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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0315.v1

In Search of Preventative Strategies: Novel Anti-Inflammatory High-CBD Cannabis Sativa Extracts Modulate ACE2 Expression in COVID-19 Gateway Tissues

Bo Wang, Anna Kovalchuk, Dongping Li, Yaroslav Ilnytskyy, Igor Kovalchuk, Olga Kovalchuk

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; ACE2 receptor; medical cannabis; CBD

Online: 19 April 2020 (02:45:50 CEST)

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With the rapidly growing pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the new and challenging to treat zoonotic SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, there is an urgent need for new therapies and prevention strategies that can help curtail disease spread and reduce mortality. Inhibition of viral entry and thereby spread constitute plausible therapeutic avenues. Similar to other respiratory pathogens, SARS-CoV2 is transmitted through respiratory droplets, with potential for aerosol and contact spread. It uses receptor-mediated entry into the human host via angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) that is expressed in lung tissue, as well as oral and nasal mucosa, kidney, testes, and the gastrointestinal tract. Modulation of ACE2 levels in these gateway tissues may prove a plausible strategy for decreasing disease susceptibility. Cannabis sativa, especially one high in the anti-inflammatory cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), has been proposed to modulate gene expression and inflammation and harbour anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Working under the Health Canada research license, we have developed over 800 new Cannabis sativa lines and extracts and hypothesized that high-CBD C. sativa extracts may be used to modulate ACE2 expression in COVID-19 target tissues. Screening C. sativa extracts using artificial human 3D models of oral, airway, and intestinal tissues, we identified 13 high CBD C. sativa extracts that modulate ACE2 gene expression and ACE2 protein levels. Our initial data suggest that some C. sativa extract down-regulate serine protease TMPRSS2, another critical protein required for SARS-CoV2 entry into host cells. While our most effective extracts require further large-scale validation, our study is crucial for the future analysis of the effects of medical cannabis on COVID-19. The extracts of our most successful and novel high CBD C. sativa lines, pending further investigation, may become a useful and safe addition to the treatment of COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy. They can be used to develop easy-to-use preventative treatments in the form of mouthwash and throat gargle products for both clinical and at-home use. Such products ought to be tested for their potential to decrease viral entry via the oral mucosa. Given the current dire and rapidly evolving epidemiological situation, every possible therapeutic opportunity and avenue must be considered.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0258.v1

Asians and Other Races Express Similar Levels of and Share the Same Genetic Polymorphisms of the SARS-CoV-2 Cell-Entry Receptor

Ying Chen, Kejia Shan, Wenfeng Qian

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cell-entry receptor; ACE2 expression; The Cancer Genome Atlas; susceptibility; demographic factors; race

Online: 18 February 2020 (06:40:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0112.v1

Assessment of Sugar Content from Different Soft Drinks Sold in Nigeria

Abass Ohilebo, Blessing Odudu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: glucose; soft drinks; sugar content; health

Online: 7 July 2020 (08:11:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0323.v1

New Spectrophotometric Method for the Assessment of Catalase Enzyme Activity in Biological Tissues

Thulfeqar A. Hamza, Mahmoud Hussein Hadwan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: catalase activity; hydrogen peroxide; hydroquinone; anilinium sulfate; ammonium molybdate

Online: 29 October 2019 (04:04:50 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0132.v1

Genomic Evidence of a Sars-Cov-2 Reinfection Case With E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka, Marília Miranda Franco, Tiago Gräf, Ana Verena Almeida Mendes, Renato Santana de Aguiar, Marta Giovanetti, Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; reinfection; E484K

Online: 6 January 2021 (20:38:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0111.v1

A Novel Family of Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometers for a Broad Range of Analytical Applications

Jan-Peter Hauschild, Amelia Corinne Peterson, Erik Couzijn, Eduard Denisov, Denis Chernyshev, Christian Hock, Hamish Stewart, Ralf Hartmer, Dmitry Grinfeld, Christian Thoeing, Bastian Reitemeier, Arne Kreutzmann, Oliver Lange, Wilko Balschun, Aivaras Venckus, Sebastian Kanngiesser, Alexander Kholomeev, Gregor Quiring, Frank Czemper, Eloy Wouters, Michael Belford, Mathias Mueller, Jens Grote, Tabiwang N. Arrey, Julia Kraegenbring, Kerstin Strupat, Siegrun Mohring, Catharina Crone, Alexander Harder, Aaron Robitaille, Aaron Gajadhar, Khatereh Motamed, Yang Liu, Daniel Lopez Ferrer, Nicolaie Eugen Damoc, Angela Criscuolo, Kristina Srzentic, Ed George, Charles Yang, Ioanna Ntai, Amanda Souza, Andreas Wieghaus, Alexander Makarov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Orbitrap mass spectrometry; high resolution; accurate mass

Online: 8 June 2020 (10:17:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0452.v1

An Update on Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine Development

Anna Blakney, Andrew Geall, Shell Ip

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: RNA; self-amplifying RNA; replicon; vaccine; drug delivery

Online: 18 December 2020 (11:12:44 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Biopesticides in Sustainable Agriculture: Current Status and Future Prospects

Emmanuel Oliver Fenibo, Grace N. Ijoma, Tonderayi Matambo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Biopesticides; Green chemistry; IPM; SDGs; Sustainable agriculture; Sustainable development

Online: 23 November 2020 (14:22:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0030.v1

Ripening Efficacy of Kamias Fruit (Averroah Billimbi) for Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata)

Joseph Dave Pregoner, Jake Condez, Minlyn Duhig, James Gallera, Francis Cofreros, James Ohina, Borgy Llerone Sandoy, Hillary Bantayan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi); Ripening; Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata); Experimental; Davao City

Online: 3 May 2020 (07:40:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0356.v1

Initial Review and Analysis of COVID-19 Host Genetics and Associated Phenotypes

Yosuke Tanigawa, Manuel Rivas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; host genetics; genetics; polygenic risk score

Online: 24 March 2020 (08:36:20 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0225.v1

Heat Stability of Proteins and Its Exploitation for Purification of Heat-Stable Proteins

Muhammad Ahmad, Aisha Tahir, Rana Salman Anjum

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Heat-stable proteins; Heat treatment; Hyperthermophilic proteins; Heat stability; Protein purification

Online: 9 August 2020 (22:00:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0167.v1

Melanin Bleaching with Warm Hydrogen Peroxide and Integrated Immunohistochemical Analysis: An Automated Platform

Chia-Hsing Liu, Chih-Hung Lin, Min-Jan Tsai, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Sheau-Fang Yang, Kun-Bow Tsai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: melanin bleaching; immunohistochemistry; automated platform

Online: 21 March 2017 (04:23:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0157.v2

Exceptional Antioxidant, Non-Cytotoxic Activity of Integral Lemon Pectin from Hydrodynamic Cavitation

Domenico Nuzzo, Laura Cristaldi, Marzia Sciortino, Lorenzo Albanese, Antonino Scurria, Federica Zabini, Claudia Lino, Mario Pagliaro, Francesco Meneguzzo, Marta Di Carlo, Rosaria Ciriminna

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: pectin; antioxidant; lemon; flavonoids; hydrodynamic cavitation; IntegroPectin

