removal of Toxic Water Pollutants

Saloni Koul, Mamata Singhvi, Beom Soo Kim

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: green synthesis; co-precipitation; adsorption; dye removal; pollutant removal; cotton stalk; wastewater treatment; adsorption capacity

Online: 12 April 2024 (12:22:49 CEST)

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Currently, there is a tenacious need to find new ways to purify water by eliminating bacterial biofilms, textile dyes, and toxic water pollutants. These contaminants pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. To address this issue, in this study, we have developed an eco-friendly approach that involves synthesizing Cobalt-doped Cerium Iron Oxide (CCIO) nanocomposite (NC) using an aqueous extract of Gossypium arboreum L. stalks. The resulting nanoparticles can be used to effectively purify water and tackle the challenges associated with these harmful pollutants. Nanoparticles excel in water pollutant removal by providing high surface area for efficient adsorption, versatile design for simultaneous removal of multiple contaminants, catalytic properties for organic pollutant degradation, and magnetic features for easy separation, offering cost-effective and sustainable water treatment solutions. CCIO nanocomposite has been synthesized by green co-precipitation method due to biomolecules and co-enzymes present in the aqueous extract of Gossypium arboreum L. stalk; a single-step procedure completed in 5 h reaction time. Further, the synthesis of nanocomposites was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). CCIO NCs were discovered to have a spherical shape and an average size of 40 nm. Based on DLS zeta potential analysis, CCIO NCs were found to be anionic. Also, CCIO NCs showed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Overall, considering the physical and chemical properties, the application of CCIO NCs in the adsorption of various dyes (~91 %) and water pollutants (chromium = ~ 60 %) has been considered since they exhibit great adsorption capacity owing to their microporous structure which can be a step forward in water purification.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0553.v1

Surface-Coated PVDF@TAPEG Selective Ultrafiltration Membranes: An Investigation on Membranes’ Hydrophilicity and Antifouling Characteristics for Effective Humic Acid Removal from Wastewater

Leila Emadinezhad, Bita Ayati

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: wastewater treatment; tannic acid coating; polyvinylidene fluoride membrane; hydrophilicity; Humic acid separation.

Online: 8 April 2024 (16:04:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0263.v1

A Framework Using Applied Process Analysis Methods to Assess Water Security in the Vu Gia – Thu Bon River Basin, Vietnam

Nguyen Mai Dang, Le Ngoc Vien, Ahad Hasan Tanim, Alexandre S. Gagnon, Phong Thanh Nguyen, Duong Anh Tran

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Water security framework; Climate change; Vu Gia - Thu Bon River basin

Online: 3 April 2024 (16:39:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0248.v1

AI/ML Technology for Water Treatment in Oil and Gas Industry: A Review Paper

Kevin Rotan, Quinn Goettel, Krystal Smith, Alex Gonzalez, Ubadire Onyemaobi, Mesut Yurukcu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Artificial intelligence; machine learning; produced water; oil and gas industry

Online: 3 April 2024 (16:13:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0278.v1

Opportunistic Pathogens in Drinking Water Distribution Systems—A Review

Mark LeChevallier, Toby Prosser, Melita Stevens

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: opportunitic pathgoens; drinking water; Legionella; Mycobacterium; Pseudomonas; disinfection

Online: 3 April 2024 (10:32:28 CEST)

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In contrast to “frank” pathogens, like Salmonella entrocolitica, Shigella dysenteriae, and Vibrio cholerae, that always have a probability of disease, “opportunistic” pathogens are organisms that cause an infectious disease in a host with a weakened immune system and rarely in a healthy host. Historically, drinking water treatment has focused on control of frank pathogens, particularly those from human or animal sources (like Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, or Hepatitis A virus), but in recent years outbreaks from drinking water have increasingly been due to opportunistic pathogens. Characteristics of opportunistic pathogens that make them problematic for water treatment include: 1) they are normally present in aquatic environments, 2) they grow in biofilms that protect the bacteria from disinfectants, and 3) under appropriate conditions in drinking water systems (e.g., warm water, stagnation, low disinfectant levels, etc.) these bacteria can amplify to levels that can pose a public health risk. The three most common opportunistic pathogens in drinking water systems include Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This report focuses on these organisms to provide information on their public health risk, occurrence in drinking water systems, susceptibility to various disinfectants and other operational practices (like flushing and cleaning of pipes and storage tanks). In addition, information is provided on a group of nine other opportunistic pathogens that are less commonly found in drinking water systems, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Arcobacter butzleri, and several free-living amoebae including Naegleria fowleri and species of Acanthamoeba. The public health risk for these microbes in drinking water is still unclear, but in most cases, efforts to manage Legionella, mycobacteria, and Pseudomonas risks will also be effective for these other opportunistic pathogens. The approach to managing opportunistic pathogens in drinking water supplies focuses on controlling the growth of these organisms. Many of these microbes are normal inhabitants in biofilms in water, so the attention is less on eliminating these organisms from entering the system and more on managing their occurrence and concentrations in the pipe network. With anticipated warming trends associated with climate change, the factors that drive the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water systems will likely increase. It is important, therefore, to evaluate treatment barriers and management activities for control of opportunistic pathogen risks. Controls for primary treatment, particularly for turbidity management and disinfection, should be reviewed to ensure adequacy for opportunistic pathogen control. However, the major focus for the utility’s opportunistic pathogen risk reduction plan is the management of biological activity and biofilms in the distribution system. Factors that influence the growth of microbes (primarily in biofilms) in the distribution system include, temperature, disinfectant type and concentration, nutrient levels (measured as AOC or BDOC), stagnation, flushing of pipes and cleaning of storage tank sediments, and corrosion control. Pressure management and distribution system integrity are also important to the microbial quality of water but are related more to the intrusion of contaminants into the distribution system – rather than directly related to microbial growth. Summarizing the identified risk from drinking water, the availability and quality of disinfection data for treatment, and guidelines or standards for control showed that adequate information is best available for management of L. pneumophila. For L. pneumophila the risk for this organism has been clearly established from drinking water, cases have increased worldwide, and it is one of the most identified causes of drinking water outbreaks. Water management best practices (e.g., maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system, flushing and cleaning of sediments in pipelines and storage tanks, among others) that have been shown to be effective for control of L. pneumophila in water supplies. In addition, there are well documented management guidelines available for the control of the organism in drinking water distribution systems. By comparison, management of risks for Mycobacteria from water are less clear than for L. pneumophila. Treatment of M. avium is difficult due to its resistance to disinfection, the tendency to form clumps and attachment to surfaces in biofilms. Additionally, there are no guidelines for management of M. avium in drinking water and one risk assessment study suggested a low risk of infection. The role of tap water in the transmission of the other opportunistic pathogens is less clear and in many cases actions to manage L. pneumophila (e.g., maintenance of a disinfectant residual, flushing, cleaning of storage tanks, etc.) will also be beneficial in helping to manage these organisms as well.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0170.v1

Selected Micropollutants Removal from Municipal Wastewater

Ján Derco, Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn, Patrícia Guľašová, Nikola Šoltýsová, Angelika Kassai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: micropollutants; municipal wastewater; pharmaceuticals; quaternary treatment; removal of pol-lutants

Online: 2 April 2024 (10:50:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0028.v1

Catchment-Scale Hydrologic Effectiveness of Residential Rain Gardens: A Case Study in Columbia, Maryland, USA

Benjamin J. Daniels, J. Alan Yeakley

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: green infrastructure; low impact development; best management practices; urban stormwater; SWMM; stormwater management; urban hydrology

Online: 1 April 2024 (10:43:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1736.v1

Process Intensification for Enhanced Fluoride Removal and Recovery As Calcium Fluoride Using Fluidized Bed Reactor

Arindam Sinharoy, Ga-Young Lee, Chong Min Chung

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: calcium fluoride; fluoride removal; crystallization; two-stage process; CFD; fluidized bed reactor

Online: 29 March 2024 (05:16:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1751.v1

Performance Evaluation of a National 7-Day Ensemble Streamflow Forecast Service for Australia

Mohammed Abdul Bari, Mohammad Mahadi Hasan, Gnanathikkam Emmanual Amirthanathan, Hapu Arachchige Prasantha Hapuarachchi, Aynul Kabir, Alex Daniel Cornish, Sunter Sunter, Paul Martinus Feikema

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Ensemble streamflow forecast; 7-days; GR4H Model; performance evaluation; Australia

Online: 28 March 2024 (10:01:39 CET)

