Abstract: Virtualization is the building block of modern cloud computing infrastructure. However, it remains vulnerable to a range of security threats, including malicious co-located tenants, hypervisor vulnerabilities, and side-channel attacks. These threats are generally mitigated by developing and deploying advanced and complex security solutions that incur significant performance overhead. Prior work on Virtual Machines (VMs) and containers has mainly evaluated basic security solutions, such as firewalls, using narrow performance metrics and synthetic models within limited evaluation frameworks. These studies often overlook advanced security modules in both user and kernel space, lack flexibility to incorporate emerging features, and fail to capture detailed system-level impacts. We address these gaps with HyperShield, an open-source framework for unified security evaluation across VMs and containers that mimics a realistic cloud infrastructure. HyperShield supports advanced security modules in both user and kernel space, providing rich system-level performance metrics for comprehensive evaluation. Our performance evaluation shows that containers generally outperform VMs due to their lower virtualization overhead, achieving a throughput of 9.38 Gb/s compared to 1.98 Gb/s for VMs for our benchmarks. However, VM's performance is comparable for kernel space deployments, as Docker uses the shared kernel space of the Docker bridge, which can result in packet congestion. In latency-sensitive workloads, VM access latency of 14.91 ms is comparable to Docker's 12.86 ms. In storage benchmarks, FIO, however, VMs outperform Docker due to the overhead of Docker’s layered, copy-on-write file system, whereas VMs leverage optimized virtual block devices with near-native I/O performance. These results highlight performance dependencies on benchmark choice, trade-offs in deploying security workloads between user and kernel space, and the choice of containers and virtual machines as virtualization environments. Therefore, HyperShield provides a comprehensive evaluation toolkit for exploring an optimal security module deployment strategy.

Abstract: Insect trap records are widely used for monitoring stored-product pests but are less frequently applied in predictive decision-support systems. The present study aimed to evaluate whether biweekly trap data could support the development of a temperature-driven population dynamics model for stored-product pest management. A facility-level time series of aggregated biweekly insect counts was analyzed using a discrete negative binomial regression model, with mean temperature during the preceding 14 days and the number of insecticidal spraying applications within each monitoring interval as predictors. The fitted model showed that recent temperature was positively associated with expected insect counts, whereas spraying applications were negatively associated with expected counts. Specifically, each 1°C increase in 14-day mean temperature was associated with a 17.5% increase in expected biweekly insect counts, while each additional spraying application was associated with a 39.6% reduction. Scenario analysis was used to compare alternative temperature-triggered spray policies. A standard threshold policy produced outcomes very similar to those of the observed historical schedule, suggesting that the original intervention timing was already broadly aligned with a biologically plausible temperature-based rule. In contrast, a preventive intensified policy substantially reduced predicted insect counts but required a markedly higher number of spraying applications. Overall, the results indicate that routine biweekly trap data can support a practical, facility-level population dynamics model and can be used to quantify trade-offs between expected pest suppression and intervention effort. The proposed framework provides a proof of concept for transforming routine monitoring records into an operational tool for pest-management decision support.

Abstract: Rapid advances in deep-space exploration are drawing increasing attention from geode-sists and creating an urgent demand for effective management and visualization of deep-space object information. This paper presents a comprehensive study on methods for managing and visualizing small celestial bodies’ “orbit–shape–field” spatial information, including geometric shape, orbital simulation and gravitational fields. We develop an in-tegrated solution that combines a backend spatial database, a web frontend and a virtual reality (VR) frontend. On the backend, we design and implement a database to catalog heterogeneous small-body information efficiently, where partitioned tables are adopted to support scalable storage, fast querying and convenient updates. On the web frontend, Spacekit.js and Cesium.js are integrated to simulate coordinated solar-system motion of planets, comets and asteroids (both rotation and revolution) while enabling rapid loading and rendering of gravitational vector fields. On the VR frontend, we build a standalone Unreal Engine 5 application that renders orbits with spline curves consistent with the web results and supports cooperative multi-body motion in immersive exploration. Finally, performance tests are conducted to recommend VR hardware configurations and practical data-loading scales for smooth gravitational-vector rendering and interaction. These methods support analysis workflows and have potential value for deep-space science.