Online: 18 March 2020 (02:37:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0631.v1

Engineering Novel Epitope-Based Subunit Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by Exploring the Immunoinformatics Approach

Bishajit Sarkar, Md. Asad Ullah, Yusha Araf, Mohammad Shahedur Rahman

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; In silico; Immunoinformatics; Vaccine designing

Online: 26 September 2020 (13:01:26 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0708.v1

Overview of Genomic Tools for Circular Visualization in next-Generation Genomic Sequencing Era

Alisha Parveen, Sukank Khurana, Abhishek Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: circular visualization; circos; genomics; next-generation sequencing

Online: 30 October 2018 (07:06:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0758.v1

Enterococcus faecalis Polymicrobial Interactions Facilitate Biofilm Formation, Antibiotic Recalcitrance, and Persistent Colonization of the Catheterized Urinary Tract

Jordan Gaston, Marissa Andersen, Alexandra Johnson, Kirsten Bair, Christopher Sullivan, L. Beryl Guterman, Ashley White, Aimee Brauer, Brian Learman, Ana Flores-Mireles, Chelsie Armbruster

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis; Proteus mirabilis; Polymicrobial; Biofilm; Catheter; Urinary Tract Infection

Online: 30 September 2020 (16:39:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0179.v1

Explicit Treatment of Non Michaelis-Menten and Atypical Kinetics in Early Drug Discovery

Bharath Srinivasan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Non Michaelis-Menten Kinetics; High-throughput screening; allostery; cooperativity; processive kinetics; distributive kinetics; single-molecule; auto-catalytic; drug discovery

Online: 8 October 2020 (13:34:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0508.v1

Moringa Oleifera L. Extracts as Bioactive Ingredients That Increasing Safety of Body Wash Cosmetics

Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Dominika Furman-Toczek, Tomasz Bujak, Tomasz Wasilewski

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Moringa oleifera L., antioxidant activity, cell culture, irritant potential

Online: 26 September 2018 (13:16:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0744.v1

DNA Processing in The Context of Non-Coding Transcription

Uthra Gowthaman, Desiré García-Pichardo, Yu Jin, Isabel Schwarz, Sebastian Marquardt

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription; gene regulation; tandem transcriptional interference (tTI); antisense transcription; DNA processing

Online: 31 July 2020 (10:47:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0360.v1

Transcriptional Inhibition of Host Viral Entry Proteins as a Therapeutic Strategy for SARS-CoV-2

Xinchen Wang, Ryan Dhindsa, Gundula Povysil, Anthony Zoghbi, Joshua Motelow, Joseph Hostyk, David Goldstein

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; transcriptional inhibition; COVID-19; drug repurposing; TMPRSS2

Online: 24 March 2020 (14:26:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0650.v1

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial Biofertilizers for Sustainable Crop Production: The Past, Present, and Future

Becky N. Aloo, Billy A. Makumba, Ernest R. Mbega

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: biofertilizers; sustainable agriculture; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; microbial formulations

Online: 26 September 2020 (16:48:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0013.v1

Tea Polysaccharides and Their Bioactivities

Ling-Ling Du, Qiu-Yue Fu, Li-Ping Xiang, Xin-Qiang Zheng, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye, Qing-Sheng Li, Curt Anthony Polito, Yue-Rong Liang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Camellia sinensis; tea ploysaccharides; chemical composition; antioxidant; antitumors; antihyperglycemia; anti-inflammation

Online: 5 September 2016 (10:19:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0283.v1

Production and Application of Octenyl Succinic-Modified Starch as Fat Replacer: A Review of Established and Recent Research

Riyan Anggriawan, Ali Maksum, Nurhayati Nurhayati

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: fat replacer; octenyl succinic anhydride; OSA starch; starch properties

Online: 17 May 2020 (08:14:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0157.v3

Exceptional Antioxidant, Non-Cytotoxic Activity of Integral Lemon Pectin from Hydrodynamic Cavitation

Domenico Nuzzo, Laura Cristaldi, Marzia Sciortino, Lorenzo Albanese, Antonino Scurria, Federica Zabini, Claudia Lino, Mario Pagliaro, Francesco Meneguzzo, Marta Di Carlo, Rosaria Ciriminna

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: pectin; antioxidant; lemon; flavonoids; hydrodynamic cavitation; IntegroPectin

Online: 31 March 2020 (05:00:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0006.v1

What Can Local Transfer Entropy Tell us About Phase-amplitude Coupling in Electrophysiological Signals?

Ramón Martínez-Cancino, Arnaud Delorme, Johanna Wagner, Kenneth Kreutz-Delgado, Roberto C. Sotero, Scott Makeig

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Phase amplitude coupling; cross frequency coupling; information theory; transfer entropy

Online: 1 October 2020 (08:59:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0097.v1

PyRosetta Jupyter Notebooks Teach Biomolecular Structure Prediction and Design

Kathy Le, Jared Adolf-Bryfogle, Jason Klima, Sergey Lyskov, Jason Labonte, Steven Bertolani, Shourya Roy Burman, Andrew Leaver-Fay, Brian Weitzner, Jack Maguire, Ramya Rangan, Matt Adrianowycz, Rebecca Alford, Aleexan Adal, Morgan Nance, Rhiju Das, Roland Dunbrack, William Schief, Brian Kuhlman, Justin Siegel, Jeffrey Gray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Protein structure and dynamics; Molecular structure and modeling; Protein and macromolecules; Computational methods and bioinformatics; Computer-based teaching tools; Learning materials and teaching tools; Multimedia teaching tools

Online: 7 February 2020 (11:42:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0258.v2

Asians Do Not Exhibit Elevated Expression or Unique Genetic Polymorphisms for ACE2, the Cell-Entry Receptor of SARS-CoV-2

Ying Chen, Kejia Shan, Wenfeng Qian

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cell-entry receptor; ACE2; The Cancer Genome Atlas; susceptibility; demographic factors; polymorphism

Online: 25 February 2020 (06:30:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0034.v1

SARS-CoV2 Variants and Vaccines mRNA Spikes Fibonacci Numerical UA/CG Metastructures

Jean-Claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV2; Biomathematics; vaccine; variants; mRNA; Fibonacci

Online: 1 April 2021 (17:32:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0263.v1

ctDNA as a Cancer Biomarker: A Broad Overview

Luciana Santos Pessoa, Manoela Heringer, Valéria Pereira Ferrer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: biomarker; blood/plasma; cancer; ctDNA; liquid biopsy

Online: 21 June 2020 (11:22:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0333.v1

Visiting Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) from a Breeding Perspective: A Review

Hari Kesh, Prashant Kaushik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: bitter gourd; breeding; genetic diversity; genomics; heterosis; molecular breeding; mutation breeding

Online: 19 April 2020 (06:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0352.v1

The Field Guide to 3D Printing in Microscopy

Mario Del Rosario, Hannah S. Heil, Afonso Mendes, Vittorio Saggiomo, Ricardo Henriques

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: 3d printing; microscopy; open-source; optics; super-resolution

Online: 14 May 2021 (16:10:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0324.v1