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The Australian Bureau of Meteorology offers a national operational 7-day ensemble streamflow forecast service covering regions of high environmental, economic and social significance. This semi-automated service generates streamflow forecasts every morning and is seamlessly integrated into the Bureau's Hydrologic Forecasting System (HyFS). Ensemble rainfall forecasts, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Poor Man's Ensemble (PME), available in the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) suite, are used to generate these streamflow forecasts. The NWP rainfall undergoes pre-processing using the Catchment Hydrologic Pre-Processer (CHyPP) before being fed into the GR4H rainfall-runoff model, which is embedded in the Short-term Water Information Forecasting Tools (SWIFT) hydrological modelling package. The simulated streamflow is then post-processed using the Error Representation and Reduction In Stages (ERRIS). We evaluated the performance of the operational rainfall and streamflow forecasts for 96 catchments using four years of operational data between January 2020 and December 2023. Performance evaluation metrics included CRPS, relative CRPS, CRPSS, and PIT-Alpha for ensemble forecasts and NSE, PCC, MAE, KGE, PBias and RMSE and three categorical metrics CSI, FAR and POD for deterministic forecasts. The skill scores CRPS, relative CRPS, CRPSS and PIT-Alpha, gradually decreased for both rainfall and streamflow as the forecast horizon increased from Day 1 to Day 7. A similar pattern emerged for NSE, KGE, PCC, MAE and RMSE as well as the categorical metrics. Forecast performance also progressively decreased with the higher streamflow regime. Most catchments showed positive performance skills, meaning the ensemble forecast outperformed climatology. Both streamflow and rainfall forecast skills varied spatially across the country – and were generally better in the high runoff generating catchments, and poorer in the drier catchments situated in the western part of the Great Dividing Range, South Australia and mid-west of Western Australia. We did not find any association between model forecast skill and the catchment area. Our findings demonstrate that the 7-day ensemble streamflow forecasting service is robust and draws great confidence from agencies that use these forecasts to support decisions around water resources management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1628.v1

The Impact of Combinated Process of Electrolysis and Activated Sludge Process on Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Miroslav Hutňan, Barbora Jankovičová, Ronald Zakhar, Nikola Šoltýsová

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: activated sludge process; denitrification; electrolysis; nitrification; sludge volume index (SVI)

Online: 27 March 2024 (06:26:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1218.v1

Forecasting Lake Nokoué Water Levels Using Long Short-Term Memory Network

Namwinwelbere Dabire, Eugene C. Ezin, Adandedji M. Firmin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: forecasting; Machine learning algorithms; recurrent artificial neural network; lake Nokoue.

Online: 20 March 2024 (11:36:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1023.v1

Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing calix[4]pyrrole

Anna Nowik-Zajac, Iwona Zawierucha, Jakub Lagiewka, Karolina Jaksender, Katarzyna Witt, Grzegorz Malina, Vira Sabadash

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: polymer inclusion membrane; methylene blue dye; organic dye, calixpyrroles

Online: 18 March 2024 (10:40:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0946.v1

Study on the Suspension Mechanism and Critical Formula of the Epipelic Algae Group on the Side Wall of the Channel

Li Pan, Guoying Wu, Mingwu Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Zhongmei Wang, Zhiqiang Lai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: side wall of open channel; epipelic algae group; suspension mechanism; critical conditions

Online: 15 March 2024 (16:51:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0908.v1

Water Budget for Lake Trafford, a Natural Subtropical Lake in South Florida: An Example of Enhanced Groundwater Influx in a Subtropical Lake Subsequent to Organic Sediment Dredging

Serge Thomas, Mark A. Lucius, Jong-Yeop Kim, Edwin M. Everham III, Dana L. Dettmar, Thomas M. Missimer

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: : subtropical natural lake; water budget; eutrophication; sediment dredging; organic sediment

Online: 15 March 2024 (11:07:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0701.v1

The Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Base Flow Modification: Evidence from Northeast Highland of Ethiopia.

Mohammed Seid Mihidin, Mekonen Ayana, Zelalem Biru, Tenna Alamerew, Gizaw Desta

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Soil and water conservation; micro-catchments; base flow

Online: 13 March 2024 (06:48:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0528.v1

The Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on base flow modification: Evidence From Northeast Highland of Ethiopia

Mohammed Mihidin, Mekonen Ayana, Zelalem Biru, Tenna Alamerew, Gizaw Desta

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Soil and water conservation; micro-catchments; base flow

Online: 8 March 2024 (12:59:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0410.v1

Treated Wastewater Assessment to Optimize Agricultural Water Reuse in Al-Qatif Region Saudi Arabia Using Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques

Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Mohamed A. Yassin, Sani I. Abba, Dahiru U. Lawal, Farouq Aliyu, Ebrahim Hamid Hussain Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Chaitanya B. Pande, Saad Sh. Sammen, Isam H. Aljundi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: electrical conductivity; treated waste water; machine learning; prediction analysis; agricultural irrigation; water security; SDG-6

Online: 7 March 2024 (07:53:10 CET)

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In the era of mounting water scarcity, particularly in arid regions, the agricultural sector is striving to optimize the water resource management practices. Treated wastewater (TWW) has emerged as a viable alternative to freshwater for irrigation, offering a sustainable solution to water conservation. However, ensuring the safety and quality of TWW is paramount to safeguard for both crop health and environmental integrity. Electrical conductivity (EC), a critical factor in assessing TWW suitability for irrigation, can significantly impact crop yields and soil health since it is directly linked to the concentration of dissolved salts and ions. Therefore, this study delves into the development of advanced predictive models for EC assessment by employing supervised machine learning (ML) techniques like the Support Vector Regression (SVR), Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The TWW samples collected from Al-Qatif area, Saudi Arabia were assessed in the lab through a sensor-based real-time monitoring system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) network and a multiprobe device. The key water quality parameters assessed involved, temperature (T), pH, Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), Resistivity (RES), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Salinity and Turbidity which served as the foundation for these models, given their profound influence on and their anticipated impact on EC levels. Following feature selection, two distinct model combinations were identified for the SVR, ANFIS and MLR models. Furthermore, to evaluate prediction performance, four statistical criteria, including coefficient of determination (R²), correlation coefficient (R), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE), were employed. Overall, the comparative performance results proved that ANFIS-M2 indicated the strongest predictive capability with the R² value of 0.99572 and 0.75145 and the RMSE values of 0.00965 and 0.01134, respectively in both calibration and verification stages.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0294.v1

Threats of Contamination of Drinking Water Sources and Preventive Enhancement of Protection Efforts of these Sources in the Case Study of the Czech Republic

Štěpán Kavan, Šárka Kročová, Milan Axman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: aquatic ecosystem; drinking water source; water supply system; contamination of drinking water sources; risks definition; risk analysis methods; threat elimination; pollution

Online: 6 March 2024 (11:01:11 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1302.v1

Nutrient Removal and Recovery from Municipal Wastewater

Jan Derco, Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn, Patrícia Guľašová, Angelika Kassai, Nikola Šoltýsová

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: municipal wastewater; nutrients; removal; secondary; tertiary; treatment

Online: 23 February 2024 (08:33:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1274.v1

Monthly Hydraulic Geometry Relationship Quantification With Environmental LAI by Utilizing Sentinel Data: A Case in Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River

Hai Huang, Xiaolong Song, Haijue Xu, Yuchuan Bai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Hydraulic geometry relationship; Leaf area index; Ordinary differential equations; Channel stability; Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River

Online: 22 February 2024 (07:54:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1266.v1

Can Short-Term Online-Monitoring Improve the Current WFD Water Quality Assessment Regime? Systematic Resampling of High Resolution Data From Four Saxon Catchments

Jakob Benisch, Björn Helm, Xin Chang, Peter Krebs

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Online monitoring, Sampling; Water Framework Directive; Event Analysis; Water Quality; Events

Online: 22 February 2024 (03:36:17 CET)

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The European Union Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC; WFD) aims to achieve a good ecological and chemical status of all bodies of surface water by 2027. The development of an integrated guidance on surface water chemical monitoring (e.g. WFD Guidance Document No. 7/19) has been transferred into national German law (Ordinance for the Protection of Surface Waters, OGewV). For the majority of compounds, this act requires a monthly sampling frequency to assess the chemical water quality status of a surface water body. To evaluate the representativeness of the sampling strategy under the OGewV, high-frequency online monitoring data is investigated under different sampling scenarios and compared with current, monthly grab sampling strategy. About 23 million data points were analyzed for this study, three chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, chloride concentration) and discharge data were selected from four catchment of different sizes ranging from 51391 km² to 84 km² (Elbe, Vereinigte Mulde, Neiße and two stations at Lockwitzbach). In this paper we proposed short-term online-monitoring (STOM) as a sampling alternative. STOM considers the placement of online sensors over a limited duration and return interval. In general we: (I) compare the results of conventional grab sampling with STOM, (II) investigate the different performance of STOM and grab sampling using discharge data as proxy for analyzing event-mobilized pollutants and (III) investigate the related uncertainties and costs of both sampling methods. Results show, that STOM outperforms grab sampling for parameters where minimum/maximum concentrations are required by law as the probability to catch a single extreme value is higher with STOM. Furthermore, parameters showing a pronounced diurnal pattern, like dissolved oxygen, are also captured considerably better. The performance of STOM showed no substantial improvements for parameters with small concentration variability, as nitrogen-nitrate The analysis of discharge events as a proxy parameter for event-mobilized pollutants proved that the probability of capturing samples during events is significantly increased by STOM.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1167.v1