Abstract: In various countries, the shear strength design formulas for reinforced concrete beam–column joints are primarily constructed based on concrete strength, and the influence of main bars of beam is not explicitly reflected in these expressions. To address this limi-tation, this study examines the shear behavior of the joint, focusing particularly on the amount and arrangement of main bars of beam passing through the joint. Four beam-column joint specimens were tested under cyclic loading. The main variables of the specimens were the amount and arrangement of the main bars of beam. The detailed strain measurements were conducted to clarify the development of bond deterioration along the main bars and the associated internal force transfer mechanisms. The ex-perimental observations revealed significant tension-shift phenomena and progressive bond deterioration in the compression-side main bars. Variations in the amount and arrangement of main bars of beam did not significantly affect the maximum applied load. However, the indirectly evaluated joint shear force was higher in specimens with two layers in beam main bars. Force equilibrium using force components obtained by measured strain produced even larger values at greater drift angles, indicating that joint shear assessment depends strongly on the evaluation basis. A mechanics-based diag-onal strut model incorporating the internal compression field provided improved agreement with experimental results, confirming its applicability for practical design.

Abstract: This paper presents an ontological realistic framework based on a topology-preserving two-layer base space composed of a sub-Planckian elastic substrate and a network of Planck-scale Space Elementary Quanta (SEQ),wherein each SEQ itself emerges from coherent excitation within the same sub-Planckian elastic medium, ensuring dynamical consistency and compatibility across scales. The model attempts to reconcile General Relativity, Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Thermodynamics by treating spacetime as a stable graph structure network , where geometry, matter, and fields emerge from energy redistribution within a fixed topological structure. At its foundation is the concept of high-resolution non-statistical analytic entropy(S=∏mᵢ, i∈N), defined as the multiplicative product of SEQ energy norms during energy homogenization process in space. This entropy increases irreversibly with each discrete state update of the SEQ network, providing a mechanistic origin for time: one transformation corresponds to one moment, forming a direct Space-Time-Entropy correspondence. The model further conjectures the equivalence between the maximum entropy path and the least action path within this framework. The theory is built upon the following foundational postulates:(1) Spacetime has two inseparable layers—the sub-Planckian elastic medium hosts geometric dynamics of GR, while the SEQ network encodes spin and gauge modes; (2) The connectivity of the SEQ network remains invariant, ensuring causal stability and strict energy conservation;(3) Entropy is not statistical but analytically computed from sequential spatial transformations, tracking evolution with high resolution;(4) Chirality of Space: SEQ possess an intrinsically fixed chiral spin in its ground state, breaking parity symmetry at the fundamental level and offering a physical basis for matter-antimatter asymmetry;(5) Time emerges as a count of irreversible network updates, driven by entropy growth;(6) Gauge symmetries are reinterpreted geometrically.(7) The geometry-frequency correspondence maps general relativistic metric variations directly into the resonance frequency domain of SEQ: spatial deformation lowers local SEQ frequencies, faithfully reproducing gravitational time dilation and redshift. This exact mapping not only aligns with all key observational predictions of general relativity but also establishes a concrete physical bridge between the geometry of GR and the quantum dynamics of QFT.(8) The model provides a clear geometric picture of mass-gravity duality mediated by gauge interactions: SU(3) color dynamics arise from spherically symmetric compression of the SEQ lattice network, where energy localization generates effective mass through stored elastic strain,this compression generates isotropic gravitational fields via the external stretching of space. The Higgs mechanism emerges as a "quantum chiral locking" process that stabilizes these compressed states against elastic relaxation, offering a physically intuitive and geometrically transparent origin for mass generation—linking gauge symmetry breaking directly to structural rigidity in quantized spacetime.(9) Electromagnetism propagates as transverse waves in the elastic substrate, consistent with light-speed invariance. (10) The spherical layered configurations of leptons and baryons provide a physical picture for issues such as the fractional charge of quarks, neutrino oscillations, and the neutron electric dipole moment. (11) This model adopts the resonant frequency and resonant axis vector of SEQ as the two generalized coordinates within the Hamiltonian formalism, grounded in the fundamental postulate of invariant spatial topology. This foundational assumption not only ensures global energy conservation as a natural consequence but also significantly simplifies the structure of the system's Hamiltonian formulation. Crucially, it endows the Hamiltonian with a clear physical intuitive image—representing an instantaneous panoramic snapshot of the spatial energy distribution across the SEQ network—revealing not only where energy is localized, but also the underlying gradients that drive its redistribution. (12) The model provides an interpretation of entangled states based on global energy conservation that does not violate local causality. (13) The model proposes testable predictions: The model requires positron-electron magnetic moment asymmetry due to their opposite chiral coupling to SEQ spin ground states with fixed chirality, currently under experimental precision. Its discrete, rule-based structure supports automaton simulation, opening pathways to numerical exploration of quantum gravity and emergent complexity.