Methods for De-novo Genome Assembly

Arash Bayat, Hasindu Gamaarachchi, Nandan P. Deshpande, Marc R. Wilkins, Sri Parameswaran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: De-novo Genome Assembly; Short Read Genome Assembly; Long Read Genome Assembly; Hybrid Genome Assembly

Online: 28 June 2020 (08:56:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0439.v1

Comparative Docking Studies on Curcumin with COVID-19 Proteins

Renuka Suravajhala, Abhinav Parashar, Babita Malik, Arun V. Nagaraj, Govindarajan Padmanaban, PB Kavi Kishor, Rathnagiri Polavarapu, Prashanth Suravajhala

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: curcumin; COVID-19; nucleocapsid phosphoprotein; membrane glycoprotein; antiviral mechanism

Online: 27 May 2020 (04:54:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0145.v1

Methodology of Drought Stress Research: Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization

Natalia Osmolovskaya, Julia Shumilina, Ahyoung Kim, Anna Didio, Tatiana Grishina, Tatiana Bilova, Olga A. Keltsieva, Vladimir Zhukov, Igor Tikhonovich, Elena Tarakhovskaya, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Andrej Frolov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: drought stress; drought models; drought tolerance; oxidative stress; phytohormones; polyethylene glycol (PEG); stress markers

Online: 12 December 2018 (12:19:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0292.v1

Prediction of Drug Potencies of BACE1 Inhibitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and MM_GB(PB)SA Scoring

Mazen Hamed

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; BACE1; Molecular dynamics; MM/GBSA; Inhibitors; Drug likeness; Ligand efficiency, Kd.

Online: 10 November 2020 (09:10:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0283.v1

Development and Quality Analysis of Instant Soup Mix from Moringa oleifera Pod Powder

Faruk Ansari, Alpana Singh, Sanjay Patidar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Moringa; pods; instant soup mixes; proximate; sensory and storage study

Online: 10 June 2021 (09:08:44 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0332.v1

Instability of Nucleic Acids in Airborne Microorganisms under Far Infrared Radiation

Wei-Hong Huang, En-Jing Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: nucleic acids; airborne microorganisms; far infrared radiation; RNA virus

Online: 23 February 2020 (15:51:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0103.v1

Zebrafish as Toxicological Model for Screening and Recapitulate Human Diseases

Maria Virginia Caballero, Manila Candiracci

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: zebrafish; models; evaluation; drugs; cardiotoxicity; genotoxicity

Online: 20 December 2016 (10:34:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0254.v1

Microbial Quality of Frozen Chicken Parts from three Import Countries into the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana

Denis Dekugmen Yar, William K. J. Kwenin, Winfred Kwame Zanu, Gadafi Iddrisu Balali, Enos Kwame Adepa, Francis Gyapong

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Microbial quality; frozen chicken meat

Online: 10 December 2020 (12:27:31 CET)

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Background: There is an upsurge in the consumption of chicken meat leading to a high influx of imported frozen chicken parts into the Ghanaian markets with little information on their microbial qualities. This study examined the microbial quality of imported frozen chicken parts from three major import countries (USA, the Netherlands and Brazil) into the Kumasi Metropolis. Methods: A total of 45 chicken meat parts of 15 thighs, wings and backs from wholesale cold stores market in the Kumasi Metropolis were randomly sampled for laboratory examinations. A ten-fold serial dilution was performed on each homogenized chicken parts to determine microbiological quality using Plate Count Agar [1], MacConkey Agar (MCA), Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) for the total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp counts respectively incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used for fungal counts. We identified bacterial and fungal isolates using appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests. Descriptive data analysis was carried using SPSS-IBM version 16. Results: Mean TVCs of 5.93, 5.98 and 6.14 log10cfu/g were recorded for frozen chicken meats from the USA, the Netherlands and Brazil respectively. Means TCCs of 6.14, 5.93 and 5.98 log10cfu/g were obtained for chicken meats from Brazil, USA and the Netherlands respectively. Staphylococcus spp. (35.4%), E. coli (26.2%), Salmonella spp. (24.6%), and Klebsiella spp. (13.8%) were isolated with Aspergillus spp (33.3%), Rhizopus spp (27.3%), Penicillin spp (24.2%), and Cladosporium spp (15.2%). Chicken thighs, backs and wings recorded 46.2%, 29.2% and 24.6% bacterial contaminants in this order. Bacterial isolates of 49.2%, 28.8% and 22.0% were recorded in frozen chicken meat products from Brazil, the Netherlands USA respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that imported frozen chicken meats into the Ghanaian market have moderate quality with potential pathogens such as E. coli and Salmonella spp.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0149.v1

Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Origin, Cultivation, and Potential Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa

Amadou Tidiane Sall, Tiberio Chiari, Wasihun Legesse, Kemal Seid-Ahmed, Rodomiro Ortiz, Maarten Van Ginkel, Filippo Maria Bassi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Agro-industry; Ethiopia; oasis wheat; pasta wheat; Senegal River; value chain

Online: 12 April 2019 (11:04:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0124.v1

Screening of Immunosuppressive Factors for Identifying Breast Cancer Malignant Phenotypes Using mRNA Microarray Datasets

Zhuoqi Liu, Xiaohong Yang, Yunlei Song, Bo Huang, Yingquan Xiao, Weifeng Zhu, Lehan Yu, Xi Liu, Daya Luo, Fusheng Wan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: breast cancer; immunosuppressive factor; biomarker; online database

Online: 30 September 2016 (09:34:30 CEST)

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Preprint DATA DESCRIPTOR | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0305.v1

Theoretical Calculations and Analysis Method of the Physicochemical Properties of Phytochemicals to Predict Gastrointestinal Absorption

Luis A. Vélez, Yamixa Delgado, Yancy Ferrer-Acosta, Ivette J. Suárez-Arroyo, Priscilla Rodríguez, Daraishka Pérez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Physicochemical properties; Gastrointestinal absorption; Lipinski's rules; Veber's rules; Ghose's rules; Muegge's rules

Online: 24 February 2022 (08:35:30 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Protein/RNA World and the Origin of Life

Sankar Chatterjee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: protein/rna world; plasma membrane; cytoplasm; virus world; pre-retro virus; emergence of dna; transcription and replication; first cells; hyperthermophiles; luca; bacteria and archaea; anoxygenic bacteria; oxygenic bacteria; global distribution of cyanobacteria

Online: 15 October 2019 (11:18:58 CEST)