Water Energy Food Nexus in Urbanizing Wetlands: Challenges and Solutions Explored through Choremes and Focus Maps

Dragos BALAICAN, Katrin Teubner, Mihaela-Iuliana Tudor, Iulian NICHERSU, Adrian Burada, Cristian Trifanov, Marian Tudor, Catalina Iticescu, Luminita Moraru, Puiu Lucian Georgescu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: decision makers visualization tools; WEF nexus visualization; Choremes; Focus maps

Online: 20 February 2024 (17:25:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1109.v1

Estimating Wastewater Dilution Using Chemical Markers and Incomplete Flow Measurements: Application to Normalisation of SARS-CoV-2 Measurements

Owen D. Jones, Amy J. Baldwin, William B. Perry, Henry Wilde, Isabelle Durance, Davey L. Jones, Andrew Weightman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater-based epidemiology; wastewater; dilution; flow normalisation; Bayesian

Online: 20 February 2024 (07:09:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0970.v1

Generation Mechanism of Hydroxyl Radical in Micro Nano Bubbles Water and Its Prospect in Drinking Water

Tianzhi Wang, Ci Yang, Peizhe Sun, Mingna Wang, Fawei Lin, Manuel Fiallos, Khu Soon-Thiam

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: micro nano bubbles; hydroxyl radical; drinking water security; pollutants; biofilm; engineering application

Online: 19 February 2024 (14:51:04 CET)

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Micro nano bubbles (MNBs) can generate ·OH in situ, which provides a new idea for the safe and efficient removal of pollutants in water supply systems. However, the difficulty in obtaining stable MNBs causes the low efficiency of ·OH generation, which makes the inability to guarantee the removal efficiency of pollutants. This paper reviews the application research of MNBs technology in water security from three aspects: the generation process of MNBs in water, the generation rule of ·OH during MNBs collapse, and the control mechanism of MNBs on pollutants and biofilms. We found that MNBs generation methods are divided into chemical and mechanical (about 10 kinds) categories, and the instability of bubble size restricts the application of MNBs technology. The generation of ·OH by MNBs is affected by pH, gas source, bubble size, temperature, external stimulation. And pH and external stimulus have more influence on ·OH generation in situ than other factors. Adjusting pH to alkaline or acidic conditions and selecting ozone or oxygen as the gas source can promote the ·OH generation. MNBs’ collapse also releases a large amount of energy, which the temperature and pressure can reach 3000K and 5Gpa respectively, making it efficient to remove ≈90 % of pollutants (i.e., trichloroethylene, benzene, and chlorobenzene). The biofilm can also be removed by physical, chemical, and thermal effect. MNBs technology also has great application potential in drinking water, which can be applied to improve water quality, optimize household water purifiers, and enhance the taste of bottled water. Under the premise of safety, let people of different ages taste, finding that compared with ordinary drinking water, 85.7 % of people think MNBs water is softer, 73.3 % of people think MNBs water is sweeter. This further proves that MNBs water has a great prospect in the drinking water application. This review provides innovative theoretical support for solving the problem of drinking water safety.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0844.v1

Desalination of Seawater, Synthetic Saline Irrigation Water and Produced Water Using Nano Zero Valent Metals (n-ZVM): Results from A Pilot Scale Desalination System

William Joseph Walker

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: iron aluminum particles; desalination; nano zero valent iron; green synthesis; reactors; flow through reactors; saline waters; irrigation water; NaCl removal

Online: 15 February 2024 (11:37:27 CET)

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Two pilot scale desalination system employing carbon modified nano-sized, zero valent metals (n-ZVM) were maufactured and tested to determine (1) the degree to which high salt water (20 to 130 mS) could be desalinated and (2) if this degree of desalination could be maintained throughout an extended treatment period. Two pilot systems were tested (referred to as Generation 1 and Generation 2) consisting of parallel lines of 4 individual reactors in series, a settling tank and an activated carbon cell at the end of each reactor line. The system capacity was 300 gal in Generation 1 and 600 gal in Generation 2 total with a total hydraulic residence time of 6 hours per reactor line (one hour per cell/tank). A slurry of n-ZVM was introduced in the first reactor on each line to yield approximately 5 to 45 grams of nano-metal per 100 L of influent salt water. The n-ZVM slurry was made from mixing tea extract with metal salts (eg ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride) to produce the carbon modified metal slurry. Initial runs focused on dosing required to achieve maximum salt removal at each of three influent salt contents, 28 mS, 44 mS and 123 mS. Once dosing was set, continuous runs (14 days, 23 days and 9 days) were carried out to (1) examine the ability of the pilot to maintain the removal efficiency over an extended period, (2) to determine the weaknesses inherent in the pilot systems, and (3) to begin to develop CAPEX and OPEX estimates for the pilot and pre-design full scale mobile desalination unit (MDU) system. Results demonstrated that maximum removal occurred with 10 g/100L of salt for the 30 mS salt solution,16 g/100 L of salt for the 40 mS influent water and 40 g/100 L for the 130 mS influent. Salt removal (expressed as Na and Cl removed) approached 78% for the 30 mS influent and 41 mS influent respectively while removal for the highest salt influent (130 mS) approached 81 %. Addition of greater amounts of carbon modified slurry than those described resulted in a pH less than 6 which inhibits continued salt removal and would require addition of calcium or magnesium oxides/hydroxides or bicarbonate solutions at the influent side to achieve greater salt removal and of course greater cost per gallon. Continuous operation over the extended time-period showed no significant decrease in salt removal with typical day to day variation of no more than 10% suggesting that this approach to desalination could rapidly provide usable water from saline aquifers, seawater or even produced water. Treatment of saline waters at 30 mS or less yields effluent water in the range necessary for irrigation use of many crops while treatment of seawater or produced water levels of salt (40 mS or higher) yields effluent in the range of 8 to 10 mS a range ideal for RO influent that would prevent the production of large volumes of brine. Pilot testing continues with seawater extracted from Puget Sound, Seattle WA and higher levels of salt to better represent produced water.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0685.v1

Iron-Loaded Carbonized Spent Bleaching Earth (Fe-SBE/C) Composite Used for Arsenic Removal from Water

Siswanti Puji, Juntao Guo, Yihui Zhang, Kexin Song, Feng Wu, Jing Li

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: arsenic; adsorption; spent bleaching earth; low-cost adsorbent

Online: 12 February 2024 (14:39:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0608.v1

Performance of a Solar Driven Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Mirela Alina Constantin, Lucian Alexandru Constantin, Ioana Alexandra Ionescu, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, Marius Bumbac, Olga Tiron

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: PMR; solar light; wastewater; advanced treatment; photo catalysis; membrane processes

Online: 12 February 2024 (09:45:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0340.v1

A Framework for Developing a National Research Strategy for Water Reuse

Arkalgud Ramaprasad, Thant Syn

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water reuse; ontology; ontological framework

Online: 6 February 2024 (07:29:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2129.v1

Potential of decentral nature-based solutions for mitigation of pluvial floods in urban areas – a simulation study based on 1D/2D coupled modelling

Jonas Neumann, Christian Scheid, Ulrich Dittmer

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: NBS; SWMM LID; 1D/2D flood modelling; flood mitigation; infiltration systems; swales; green roofs; tree trenches

Online: 30 January 2024 (15:20:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2084.v1

Parallel Computation of Shallow Water Flows Using Hybrid MPI/OpenACC

Syngman Rhee

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: OpenACC; Unstructured grid; Shallow water flows; Domain decomposition; MPI

Online: 30 January 2024 (10:43:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1995.v1

Spectrophotometry in PFOA Research: Preliminary Results for Fate Analysis Studies in a Small Research Laboratory

David Nadler

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: spectrophotometry; PFOA; UV; oxidation

Online: 29 January 2024 (06:44:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1908.v1

Landscape-Scale Mining and Water Management in a Hyper-Arid Catchment: The Cuajone Mine, Moquegua, Southern Peru

Morag Hunter, D. H. Nimalika Perera, Eustace Barnes, Hugo Vincent Lepage, Elías Escobedo-Pacheco, Noorhayati Idros, David R. M. Arvidsson-Shukur, Peter James Newton, Luis De Los Santos Valladares, Patrick Byrne, Crispin Henry William Barnes

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: landscape-scale mining; hyper aridity; anthropogenic contamination; eco-toxicity; multivariate analysis

Online: 29 January 2024 (02:06:31 CET)