Abstract: Climate extremes are critical constraints on agricultural productivity, particularly in tropical regions experiencing rapid agricultural expansion. This study examines spati-otemporal changes in soybean yields in response to droughts and heatwaves across highly productive municipalities in Brazil from 1989 to 2020. By integrating high-resolution meteorological data, satellite-derived evapotranspiration estimates, and municipal-level crop yield data, we apply standardized drought indices (Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, and Warm Spell Duration Index) to identify climate-yield relationships across Brazil’s heterogeneous agroclimatic zones. Results reveal a marked increase in the frequency and intensity of compound drought–heat events, particularly in the Matopiba frontier, where yield sen-sitivity to hydroclimatic stress is highest. Spatial models confirm that short-term dry events, rather than long-term mean climate shifts, are the dominant drivers of recent yield variability, with significant spatial spillover effects observed across municipalities. The findings underscore the growing vulnerability of rainfed agriculture in Brazil and highlight the critical role of seasonal timing, crop phenology, and regional climate re-gimes in mediating climate risk. This study provides empirical evidence linking com-pound extremes to agricultural performance and offers a scalable framework for early warning systems and climate-resilient policy design.

Abstract: This survey article offers a snapshot view of the present state of Fixed Point Theory within modular spaces, highlighting fundamental principles and their applications. The discussion primarily revolves around operators and their semigroups that adhere to pointwise asymp-totic nonexpansive and contractive conditions in the modular sense in a way that they may be directly applied also to Banach spaces. Utilizing the framework of regular and superregular modular spaces, our research generalizes several established results concerning fixed points of nonlinear operators, applicable to both Banach spaces and modular function spaces. The study seeks to identify and discuss current challenges, knowledge gaps, and unresolved questions, providing insights into potential of future research opportunities.

Abstract: This study analyzes the relationship between stock market returns and investment flows in investment funds in Spain. Through a quantitative analysis covering the pe-riod from December 2001 to June 2025, it examines not only the existence of a correla-tion but also its temporal structure, functional form, and heterogeneity across different geographical areas (U.S., Europe, Japan, and Spain). Using monthly data on net flows from INVERCO and market indices, the study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models, segmented regressions, and fixed-effects panel models to obtain robust estimates. The results confirm a positive and statistically significant relation-ship between past returns and subsequent investment flows, with a temporal lag ranging from one to three months. This delay varies notably by geographical region, suggesting the existence of different investor profiles and information channels. The study also finds evidence of a convex relationship, indicating that investors react asymmetrically, aggressively pursuing high returns more than penalizing low ones. These findings, interpreted through the lens of behavioral finance, point to pro-cyclical and reactive behavior of Spanish investors, driven by biases such as loss aversion, trend-following, and delays in information processing. The study contributes to the academic literature by providing updated and methodologically robust evidence on Spain, a market that has traditionally been underexplored, and offers practical impli-cations for investors, fund managers, and regulators in terms of financial education and risk management.