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The transition from the Peptide/RNA world to the Protein/RNA world in the hydrothermal vent environment was a major event in the history of life. The advent of proteins utterly changed the conditions of emerging life, representing a watershed in its development. During subsequent translation various protein enzymes emerged driving protocells into a more complex and interconnected system. With their astonishing versatility, the protein enzymes catalyzed crucial biochemical reactions within protocells into more complex biomolecules in diverse metabolic pathways, whereas structural proteins provided strength and permeability in the cell membrane. Four major events followed after availability of various kinds of protein molecules during prebiotic synthesis. These are: (1) the modification of the phospholipid membrane into the plasma membrane; (2) the origin of primitive cytoplasm; (3) the beginnings of the virus world; and (4) the advent of DNA. The first innovation mediated by proteins was the improvement of the cell membrane. The phospholipid membrane was initially evolved in a vent environment from the gradual modification of a fatty acid membrane via an intermediate phosphatidate acid by non-enzymatic reactions. The phospholipid is then synthesized from phosphatidate acid by a series of enzymes. To make the phospholipid membrane more permeable, various protein molecules interacted with the cell membrane. Proteins not only stabilized the wall membrane, but also acted as pumps, preventing some molecules from the protocells from crossing the membrane barriers, while permitting other selected molecules and ions to enter and leave the protocell. The second modification led by proteins is the gradual conversion of the interior of the protocell from a water-like medium into a gel-like cytoplasm, which became the storehouse of a wide range of biomolecules including amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes, as well as salt and water. The third innovation utilizing the newly synthesized proteins was the emergence of the ancient virus world. In the milieu of different kinds of mRNAs in the prebiotic soup, jelly-roll capsid genes originated de novo within genomes of nonviral mRNAs by overprinting. These fragile capsid genes were possibly coated by proteins on the mineral substrate for stability and durability, transforming them into ancient viral particles. These protein coats were random and were not encoded by encased genes. Some protocells might have engulfed these viral particles, when the capsid genes utilized the ribosomes of the host to translate into the appropriate capsid proteins. These capsid proteins then coated the viral genes to make new copies of primordial viruses inside the protocell. Since then, viruses became capsid-encoding organisms. These primordial mRNA viruses parasitized RNA-based protocells, manipulating them to make new copies of themselves. This was the beginning of a relentless war between viruses and their protocellular hosts. The next stage in viral evolution was the emergence of a primitive retrovirus (pre-retrovirus) with a new kind of replicative strategy in a sense that it could turn its RNA into DNA using its own reverse transcriptase enzyme. This is the beginning of the Retro world that facilitated the transition from RNA to DNA genomes. The infection of RNA protocells with pre-retroviruses progressively transferred the RNA genome to a viral DNA genome by retro-transcription. The advent of DNA by the pre-retrovirus marks the fourth innovation, when a number of enzymes had already developed and were utilized by pre-retroviruses. With continued infection, DNA viruses slowly transferred not only their core replication enzymes, such as helicase, primase, and DNA polymerase, to RNA protocells, but also to their DNAs as well. Thus, began the DNA world, when DNA replaced RNA as the major genome of the protocells. With the advent of DNA, replication of information was entirely dissociated from its expression. Because DNA is much more stable than mRNA with more storage capacity, it is a superb archive for information systems in the form of base sequences. DNA progressively took over the replicative storage function of mRNA, leaving the latter for protein synthesis. The new protocell with the DNA genome will diversify into large populations of DNA protocells that will outcompete populations of RNA protocells. Genetic information began to flow from DNA to mRNA to protein in a two-step process involving transcription and translation. In the biological stage, DNA replication was central to the binary fission of the first cell, orchestrated by the duplication of genomes and then the division of the parent cell into two identical daughter cells. It was carried out by a set of enzymes that formed a Z-ring at the site of replication. With the onset of binary fission, the population of primitive cells grew rapidly in the hydrothermal vent environment, undergoing Darwinian evolution and diversification. These primordial hyperthermophiles, presumably the first life, obtained food and energy directly from the vent environment. However, such a situation was self-limiting, so the early cells evolved their own mechanisms for generating metabolic energy and synthesizing the molecules necessary for their reproduction. The earliest fossil record (≥ 3.5 Ga) of biotic activity is preserved in the Archean hydrothermal and sedimentary rocks of the Nuvvuagittuq Craton of Canada, the Isua Craton of Greenland, the Pilbara Craton of Australia, the Kaapvaal Craton of South Africa, and the Singhbhum Craton of India in the form of the carbonaceous remains of microbial cells, cellular microfossils, and stromatolites. These microscopic fossils provide crucial evidence of the origin and early evolution of prokaryotic cells, beginning with hyperthermophiles. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that both domains of life ¬– Bacteria and Archaea probably split from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), a hyperthermophilic organism. In the younger sequences of these Archean cratons, two kinds of photosynthetic bacteria, anoxygenic green sulfur bacteria, and oxygenic cyanobacteria, appeared in quick succession from the thermophilic ancestor, indicating a shift of niche from a benthic to a planktonic, with reduced thermotolerance. The development of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis would have allowed life to escape the hydrothermal setting and invade a newly evolved habitat—broad continental shelves to tap solar energy. Cyanobacteria invaded the global ocean, turned it into blue and green, produced oxygen for the first time, and left their signatures in the carbonates and stromatolites.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0103.v1

Fructose Consumption in the Development of Obesity and the Effects of Different Protocols of Physical Exercise on the Hepatic Metabolism

Rodrigo M. Pereira, José Diego Botezelli, Kellen Cristina Da Cruz Rodrigues, Dennys Esper Cintra, José Rodrigo Pauli, Adelino Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Sanchez, Eduardo Rochette Ropelle, Leandro P. de Moura

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: fructose; obesity; liver; aerobic exercise; strength exercise; combined exercise

Online: 28 February 2017 (12:02:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0075.v1

Eﬀects of Probiotic Bacillus on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Aquaculture

Ashikur Rahman, Shoaibe Hossain Talukder Shefat, Mohammed Anas Chowdhury

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Probiotics; Bacillus subtilis; growth performance; immune-hematological parameters; stress resistance

Online: 2 March 2021 (11:06:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0234.v1

Compounding Health Risks and Increased Vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals in the United States

Elise M. Myers

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; comorbidity; race and ethnicity; health disparities; income; inequality; influenza

Online: 15 April 2020 (09:25:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0383.v1

Achieving a Good Crystal System for Crystallographic X-ray Fragment Screening

Patrick M. Collins, Alice Douangamath, Romain Talon, Alexandre Dias, José Brandão-Neto, Tobias Krojer, Frank von Delft

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: fragment screening; XChem; protein crystallisation; X-ray crystallography; diamond light source; I04-1; structural genomics consortium

Online: 19 September 2018 (11:37:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0817.v1

Hunting for Previous Coronavirus Pandemics Using Corpus Linguistic Analysis of 19th Century British Newspapers

Rosita Solovejute, Derek Gatherer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; OC43; coronavirus; pandemic; influenza; historical revisionism; corpus linguistics

Online: 31 December 2020 (13:47:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0080.v1

Determination of Genetic Variations of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2, 4 and 6 with Next Generation Sequencing in Native Cattle Breeds of Anatolia and Holstein Friesian

Nuket Bilgen, Bengi Cinar Kul, Victoria Offord, Dirk Werling, Okan Ertugrul

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Anatolian Black; East Anatolian Red; South Anatolian Red; Turkish Grey; Holstein Friesian; Innate immunity; Next Generation Sequencing; TLR2; TLR4; TLR6

Online: 23 September 2016 (05:44:43 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0595.v1

De-novo Assembly of RaTG13 Genome Reveals Inconsistencies Further Obscuring SARS-CoV-2 Origins

Mohit Singla, Saad Ahmad, Chandan Gupta, Tavpritesh Sethi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; de novo assembly; metagenomics; data quality

Online: 27 August 2020 (07:56:01 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0717.v1

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

Malik Sallam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: vaccine hesitancy; vaccine acceptance; anti-vaccination; COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine rejection

Online: 29 December 2020 (08:46:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0127.v1

Polygenic Selection, Polygenic Scores, Spatial Autocorrelation and Correlated Allele Frequencies. Can We Model Polygenic Selection on Intellectual Abilities?