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The expansion of copper mining on the hyper-arid pacific slope of southern Peru has precipitated growing concern for scarce water resources in the region. Located in the headwaters of the Torata river, in the department of Moquegua, the Cuajone mine, owned by Southern Copper, provides a unique opportunity, in a little-studied region, to examine the relative impact of the landscape-scale mining on water resources in the region. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of the water chemistry data from 16 sites, collected over three seasons during 2017 and 2018, show distinct statistical groupings indicating that, above the settlement of Torata, water geochemistry is a function of chemical weathering processes acting upon underlying geological units, and confirming that the Cuajone mine does not significantly affect water quality in the Torata river. Impact mitigation strategies that firstly divert channel flow around the mine and secondly divert mine waste to the Toquepala river and tailings dam at Quebrada Honda, below the Toquepala mine, in the department of Tacna, secure water quality in the Torata river for the foreseeable future. In the greater Moquegua river catchment, our results further suggest that water quality has been more significantly impacted by urban effluents and agricultural runoff than the Cuajone mine. The increase in total dissolved solids in the waters of the lower catchment reflects the cumulative addition of dissolved ions through chemical weathering of the underlying geological units, supplemented by rapid recharge of surface waters contaminated by residues associated with agricultural and urban runoff through the porous alluvial aquifer. Concentrations in some of the major ions exceeded internationally recommended maxima for agricultural use, especially in the coastal region. Occasionally, arsenic and manganese contamination also reached unsafe levels for domestic consumption. In the lower catchment, below the Cuajone mine, data and multivariate analyses point to urban effluents and agricultural run-off rather than weathering of exposed rock units, natural or otherwise, as the main cause of contamination.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1731.v1

Assessing the Suitability of the SWAT Model for Hydro-Meteorological Analysis in the Lower Gangetic Floodplain Region of India

Jaan H. Pu, Mali Shivashankar, Moumita Kundu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SWAT model; sensitivity analysis; SUFI-2 algorithm; river discharge; sediment yield

Online: 24 January 2024 (21:12:08 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1557.v1

Recent Advancements in Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Detection by Sensors and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Method: A Review

Sumaya Tabassum, Asif Ahmed, Shoeb Rahman, Mayida Rubya Tithi, Maliha Mehjabin, Jinat Tasnim Dristy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFAS detection sensors; Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering; emerging contaminants ; ;

Online: 22 January 2024 (05:54:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1476.v1

Selective Heterogeneous Fenton Degradation of Formaldehyde Using the Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst

Peiguo Zhou, Jiaxin Hou, Donghui Zhang, Ziqiao Liao, Liping Yang, Wenjing Yang, Xin Ru, Zongbiao Dai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Fe-ZSM-5; heterogeneous fenton; selective; formaldehyde

Online: 19 January 2024 (14:38:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1002.v1

Flood Assessment and Control in Hargeisa, Somaliland: A Community-Based Perspective

Abdirahman Mohamed Muse

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Flood assessment; flood control; community-based participatory research; Hargeisa; Somaliland

Online: 12 January 2024 (09:08:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0953.v1

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of the Geothermal System in the Woka-Cuona Rift Zone, Tibet

Wen Zhang, Jiansong Peng, Yong Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: geothermal system; hydrochemistry; isotope; Woka-Cuona rift

Online: 12 January 2024 (07:19:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0982.v1

Optimal Mesh Pore-Size Combined with a Periodic Air Mass Load for the Fouling Control in Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane BioReactor (SFD MBR) for a Sustainable Treatment of a Real Municipal Wastewater

Senouci Boulerial, Carlo Salerno, Fabiano Castrogiovanni, Marina Tumolo, Giovanni Berardi, Abdelkader Debab, Boumediene Haddou, Abdellah Benhamou, Alfieri Pollice

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: biological membrane; SFD MBR; mesh fouling; turbidity; air mass load

Online: 12 January 2024 (06:59:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0687.v1

Application and Parameter Optimization of EKG Electrodes Based on the Wild Horse Optimizer in Horizontal Electric-Field Sludge Dewatering

Yuyang Shen, Sisi Wang, Chenling Yan, Jiazhuo Wang, Chen Wang, Chunyang Zhang, Yingying Kou, Donghai Yuan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: dewatering model; wild horse optimizer; electro-dewatering; electric-field strength; horizontal electric field; sludge

Online: 9 January 2024 (04:06:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0453.v1

Water Reserves For The Environment: A Strategic And Temporal Analysis (2012-2022) For The Implementation Of Environmental Flows In Mexico

Sergio A. Salinas-Rodríguez, Anuar Iram Martínez Pacheco

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Connectivity; Basin; Ecological importance; Environmental objectives; Pressure for water use; Water allocation.

Online: 5 January 2024 (10:51:56 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0012.v1

A Comparative Evaluation of eDNA Metabarcoding Primers in Fish Community Monitoring in the East Lake

Yiwen Li, Minzhe Tang, Suxiang Lu, Chengchi Fang, Fan Xiong, Honghui Zeng, Shunping He

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Environmental DNA; Metabarcoding; Fish Biodiversity; East Lake

Online: 3 January 2024 (02:12:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1846.v1

Time Series Analysis of Water Quality Factors Enhancing Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs): A Study Integrating In-Situ and Satellite Data, Vaal Dam, South Africa

Altayeb A. Obaid, Elhadi Adam, K. Adem Ali, Tamiru A. Abiye

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Vaal Dam; Time Series; Chlorophyll-a; Harmful Algal Blooms

Online: 26 December 2023 (02:52:18 CET)

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The Vaal Dam catchment, which is the source of potable water for Gauteng province, holds various human activities including mining, urbanization, agricultural and industrial activities coupled with high fluxes of nutrients from different areas within the catchment. This situation led to an enhancement of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the dam reservoir. Phosphorus and Nitrogen are the limiting nutrients for HABs in many eutrophic aquatic systems when their concentrations are raised in such waters. In this study, multi-time-series plot types and scutter plots were analysed to reveal the relationship between HABs proxy chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and the potential nutrients. Also (Chl-a) data extracted from landsat-8 satellite images were visualised to show the spatial distribution of HABs in the reservoir. The results showed that the Vaal Dam HABs productivity is a function of the total phosphorus (TP) and the organic nitrogen (KJEL_N) levels, which were positively correlated with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. The long-term analysis of Chl-a in-situ data (1986 – 2022) measured at one point within the reservoir showed an average of 11.25μg/l but at some stochastic dates, the Chl-a concentration jumped to very high values reaching the maximum value of 452.8μg/l. Such high values are associated with high records of TP and KJEL_N concentrations at the same dates which clearly reveals their effect on the productivity levels. The decadal time series and its trend analysis showed that the average productivity level of Chl-a increased during the studded period from 4.75μg/l in the first decade (1990 – 2000) to 10.51μg/l in the second decade (2000 – 2010) reaching 16.7 during the last decade (2010 – 2020). The increasing averages of the decadal values are associated with the increasing decadal average of its driving factors, TP from 0.1043 to 0.1096 to 0.1119mg/l for the three decades, respectively and KJEL_N from 0.80mg/l in the first decade to 1.14mg/l in the last decade. The decadal average of temperature showed no significant increase, 17.9 °C in the first decade and 18 °C in the last decade which suggests that temperature is not the only enhancing factor of the HABs productivity in the Vaal Dam. The satellite data analysis during the last decade revealed that the HABs spatial dynamics is a function of the dam geometry and the levels of the discharges from its two feeding rivers. Higher concentrations were observed where the reservoir is meandering and within the areas of restricted water circulation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1820.v1

Quantifying Stormwater Pollutants and Porous Surface Infiltration on a Midwestern University Campus

Cole Koffron, Nick Balster

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Urban stormwater management; grey infrastructure; porous pavement; porous pavers; total suspended solids; catchment model; WinSLAMM; stormwater modeling; stormwater; pollutants

Online: 25 December 2023 (16:25:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0769.v1

Hydromorphic Impact of Matera’s Urban Area

Ruggero Ermini, Carmen Fattore, Amir Aubed Zoubi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: urban planning; hydromorphic analysis; urban flood resiliency

Online: 12 December 2023 (03:47:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0668.v1

Heterostructured MnO₂@LDO Nanowires for Efficient Arsenic and Fluoride Co-adsorption

Xingtian Wang, Junfeng Zhu, Wenbing Liu, Wei Li, Hu Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: adsorption; arsenic; fluorine; manganese; LDO; heterostructure

Online: 11 December 2023 (11:59:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0547.v1

Comparison Between Different Seasons of the Year in Research for Rotavirus in a State of Brazil

Graziela Picciola Bordoni, Lucas Candido Gonçalves Barbosa, Fernando Santos Lima, Monica De Oliveira Santos, José Daniel Gonçalves Vieira, Paulo Sergio Scalize, Lilian Carla Carneiro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Rotavirus; Water contamination; Dry period; Rainy period

Online: 8 December 2023 (08:01:08 CET)