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of yeast extract on colonic damage in sheep caused by high-concentrate diets, providing a theoretical basis for developing more precise probiotic formulations.Methods:This study selected 45 three-month-old Du Han F1 sheep of similar body condition and randomly divided them into three groups: a control group (CON) fed a standard diet, a high-concentrate diet (HC) group, and a yeast culture treatment group. A 15-day pretrial period was followed by a 60-day main trial. Following the feeding trial, colonic contents and colonic tissue samples were collected.Results: Indicate that feeding a high-concentrate diet caused damage to both the colonic mucosa and muscularis layers. Compared with the control group (CON), the high-concentrate diet (HC) group presented 29 DEGs. Following the addition of yeast culture (YC), the number of differentially expressed genes increased to 683, among which 6 were YC-specific genes. Eight differentially abundant bacterial genera were identified: increased abundance of [Eubacterium]-xylanophilum-group, Alistipes, Gastranaerophilales, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-010, and Cyanobacteria; decreased abundance of Ruminococcaceae;uncultured, Akkermansia, and Verrucomicrobiota. Concurrently, VFA levels decreased while ammonia nitrogen levels increased, accompanied by abnormal expression of host immune barrier-related genes (e.g., CLDN1, CXCL8). In the HCY group, colonic mucosal integrity improved, microbial composition underwent significant changes, VFA levels rebounded, and ammonia nitrogen levels decreased.Conclusions: This indicates that YC modulates the “microbiota-VFA-host” axis network to a certain extent.

Abstract: Kinetic Rate Equation (kRE) modeling is widely used to simulate defect and impurity evolution in solids over experimentally relevant time and length scales. However, conventional kRE formulations include only random-position sink strengths, which adequately describe trapping of defects created at random lattice sites but fail to capture the enhanced retrapping of defects released directly adjacent to traps during detrapping or dissociation events. This omission leads to systematic errors, including underestimated thermal desorption (TDS) peak temperatures and incorrect kinetic parameters when fitting to experimental data. In this work, we derive for the first time analytical expressions for the adjacent sink strength, including correction for finite impurity diffusion jump length. We provide a practical implementation strategy for integrating these expressions into kRE simulations. Comparisons with kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) benchmarks demonstrate that adjacent sink strengths dominate the retrapping probability and are essential for reproducing the correct temperature dependence of TDS release peaks. Simulations that employ only random sink strengths can still be tuned to match TDS spectra; however, the resulting fitted trapping energies, detrapping frequencies, and diffusion parameters are often physically inconsistent. The adjacent sink strength formulation introduced here significantly improves the predictive capability of kRE modeling, enabling accurate multiscale simulations of defect and impurity behavior in materials. This framework also establishes a foundation for future extensions, including adjacent sink strengths associated with extended defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries, offering new opportunities to resolve persistent discrepancies between experimental and simulated trapping energetics.

Abstract: Measles remains a major global public health challenge as declining vaccination coverage fuels outbreaks worldwide. Although pneumonia is the most recognized respiratory complication, spontaneous air leak syndrome—including pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumoperitoneum—is rarely documented. We report the case of a 9-year-old previously healthy girl with no documented measles–rubella vaccination who presented with fever, maculopapular exanthem, Koplik spots, and persistent cough. Measles was confirmed by both immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. She developed sudden cervicothoracic swelling and chest pain. Chest radiography revealed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema; computed tomography confirmed extensive air leak including left pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum. Flexible bronchoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy excluded structural airway and esophageal injury. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated hepatic transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer. Conservative management with high-flow supplemental oxygen and clinical surveillance led to progressive resolution. The patient was discharged on hospital day three, asymptomatic and breathing room air. This case highlights the spectrum of air leak complications in measles and supports conservative management in hemodynamically stable pediatric patients when structural injury has been excluded.

Abstract: We analyze the spherically symmetric complex diffusion and special type of the complex reaction-diffusion equations with the self-similar Ansatz. These equations are form invariant to the free Schrödinger equations and to Schrödinger equations with power-law space dependent potentials. The self-similar Ansatz couples the spatial and temporal variables together instead of the usual separation, therefore new type of solutions can be derived. For both cases analytic solutions are presented which are the Kummer's and the Whittaker functions with complex quadratic arguments. The results are analyzed in depth. In the second case the role of the complex angular momenta is investigated as well.

Abstract: We propose a unified geometric framework in which each quantum particle is endowed with an intrinsic spatial geometry governed by a universal stiffness constant A₀ and sourced by its wavefunction. This geometry gives rise to a repulsive self-interaction that prevents gravitational collapse. When multiple particles are present, their individual geometries combine through local interactions, forming a collective structure whose dynamics, in the continuum limit, reproduce 4-dimensional GR gravity. Newton’s constant emerges as G = c⁴/(8πA₀). The framework provides a geometric account of quantum interference and entanglement, eliminating the need for a separate configuration space. Extending the formalism to the vacuum, interpreted as a compound of virtual geometric excitations, yields a constant harmonic field ΦH whose scale is set by the Hubble radius, leading to a vacuum energy density ρ_vac ∼ 3c²H²/(8πG) in agreement with observations. This approach offers a deterministic, unified model for quantum mechanics, gravity, and cosmology, with testable predictions for precision measurements.

Abstract: The development of efficient, stable, and sustainably-synthesized photocatalysts for solar-driven hydrogen production remains a critical challenge. Here, we report a novel, green coprecipitation route for the synthesis of calcium-doped zinc oxide (Ca-ZnO) nanosheets, utilizing cactus juice as a natural, multifunctional precipitation medium. This method enables the in-situ incorporation of 3-7% Ca2+ ions into the wurtzite ZnO lattice without the need for harsh chemical agents. Comprehensive analysis confirms that Ca2+ substitutionally replaces Zn2+, preserving the crystal structure while inducing a uniform nanosheet morphology. This doping strategy effectively modulates the electronic band structure, progressively narrowing the bandgap from 3.19 eV to 2.90 eV and significantly enhancing visible-light absorption. Crucially, the incorporation of Ca2+ also generates oxygen vacancies, which act as efficient electron traps to suppress charge recombination. The optimized 5%Ca-ZnO photocatalyst demonstrates an exceptional hydrogen evolution rate of 889 μmol·g-1·h-1 under visible light, with outstanding stability, retaining 94.8% of its activity after four cycles. This work not only presents a high-performance material but also establishes a paradigm for the sustainable design of advanced semiconductor photocatalysts.

Abstract: This study investigates the decomposition kinetics and microplastic residue formation of the polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) LN40 and Eco-LN40 under simulated photodegradation conditions. Eco-LN40, containing TiO₂ as a photocatalyst, achieved complete decomposition (100 ± 2%) after 60 days of xenon-arc irradiation (p <0.05), whereas LN40 achieved only 14%–31% decomposition. Analytical characterization using TED-GC/MS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that polyethylene (PE) signals completely disappeared in Eco-LN40 but persisted in LN40, indicating that microplastics did not form and that there was total oxidation into CO₂ and H₂O. SEM–EDS revealed Ti enrichment and surface fragmentation consistent with photoinduced radical oxidation. This study provides qualitative and mechanistic evidence that TiO-catalyzed photodegradation can eliminate polymer residues, mitigate the risk of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils, and support carbon-neutral fertilizer technologies.

Abstract: Soils represent a critical leverage point for mitigating global warming, acting simultane-ously as major carbon reservoirs and active sources of greenhouse gas emissions under unsustainable management. This review synthesizes current evidence on soil steward-ship practices aimed at reducing carbon emissions and enhancing carbon sequestration. Comparative insights are provided across conventional mineral fertilization, organic amendments, and circular fertilization approaches based on agro-industrial by-products. The review integrates findings from field experiments, long-term trials, and life cycle as-sessment studies to evaluate the effects of different management practices on soil organic carbon dynamics, greenhouse gas fluxes, nutrient use efficiency, and soil biological func-tioning. Special emphasis is placed on the role of waste-derived fertilizers—such as com-posts, digestates, vermicompost—in promoting soil carbon stabilization while reducing the environmental burden associated with synthetic inputs. Evidence consistently indi-cates that soil stewardship strategies grounded in circular economy principles can lower net carbon footprints, improve soil resilience, and mitigate trade-offs between productivity and climate mitigation. By framing soil management within the context of global warm-ing mitigation, this review highlights the multifunctional role of soils as climate regula-tors and underscores the potential of agro-industrial waste valorization as a scalable pathway toward climate-smart and low-emission agricultural systems.

Abstract: Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste, is experiencing increasing freshwater demand driven by population and economic growth. It totally relies on groundwater from the Dili Intergranular Aquifer System for supply. There is very little conceptual understanding of the system and little-to-no monitoring data. Understanding the hydrostratigraphy, recharge and surface-groundwater interactions, groundwater levels and abstractions are essential for sustainable groundwater use and management. These are the aims of this study, and a numerical model was created with such purpose. The model included scenarios to assess how the aquifer could react to future increases in groundwater abstraction. Trial and error calibrated the steady-state model, and a comparison of simulated results with observed heads revealed good agreement (RMS <10%). Transient scenario simulations demonstrate that recharge (direct, river infiltration, and mountain-block processes) is a key component of the water balance and plays a critical role in aquifer sustainability under increasing groundwater abstraction. Aquifer storage is projected to decrease significantly by 2054, with the magnitude depending on the range of recharge and abstraction rates considered. The model improves conceptual hydrogeological knowledge of the basin, highlights future work needed, and provides a robust basis for sustainable groundwater management and water risk mitigation in Dili.

Abstract: In a series of recent papers, Haug and Tatum have suggested a way to resolve the Hubbletension within RH = ct cosmology. Based on the full distance ladder of Type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia), they find that the Hubble constant must be H0 = 66.8943±0.0287 km/s/Mpc. Thisvalue is close to the Planck Collaboration’s CMB-based estimate of 67.4 ±0.5 km/s/Mpc,except that their solution yields a much smaller uncertainty in the Hubble constant. TheSH0ES study by Riess et al., based on SNe Ia observations, gives a significantly higher value:H0 = 73.04 ±1.04 km/s/Mpc. The Hubble tension refers to the large discrepancy betweenthe H0 estimates obtained from the CMB method and those from SNe Ia data. Interestingly,recent JWST observations, when tied to SNe Ia, find H0 = 68.81 ±1.79. Thus, the JWSTresults lower the Hubble constant relative to the Riess study and appear to support the Haugand Tatum solution to the Hubble tension, a topic we discuss in this short note.

Abstract: Foodborne diseases and food poisoning caused by bacterial pathogens is a significant global health as well as economic concern. While synthetic compounds are widely used as preservatives to ensure food safety, growing concerns regarding their potential health risks and the rise of antimicrobial resistance have driven the search for natural alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) and their individual bioactive constituents, known as essential oil components (EOCs), have emerged as promising, eco-friendly candidates for food preservation due to their robust broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. This review provides comprehensive mechanistic insights into how individual EOCs exert their antibacterial effects, detailing the disruption of bacterial cell membranes, inhibition of vital metabolic enzymes and ATP synthesis, modulation of virulence gene expression, and the prevention and eradication of biofilms. Furthermore, the review explores the practical applications and limitations of EOCs in food systems, addressing challenges such as chemical instability, toxicity at high doses, and adverse organoleptic effects. It also highlights advanced formulation strategies, such as micro/nano-encapsulation, nano-emulsions, and chemical derivatization, which significantly enhance EOC stability, bioavailability, and overall preservative efficacy. Ultimately, understanding the multifaceted mechanisms of individual EOCs paves the way for their optimized and sustainable use, ensuring global food safety.

Abstract: The phenotypic plasticity of epithelial cells along the epithelial-mesenchymal (E-M) axis, or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is a critical aspect of tumour progression and therapeutic resistance. During EMT, epithelial cells gradually acquire mesenchymal traits, facilitating vital functions in embryogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, and tumour metastasis. This review article investigates the interplay between hyperglycaemia-induced metabolic stress and EMT in the context of therapeutic resistance. The study examines a complex, multifaceted network of molecular mechanisms regulating EMT, including specialised transcription factors and signalling pathways as well as growth factors, integrins, and matrix metalloproteinases in various epithelial carcinomas. Emerging findings have demonstrated the existence of EMT hybrid states along the continuum, possessing heightened metastatic potential and distinctive metabolic signatures that play critical roles in the development of therapeutic resistance in cancer cells. Hyperglycaemia has been particularly highlighted for its potential to promote EMT-driven therapeutic resistance through various interconnected mechanisms. Elevated glucose levels induce the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of EMT-promoting transcription factors, and a metabolic shift towards glycolysis. This hyperglycaemic stress involves upregulation of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes creating feed-forward loops that support drug efflux mechanisms and help maintain the mesenchymal phenotype. Clinical data also indicate that hyperglycaemia in OSCC patients is associated with more advanced tumour stages, more ex-tended hospital stays, less effective treatments, and higher rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Overall, these insights emphasise the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms linking hyperglycaemia and EMT to the treatment resistance axis and to explore glucose control strategies that can be incorporated into cancer treatments to overcome anti-cancer therapy resistance effectively.