Davide Piffer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: GWAS; educational attainment; polygenic selection

Online: 27 January 2017 (03:55:50 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0667.v1

Conventional Breeding, Molecular Breeding and Speed Breeding; Brave Approaches to Revamp the Production of Cereal Crops

Muhammad Haroon, Muhammad Mubashar Zafar, Muhammad Awais Farooq, Rabail Afzal, Maria Batool, Fahad Idrees, Usman Babar, Abdu Saboor Khan, Huijuan Mo, Lin Li, Maozhi Ren

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Plant breeding; Genome editing; Molecular breeding; Prime editing; Base editing; CRISPR Cas; Epigenetics; Speed breeding

Online: 26 November 2020 (11:17:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0139.v1

Six Fractal Codes of Biological Life:perspectives in Exobiology, Cancers Basic Research and Artificial Intelligence Biomimetism Decisions Making

Jean Claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: /

Online: 7 September 2018 (13:30:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0117.v1

Transcriptomic and Metabolomics Analyses Show that High Carbohydrate Induces Fatty Liver in Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Wassana Prisingkorn, Panita Prathomya, Han Liu, Fang-Yu Deng, Yu-Hua Zhao, Wei-Min Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: blunt snout bream; high carbohydrate; transcriptome; metabolomics; insulin resistance; fatty liver disease

Online: 26 January 2017 (03:52:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0052.v1

IgG Charge

Danlin Yang, Rachel Kroe-Barrett, Sanjaya Singh, Thomas Laue

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: analytical electrophoresis; IgG subclasses; monoclonal IgG; protein charge

Online: 2 November 2018 (10:42:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0047.v1

Evidence for Recent Polygenic Selection on Educational Attainment Inferred from GWAS Hits

Davide Piffer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: educational attainment; polygenes; polygenic selection; GWAS

Online: 8 November 2016 (10:08:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0096.v1

Prokaryotic gene-family size correlations

Gon Carmi, Alexander Bolshoy

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: number of paralogs; comparative genomics; combinatorial optimization; Mycoplasmas; Halophiles; Orientia; Mycobacterium leprae; genome size

Online: 29 July 2016 (16:24:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0292.v1

Mathematical Models as Tools to Predict the Release Kinetic of Fluorescein from Monoglyceride Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Donatella Paolino, Andra Tudose, Christian Celia, Luisa Di Marzio, Felisa Cilurzo, Constantin Mircioiu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: monoglyceride colloidal liquid crystals; release profile; mathematical models; drug delivery systems; release kinetic; square root laws

Online: 17 September 2018 (09:33:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0094.v1

Destabilization Mechanism of Ionic Surfactant on Curcumin Nanocrystal against Electrolyte

Heni Rachmawati

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: curcumin; nanosuspension; electrolyte; particle aggregation; stabilizer; ionic surfactant

Online: 26 September 2016 (11:47:18 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0116.v1

Computational Approaches to Functionally Annotate Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA)

Yashpal Ramakrishnaiah, Levin Kuhlmann, Sonika Tyagi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: noncoding RNA; lncRNA; epigenomics; gene regulation; machine learning; bioinformatics

Online: 9 June 2020 (04:45:12 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0661.v1

A Review on Present Scenario of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Mohammad Rejaur Rahman, Emran Hossain Sajib, Ishtiak Malique Chowdhury, Anik Banik, Rahul Bhattacharya, Hasan Ahmed

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemic situation; Bangladesh; Health sector; Biotechnology

Online: 25 December 2020 (13:08:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0134.v1

A Crispr-Cas9 System Designed to Introduce Point Mutations into the Human ACE2 Gene to Weaken the Interaction of the ACE2 Receptor with the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein

Pedro Tanaka, Jadson Santos, Ernna Oliveira, Natane Miglioli, Amanda Assis, Ana Monteleone-Cassiano, Vitor Ribeiro, Max Duarte, Mayara Machado, Romario Mascarenhas, Alex Souza, Leticia Brito, Leticia Oliveira, Eduardo Donadi, Geraldo Passos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Crispr-Cas9; ACE2 gene; SARS-CoV-2; new coronavirus; COVID-19

Online: 7 May 2020 (15:26:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0085.v1

Identification of Drought-Responsive microRNAs from Roots and Leaves of Alfalfa by High-Throughput Sequencing

Yue Li, Liqiang Wan, Shuyi Bi, Xiufu Wan, Zhenyi Li, Jing Cao, Zongyong Tong, Hongyu Xu, Feng He, Xianglin Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: alfalfa; drought; microRNA; small RNA; differential expression

Online: 23 February 2017 (09:50:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0021.v1

Zinc Finger and X-Linked Factor (ZFX) Binds to Human SET Transcript 2 Promoter and Transactivates SET Expression

Siliang Xu, Shi-Wen Jiang, Fengbiao Guo, Tristan Senkowski, Jinping Li, Haibin Chen, Alberto Romero, Yugui Cui, Jiayin Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SET; I2PP2A; ZFX; transcriptional regulation; gynecologic cancers

Online: 8 October 2016 (10:52:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0265.v1

Current Advances in Therapeutic Peptides: Past and Future Trends

Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Fazle Elahi, Su-Jung Yeon, Akanksha Tyagi, Deog-Hwan Oh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Peptides; Clinical Practice; Drug Therapy; Therapeutic

Online: 10 February 2021 (15:51:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0149.v1

Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) Identified from the Library of FDA Approved Drugs Using Molecular Docking Studies

Dipesh Verma, Srajan Kapoor, Satyajeet Das, Krishan Thakur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Mpro; Molecular docking; MM-GBSA

Online: 9 April 2020 (11:05:55 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0136.v1

Eco-Safety Assessment of Glyoxal-Containing Cellulose Ether on Freeze-Dried Microbial Strain, Cyanobacteria, Daphnia, and Zebrafish

Chang-Beom Park, Min Ju Song, Nak Woon Choi, Sunghoon Kim, Hyun Pyo Jeon, Sanghun Kim, Youngjun Kim

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Aquatic-toxic effects; EU chemical regulation; Glyoxal-containing cellulose ether

Online: 31 January 2017 (12:10:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0280.v1

Spraying of dsRNA Molecules Derived from Phytophthora Infestans, as a Plant Protection Strategies for the Management of Potato Late Blight

Sundaresha S., Sanjeev Sharma, Aarti Bairwa, Maharishi Tomar, Ravinder Kumar, Vinay Bhardwaj, Jeevalatha A, Rahul Bakade, Neha Salaria, Kajal Thakur, Bir Pal Singh, Chakrabarti S.K

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Double stranded RNA; Nano clay; Phytophthora infestans; Potato; Spray Induced gene silencing (SIGS)

Online: 11 February 2021 (11:07:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0656.v1