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Abstract: Rotavirus (RV) it’s the agent of one of the main causes of severe viral gastroenteritis in the pediatric population, being responsible for a significant portion of deaths related to diarrhea among children under five years. RV are identified as a potential reference pathogen and it is known that the persistence and infectivity of the viral particles can be related to environmental factors. The aim of the study was to identify and correlate the presence of Rotavirus in collective and individual water sources (deep tubular wells, shallow tubular wells, shallow dug wells, springs, surface water, rainwater stored in cisterns and water trucks that were collected from surface water) of rural communities in the state of Goiás, with the seasons in which the collections were made (rainy and dry season). For this, 86 water samples in the dry period and 160 samples in the rainy period were collected. Concentration of water samples, extraction of viral genetic material, cDNA synthesis and molecular tests (qPCR) were performed. When analyzing the presence of RV in the samples in relation to the period studied, RV was found to be more prevalent in the dry season (54.7%) than in the rainy season (20%), showing a strong statistical association with the dry season (p-value < 0.001). The proportion of positive samples in the dry period, considering the type of source, resulted in higher in Shallow dug wells (p-value <0.001), higher in surface waters (p = 0.001) and higher in spring water (p-value = 0.02). The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in water is a public risk problem, enabling the emergence of outbreaks, endemics and epidemics. In the present research, there was an association among the presence of Rotavirus and the dry period of the year, when compared to the rainy period. Describing or identifying the seasonal behavior of pathogens is important for prevention and attention to water treatment and help in the monitoring of the virus in the water sources.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0058.v1

Assessing Recession Constant Sensitivity and Its Interaction with Data Adjustment Parameters in Continuous Hydrological Modeling in Data Scarce Basins: A Case Study Using the Xinanjiang Model

Thandar Tun Zin, Minjiao LU, Takahiro OGURA

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: XAJ model; Recession constant; Data adjustment parameter; Model performance; Sensitivity

Online: 1 December 2023 (07:38:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1703.v1

Digitalization in Small-Scale Urban Recirculation Aquaculture: Data Analytics in Sub-Saharan Africa

Ujunwa Victoria Aghaji, Emmanuel Olatunbosun Benjamin, Gertrud Buchenrieder

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Recirculating aquaculture system; water quality; (peri-)urban farming; Nigeria; sub-Sahara Africa

Online: 27 November 2023 (12:10:41 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1677.v1

Water Management and Hydrological Characteristics of Rice-Paddy Catchments Under AWD Irrigation Practice: Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Denis Bwire, Hirotaka Saito, Roy C Sidle, Junko Nishiwaki

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Water Management; Paddy Soils; Puddling; Ecohydrological Processes; Climate Change; Preferential Flow

Online: 27 November 2023 (11:29:26 CET)

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Global concerns of decreasing water availability and food security are being exacerbated by the increasing demand for food, water quality degradation, and climate change impacts. Rice is an essential crop for food security with paddy rice cultivation largely practiced using traditional flooding conditions. Water regimes and components of the soil water balance in paddy rice catchments affect uptake of water by rice roots. Paddy management, especially puddling, significantly affects soil hydrological properties, such as hydraulic conductivity, percolation, and seepage in the paddy rhizosphere. Improved knowledge of these interactions is vital for developing sustainable water management strategies in paddy fields. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) practice contributes to sustainable water management, but little is known about effects of soil wetting and drying duration on gravitational soil water flow, moisture dynamics, and hydraulic conductivity in the rice paddy rhizosphere. These factors depend on soil type, rice variety, rooting conditions, and environmental factors, such as solar radiation and temperature. Here we examine the paddy cultivation environment and soil properties under traditional continuous flooding and AWD practice. Some studies indicate that the duration and frequency of wetting and soil drying under AWD practice in paddy fields affects soil hydraulic conductivity that alters the next cycle of water application. During droughts and short rainy seasons, rainfall, soil properties, and atmospheric conditions control soil moisture dynamics in paddy fields. Limitations and challenges of applying AWD in paddy soils, including the variation of hydrological properties and the need for frequent field manual monitoring of water level (WL) head, are discussed. Implications of AWD practice on yield, water use efficiency, soil hydrology, and reduction of methane emissions, are outlined along with opportunities to improve AWD integration within government policies, irrigation schemes, and adoption by farmers. Coupled crop models can provide important insights for sustainable agricultural water management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1522.v1

Environmental Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Water Reservoir Restoration Using Microbiological Biotechnology

Robert Mazur, Mateusz Jakubiak, Luís Santos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: sustainable revitalisation; Effective Microorganisms; lakes and pond; bottom sediments

Online: 24 November 2023 (01:27:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1502.v1

Adsorption of Metals Ions From Single and Binary Aqueous Systems on Bio – Nanocomposite, Alginate – Clay

Rachid Aziam, Daniela Simina Stefan, Safa Nouaa, Mohamed Chiban, And Magdalena Boșomoiu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: bio-nanocomposite; alginate; heavy metals; Moroccan natural clay

Online: 23 November 2023 (10:02:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1300.v1

Simulation of Gauged and Ungauged Streamflow of Coastal Catchments Across Australia

Mohammed Abdul Abdul Bari, Urooj Khan, Gnanathikkam Emmanuel Amirthanathan, Mayank Tuteja, Richard Mark Laugesen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: GR4J model; coastal discharge estimates; ungauged catchments; streamflow simulations; inverse distance squared method; Australia

Online: 21 November 2023 (10:05:12 CET)

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Australia is a unique continent surrounded by the ocean and the majority of catchments flow to the coast. Some of these catchments are gauged and others are ungauged. There are 405 gauged catchments covering 2,549,000 km2 across the coastal regions of 12 drainage divisions in Australia. Whereas there are 771 catchments conceptualised as ungauged covering additional 835,000 km2. The mean annual rainfall and PET and its spatial and temporal distribution vary significantly from one drainage division to another. We developed a continuous daily streamflow time series of all gauged and ungauged catchments from 1993 onwards. We applied the GR4J lumped conceptual model to these catchments. The performance of gauged catchments was analysed through (i) visual inspection of daily hydrographs, flow duration curves and daily scatter plots, and (ii) performance metrics including NSE and PBias. Based on the NSE and PBias, performance ratings of 80% and 96% of the models respectively were found 'good'. There was no relationship found between the catchment area and model performance. The ungauged catchments were divided into four categories based on distance from potential donor catchments where observed data are available for GR4J model calibration, and Köppen climate zone. The total ungauged catchments represent 24.7% of the total drainage division areas. The streamflow from ungauged catchments was estimated using GR4J model based on the parameters of their donor catchments. Overall, runoff ratios from ungauged catchments were found to be higher compared to their donor gauged catchments, likely driven by their higher rainfall and less PET. This tendency was particularly evident in two drainage divisions – the Carpentaria Coast (CC) and Tanami-Timor Sea Coast (TTS) where ungauged areas comprised 51% and 43% respectively. The mean gauged annual streamflow varied significantly across drainage divisions – 230 GL from South Australian Gulf (SAG) to 146,150 GL in TTS. The streamflow from all ungauged catchments was estimated at 232,200 GL per year. Overall, the average streamflow from all drainage divisions, including gauged and ungauged areas, across the coastal regions of Australia was estimated at 419,950 GL per year. This nationwide estimate of streamflow dataset could potentially enhance our understanding of coastal processes and improvements of marine modelling systems and tools.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0969.v1

Influence of Fluvial Discharges and Tides on the Salt Wedge Position of a Microtidal Estuary: Magdalena River

Jhonathan Cordero-Acosta, Luis J Otero Díaz, Aldemar E Higgins Álvarez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Magdalena River Estuary; Saline-Wedge Estuary; Saline-Wedge Interannual Variability; Discharge-salinity relationship; Magdalena River Mouth Siltation.

Online: 15 November 2023 (09:56:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0778.v1

Using Machine Learning Methodology to Model Nutrient Discharges from Ports: a Case Study of a Fertilizer Terminal

Suvi-Tuuli Lappalainen, Jonne Kotta, Mari-Liis Tombak, Ulla Tapaninen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Nitrogen and phosphorus discharges; green port; fertilizers; BRT models; eutrophication

Online: 13 November 2023 (10:32:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0719.v1

Farming System Choice Is Key to Preserving Surface Water Quality in Agricultural Watersheds

Fabiola Nunes Derossi, Paulo Flores Ribeiro, José Lima Santos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Water quality; Farming system; Water Framework Directive; Agricultural watershed

Online: 10 November 2023 (14:42:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0586.v1

Exploration of Microalgae-Activated Sludge (Mas) Growth Performance in Lab-Scale Photobioreactor at Outdoor Environmental Condition for Wastewater Biotreatment

Abraham Olamilekan James, Abayomi Oluwatobiloba Bankole, Caroline Moço Erba Pompei, Gustavo Alencar Silva Almeida Dantas, Graziele Ruas, Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro Da Silva

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Microalgae-Activated Sludge; Nutrients recovery; Pollutant removal; Total Coliform and Escherichia coli removal

Online: 9 November 2023 (07:45:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0504.v1

Beyond the Tide: A Comprehensive Guide to Sea Level Rise Inundation Mapping using FOSS4G

Levente Juhász, Jinwen Xu, Randall W. Parkinson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: sea level rise; flood; climate change; coastal mapping; inundation mapping; FOSS4G

Online: 8 November 2023 (15:52:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0498.v1

Prediction Equation for Sedimentation Upstream Reservoir of the Weir with Numerical and Experimental Approaches

Jungkyu Ahn, Chang Geun Song, Sung Won Park

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Sedimentation volume; Laboratory experiments; Unit stream power; Shields parameter; Empir-ical equation

Online: 8 November 2023 (06:43:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0487.v1

Future Trade-off for Water Resource Allocation: The Role of Land Cover/Land Use Change

Onesmo Zakaria Sigalla, Sekela Twisa, Nyemo Amos Chilagane, Mohamed Fadhili Mwabumba, Juma Rajabu Selemani, Patrick Valimba

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: land use/land cover; remote sensing and GIS; water allocation; water resource management

Online: 7 November 2023 (16:22:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0391.v1

Assessment of Water Productivity and Economics of the Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes under Soilless and Soil-Based Cultivations

Suliman Ali Al-Khateeb, Faisal I Zeineldin, Nagat Elmulthum, Khalid M. Al-Barrak, Muhammad Naeem Sattar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: low-tech greenhouse; tomato; soilless cultivation; soil-based cultivation; water productivity

Online: 7 November 2023 (10:36:14 CET)

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Water scarcity challenges have necessitated the adoption of water-saving techniques in protected and nom-protected farming. This study aimed to assess the performance of a water-saving soil-less cultivation technique and to compare it with conventional soil-based cultivation in protected farming. The soilless technique used local gravel and a mixture of peat-moss, humin-substrate, and perlite in ratios of 4:3:1.5. Three irrigation regimes were imposed using emitters 8Lh-1 design discharge (D1) emitters with 6Lh-1 design discharge (D0.75) and 4Lh-1 de-sign discharge (D0.5) for the two cultivation methods during the growth cycle of tomato by drip irrigation. The vegetative growth, fruit yield and water consumption were measured and water productivity was determined. Moreover, an economic assessment was carried out by estimating and comparing economic coefficients for the two cultivation methods. Estimated coefficients include revenues, net profit, benefit-cost ratio, break-even levels of production and prices, revenues over variable cost, and revenues on investment. The tomato fruit yield under soil-based cultivation overtopped the yield under soilless cultivation. The water productivity under the soilless cultivation was almost twice that (24.3 kg m-3) of the soil-based cultivation (15.5 kg m-3). The soilless cultivation saved 50% of irrigation water applied by the conventional soil-based method, saving energy and soil from deterioration. Revenues and net profits stimulated by higher yield coupled with lower variable cos supported the soil-based cultivation. The economic assessment showed that both cultivation methods were economically viable. However, the soil-based cultivation method was more profitable due to its higher fruit yield. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the soilless cultivation technique is a viable option for wa-ter-saving cultivation. However, the soil-based cultivation method is still more profitable due to its higher fruit yield

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0229.v1

Physicochemical Characteristics and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Plasma-Activated Water Produced by an Air-Operated Coaxial DBD Plasma

F. S. Miranda, V. K. F. Tavares, Marcelo Pego Gomes, Nilton Neto, W. Chiappim, Gilberto Petraconi, Rodrigo Pessoa, Cristiane Koga-Ito

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Cold atmospheric plasma; Dielectric Barrier Discharge; Plasma-activated liquids; Plasma medi-cine; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Candida albicans

Online: 3 November 2023 (10:14:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0163.v1

A Potential Approach for Paracetamol Removal from Aqueous Environments: Graphene Oxide-Polymer Nanocomposite Beads

Mansour Alhoshan, Arun Kumar Shukla, Javed Alam, Ali Awadh Hamid

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Polymeric beads; nanocomposite; graphene oxide; paracetamol removal; pharmaceutical contaminants.

Online: 3 November 2023 (03:30:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1873.v1

Impact of Hydroclimatic Changes on Water Security in the Cantareira Water Production System, Brazil

João Rafael Bergamaschi Tercini, Arisvaldo Vieira Mello Júnior

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: reservoir system; climate change; water security; hydrological modeling

Online: 30 October 2023 (08:49:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1713.v1

Proposed Flood Mitigation using Backwater in Highly Developed Watersheds with Consideration of Crop Calendars and Spatial Resolution: Toward Consensus Formation

Yohei Ueno, Taichi Tebakari, Keigo Noda, Kazuhiro Yoshimi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Flood Mitigation; Backwater; Crop Calendar; Floodwater Diversion

Online: 27 October 2023 (02:48:14 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1666.v1

Glacier dammed lake outburst flood in cold season in the Tien Shan, China and Kyrgyzstan

Jingshi Liu, Zhongqin Li, Yuting Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: glacier-dammed lake; outburst flood; cold season; Tien Shan; satellite image; flood hydrograph; subglacial outlet

Online: 25 October 2023 (14:05:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1576.v1

Estimating Reliable Water Budget at a Basin Scale: A Comparison Between the Geostatistical and Traditional Methods (Foro River Basin, Central Italy)

Alessia Di Giovanni, Diego Di Curzio, Davide Pantanella, Cristiana Picchi, Sergio Rusi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water budget; Ordinary Kriging; alluvial basin

Online: 25 October 2023 (11:34:36 CEST)

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In the last years, new numerical methods have been applied to weather data for water budget es-timation. Geostatistics is one of the most powerful approaches, when it comes to studying spatially relevant natural phenomena, as it takes into account the spatial correlation among measurements over a specific study area and increases the reliability of the estimation by providing the associate uncertainty. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using a geostatistical method called Ordinary Kriging to provide a reliable estimation of the water budget of the Foro river basin (Periadriatic area, Central Italy), by comparing the obtained results with a more traditional yet robust approach based on the Thiessen polygon spatialization method, considered here as a reference. The spatial estimation with the selected geostatistical and traditional approaches was performed on the av-erage monthly rainfall and temperatures derived from 33-year-long time series measured at the weather station of the regional monitoring network. To transform the spatial variables quantities of both rainfall and air temperature into actual runoff estimates that ideally represent the river dis-charge, we used both the Turc and Thornthwaite methods, considering variable Potential Infiltra-tion Coefficients according to the hydrogeological complexes’ distribution. For the geostatistical method, the same procedure was applied to the 95% confidence interval limits, to quantitatively assess the possible impact of the spatial uncertainty on the estimation of the river discharge. The results obtained by both methods, subsequently converted into monthly discharges, were com-pared to the average monthly discharges related to 33-year-long time series measured at different locations along the Foro river. The results obtained with the geostatistical approach proved to be in line with the ones from the traditional method. Additionally, using the rainfall and temperature values obtained with the Ordinary Kriging and the corresponding confidence interval limits, it was possible to quantify the uncertainty associated with the discharge values, making the estimates more reliable than the ones obtained with the traditional approach. However, the yearly distribu-tion of river discharge obtained by both the geostatistical and traditional methods appeared to be dissimilar to the measured ones. In such anthropized and groundwater-dependent river basins, the surface water use as well as the regulatory effect of the alluvial aquifer regime may affect the river discharge variability over the year and then can account for similar discrepancies between the in-flow and outflow water volumes.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1506.v1

Quantifying the Seasonal Crop Water Requirements of Mature Full-bearing Japanese Plum Orchards: A Review

Nonofo Motsei, Nebojša Jovanović, Timothy Dube, Munashe Mashabatu, Ubaidullah Mathews, Yolanda Nqumkana

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: agricultural water management; crop water requirements; evapotranspiration; Japanese plums

Online: 24 October 2023 (10:56:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1475.v1

Chemical Characteristics and Mechanisms of Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater in Valley Cities in Arid Areas

Linde Liang, Lizhong Zhang, Changli Liu, Jixiang Zhu, Dun Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: hydrochemical characteristics; nitrate; source; valley city

Online: 24 October 2023 (08:42:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1369.v1

Adsorption of Safranin O Dye by Alginate/Pomegranate Peels Beads: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies

Amina Abbaz, Sihem Arris, Gianluca Viscusi, Asma Ayat, Halima Aissaoui, Yasser Boumezough

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: alginate; pomegranate, cationic dye; adsorption; adsorbent; isotherm

Online: 23 October 2023 (09:42:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1365.v1

New Insight into the Performance and Self-Defensive Responses of Algal-Bacterial Granular Sludge Process under Cr(VI)-Induced Stress

Yu Zhang, Shulian Wang, Kewu Pi, Andrea R. Gerson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: algal-bacterial granular sludge; hexavalent chromium; extracellular polymeric substances; anti-oxidant enzymes; self-defensive responses

Online: 20 October 2023 (16:16:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1114.v1

Dynamic Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity and System Dynamics Scenario Modeling in the Hebei Province, China

Xinguo Sun, Anbang Peng, Suduan Hu, Yi Shi, Lu Lu, Aorui Bi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water resources carrying capacity; temporal and spatial variability; Variable Fuzzy Pattern Recognition model; dynamic assessment method; system dynamics model; scenario simulation

Online: 18 October 2023 (09:32:55 CEST)