Orchid Conservation Initiatives in Malaysia

Rusea Go, Edward Entalai Besi, Mohd Puat Dahalan, Raffae Ahmad, Ag. Shaffie Ag. Ahmadni, Runi Sylvester Pungga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: orchid books; database; species; documentations; policy; extinction

Online: 26 November 2020 (07:36:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0039.v1

Evidence for Recent Polygenic Selection on Educational Attainment and Intelligence Inferred from GWAS Hits: A Replication of Previous Findings Using Recent Data

Davide Piffer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: educational attainment; polygenes; polygenic selection; IQ; GWAS

Online: 8 June 2017 (08:11:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0111.v1

Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Erigeron floribundus

Riccardo Petrelli, Giuseppe Orsomando, Leonardo Sorci, Filippo Maggi, Farahnaz Ranjbarian, Prosper C. Biapa Nya, Dezemona Petrelli, Luca A. Vitali, Giulio Lupidi, Luana Quassinti, Massimo Bramucci, Anders Hofer, Loredana Cappel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Erigeron floribundus; essential oil; antimicrobial; NadD; Trypanosoma brucei; cytotoxicity; antioxidant; limonene; caryophyllene oxide

Online: 10 August 2016 (12:36:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0123.v1

Discovery of Potent Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: 2-Aminoindan β-Lactam Derivatives

Hayriye Genç, Ramazan Kalin, Zeynep Köksal, Nastaran Sadeghian, Umit M. Kocyigit, Mustafa Zengin, İlhami Gülçin, Hasan Özdemir

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: carbonic anhydrase; acetylcholinesterase; β-Lactam; 2-Azetidinone; enzyme inhibition; enzyme purification

Online: 30 September 2016 (05:38:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0093.v1

Aspalathin Protects the Heart against Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Damage by Up-regulating Nrf2 Expression

Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Christo J. F. Muller, Elizabeth Joubert, Johan Louw, M. Faadiel Essop, Kwazi B. Gabuza, Samira Ghoor, Barbara Huisamen, Rabia Johnson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: diabetes mellitus; cardiomyopathy; hyperglycemia; oxidative stress; aspalathin; Nrf2

Online: 17 November 2016 (11:07:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0037.v1

Theranostic Probes for Targeting Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview

Musafar Gani Sikkandhar, Anu Maashaa Nedumaran, Roopa Ravichandar, Satnam Singh, Induja Santhakumar, Zheng Cong Goh, Sachin Mishra, Govindaraju Archunan, Balázs Gulyás, Parasuraman Padmanabhan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: tumor microenvironment; nanoparticle; nanotheronostics; probe; imaging

Online: 13 February 2017 (09:33:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0028.v1

Mercury Exposure and Heart Diseases

Giuseppe Genchi, Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Alessia Carocci, Graziantonio Lauria, Alessia Catalano

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: mercury; antioxidants; cardiovascular diseases; cardiotoxicity; chelating agents

Online: 10 October 2016 (09:49:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0044.v1

In Vitro and in Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Extracts from Polyalthia suaveolens, Uvaria angolensis and Monodora tenuifolia (Annonaceae)

Alvine N. Mfopa, Lauve R. Y. Tchokouaha, Cedric D.J. Mbouna, Marthe A. T. Tchuente, Rufin M. T. Kouipou, Patrick V. T. Fokou, Eugenie A. M. Kemgne, Raceline G. Kamkumo, Fabrice F. Boyom

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Polyalthia suaveolens; Uvaria angolensis; Monodora tenuifolia; Plasmodium falciparum K1; toxicity; antimalarial

Online: 8 December 2016 (08:59:49 CET)

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The present study aimed at investigating the in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of malaria parasites to crude extracts and fractions from Polyalthia suaveolens, Uvaria angolensis, and Monodora tenuifolia. The ethanolic extracts were prepared by maceration, and were further partitioned using water, dichloromethane, hexane, and methanol. The most promising fraction was subjected to column chromatography and the sub-fractions tested for activity in vitro. The antiplasmodial effect of extracts and fractions was tested against the Chloroquine resistant (PfK1) strain in 96 wells microtiter plate format using SYBR green florescence assay. The promising fraction was further assessed for cytotoxicity and acute toxicity in Swiss albino mice and subsequently against the rodent malaria parasite, P. berghei. Qualitative phytochemical screening was also performed on the promising fraction. The methanol fractions exerted the overall better effect with that of the twigs of P. suaveolens (PStw(Ace)) showing the highest potency with a IC50 value of 3.24 µg/mL followed by the fractions of leaf of M. tenuifolia (MoTel(Ace), IC50= 3.84 µg/ml) and stem bark of P. suaveolens (IC50= 4.90 µg/ml). The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, lactones, and phenols in the more active fraction of P. suaveolens (PStw(Ace)). The chromatographic fractionation of this fraction led to 12 sub-fractions with PS8 sub-fraction being the most active (IC50= 4.42 µg/mL). In vivo, oral administration of 2000 mg/kg b.w of fraction PStw(Ace) in mice showed no signs of toxicity. Also, fraction PStw(Ace) at 400 mg/kg b.w exerted the highest suppressive effect against P. berghei strain B throughout the 4 days experiment (% parasitaemia below 5.2%). Overall, the results achieved supported the use of the three plants in the traditional treatment of malaria in Cameroon. More interestingly, the methanolic fraction of the twigs extract from P. suaveolens might be of interest in future development of an antimalarial phytodrug.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0040.v1

Sarcocystis neurona Protein Kinases: Computational Identification, Evolutionary Analysis and Putative Inhibitor Docking

Edwin Kimathi Murungi, Henry Muriuki Kariithi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Sarcocystis neurona; EPM; docking; apicomplexans; phylogeny; homology modeling

Online: 9 January 2017 (05:19:32 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0324.v1

Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in Ethiopia: Implications of Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review Paper

Wakshum Shiferaw

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Climate; Conservation agriculture; GHG emission; Livestock husbandry; Mitigation

Online: 14 December 2020 (11:01:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0054.v1

Functional and Regulatory Profiling of Energy Metabolism in Fission Yeast

Michal Malecki, Danny A. Bitton, Maria Rodriguez-Lopez, Charalampos Rallis, Noelia Garcia Cavalia, Graeme C. Smith, Jurg Bahler

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: energy metabolism; respiration; fermentation; auxotrophy; retrograde response

Online: 14 October 2016 (10:58:50 CEST)

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Background: The control of energy metabolism is fundamental for cell growth and function, and anomalies are implicated in complex diseases and ageing. It is important for cells to carefully tune metabolic pathways to optimize their function in response to different nutrient or physiological conditions. Metabolism in yeast cells can be easily manipulated by supplying different carbon sources: on glucose yeast rapidly proliferates by fermentation, analogous to tumour cells growing by aerobic glycolysis, whereas on non-fermentable carbon sources metabolism shifts towards respiration. Results: We screened deletion libraries of fission yeast to identify over 200 genes required for respiratory growth. The growth medium and auxotrophic mutants strongly influenced respiratory metabolism. Most genes uncovered in the mutant screens have not been implicated in respiration in budding yeast. We applied gene expression profiling approaches to compare steady-state fermentative and respiratory growth and to analyse the dynamic adaptation to respiratory growth. The transcript levels of most genes functioning in key energy metabolism pathways were coherently tuned, reflecting anticipated differences in metabolic flows between fermenting and respiring cells. We show that the acetyl-CoA synthase, rather than the citrate lyase, is essential for acetyl-CoA synthesis in fission yeast. We also investigated the transcriptional response to mitochondrial damage by genetic or chemical perturbations, defining a retrograde response that involves the concerted regulation of distinct groups of nuclear genes that may avert harm from mitochondrial malfunction. Conclusions: These systematic and targeted analyses provide a rich framework of the genetic and regulatory basis of fundamental metabolic states to guide future studies on energy metabolism in fission yeast and beyond. Our study pinpoints weaknesses of commonly used auxotroph mutants for investigating energy metabolism. As a model for cellular energy regulation, fission yeast provides an attractive and complementary system to budding yeast.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0074.v1

miR-30a as Potential Therapeutic by Targeting TET1 through Regulation of the Hydroxymethlation of Drp-1 Promoter in IPF

Songzi Zhang, Huizhu Liu, Yuxia Liu, Jie Zhang, Hongbo Li, Weili Liu, Guohong Cao, Pan Xu, Jinjin Zhang, Changjun Lv, Xiaodong Song

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; miR-30a; TET1; Drp-1

Online: 16 January 2017 (04:44:44 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0046.v1

Targeting MicroRNAs in Cancer Gene Therapy

Weidan Ji, Bin Sun, Changqing Su

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cancer; microRNA; gene therapy; oncogene; tumor suppressor gene

Online: 9 January 2017 (10:24:03 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0044.v1

Opportunities for Biomanufacturing in Low Earth Orbit: Current Status and Future Directions

Marc Giulianotti, Arun Sharma, Rachel Clemens, Orquidea Garcia, Lansing Taylor, Nicole Wagner, Kelly Shepard, Anjali Gupta, Siobhan Malany, Alan Grodzinsky, Mary Kearns-Jonker, Devin Mair, Deok-Ho Kim, Michael Roberts, Jeanne Loring, Jianying Hu, Lara Warren, Sven Eenmaa, Joe Bozada, Eric Paljug, Mark Roth, Donald Taylor, Gary Rodrigue, Patrick Cantini, Amelia Smith, William Wagner

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: microgravity, stem cells, microphysiological systems, organoids, biofabrication, biomanufacturing, space

Online: 2 August 2021 (13:29:43 CEST)

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In humankind’s endeavor to explore beyond our planet and travel further into space, we are now at the threshold of an era in which it is possible to move to and from low Earth orbit (LEO) with increasing ease and reduced cost. Through the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory, investigators from industry, academia, and government can easily access the unique LEO environment on the ISS to conduct research and development (R&D) activities in ways not possible on Earth. A key advantage of the LEO environment for life sciences research is the ability to conduct experiments in sustained microgravity conditions. The ability to conduct long-term research in microgravity enables opportunities for novel, fundamental studies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, including research on stem cell proliferation and differentiation, biofabrication, and disease modeling using microphysiological systems (MPS) that build on prior research using simulated microgravity conditions (Grimm, D., et al. 2018). Over the last decade, space-based research has demonstrated that microgravity informs our knowledge of fundamental biology and accelerates advancements in health care and medical technologies (International Space Station 2019). The benefits provided by conducting biomedical research in LEO may lead to breakthroughs not achievable on Earth. We are now at a transition point, in which nations are changing their approach to space-based R&D. The focus is shifting from government-funded fundamental science toward the expansion of privately funded R&D with terrestrial application and economic value that will drive a robust marketplace for innovation and manufacturing in LEO. Making this long-term transition requires public-private participation and near-term funding to support critical R&D to leverage the benefits of the LEO environment and de-risk space-based research. Studies conducted on the ISS over the past several years have indicated that one area with potential significant economic value and benefit to life on Earth is space-based biomanufacturing, or the use of biological and nonbiological materials to produce commercially relevant biomolecules and biomaterials for use in preclinical, clinical, and therapeutic applications. We must take advantage of the remaining lifetime of the ISS as a valuable LEO platform to demonstrate this economic value and Earth benefit. By facilitating access to the space station, the ISS National Lab is uniquely positioned to enable the R&D necessary to bridge the gap between the initial discovery phase of space-based biomedical research and the development of a sustainable, investment-worthy biomanufacturing market in LEO supported by future commercial platforms. Through a joint effort, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), which manages the ISS National Lab, and the University of Pittsburgh’s McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine brought together thought leaders from around the U.S. for a Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium that consisted of a series of working sessions to review data from past space-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research, discuss relevant current space-based R&D in this area, and consider potential future markets to address the questions: What are the most promising opportunities to leverage the ISS to advance space-based biomanufacturing moving forward? What are the current gaps or barriers that, if overcome, could clear pathways toward private investment in LEO as a valued site for research, development, and production activity? And, most importantly: For which opportunities do the most compelling value propositions exist? The goal of the Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium was to help identify the specific areas in which government and industry investment would be most likely to stimulate advancements that overcome barriers. This would lead to a more investment-ready landscape for private interests to enter the market and fuel exponential growth. The symposium was meant to serve as the first step in developing a roadmap to a sustainable market for biomanufacturing in space. The symposium identified and prioritized multiple key R&D opportunities to advance space-based biomanufacturing. These opportunities fall in the areas of disease modeling, stem cells and stem-cell-derived products, and biofabrication. Additionally, symposium participants highlighted the critical need for additional data to help validate and de-risk these opportunities and concluded that approaches such as automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning will be needed to produce and capture the required data. Symposium participants also came to a consensus that public-private partnerships and funding will be needed to advance the opportunities toward a biomanufacturing marketplace in LEO. This paper will summarize the current state of the science and technology on the ISS and in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; provide an overview of biomanufacturing R&D in space to date; review the goals of the Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium; highlight the key commercial opportunities and gaps identified during the symposium; provide information on potential market sizes; and briefly discuss the next steps in developing a roadmap to biomanufacturing in space.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0035.v1

Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)

Francisco Prosdocimi, Marco V José, Sávio Torres de Farias

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: origin of life; LUCA; FUCA; RNA World; PTC; Archaea; translation system

Online: 4 June 2018 (11:17:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0104.v1

Myeloperoxidase as an Active Disease Biomarker: Its Recent Biochemical and Pathological Perspectives

Amjad A. Khan, Mohammad A. Alsahli, Arshad H. Rahmani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: myeloperoxidase, leukocytes, inflammation, oxidative stress, chronic diseases, disease biomarker

Online: 15 February 2018 (16:54:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0146.v1

CSI NGS Portal: An Online Platform for Automated NGS Data Analysis and Sharing

Ömer An, Kar-Tong Tan, Ying Li, Jia Li, Chan-Shuo Wu, Bin Zhang, Leilei Chen , Henry Yang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: NGS data analysis; bioinformatics pipelines

Online: 13 October 2019 (15:51:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0454.v1

Discovering the health promoting potential of fermented papaya preparation- its future perspectives for the dietary management of oxidative stress during diabetes

Jhoti Somanah-Bhugowandeen, Manish Putteeraj, Okezie Aruoma, Theeshan Bahorun

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Carica papaya; fermented papaya preparation (FPP); free radical scavenging; antioxidant; oxidative stress; anti-diabetic; anti-carcinogenic

Online: 24 July 2018 (11:39:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0360.v2

TMPRSS2 Transcriptional Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19

Xinchen Wang, Ryan Dhindsa, Gundula Povysil, Anthony Zoghbi, Joshua Motelow, Joseph Hostyk, Nicholas Nickols, Matthew Rettig, David B. Goldstein

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; transcriptional inhibition; COVID-19; drug repurposing; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 April 2020 (09:39:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0176.v1

Spectrum of Camel Evolution and its Impact on Ancient Human Migration

Indu Sharma, Jyotsna Sharma, Sachin Kumar, Hemender Singh, Varun Sharma, Niraj Rai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Bactrian camel; Last Glacial Maximum; Million Years Ago; Human migration

Online: 8 February 2021 (10:30:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0094.v1

Transcription Profile Unveils the Cardioprotective Effect of Aspalathin against Lipid Toxicity

Rabia Johnson, Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Christo J.F. Muller, Barbara Huisamen, M. Faadiel Essop, Johan Louw

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; cardiomyopathy; lipid toxicity; polyphenols; aspalathin

Online: 17 November 2016 (11:19:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0121.v1

Evaluation of EphA2 and EphB4 as Targets for Image-Guided Colorectal Cancer Surgery

Marieke A. Stammes, Hendrica A. J. M. Prevoo, Meyke C. Ter Horst, Stéphanie A. Groot, Cornelis J. H. Van De Velde, Alan B. Chan, Lioe-Fee De Geus-Oei, Peter J. K. Kuppen, Alexander L. Vahrmeijer, Elena B. Pasquale, Cornelis F. M. Sier

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: tissue microarray; immunohistochemistry; cancer imaging; tyrosine kinase receptor; normal tissue; colon cancer

Online: 24 November 2016 (11:07:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0106.v1

Flavonoid and Antioxidant Capacity of Propolis Prediction Usingnear Infrared Spectroscopy

Eddy Betances-Salcedo, Isabel Revilla, Ana M. Vivar-Quintana, M. Inmaculada González-Martín

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: propolis; NIR spectroscopy; flavonoids; antioxidant capacity

Online: 12 May 2017 (05:53:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0111.v1

AKR1C1 as a Biomarker for Differentiating the Biological Effects of Combustible from Non-Combustible Tobacco Products

Sangsoon Woo, Hong Gao, David Henderson, Wolfgang Zacharias, Gang Liu, Quynh T. Tran, G. L. Prasad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: aldo-keto reductases; cigarette smoke; smokeless tobacco products; nicotine; oral cavity cells; xenobiotic metabolism

Online: 25 January 2017 (04:20:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0333.v1

An In Silico Analysis of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Interactions with Proteins Involved in Placental Functions

Ashikh A. Seethy, Sunil Singh, Indrani Mukherjee, Karthikeyan Pethusamy, Kakali Purkayastha, Jai Bhagwan Sharma, Ruby Dhar, Subhradip Karmakar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pregnancy; trophoblasts; interactome; placenta

Online: 21 May 2020 (03:38:05 CEST)

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COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving medical emergency that has drawn global attention, unprecedented in any disease of its kind in recent times. The magnitude of the health crisis emerging from this pandemic has overwhelmed health care workers worldwide and called in for extraordinary measures to contain this virus. A simple Pubmed query on “COVID-19” returned with 12214 articles (as on May 17^th, 2020), published just within a few months. A detailed survey revealed around 250 clinical reports, 8 clinical trials, 9 meta-analyses, and 906 reviews that were published during this time span. Combining the strings “COVID-19 and Pregnancy” yielded a total of 132 reports while querying “COVID-19 and Placenta” returned with just 11 articles Even taking into considerations that few materials are in the PrePrint Server, we still have a gross under-representation of studies addressing the effect of this disease on pregnancy outcome and maternal & child health. An essential aspect of a successful pregnancy is proper placentation, where transiently invasive placental trophoblast cells invade the maternal endometrium to establish a functional feto-maternal communication. Based on the elegant study by David. E. Gordon, et al. published in Nature (April 30, 2020), which identified 332 human host proteins interacting with SARS-nCoV2 using an affinity-based purification, we interrogated several gene expression data sets available at NCBI-GEO related to trophoblast invasion and differentiation. Both of these processes are indispensable for placentation and fetal survival. Our analysis showed several overlaps with the interactome proteins implying that SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect several proteins, which are crucial for trophoblasts function. GeneMANIA and STRING based functional analysis further revealed that several of that SARS-CoV-2 interacting trophoblast proteins as a hub for the protein-protein interaction network. Our study thus elucidates the possible effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on placenta formation and pregnancy outcome.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0055.v1

Cloning and Characterization of an Alginate Lyase from Marine Vibrio. sp. QD-5

Yaxi Chao, Shuyan Wang, Suqi Wu, Jiaqiang Wei, Hao Chen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: alginate lyase; Vibrio sp.QD-5; alginate

Online: 8 May 2017 (09:27:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0145.v1

Structural Insights into Thermotoga maritima FtsH Periplasmic Domain on Substrate Recognition

Jun Yop An, Humayun Sharif, Gil Bu Kang, Kyung Jin Park, Jung-Gyu Lee, Sukyeong Lee, Mi Sun Jin, Ji-Joon Song, Jimin Wang, Soo Hyun Eom

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ATP-dependent proteolysis, Non-native membrane proteins, Periplasmic domain, Crystal structure, Photosystem II.

Online: 29 December 2016 (17:16:52 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0001.v1

Use of a Yeast TRNase Killer Toxin to Diagnose Kti12 Motifs Required for TRNA Modification by Elongator

Raffael Schaffrath, Constance Mehlgarten, Heike Prochaska, Alexander Hammermeister, Wael Abdel-Fattah, Melanie Wagner, Rościsław Krutyhołowa, Sang Eun Jun, Gyung-Tae Kim, Sebastian Glatt, Karin D. Breunig, Michael J.R. Stark

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Zymocin; ribotoxin; tRNase; Kti12; Elongator complex; tRNA anticodon modification

Online: 2 August 2017 (11:45:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0250.v1

Intestinal Absorption of β-Glucans and Their Effect on the Immune System

Shingo Hino, Naomichi Nishimura, Tsukasa Matsuda, Tatsuya Morita

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: β-glucan; intestinal absorption; immune system

Online: 10 December 2020 (11:30:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0012.v1

Bio-Resource Exchange: Study of Prevalence of Antibody Donation and Development of a Web Portal to Facilitate it

Sandeep Subramanian, Madhavi Ganapathiraju

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: data exchange; resource donations; text mining

Online: 5 October 2016 (15:08:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0059.v1

Optimization of Lactoperoxidase and Lactoferrin Separation on an Ion-Exchange Chromatography Step

Naeimeh Faraji, Yan Zhang, Ajay K. Ray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cation exchange chromatography; minor milk protein; response surface modeling; simulation; steric mass action (SMA); optimization

Online: 12 January 2017 (09:59:40 CET)

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Biology and Life Sciences