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The water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) system comprises multiple complex and nonlinear interactions related to society, economy, water resources and the water environment. A full understanding of its internal mechanism is conducive to the further improvement of the regional WRCC. This article focuses on the temporal and spatial variability of WRCC to explore a method of dynamic successive assessment. Firstly, the Pressure-State-Response (PSR)framework is used to develop a systematic and causal indicator system. Then, The Variable Fuzzy Pattern Recognition (VFPR) model and an analytic hierarchy process-entropy (AHP-E) model are combined to successively and dynamically assess WRCC. The proposed method is applied to the dynamic successive assessment of WRCC in Hebei Province, and it is obtained that the poor water resources carrying capacity in Hebei Province is mainly due to the basic attribute of the decision of the water resources shortage, but Hebei Province actively adopts a variety of measures to save water and pressurize mining, which makes the province's water resources carrying capacity have a tendency to become better gradually. At the same time, the system dynamics model (SD) of water resources carrying capacity based on the analysis of the model structure was established. Moreover, three scenarios were designed, including existing continuation, high-efficiency water-saving, cross-regional water transfer and coordinated development, each scenario divided into high and low-speed economic development and population growth schemes, then total 6 schemes between 2023 and 2030 were simulated and predicted respectively. The results indicate that if the current development model is adopted, the water resource carrying capacity will continue to maintain low levels. It was concluded that the high-speed development of economy and population, the efficient water conservation and inter-basin transfer scenario (scenario 2 with high-speed) is the best choice for sustainable development of water resources and social economy in Hebei.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0994.v1

Modelling of Drinking Water Recarbonization in Fluidized Bed Reactor

Jan Derco, Nikola Šoltýsová, Tomáš Kurák, Anna Vajíčeková, Jozef Dudáš

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Ca; drinking water; experimental and mathematical modelling; fluidized bed; HCD; Mg; water quality improvement

Online: 17 October 2023 (05:29:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0934.v1

Changes in Hydrological Characteristics of Attabad Landslide-Dammed Lake on the KKH

Yousan Li, Hongkui Yang, Youhui Qi, Wenqian Ye, Guangchao Cao, Yanhe Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Attabad landslide-dammed lake; KKH; Lake Area; Suspension Sediment concentration; Remote Sensing Monitoring

Online: 16 October 2023 (10:17:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0862.v1

A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for National Glacier Mapping: Evaluating Performance Through Spatial Cross-Validation in Perú.

Marcelo Bueno, Brigitte Macera, Nilton Montoya

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: spatial modeling; machine learning; glacier mapping; glacier retreat; climate change; spatial autocorrelation; spatial cross-validation

Online: 13 October 2023 (09:45:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1243.v2

New Process for the Treatment of Polluted Water Using the Coupling of Nanoparticles and Magnetic

Hajer Tlili, Anis Elaoud, Nedra Asses, Karima Horchani-Naifer, Mounir Ferhi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water treatment; nanoparticles; Fe3O4; magnetic field

Online: 12 October 2023 (09:44:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0689.v1

Recent Advance on the Effects of Biochar on Constructed Wetlands: Treatment Performance and Microorganisms

Guanlong Yu, Jiajun Huang, Huifang Chen, Jundan Chen, Shiyong Ge, Jiaxin Liu, Dian Zhen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: constructed wetlands; biochar; enzyme activities; microbial communities

Online: 11 October 2023 (07:32:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0135.v1

Elimination of Arsenic in Groundwater by Sorbents Derived from Chitosan and Iron Oxides. Applying Factorial Designs

Marianela Batistelli, Julian Bultri, Mayra Alejandra Hernandez Trespalacios, María Florencia Mangiameli, Lina Gribaudo, Sebastian Bellù, María Ines Frascaroli, Juan Carlos González

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: magnetite-chitosan; Arsenic; experimental design

Online: 9 October 2023 (16:14:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0383.v1

Water Balance Driven by Land Use and Land Cover Change across the Amazon Basin

Celso Bandeira de Melo Ribeiro, Binayak Mohanty, Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho, Eduarda Trindade Filgueiras, Luciano Nóbrega Rodrigues Xavier, Afonso Augusto Magalhães de Araujo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water cycle; Amazon basin; deforestation

Online: 9 October 2023 (09:34:22 CEST)

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Despite the overall extension of the Amazon basin (approximately 6,000,000),which encompasses such a complex ecosystem and territories belonging to seven different nations, it is worth mentioning that environmental assessment related to changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in this region are often conducted respecting geopolitical boundaries associated with each country or taking into account the so-called Amazon biome. With the purpose of prospecting the intricate and hidden hydrological patterns, we undertake an in-depth evaluation of the water balance along the 2001-2021 time span across the whole basin, whose behavior depends on the features deriving from the metamorphoses in land use and land cover. To accomplish that task, the influence of the components of the water balance, namely rainfall and evapotranspiration, jointly with the terrestrial topographic mapping, are examined to investigate the interactions among the physical mechanisms that make up the hydrological cycle and the corresponding physical hydrological processes triggered by deforestation and reforestation in the region. More specifically, the modeling approach was rigorously designed to also consider, separately or not Negro, Solimões, Madeira, Tapajós and Xingu hydrographic sub-basins, which are the most important ones of the Amazon basin. The results highlight that, in the southern region of the Amazon, specifically within the Madeira river sub-basin, the lowest forest coverage is observed (56.0%), whereas in the northern Negro river sub-basin, the most notable forest coverage is observed (85.0%).The most preserved forest areas, such as the Negro and Solimões river sub-basins, with percentages of 81.9% and 74.2%, respectively, have higher annual rates of precipitation and evapotranspiration over time. On the other hand, regions that suffered the most intense deforestation along the time period studied, such as the Madeira, Tapajós and Xingu sub-basins, have lower annual rates of precipitation and evapotranspiration, with a preservation percentage of 54.6%, 62.6% and 70, 7%, respectively. As the pace of deforestation slowed between 2003 and 2013, annual precipitation rates increased by 12.0%, while evapotranspiration decreased by 2.0%. The hydrological findings of this paper highlight th predominant role of the forest in the context of the global water balance of the Amazon basin and the potential to also produce distinct impacts within different parts of the basin in terms of having more or less rainfall and evaporation. In addition, those variabilities in the hydrological operational components and mechanisms due to changes in land cover and land use also reveals the potential impacts that could be expected in the surrounding areas, closer or farther, notably beyond the limits of the Amazon basin.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0272.v1

Biopolymer Chitosan-Activated Charcoal Adsorptive Composite Material: A Feasible Approach to Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Water

Arun Kumar Shukla, Javed Alam, Janne Ruokolainen, Kavindra Kumar Kesari

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: activated charcoal; chitosan; biopolymer; methylene blue; dye removal

Online: 5 October 2023 (10:15:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2170.v1

The lag effect of riverine flow discharge and sediment load response to antecedent rainfall with different cumulative durations in red hilly area in China

Lixiang Zhao, Xiaofei Nie, Haijin Zheng, Kaitao Liao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: antecedent rainfall; lag time; rainfall event; extreme rainfall; garden land expansion; red hilly area in China

Online: 2 October 2023 (11:16:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2158.v1

Flow Measurement Methods in Small Tributaries of the Teles Pires River, Southern of the Amazon Hydrological Region

Daniela Roberta Borella, Rhavel Salviano Dias Paulista, Marco Aurélio Barbosa Alves, Charles Campoe Martim, Célio Jacinto da Silva, Frederico Terra de Almeida, Adilson Pacheco de Souza

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: surface hydrology; bathymetry; acoustic method; hydrometric windlass; ADCP RiverRay; Cerrado-Amazon transition

Online: 30 September 2023 (08:43:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2022.v1

Drought Characterization in Croatia Using E-OBS Gridded Data

João Filipe Santos, Lidija Tadic, Maria Manuela Portela, Luis Angel Espinosa, Tamara Brleković

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Gridded dataset; Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI); Drought regionalization; Kernel occurrence rate estimator; Trend analysis; Climate indices

Online: 28 September 2023 (13:30:24 CEST)

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Droughts are among the major natural hazards that are spreading to many parts of the world with huge multi-dimensional impacts. For Continental Croatia an extensive analysis of drought phenomenon is presented based on meteorological E-OBS gridded dataset (0.25° x 0.25°), within the period of 1950 to 2022. The drought events were characterized by the Standardized Precipita-tion Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) applied to different time-scales (6 and 12 months) in order to describe the subannual and annual variability of drought. The spatiotemporal patterns of drought are obtained through principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering (KMC) applied to the SPEI field. An areal drought evolution analysis and the changes in the frequency of occur-rence of the periods under drought conditions were achieved by using a kernel occurrence rate es-timator (KORE). The Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test coupled with the Sen’s slope estimator test are applied to the SPEI series in order to quantify the drought trends throughout the country. According to drought events history and considering the different morphoclimatic characteristics of the study area the results showed that Croatia could be divided into three different and spatial-ly well-defined regions with specific temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts (Central North, Eastern and Southern regions). It is shown that there is a manifest increase in the percent-age of area affected by drought as well as in the yearly drought occurrences rates in both Central North and Eastern regions and an evident decrease in the Southern region for both 6 and 12 month SPEI time-scales. In the observation of the drought temporal characteristics, it was found that downward trends expressing increasing drought severities were strongly significant in North and Eastern regions while a few significant upward trends were seen in Southern region. From this study, it is possible to obtain a broader view of the historical behaviour of droughts in Croatia with results providing useful support for drought risk assessment and decision-making processes.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1788.v1

Characteristics and Research Significance of Micro-Nanoparticles in Geothermal Fluids in the Central Area of Shandong Province

Lei Zuo, Peng Zhang, Yaqin Wang, Rui Liu, Guangxi Ma

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: geothermal fluids; micro-nanoparticles; TEM; NTA; deep hidden geothermal resources; central area of Shandong Province

Online: 27 September 2023 (05:44:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1828.v1

A Numerical Investigation concerning the Effect of Step-Feeding on Performance of Constructed Wetlands Operating under Mediterranean Conditions

Konstantinos A. Liolios

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: step-feeding; constructed wetlands; Tanks-In-Series; Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor; Plug Flow Reactor; numerical investigation; Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Online: 27 September 2023 (05:15:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1727.v1

Prediction of Tail Water Level under the Influence of Backwater Effect based on Deep Learning Models: A case study in the Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station

Sen Zhang, Shuai Xie, Yongqiang Wang, Yang Xu, Zheng Zhang, Benjun Jia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Tail water level prediction; Backwater effect; LSTM; Xiangjiaba hydropower station

Online: 26 September 2023 (07:08:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1670.v1

Cloud-Based Machine Learning for Flood Policy Recommendation in Makassar City, Indonesia

Andi Besse Rimba, Andi Arumansawang, I Putu Wira Utama, Saroj Kumar Chapagain, Made Nia Bunga, Geetha Mohan, Kuncoro Teguh Setiawan, Takahiro Osawa

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Flood detection; Satellite imagery; drainage; urban land use plan; land cover; slope; elevation

Online: 25 September 2023 (09:38:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1637.v1

Constraining Flood Forecasting Uncertainties through Streamflow Data Assimilation in the Tropical Andes of Peru: Case of the Vilcanota River Basin

Harold Llauca, Miguel Arestegui, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Streamflow Data Assimilation; Flood forecasting; Tropical Andes; Satellite Precipitation Products; GR4H model

Online: 25 September 2023 (09:00:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1660.v1

Decreasing access to water and coping strategies to shortage in informal settlements of Calabar, Nigeria.

Julius Uti Nchor, Leonard Edadi Ukam

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water; water accessibility; water system; resilient; coping strategies; households.

Online: 25 September 2023 (08:15:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1663.v2

Colorimetric Quantification for Residual Poly- DADMAC in Water Treatment

Ilil Levakov, Ido Maor, Chen Barak, Yael Kirshenbaum, Giora Rytwo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Cationic polyelectrolyte coagulant; fast green; spectrophotometric quantification; water treatment

Online: 20 September 2023 (09:55:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1243.v1

New Process for the Treatment of Polluted Water Using the Coupling of Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and Intense Magnetic System

Hajer Tlili, Anis Elaoud, Nedra Asses, Atef Masmoudi, Karima Horchani-Naifer, Mounir Ferhi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water treatment; nanoparticles; Fe3O4; magnetic field

Online: 19 September 2023 (08:58:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1248.v1

Application of the Biomass of the Leaves of Diospyros kaki L.f. (Ebenaceae) in the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Media

Rodrigo Martorelli Gallera, Adrielli Peres Silva, Alexandre Oliveira Jorgetto, Marcos Henrique Wondracek, Margarida Juri Saeki, José Fabián Schneider, Valber Albuquerque Pedrosa, Marco Antonio Utrera Martines, Gustavo Castro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: adsorption; heavy metals; persimmon leaves; copper ions; cadmium ions; aqueous solutions; solid-phase extraction

Online: 19 September 2023 (07:21:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1165.v1

Groundwater Level Prediction with Machine Learning to Support Sustainable Irrigation in Water Scarcity Regions

Wanru Li, Mekuanent Muluneh Finsa, Kathryn Blackmond Laskey, Paul Houser, Rupert Douglas-Bate

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: machine learning; groundwater table; ground water level; sustainable irrigation; drinking water; water-scarcity regions; AI; gradient boosting regression

Online: 18 September 2023 (14:50:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1050.v1

Temporal and Spatial Propagation Characteristics of the Meteorological, Agricultural and Hydrological Drought System in Different Climatic Conditions within the Framework of the Watershed Water Cycle

Yunyun Li, Yi Huang, Yanchun Li, Hongxue Zhang, Jingjing Fan, Xuemei Wang, Qian Deng

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: drought system; propagation time; spatiotemporal characteristics; water cycle process; SWAT hydrological model; strongest correlation coefficient method

Online: 15 September 2023 (11:21:14 CEST)

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The investigation of the spatiotemporal propagation characteristics of the "meteorological-agricultural-hydrological" drought system, under diverse climatic conditions, is crucial for the development of a robust drought warning system and the effective implementation of proactive drought prevention and resilience strategies. To achieve this, the current study utilizes the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate key components of the watershed water cycle, such as evaporation, surface water, soil water, and groundwater. Specifically, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI), and the Nonlinear Joint Hydrological Drought Index (NJHDI) are employed to characterize meteorological drought, agricultural drought, and hydrological drought, respectively. By analyzing the correlation between these types of drought, the propagation characteristics of the "meteorological-agricultural-hydrological" drought system are elucidated using the rigorous strongest correlation coefficient method. The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is chosen as the case study for this research. Results showed that (1) The propagation time from meteorological to agricultural drought exhibited distinct seasonal characteristics, with durations of 5-6 months in spring, 2-3 months in summer, 3-5 months in autumn, and 6-8 months in winter. Compared to 1961-1990, the propagation time increased in spring and summer but decreased in autumn and winter during 1991-2010 for most YRB regions. (2) The agricultural to hydrological drought propagation showed no clear seasonal differences but increased over time. Specifically, zone C (arid/semi-arid with moderate temperatures) had shorter propagation time of 1-5 months, while zones B (transitional plateau to mid-latitude) and E (semi-arid/semi-humid temperate continental climate) experienced longer propagation time of 7-12 months. (3) Despite the extended timescales, agricultural-hydrological drought correlation was weaker than meteorological-agricultural linkage. This is because meteorological deficits directly reduce soil moisture, rapidly inducing agricultural drought. However, groundwater sustaining baseflow during agricultural drought delays streamflow deficits, prolonging the agricultural-hydrological propagation time.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0933.v1

Efficiency of Modified Natural Clinoptilolite Tuff for As(III) and As(V) Uptake from Model Polluted Water

Tsveta Stanimirova, Irina Karadjova

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: arsenic uptake; clinoptilolite; coating; adsorption

Online: 14 September 2023 (10:54:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0830.v1

Improving Borehole Design and Upgrading Its Hydraulic Properties: Case Studies from Unconsolidated Aquifers in Israel

Joseph Guttman, Zigmund Barenblat

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Borehole design; drilling methods enhancements; pumping tests, drilling enhancements ranking

Online: 13 September 2023 (07:59:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0841.v1

Hydrological Response Assessment of Land Cover Change in a Peruvian Amazonian Basin Impacted by Deforestation Using the SWAT Model

Karla Paiva, Pedro Rau, Cristian Montesinos, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Luc Bourrel, Frederic Frappart

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SWAT model; surface runoff; deforestation; land use change; Amazonia; Peru

Online: 13 September 2023 (07:29:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0666.v1

Immunotechniques for the Group Determination of Macrolide Antibiotics Traces in the Environment Using a Volume-Mediated Sensitivity Enhancement Strategy

Maksim A Burkin, Anna N Tevyashova, Elena N Bychkova, Artem O Melekhin, Inna A Galvidis

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: macrolide antibiotics; group recognition; hapten design; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; immunobeads assay; immunofiltration

Online: 11 September 2023 (10:40:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0641.v1

Application Potential of Wastewater Fertigated Short Rotation Coppice Systems in a Selected Region (Aligarh, UP, India)

Mirko Hänel, Ganbaatar Khurelbaatar, Emil Jespersen, Aryan Upadhyay, Andres Camilo Acosta, Nadeem Khalil, Hans Brix, Carlos Alberto Arias

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: potential of wastewater fertigated/irrigated Short Rotation Coppice/Plantation (SRC; SRP) in India; nature-based wastewater treatment & reuse systems; phytofiltration; sustainable biomass (willow; poplar; bamboo) production systems

Online: 11 September 2023 (10:09:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0645.v1

Who Is Being Left behind in Water Security towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda?

Rose Ingutia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: water security; sustainable development goals; critically water insecure countries; education; health; nutrition

Online: 11 September 2023 (10:09:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0624.v1

Necroleachate Could be the Cemetery’s Sewage? A Panorama from Brazilian Legislation

Ana Paula Chein Bueno de Azevedo, Telma Abdalla de Oliveira Cardoso, Simone Cynamon Cohen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: cemetery; waste management; legislation; public health; Brazil

Online: 11 September 2023 (05:29:17 CEST)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences