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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0075.v1

A Framework Proposal for the Ex-post Evaluation of a Solution-Driven Pes Scheme. The Case of Medvednica Nature Park

Stefano Bruzzese, Iva Tolić Mandić, Sanja Tisma, Simone Blanc, Filippo Brun, Dijana Vuletić

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Forest ecosystem services; Tourism; Recreational activities; Health; Methodological framework; Nature park; Protected area

Online: 3 March 2023 (13:31:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0280.v1

A Multicriteria Analysis to Support Natural Resource Governance. The Case of Chestnut Forests

Stefano Bruzzese, Simone Blanc, Silvia Novelli, Filippo Brun

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: SWOT; AHP; A’WOT; decision-making; complex decisions; forest; chestnut valorisation

Online: 16 February 2023 (09:07:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0134.v1

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die After They Leave the Nursery

David B. South, Tom E Starkey, Al Lyons

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: planting depth; drought; freeze injury; herbivory; mortality; survival; insects

Online: 7 February 2023 (14:01:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0041.v1

Prioritizing Tree Based Land Management Options for Optimizing Carbon Sink in the Indian sub-Himalayan Region

Tanusri Dey, Dinesha S, Manendra Singh, Arshad A, Mendup Tamang, Shahina N N., Arun Jyoti Nath, Gopal Shukla, Sumit Chakravarty

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Land use; landscape; climate change; Carbon; sub-humid tropic; Himalayas

Online: 2 February 2023 (09:35:57 CET)

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Land resources have been under tremendous anthropogenic pressure with the consequence of their degradation. It is therefore necessary that the land resources must be managed effectively for sustainable development. Different from the developed countries, carbon inventories and data bank to monitor carbon sequestration potential of different ecosystems are unavailable in India. Micro-level studies are essential for sustainable land use management for a land scarce nation like India. To achieve the desirable goal of the present study, a total of 33 tree-based land uses were identified from forested and agricultural landscapes. Of these total land uses, five were in forest landscapes and rest in agricultural landscapes categorized into forest tree plantations (8 land uses), agroforestry (nine land uses), commercial crop plantations (six land uses) and fruit orchards (five land uses). A stratified random nested quadrate sampling method was adopted for vegetation analysis of the different land uses. The SOC, biomass and carbon accumulation in the tree-based land uses were significantly different from each other. Mixed forest soil had the highest amount of SOC, primary nutrients, standing biomass carbon, and ecosystem carbon. Positive correlations were observed between SOC, total standing biomass, litter production, and ecosystem carbon. The sequence of best tree based land uses in terms of total SOC (up to 60 cm depth), total plant biomass, total plant biomass carbon and ecosystem carbon was mixed species forest (126.67, 781.21, 390.61 and 517.27) > sole tree species stands in forest landscape (109.71, 192.56, 96.28 and 205.98) > tea plantations (103.19, 77.07, 38.54 and 141.74) > homegardens (90.34, 97.38, 48.69 and 139.02) > mixed plantation of Anthocephalus cadamba + Swietenia macrophylla (60.07, 111.86, 55.93 and 116.02) > Swietenia macrophylla based agroforestry (62.49, 83.82, 41.91 and 104.40) > mixed plantation of Tectona grandis + Milvus migrans (60.0, 85.97, 42.99 and 102.90). Similarly, the order of the major land uses was forest > commercial crop plantation > forest tree plantations > agroforestry > fruit orchards. The overall average ecosystem carbon accumulation in forests was 3.24 times more than the land uses in agricultural landscapes. The ecosystem carbon accumulation in the tree-based land uses in both forest and agricultural landscape was highly variable and was significantly different from each other. Land use conversion from forest to agriculture can reduce more than half of the carbon stock, but converting into homegardens, tree plantations or agroforestry enhanced carbon storage of the land use systems. The present findings can be used as baseline information for developing prediction models for probable effects of different land use, future intervention and sustainable management of land use systems.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0464.v1

Not Hydraulic but an Adsorption Water Transport occurs in the Xylem of Land Plants

Karlheinz Hahn

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Adsorption water movement; adsorption hypothesis; plant long-distance water transport; thermodynamic water movement; not-hydraulic movement

Online: 26 January 2023 (03:02:38 CET)

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Ad- and desorption forces move water in living xylem/wood from the root to the leaf thermodynamically. The doctrine of plant water transport, the so-called cohesion- or cohesion-tension theory, postulates however that the process is physically based on a hydraulic fluid flow with negative pressure in water conducting tubes originating from the leaves. Lower pressure (suction) driven volume flow is physically a branch of mechanics. Moisture absorbed from the soil via the root is thought to be pulled up the stem by the leaves in continuous and tensioned threads of water. It is assumed that the hydraulic Hagen/Poiseuille flow law, derived for tubes, applies in the xylem. In a textbook of botany you can find the opinion: "Just as the pipes of a water pipe supply necessary water to each household, leaf nerves supply water and nutrient salts to each individual cell.” (Translated from German). Many plant physiologists consider this hydraulic principle to be correct, but it does not remain unchallenged. Doubts are repeatedly expressed. The question arises: How does water transport actually take place? It is shown how the diffusive/adsorption transport principle works. The partial dehydration (desorption) of the plant, driven by the diffusive process of transpiration, forms a combined concentration and adsorption-site gradient for water in the xylem matrix. Especially with open stomata the lowest moisture concentration and the highest number of adsorption-sites for water (sites with free van der Waals forces), can be found in the mesophyll cell walls at the liquid/vapor boundary in the leaf. The water taken up by the root moves spontaneously in the direction of this boundary and can thus partially or completely compensate for the existing concentration- and adsorption-site- differences for water. Thus, a thermodynamic overlapping diffusive/adsorptive movement of moisture along the stationary xylem/wood takes place. After the introduction and a review of some controversies with cohesion theory, the physiology of the processes associated with long-distance water displacement is mentioned below. A thermodynamic adsorption hypothesis of the natural water transport in plants, based on known facts, is presented.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0584.v1

Differentially Expressed Conserved Plant Vegetative Phase-change Related Micro RNAs as Markers of Juvenility for Silver Birch In Vitro Propagation

Baiba Krivmane, Ineta Samsone, Dainis Edgars Ruņģis

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: miRNA156; micropropagation; tree breeding; recalcitrant; woody plants; perennial plants

Online: 30 December 2022 (10:18:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0575.v1

Exploitation of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Eastern Part of DR Congo

Serge MUKOTANYI MUGISHO, Daniel Iragi Muhindo, Alphonse Zihalirhwa Balezi, Julien Bahizire Ndeko, Gérard Mugisho Imani, Clément Soloum Teteli, Landry Ntaboba Cizungu

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: NTFP; sustainable exploitation; use of NTFP

Online: 30 December 2022 (08:34:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0357.v1

Calibrating a Process-based Model to Enhance Robustness in Carbon Sequestration Simulations: the Sase of Cedrus Atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière

Issam Boukhris, Said Lahssini, Alessio Collalti, Said Moukrim, Monia Santini, Tommaso Chiti, Riccardo Valentini

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Cedrus altlantica; carbon sequestration; DE-MC (Differential Evolution - Markov chains); parameter optimization

Online: 20 December 2022 (07:35:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0332.v1

Potentials Of Chilghoza Nuts (Pinus gerardiana) in the Economic Uplifts of Mountainous Rural Communities

Syed Adnan, Alam Zeb

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Pine nuts; Neja nuts; NTFPs; Non-timber forest products; Socio-economic importance; Public awareness

Online: 21 October 2022 (10:22:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0103.v1

Observation of External Wounding on Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) Trees Associated with Tree Injection Systems

Richard J. Hauer, John J. Ball, Eric North

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Arboriculture; Canker and Cracking; Emerald Ash Borer; Tree Biology; Urban Forestry

Online: 9 October 2022 (03:13:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0171.v1

Seed Pests of Woody Legume Seed Beetles (Bruhinae: Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) and the Potential of Measures of Host Plant Biocontrol in the Republic of Serbia

Renata Gagić-Serdar, Miroslava Marković, Ilija Đorđević, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Aleksandar Lučić

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Bruhinae; seed beetles; biocontrol; legumes; parasitoids; Serbia

Online: 13 September 2022 (10:26:44 CEST)

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In order to reduce negative effects of application of chemical agents, biological control is becoming increasingly important. This paper therefore focused on research of effects of certain types of seed beetles on control of invasive plant species in Serbia. Numerous sources suggest that for legumes and seed beetles Bruhinae: Chrysomelidae the rule of coexistence in pairs applies in all ecozones. The species rely on one another, primarily in terms of geographical origin or association, thus one plant species is frequently attacked by only one type of seed beetle. Being confirmed to be expressly monophagous, bruchins have proven to be excellent potential agents of control of invasive and harmful host plants (to date, false indigo-bush in Serbia), as is the case of the seed beetle of Persian silk tree, which has been registered as monophagous in Serbia for the first time, making it the number one potential agent in control of the host plant – Persian silk tree in Greece. Standard entomological methods were used, from sample collections, to experiments in photo-eclectors, during dissection counting and placing the seed for development inside by the method 1 flacon – 1 seed, to maintain precise records of the origin of the emerged insects and their numbers, within standard laboratory conditions. The conditions favoring the expansion of the plant have already developed due to climatic circumstances (changes in terms of heat extremes – global warming and precipitation), and it is now gradually becoming invasive. Parasitoid accumulation of roughly one-third (30%) of the total number of false indigo-bush pods makes the false indigo-tree seed beetle a viable candidate for the status of a bioagent. The species has the extreme potential for the application of biological measures which is now quickly gaining importance, all for the purposes of developing the integral control of the plants. Species Acanthoscelides pallidipennis and Bruchidius terrenus have been recorded in this research for the first time in Serbia, while calendars of development have been made for the researched bruchin species, which represents a significant scientific contribution.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0459.v1

Growth Response of Tetrapluera tetraptera Schum (Thonn) Seedlings to Organic Fertilizers

Adeola Kilasho, James Oluborode, Vincent Jackson, Chimdi Ogwo, Chioma Ogbuka, Patricia Shomide, Emmanuel Oyediran

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: growth and yield; Tetrapluera tetraptera; organic fertilizers; seedlings

Online: 26 August 2022 (10:18:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0285.v1

Exploring the Potential of Machine Learning for Modelling Growth Dynamics in an Uneven-Aged Forest at the Level of Diameter Classes: A Comparative Analysis of Two Modelling Approaches

Gaspard Dumollard

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Uneven-aged forest management; Forest growth modelling; Machine learning; Diameter distribution; Silvicultural decision support

Online: 19 July 2022 (10:03:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0183.v1

Comparative Effect of Cow Dung and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) Seedlings

James Oluborode, Adeola Kilasho, Adewale Adebiyi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: growth and yield; Khaya senegalensis; organic fertilizers; seedlings

Online: 12 July 2022 (09:26:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0007.v1

Characterization of Host-Specific Genes from Pine- and Grass-Associated Species of the Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex

Claudette Dewing, Magrieta A. van der Nest, Quentin C. Santana, Robert H. Proctor, Brenda D. Wingfield, Emma T. Steenkamp, And Lieschen De Vos

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Fusarium fujikuroi species complex; Fusarium circinatum; Fusarium temperatum; pitch canker; comparative genomics; host-specificity; horizontal gene transfer; subtelomeres

Online: 1 July 2022 (08:04:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0330.v2

Two Manifestations of Market Premium in the Capitalization of Carbon-Forest Estates

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: capital return rate; expected value; carbon storage; carbon rent

Online: 26 April 2022 (09:45:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0330.v1

Two Manifestations of Market Premium in the Capitalization of Carbon-Forest Estates

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: capital return rate; expected value; carbon storage; carbon rent

Online: 24 March 2022 (10:41:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0269.v1

Effects of Litter Decomposition on Soil N in Picea Mongolica Forest at Different Forest Ages

Yunchao Liu, Lixin Chen, Wenbiao Duan, Yongan Bai, Xiaolan Li

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Horqin sandy land; Picea mongolica forest; NH4+-N; NO3-—N; Seasonal dynamics

Online: 18 March 2022 (15:17:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0220.v1

Climatic and Anthropogenic Drivers of Forest Succession in the Iberian Pyrenees during the Last 500 Years: A Statistical Approach

Valentí Rull, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: mountain forests; regional succession; palynology; paleoclimate; response lags; human impact; last centuries

Online: 15 March 2022 (15:34:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0351.v1

Living With The Impact Of Ash Dieback – Local Mitigation Practices Against Hymenoscyphus fraxineus on the Island of Ireland

Anna Tiley, Richard O'Hanlon

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Ash; ash dieback; disease management; Fraxinus excelsior; fungal plant pathogen; Hymenoscyphus fraxineus; mycology; plant pathology; plant pathogen; plant science; tree disease

Online: 24 January 2022 (11:50:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0007.v1

Biochar Rescues Native Trees in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot

Leeladarshini Sujeeun, Sean C. Thomas

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: allelopathy; biochar; invasive species; island ecosystems; Psidium cattleianum

Online: 4 January 2022 (12:37:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0149.v2

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Cell Cycle Genes in Betula pendula

Yijie Li, Song Chen, Yuhang Liu, Haijiao Huang

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Betula pendula; cell cycle; Cyclin; RNA-seq

Online: 23 December 2021 (11:34:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0355.v1

Differences in Environmental and Hormonal Regulation of Growth Responses in Two Highly Productive Hybrid Populus Genotypes

Jonas Žiauka, Greta Striganavičiūtė, Iwona Szyp-Borowska, Sigutė Kuusienė, Marzena Niemczyk

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: dark treatment; hybrid poplar; plant hormone; rooting; shoot culture

Online: 22 December 2021 (11:46:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0149.v1

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Cell Cycle Genes in Betula pendula

Yijie Li, Song Chen, Yuhang Liu, Haijiao Huang

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Betula pendula; cell cycle; Cyclin; RNA-seq

Online: 9 December 2021 (10:38:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0505.v1

Analysis of Genotype-Interaction of a 4-Year-Old Populus euramericana Using BLUP-GGE Technique

Ning Liu, Changjun Ding, Bo Li, Mi Ding, Xiaohua Su, Qinjun Huang

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Genotype and environment interaction; Muti-environment test; Genotype selection; BLUP-GGE; Populus euramericana

Online: 26 November 2021 (12:01:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0311.v2

College Students’ Knowledge and Perspective Towards Biodiversity and its Conservation and Protection

Ericson Esquibel Coracero, Mark Christian Facun, Marlon Lingon, Kristina Lolong, Michelle Lugayan, Karl Benz Montesines, Lesel Sangalang, Mark John Suniega

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: biodiversity education; knowledge; perspective; biodiversity conservation; biodiversity protection

Online: 18 November 2021 (17:20:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0311.v1

College Students’ Knowledge and Perspective of Towards Biodiversity and its Conservation and Protection

Ericson Esquibel Coracero

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: biodiversity education; knowledge; perspective; biodiversity conservation; biodiversity protection

Online: 17 November 2021 (22:43:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0158.v1

Difference in Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community was among Six Cinnamomum camphora Chemotypes

Zufei Xiao, Beihong Zhang, Yangbao Wang, Zhinong Jin, Feng Li, Ji Peng, Jiang Rui

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Cinnamomum camphora; chemotype; soil nutrient; soil bacterial community diversity and structure

Online: 8 November 2021 (15:20:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0239.v1

Evidence for the Widespread Occurrence of Bacteria Implicated in Acute Oak Decline from Incidental Genetic Sampling

Louise Gathercole, Gabriele Nocchi, Nathan Brown, Timothy Coker, William Plumb, Jonathan Stocks, Richard Nichols, Sandra Denman, Richard Buggs

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Quercus; acute oak decline; phyllosphere; Brenneria goodwinii; Gibbsiella quercinecans; Lonsdalea britannica; Rahnella victoriana

Online: 18 October 2021 (10:50:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0120.v1

Sever Oligospermia Treatment with Testicular Sperm Using ICSI

Mustafa ZAKARIA, , Aya AL-IBRAHEEMI, Mohammed ENNAJI, Wassym R.SENHAJI, Mohammed ZARQAOUI, Hayder A.MOSSA, Modou MAMOUNE MBAYE, Noureddine LOUANJLI

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Sever oligospermia; Medication and cancer treatment influence on oligozoospermia; ICSI for men with sever oligozoospermia

Online: 7 October 2021 (14:13:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0109.v1

Availability and Environmental Performance of Wood for a Second-Generation Biorefinery

Cecilia Rachid-Casnati, Fernando Resquín, Leonidas Carrasco-Letelier

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Eucalyptus; EROI; carbon footprint; soil erosion; bioethanol

Online: 6 October 2021 (15:20:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0224.v1

Drought Stress Described by Transcriptional Responses of Picea Abies under Pathogen Heterobasidion Parviporum Attack

Xenia Hao-Yi Yeoh, Blessing Durodola, Kathrin Blumenstein, Eeva Terhonen

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Drought; Norway spruce; Heterobasidion; RNA-seq; qRT-PCR

Online: 14 September 2021 (08:19:04 CEST)

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The major threats to the sustainable supply of forest tree products are adverse climate, pests and diseases. Climate change, exemplified by increased drought, poses a unique threat to global forest health. This is attributed to the unpredictable behavior of forest pathosystems, which can favor fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions in the future. Currently, the effects of drought on tree resistance against pathogens are hypothetical, thus research is needed to identify these correlations. Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most economically important tree species in Europe, and is considered highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Dedicated experiments to investigate how disturbances will affect the Norway spruce - Heterobasidion sp. pathosystem are important, in order to develop different strategies to limit the spread of H. annosum s.l. under the predicted climate change. Here, we report a transcriptional study to compare Norway spruce gene expressions to evaluate the effects of water availability and the infection of Heterobasidion parviporum. We performed inoculation studies of three-year-old saplings in a greenhouse (purchased from a nursery). Norway spruce saplings were treated in either high (+) or low (-) water groups: high water group received double the water amount than the low water group. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Similarly, we quantified gene expression levels of candidate genes in biotic stress and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways using qRT-PCR, through which we discovered a unique preferential defense response of H. parviporum-infected Norway spruce under drought stress at the molecular level. Disturbances related to water availability, especially low water conditions can have negative effects on the tree host and benefit the infection ability of the pathogens in the host. From our RNA-seq analysis, 114 differentially expressed gene regions were identified between high (+) and low (-) water groups under pathogen attack. None of these gene pathways were identified to be differentially expressed from both non-treated and mock-control treatments between high (+) and low (-) water groups. Finally, only four genes were found to be associated with drought in all treatments.

Working Paper SHORT NOTE

The Tripping Point – Minimum Planting Widths for Small-Stature Trees in Dense Urban Developments

Andrew K. Koeser, Richard J. Hauer, Deborah R. Hilbert, Robert J. Northrop, Hunter Thorn, Drew C. McLean, Allyson B. Salisbury

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: ecosystem disservices; green infrastructure; site design; tree selection; urban forestry

Online: 31 August 2021 (11:42:48 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0549.v1

The Tripping Point – Minimum Planting Widths for Small-Stature Trees in Dense Urban Developments

Andrew K. Koeser, Richard J. Hauer, Deborah R. Hilbert, Robert J. Northrop, Hunter Thorn, Drew C. McLean, Allyson B. Salisbury

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: ecosystem disservices; green infrastructure; site design; tree selection; urban forestry

Online: 30 August 2021 (14:39:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0439.v1

Two Sets of Initial Conditions on Boreal Forest Carbon Storage Economics

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: capital return rate deficiency; expected value; carbon storage; carbon rent

Online: 20 July 2021 (09:56:34 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Estimating carbon storage of Biteyu forest in the Gurage Mountain Chain, Ethiopia

Talemos Seta Shanka, Sebsebe Demissew

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: aboveground biomass, Belowground biomass, Biteyu forest, Carbon stocks, disturbance

Online: 14 July 2021 (14:07:11 CEST)

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The carbon stocks in the forests originated from the atmosphere and are accumulated in the organic matter of trees and soils. Forests play major roles in providing ecosystem services like climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and nutrient flow dynamics. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to estimate carbon stocks of Biteyu forest by quantifying the aboveground biomass of trees, belowground carbon, soil carbon, and carbon stocks of litter pool. Systematic sampling technique was employed for vegetation and carbon data collection. The total of 10 line transects were laid along elevational gradients. The transects were 500 m apart and sampling plots were 300 m apart from each other. Each transect has comprised of a minimum of 4 plots to a maximum of six totaling 50 plots representing the forest for the investigation. A square sample plot of 900 m2 was used to collect vegetation data with a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm and a height of 2 m and above. To sample herbaceous vegetation in the forest floor, five smaller subplots of 1 m x 1 m = 1 m2 (four at the corner and one at the centre of the main plot) were established. The disturbance level was also determined using the cattle interference and selective cutting of trees. The appropriate allometric models were applied for both aboveground and belowground biomass estimations. The findings showed that cattle interference affects the forest understory from growing and recruitment. The mean of cattle interference was 4.77±2.12 per ha and the mean of wood stump was 26.67±9.37 per ha. The size class analysis showed that the smallest diameter class (2.5-10 cm) in the forests represented 37.05% of the total stem density. The diameter classes between 10 and 30 cm comprised a stem density of 41.08%. It was estimated that the total carbon stock of Biteyu forest was about 166.67 ± 16.4 ha-1. The carbon stock in AGB and BGB was estimated to be 87.13 ± 11.80 t ha-1 and 22.94 ± 2.84 t ha-1, respectively. Moreover, the contribution of soil and litter carbon pools to the total carbon in the forest ecosystem were 56.37 ± 1.73 and 0.26 ± 0.01 t ha-1 , respectively. From the present study it can be concluded that estimated mean carbon stock of the forest is smaller than that of other similar forests in the dry evergreen montane forest, which was attributed to the higher anthropogenic disturbances. Therefore, the interventions, which reduce the climate change effect, would be very important in the maintenance of forest ecosystem functioning.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Research on Compatibility of Three Models Based on Combination Prediction of Pinus tabulaeformis Area

Hongke Hao, Junyu Zhang, Fan Miao, Songping Wu

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Pinus tabulaeformis; Space instead of time; stand area; compatibility; combination prediction method

Online: 3 June 2021 (11:26:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0673.v1

Growth and Yield of Three Boreal Tree Species

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Pinus silvestris; Picea Abies; Betula pendula; Betula pubescens

Online: 26 March 2021 (15:28:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0567.v1

Utilisation of Post-extraction Fir Wood Greenery Residues by the Bioconversion Method with the Production of Feed Additives

Olga O. Mamaeva, Elena. V. Isaeva

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: post-extraction residues; fir wood greenery; bioconversion; protein feed additive; Pleurotus pulmonarius; chemical composition

Online: 27 January 2021 (16:05:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0533.v1

Diurnal Pine Bark Structure Dynamics Affect Properties Relevant to Firebrand Generation

Scott Pokswinski, Michael R. Gallagher, Nicholas S. Skowronski, E. Louise Loudermilk, Joseph J. O'Brien, J. Kevin Hiers

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: firebrands; embers; bark; photogrammetry; fuel moisture

Online: 23 September 2020 (03:54:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0413.v1

Floristic Study of Karnaphuli Range in Kaptai Reserve Forest, Rangamati, Bangladesh

Md. RIshad Abdullah, AKM Golam Sarwar, Md. Ashrafuzzaman, Md. Mustafizur Rahman

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: flora; vascular plants; reserve forest; threatened plants; Kaptai

Online: 18 September 2020 (03:58:13 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Ten Golden Rules for Reforestation to Optimise Carbon Sequestration, Biodiversity Recovery and Livelihood Benefits

Alice Di Sacco, Kate Hardwick, David Blakesley, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Elinor Breman, Loic Cecilio Rebola, Susan Chomba, Kingsley Dixon, Stephen Elliott, Godfrey Ruyonga, Kirsty Shaw, Paul Smith, Rhian J. Smith, Alexandre Antonelli

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Afforestation; Climate change mitigation; Ecological Restoration; Forest landscape restoration; Large-scale tree planting; Natural regeneration; Nature-based solutions; Stakeholders participation

Online: 5 September 2020 (08:01:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0724.v1

Gnotobiotic Evaluation of Dalbergia sissoo Genotypes for Resistance against Fusarium solani via Dual Culture Set up

Monika Chauhan, Ajay Thakur, Yashaswi Singh, M. Maqbool Rather, Nirmal S.K. Harsh

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Shisham mortality; Fusarium solani f. sp. dalbergiae; in vitro screening; genetic variation; Fusarium wilt; plant-microbe interaction; gnotobiota

Online: 31 August 2020 (16:21:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0349.v1

Assessments of Landowners’ Willingness to Accept Compensation for Participating in Forest Certification in Shandong China

Nana Tian, Neelam Poudyal, Fadian Lu

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forest certification; willingness to accept; compensation; landowners; timber price increase

Online: 17 August 2020 (04:22:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0005.v1

Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation

Justyna Anna Nowakowska, Marcin Stocki, Natalia Stocka, Sławomir Ślusarski, Miłosz Tkaczyk, João Maria Caetano, Mirela Tulik, Tom Hsiang, Tomasz Oszako

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: birch; chlorophyll; leaves’ damage; plants’ pathogens; roots; secondary metabolites

Online: 2 August 2020 (08:47:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0001.v1

Drought Modulated Boreal Forest Fire Occurrence and Linkage with La Nina Events in Altai Mountains, Northwest China

Chunming Shi, Ying Liang, Cong Gao, Fengjun Zhao, Qiuhua Wang, Lifu Shu

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: boreal forest; forest fire; ENSO; Altai Mountain

Online: 1 August 2020 (16:18:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0154.v1

Structural Changes in Boreal Forests Can Be Quantified Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ville Luoma, Ninni Saarinen, Ville Kankare, Samuli Junttila, Markus Holopainen, Juha Hyyppä, Mikko Vastaranta

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: spatiotemporal; time series; bi-temporal; ground-based LiDAR; tree growth

Online: 8 July 2020 (11:56:08 CEST)

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Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been adopted as a feasible technique to digitize trees and forest stands, providing accurate information on tree and forest structural attributes. However, there is limited understanding on how a variety of forest structural changes can be quantified using TLS in boreal forest conditions. In this study, we assessed the accuracy and feasibility of TLS in quantifying changes in the structure of boreal forests. We collected TLS data and field reference from 37 sample plots in 2014 (T1) and 2019 (T2). Tree stems typically have planar, vertical, and cylindrical characteristics in a point cloud, and thus we applied surface normal filtering, point cloud clustering, and RANSAC-cylinder filtering to identify these geometries and to characterize trees and forest stands at both time points. The results strengthened the existing knowledge that TLS has the capacity to characterize trees and forest stands in space and showed that TLS could characterize structural changes in time in boreal forest conditions. Root-mean-square-errors (RMSEs) in the estimates for changes in the tree attributes were 0.99-1.22 cm for diameter at breast height (Δdbh), 44.14-55.49 cm2 for basal area (Δg), and 1.91-4.85 m for tree height (Δh). In general, tree attributes were estimated more accurately for Scots pine trees, followed by Norway spruce and broadleaved trees. At the forest stand level, an RMSE of 0.60-1.13 cm was recorded for changes in basal area-weighted mean diameter (ΔDg), 0.81-2.26 m for changes in basal area-weighted mean height (ΔHg), 1.40-2.34 m2/ha for changes in mean basal area (ΔG), and 74-193 n/ha for changes in the number of trees per hectare (ΔTPH). The plot-level accuracy was higher in Scots pine-dominated sample plots than in Norway spruce-dominated and mixed-species sample plots. TLS-derived tree and forest structural attributes at time points T1 and T2 differed significantly from each other (p < 0.05). If there was an increase or decrease in dbh, g, h, height of the crown base, crown ratio, Dg, Hg, or G recorded in the field, a similar outcome was achieved by using TLS. Our results provided new information on the feasibility of TLS for the purposes of forest ecosystem growth monitoring.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0375.v1

Importance, Determinants and Gender Dimensions of Forests for Communities Dawuro Zone, South-West Ethiopia a Case Study of Essera Woreda

Bekele Tona Amenu, Getahun Shanko Mamo

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Firewood; Forest dependence; Gender; Household income; Livelihoods; Wealth status

Online: 23 May 2020 (10:56:38 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Evaluating the Likelihood of Tree Failure in Naples, Florida (United States) Following Hurricane Irma

Ryan W. Klein, Andrew K. Koeser, Brian Kane, Shawn M. Landry, Heather Shields, Stephen Lloyd, Gail Hansen

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: hurricane; tree risk assessment; urban forest strike team; species failure profile; likelihood of failure

Online: 24 April 2020 (04:37:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0388.v1

Carbon forestry compensation on estate level

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Capitalization; capital return rate deficiency; expected value; carbon storage; timber stock; carbon rent

Online: 22 April 2020 (05:33:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0254.v1

Evaluating the Likelihood of Tree Failure in Naples, Florida (United States) Following Hurricane Irma

Ryan W. Klein, Andrew K. Koeser, Brian Kane, Shawn M. Landry, Heather Shields, Stephen Lloyd, Gail Hansen

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: hurricane; tree risk assessment; urban forest strike team; species failure profile; likelihood of failure

Online: 16 April 2020 (05:30:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0441.v1

Germination of Hymenaea courbaril: Storage Behavior, Origin, and Substrate

Leonardo Regnier

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forestry seeds; fabaceae; seedling production; seed bank

Online: 31 March 2020 (04:21:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0399.v1

Multisensorial Close-Range Sensing Generates Benefits for Characterization of Managed Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Stands

Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ninni Saarinen, Ville Kankare, Niko Viljanen, Jari Hynynen, Saija Huuskonen, Markus Holopainen, Juha Hyyppä, Eija Honkavaara, Mikko Vastaranta

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: terrestrial laser scanning; unmanned aerial vehicle; image matching; remote sensing; forest inventory

Online: 27 March 2020 (02:30:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0187.v1

Modeling Potential C, N, H Content in Aboveground Biomass with Spectral Data from Sentinel 2a

Neftalí Reyes-Zurita, Joaquín A. Rincón-Ramírez, Gerardo Rodríguez-Ortiz, José R. Enríquez-del Valle, Vicente A. Velasco-Velasco, Ernesto Castañeda-Hidalgo

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Normalized difference vegetation index; San Juan Lachao; Satelital image

Online: 11 March 2020 (15:57:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0446.v1

Woody Species Structure and Regeneration Status in Kafta-Sheraro National Park Forest, Tigray Region, Ethiopia

fitsum temesgen, Bikila Warkineh

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Kafta-sheraro national park; woody species structure; regeneration status

Online: 28 February 2020 (16:24:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0300.v1

Monitoring Forests in Space and Time Using Close-Range Sensing

Mikko Vastaranta, Ninni Saarinen, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ville Kankare, Samuli Junttila

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forest change; remote sensing; natural phenomena; growth; tree health; forest operations

Online: 21 February 2020 (02:53:34 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0182.v1

Development of Populus alba L. and Populus tremula L. Species Specific Molecular Markers Based on the 5S rDNA Non-transcribed Spacer Polymorphism

Oleg S. Alexandrov, Gennady I. Karlov

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: poplars; molecular markers; non-transcribed spacers (ntss); 5s rdna; interspecies hybridization; species identification

Online: 15 November 2019 (16:50:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0145.v1

Assessing Legacy Effects of Wildfires on the Crown Structure of Fire-Tolerant Eucalypt Trees Using Airborne Lidar Data

Yogendra K. Karna, Trent D. Penman, Cristina Aponte, Lauren T. Bennett

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: clumping index; crown architecture; crown projection area; lidar-based crown metrics; discrete-return lidar; fire severity; leaf area density; post-fire effects

Online: 13 October 2019 (15:34:43 CEST)

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Fire-tolerant eucalypt forests of south eastern Australia are assumed to fully recover from even the most intense fires but surprisingly very few studies have quantitatively assessed that recovery. Accurate assessment of horizontal and vertical attributes of tree crowns after fire is essential to understand the fire’s legacy effects on tree growth and on forest structure. In this study, we quantitatively assessed individual tree crowns 8.5 years after a 2009 wildfire that burnt extensive areas of eucalypt forest in temperate Australia. We used airborne lidar data validated with field measurements to estimate multiple metrics that quantified the cover, density, and vertical distribution of individual-tree crowns in 51 plots of 0.05 ha in fire-tolerant eucalypt forest across four wildfire severity types (unburnt, low, moderate, high). Significant differences in the field-assessed mean height of fire scarring as a proportion of tree height, and in the proportions of trees with epicormic (stem) resprouts were consistent with the gradation in fire severity. Linear mixed-effects models indicated persistent effects of both moderate- and high-severity wildfire on tree crown architecture. Trees at high-severity sites had significantly less crown projection area and live crown width as a proportion of total crown width than those at unburnt and low-severity sites. Significant differences in lidar-based metrics (crown cover, evenness, leaf area density profiles) indicated that tree crowns at moderate- and high-severity sites were comparatively narrow and more evenly distributed down the tree stem. These conical-shaped crowns contrasted sharply with the rounded crowns of trees at unburnt and low-severity sites, and likely influenced both tree productivity and the accuracy of biomass allometric equations for nearly a decade after the fire. Our data provide a clear example of the utility of airborne lidar data for quantifying the impacts of disturbances at the scale of individual trees. Quantified effects of contrasting fire severities on the structure of resprouter tree crowns provide a strong basis for interpreting post-fire patterns in forest canopies and vegetation profiles in lidar and other remotely-sensed data at larger scales.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0303.v1

Salinity Tolerance in Fraxinus Angustifolia Vahl. Seed Emergence in the Field and Germination Trials

Sabrina Raddi, Barbara Mariotti, Sofia Martini, Alberto Pierguidi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Mediterranean wetland; NaCl salinity; Fraxinus angustifolia; seed germination

Online: 27 September 2019 (03:11:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0059.v1

The Effect of Recreation in a Snow-Covered Forest Environment on the Psychological Relaxation of Young Females

Ernest Bielinis, Adrian Łukowski, Aneta Omelan, Sergii Boiko, Norimasa Takayama

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: deciduous forest; female; forest bathing; forest therapy; Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; Profile of Mood States; Restorative Outcome Scale; restoration; Shinrin-Yoku; snow covered forest; Subjective Vitality Scale; winter

Online: 5 August 2019 (08:56:32 CEST)

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Forest recreation can be successfully conducted for the purpose of psychological relaxation, as has been proven in previous scientific studies. During the winter in many countries, when snow cover occurs frequently, forest recreation (walking, relaxation, photography, etc.) is common. Nevertheless, whether forest therapy conducted in a forest environment with a snow cover will also have a positive effect on psychological indicators remains unknown. Furthermore, male subjects frequently participate in forest therapy experiments, whereas females are rarely involved. Thus, in this study, the effectuality of forest recreation during winter and with snow cover was tested on 32 young females. For these reasons, the experiment involved 15-minute periods of relaxation in a forest environment or in an urban environment, in addition to a pre-test under indoor conditions. Four psychological questionnaires (POMS, PANAS, ROS, SVS) were administered to participants before and after interventions. Results showed that participants’ levels of negative mood, as measured by different aspects of the POMS questionnaire (tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, depression-dejection, confusion, fatigue), decreased after exposure to the forest environment. In contrast, both tension-anxiety and anger-hostility increased in the urban environment. The indicator of negative affect from the PANAS questionnaire also increased after exposure to the urban environment, whereas the indicator of positive affect based on PANAS was higher in the forest environment than in the urban environment. Restorativeness and subjective vitality exhibited higher values after exposure to the forest environment in comparison to those from the control and pre-test. The changes in these indicators demonstrates that forest recreation in the snow during winter can significantly increase psychological relaxation in young females, as well as showing that recreation can be successfully conducted under these winter conditions.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0025.v1

Resource Base Assessment of Acacia Seyal in Eastern Amhara Region

Andualem Ayalew, Derbie Wudu, Gezahagn Getachew, Tegabu Redae, Hoaddis kasshun

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: resource potential; point center quarter methods; Acacia seyal structure; species composition; diversity

Online: 2 August 2019 (09:27:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0222.v1

Cryptic Risks to Forest Biosecurity Associated with the Global Movement of Commercial Seed

Michelle Cleary, Funda Oskay, Hatice Tugba Doğmuş, Asko Lehtijärvi, Stephen Woodward, Anna Maria Vettraino

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: tree seed pathogens, alien invasive species, emerging forest disease, global trade, plant biosecurity, commercial seed, Pinus, Diplodia sapinea, Sydowia polyspora, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, mycobiome, FUNGuild

Online: 17 May 2019 (11:08:40 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Effect of Tree Diversity on the Resistance and Recovery of Forest Stands in the French Alps May Depend on Species Differences in Hydraulic Features

Marion Jourdan, François Lebourgeois, Xavier Morin

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: diversity; ecosystem functioning; stand growth; resistance; recovery; climate change; forests; Alps

Online: 15 April 2019 (10:57:38 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Changes in Lower Layers Biodiversity Caused by Polish Pony in Old Growth Scots Pine Stands

Sergii Boiko, Ernest Bielinis, Zbigniew Sierota, Anna Zawadzka, Maciej Nasiadko, Jakub Borkowski

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Polish primitive horse, forest site type, herb layer, undergrowth layer, understory layer, biodiversity

Online: 21 March 2019 (10:04:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0012.v1

Thinning Schedules for Spruce Stands

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Capital return; pulpwood-sawlog transition; diameter-limit cutting

Online: 1 February 2019 (10:30:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0194.v1

Wealth Accumulation in Rotation Forestry – Failure of the Net Present Value Optimization?

Petri P. Kärenlampi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: capital return; real estate; capitalization

Online: 21 January 2019 (07:28:01 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0105.v1

Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Piotr Markowski, Andrzej Anders, Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak, Zbigniew Żuk, Zbigniew Krzysiak

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Abies; separation traits; correlation; sorting; fractions

Online: 11 January 2019 (07:13:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0055.v1

Distribution, Habitat Preference, and Management of the Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in European Forests with Emphasis on the West Carpathians

Juraj Galko, Marek Dzurenko, Christopher M. Ranger, Ján Kulfan, Emanuel Kula, Christo Nikolov, Milan Zúbrik, Peter Zach

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: black timber bark beetle; biological invasion; Xyleborini; ambrosia beetle; spread; occurrence; ethanol; forest management

Online: 4 December 2018 (09:57:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0282.v1

Drought Effects on Vessel Plasticity of Two Endemic Magnolia Species in the Tropical Montane Cloud Forests of Eastern Mexico

Ernesto Chanes Rodríguez-Ramírez, J. Antonio Vázquez-García, Othón Alcántara-Ayala, Isolda Luna-Vega

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: adaptive forestry; dendroecology; diffuse–porous wood; drought years; vessel traits; wood anatomy

Online: 12 November 2018 (10:31:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0145.v1

Health and Establishment of Highway Plantings in Florida (United States)

Seth Blair, Andrew Koeser, Lara Roman, Gary Knox, Mack Thetford

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Highway Beautification; Transplant Shock; Transportation; Tree Health; Tree Establishment; Urban Forestry

Online: 6 November 2018 (14:22:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0568.v1

Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen and Ecological Stoichiometry of the Plant-Litter-Soil Continuum in an Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

Hui Wang, Bing Wang, Xiang Niu, Qingfeng Song, Haonan Bai, Yueqiao Li, Jiadong Luo, Hedong Chen, Linya Nie, Zhi Luo

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: ecological chemometrics; carbon cycle; nitrogen cycle; carbon and nitrogen distribution; plant leaf-litter-soil continuum

Online: 24 October 2018 (11:12:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0543.v1

Statistical Analysis of Maximally Similar Sets in Ecological Research

David W. Roberts

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: similarity relation neighborhoods, similarity relation decomposition, statistical analysis of within-set variability

Online: 23 October 2018 (16:12:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0426.v1

Modeling of Above Ground Biomass for Selected Indigenous Acacia Species in Omo-Gibe Woodland Ecosystem, South Western Ethiopia

Abreham Berta Aneseyee, Teshome Soromessa, Eyasu Elias

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: acacia species; allometric equation; above ground biomass; carbon stock

Online: 18 October 2018 (15:58:15 CEST)

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Allometric equations are used to estimate accurate biomass and carbon stock of forests. However, in Ethiopia only few allometric equations as compared to its floral diversity and species-specific allometric equations for Acacia species are still not developed in Ethiopia. The numbers of tree marked for sampling are Fifty-four (54) using preferential sampling. Diameter at breast height, wood density and tree height were collected as independent variables to predict species specific dry biomass of Acacia species. The new species-specific allometric models have been performed using linear regression analysis in the R software. The Above ground biomass (AGB) have been validated using quantitative statically using the pantropic model. Six candidate models have been developed for each species and four best models for each species of dry biomass was selected based on goodness-of-fit statistics and equation performance analysis of the candidate models. The best model for predicting above ground biomass for Acacia seyal is 0.20636*((DBH²)Hρ) ^0.53167, for Acacia polyacantha is 7.26982((DBH)²Hρ)^0.21750, for Acacia ethibcia is 29.01898*((DBH)²Hρ)^0.21518 and for Acacia toritolis is 3.82427*((DBH)²Hρ)^0.16748. The selected models are the best performing (P> 0.01) and higher adjusted R² (>80%) and has lower Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) and residual standard error (RSE) values as comparing the rest of the model. The validation of new developed biomass model using Tukey test indicated that significant variation of mean biomass (P<0.05) between the new developed model and the generalized model. The statistics model performance analysis of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value is approaching to one, indicating that the new developed model has better performance model as compared with generalized model. Moreover, the percent bias of the new developed models is close to zero which indicates that the site-specific biomass models have more accurate estimator and the generalized biomass models have overestimated biomass for the four Acacia species.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0333.v1

Next-generation sequencing to investigate existing and new insect associations with phytopathogenic fungal propagules

Émilie D. Tremblay, Troy Kimoto, Jean A. Bérubé, Guillaume J. Bilodeau

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Insects, Forest, Fungi, ITS1, metagenomics, NGS, Oomycete, Phytopathogens, Phytophthora, vectors

Online: 15 October 2018 (18:52:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0399.v1

Physiological Differentiation of the Plus Trees of Scots Pine: Seasonal Status of Xylem

Natalia N. Besschetnova, Vladimir P. Besschetnov, Nikolai A. Babich, Vladimir A. Bryntcev

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: scots pine; plus-trees; xylem; lignification; physiological condition; hereditary conditionality; factor analysis; cluster analysis

Online: 20 September 2018 (05:34:23 CEST)

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An important moment in the establishment of forestry seed orchards is the formation of their optimal composition, avoiding inbreeding depression in the outgoing seed material which occurs due to crossbreeding between closely related plus trees, the clones of which comprise the orchards. It is possible to minimize the negative effect of inbreeding by considering the hereditary aspect of the heterogeneous seed orchard material. The purpose of our work is to provide a comparative assessment of the formation and lignification of xylem in annual shoots of the plus trees of Scots pine. We investigated the formation and lignification of xylem in the annual shoots of the plus trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), found in natural forests in the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Russian Federation. Their vegetative progeny were cultivated in the clone archive stationed in the same region. Analyzing the one-type of the 1-year shoots, the time that the shoots were cut from the branches corresponded to the presence of plants in the characteristic phenological phases of seasonal development. A histochemical study of xylem was conducted, using the qualitative reactions of phloroglucinol to lignin. The power of xylem development was estimated by counting, in the radial direction, the cell rows from the core to the cambium in the microscope’s field of view. A significant differentiation of plus trees was revealed in a complex of signs characterizing the level of xylem development and the degree of xylem cell lignification in the tissues of annual shoots. Phenotypic differences in the physiological state of plus trees appeared given a leveled ecological background, indicating their genotypic determinism. This was confirmed by an analysis of variance. The share of the influence of differences between the proper plus trees was between 25.16% ± 8.91% and 53.98% ± 5.48% of the total phenotypic variance of the signs of the seasonal state of xylem. Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of considered indicators of xylem physiological state. The results allowed a cluster analysis to be carried out on the basis of the normalized values of the initial xylem features as well as the principal components derived from them. The association of plus trees was done on the basis of the similarity of the multidimensional estimates of xylem seasonal condition. The objects that were the most remote from the others were identified. This information provides a reasonable approach to the formation of an assortment of Scots pine seed orchards.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0382.v1

Development of the New Method for Assessing Condition of Forest Road Surface

Marijan Šušnjar, Zdravko Pandur, Hrvoje Nevečerel, Kruno Lepoglavec, Marin Bačić

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forest road surface; forest road damage; vibration measurements; vibration software

Online: 19 September 2018 (10:43:25 CEST)

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Regarding number of vehicles, forest roads are characterized by low traffic intensity, but on the other hand great values of ground pressure between wheels of timber truck units and forest road surface occur, often with pressures values above 80 kN which additionally causes damage of the upper and lower forest road layer. There are currently several methods for assessing condition of a forest road surface which are mainly used for assessing state of public roads, but can be used in forestry as well. Assessing condition of forest road surface was done by measuring vibrations with a specially developed software for Android OS installed on a Huawei MediaPad 7 Lite. Software measured vibrations in all three axes, coordinates of device, speed of the vehicle and time. Aim of this research was to determine accuracy of collected data so that this method can be used for scientific and practical purposes. Research was carried out on the segment of a forest road during driving a vehicle equipped with a measuring device. Tests were performed in both driving direction of the forest road segment with different measuring frequencies, tyre inflation pressures and driving speeds. Values of vibrations were classified and translated on a map of forest road together with devices’ measured coordinates. Vibration values were compared with places of recorded forest road surface damages. Research results show no significant difference in vibration values between 1 Hz and 10 Hz of measurement frequencies. Based on the analysis of collected data and obtained results, it is clear that it is possible to assess the condition of a forest road surface by measuring vibrations. The greatest values of vibrations were recorded on the most damaged parts of the forest road. Vibrations do not depend on tyre inflation pressure, but ranges of vibrations are decreasing with decreasing driving speed. Accuracy of collected data depends on GPS signal quality, so it is recommended that each segment of forest road is recorded twice so that location of damages on forest road can be confirmed with certainty.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0220.v1

Characterization of Phosphorus in Subtropical Coastal Sand Dune Forest Soils

Chiao-Wen Lin, Guanglong Tian, Chung-Wen Pai, Chih-Yu Chiu

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: sequential chemical extraction; 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-NMR); phosphorus; coastal sand dune; Casuarina forests

Online: 12 September 2018 (12:35:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0515.v1

Seed Rain and Seedling Establishment of Picea glauca and Abies balsamea after Partial Cutting in Plantations and Natural Stands

Laurent Gagné, Luc Sirois, Luc Lavoie

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: balsam fir; white spruce; seedlings; partial cut; plantation; naturals stands; light; seed rain

Online: 30 August 2018 (05:36:10 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0400.v1

Variations and Correlations between the Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, Zbigniew Żuk, Elżbieta Kusińska

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: seeds; physical properties; range of variation; correlations; sorting

Online: 22 August 2018 (15:04:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0337.v1

Radial Growth Response of Abies georgei to Climate at the Upper Timberlines in Central Hengduan Mountains, Southwestern China

Dingcai Yin, Derong Xu, Kun Tian, Derong Xiao, Weiguo Zhang, Dacheng Sun, Hui Sun, Yun Zhang

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Southeastern rim of Tibetan plateau; dendrochronology; climate response; climate warming; subalpine conifer forests

Online: 18 August 2018 (12:08:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0439.v1

Can Future CO₂ Concentrations Mitigate the Negative Effects of High Temperature and Longer Droughts on Forest Growth?

Eric J. Gustafson, Brian R. Miranda, Brian R. Sturtevant

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: climate change; temperature stress; drought; elevated CO2; soil water; forest succession; mechanistic landscape model; LANDIS-II; PnET-Succession

Online: 24 July 2018 (05:34:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0243.v1

Determination of the Visual Preferences of Different Habitat Types

Engin Eroğlu, Sertaç Kaya, Tuba Gul Dogan, Alperen Meral, Sena Demirci, Nermin Başaran, Omer Lutfu Corbaci

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Habitat types, visual differences, landscape characteristics.

Online: 13 July 2018 (17:07:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0177.v1

Modelling the Effect of Weed Competition on Long-Term Volume Yield of Eucalyptus globulus Plantations Across an Environmental Gradient

Felipe Vargas, Carlos A. Gonzalez-Benecke, Rafael Rubilar, Manuel Sanchez-Olate

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: weed control; competing vegetation; yield modelling; E. globulus

Online: 10 July 2018 (12:04:37 CEST)

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Several studies have quantified the responses of Eucalyptus globulus plantations to weed control on its early development (2-3 years after establishment). However, long-term results of competing vegetation effects have been rarely incorporated into growth and yield models that forecast the long-term effects of reducing the intensity of competing vegetation control and its interaction with site resource availability on stem volume production close to rotation age. We compared several models predicting stand stem volume yield of Eucalyptus globulus plantations established across a water and fertility gradient growing under different intensity levels of free area of competing vegetation maintained during the first 3 years of stand development. Four sites were selected encompassing a gradient in rainfall and amount of competing vegetation. Treatments were applied at stand establishment and were monitored periodically until age 9 years. Competing vegetation control intensity levels considered 0, 5, 20, 44 and 100% weed-free cover around individual E. globulus seedlings. Maximum competing vegetation biomass production during the first growing season were 2.9, 6.5, 2.2 and 12.9 Mg ha^-1, for sites ranging from low to high annual rainfall. As expected, reductions in volume yield at age 9 years were observed as competing vegetation control intensity decreased during the first growing season. A strong relationship was established between stem volume yield loss and the intensity of competing vegetation control, the amount of competing vegetation biomass produced during the first growing season and mean annual rainfall. The slope of the relationship was different among sites and was related mainly to water and light limitations. Our results, suggest that the biomass of competing vegetation (intensity of competition) affecting site resource availability, contribute to observed long-term effects on E. globulus plantations productivity. The site with the lowest mean annual rainfall showed the highest volume yield loss at age 9 years. Sites with highest rainfall showed contrasting results related to the amount of competing vegetation biomass.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0042.v1

Tree Species Diversity and Socio-economic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana

Bertrand Nero, Nana Afranaa Kwapong, Raymond Jatta, Oluwole Fatunbi

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: species, edible, food bearing, diversity, neighborhoods, urban forest

Online: 3 July 2018 (12:10:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0429.v1

Comparison of ecosystem services from mixed against monospecific forests in the Southwest Germany: A survey on public perception

Iulia Almeida, Christine Rösch, Somidh Saha

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Mixed forests; Questionnaire Survey; Ecosystem Services; Stepwise Regression; Climate Change

Online: 26 June 2018 (15:48:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0066.v1

Evaluation of Bioenergy Potential and Relative Impact of Microclimate Conditions on Fuel Pellets Production and Carbon Storage of Short-Rotation Coppices (Populus uramericana) in Reclaimed Land, South Korea: Three-Year Monitoring

Jihwi Jang, Su Young Woo, Seong Han Lee, Sun Mi Je, Inkyin Khaine, Yang Li, Jong Kyu Lee, Ji Eun Kim

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: biomass yield; carbon storage; growth pattern; poplar; short-rotation coppices; seasonal trends

Online: 3 May 2018 (11:10:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0063.v1

Segmenting Landowners of Shandong, China Based on Their Attitudes Towards Forest Certification

Nana Tian, Fadian Lu, Omkar Joshi, Neelam C. Poudyal

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forest certification; market segmentation; cluster analysis; motivation schemes

Online: 3 May 2018 (09:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0205.v1

Effects of Oxidized Brown Coal Humic Acid Fertilizer on the Relative Height Growth Rate of Several Tree Species

Ganchudur Tsetsegmaa, Khaulenbek Ahmedi, Wonwoo Cho, Sora Lee, Romika Chandra, Eun Jung Choi, Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Kang Ho Duck

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Forest rehabilitation, humic acid fertilizer, relative height growth rate, soil chemical properties

Online: 22 January 2018 (17:34:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0011.v1

Critical Nutrient Concentrations and DRIS Norms for Pinus patula

Agustina Sánchez-Parada, Miguel Ángel López-López, Armando Gómez-Guerrero, Marlín Pérez-Suárez

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: plant nutrition; chemical fertilization; nutrient diagnosis; forest plantation; foliar nutrients

Online: 2 January 2018 (10:25:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0082.v1

The Optimum Slash Pile Size for Grinding Operations: Grapple Excavator and Horizontal Grinder Operations Model Based on a Sierra Nevada, California Survey

Takuyuki Yoshioka, Rin Sakurai, Shohei Kameyama, Koki Inoue, Bruce Hartsough

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: fuel reduction; slash pile; grinding operation; grapple excavator; horizontal grinder; simulation; Sierra Nevada; California; wildfire

Online: 12 October 2017 (11:45:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0017.v1

Estimation of Forest Stand Parameters Using SPOT-5 Satellite Images and Topographic Information

Shiqin Xie, Wei Wang, Qian liu, Jinghui Meng, Tianzhong Zhao, Guosheng Huang

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: forest stand parameters; SPOT-5 satellite image; textural and spectral features; topographic information; estimation model

Online: 3 October 2017 (16:33:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0011.v1

Spore Dispersal Patterns of Fusarium Circinatum on an Infected Monterey Pine Forest in North-Western Spain

Miloň Dvořák, Patrik Janoš, Leticia Botella, Gabriela Rotková, Rafael Zas

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: Pine pitch canker; Galicia; spore trap; air sampling; qPCR; seasonal dynamics

Online: 2 October 2017 (16:00:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0168.v1

An Examination of Diameter Density Prediction with k-NN and Lidar

Jacob Strunk, Peter Gould, Petteri Packalen, Krishna Poudel, Hans-Erik Andersen, Hailemariam Temesgen

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: lidar; forest inventory; k-NN; dbh distribution; diameter distribution; performance criteria; index; indices

Online: 30 September 2017 (05:45:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0099.v1

Moisture Content Measurement of Broadleaf Litters using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique

Ghiseok Kim, Suk-Ju Hong, Ah-Yeong Lee, Ye-Eun Lee, Sangjun Im

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: near-infrared spectroscopy; multivariate analysis; partial least-squares regression; floor litter; optimal wavelength selection

Online: 21 September 2017 (04:36:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0016.v1

Responses of Soil Microbial Communities to Robinia Pseudoacacia Plantations of Different Ages in A Loess Area

Bingxue Zhang, Rumeng Zhao, Boyuan Bi, Fengpeng Han

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: soil; Robinia pseudoacacia; PLFA; stand age; microbial community

Online: 5 September 2017 (15:28:05 CEST)

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Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) can be used as biomarkers for qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil microbial community diversity. In this study, we collected soil samples at 10-cm intervals to a depth of 1 m from Robinia pseudoacacia plantations of four different ages (10, 15, 25 and 40 years) in a loess area and analysed the soil microbial community structure by PLFA analysis. A total of 97 PLFAs were detected in soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations of different ages. The individual PLFA contents gradually decreased in the 0- to 40-cm soil layers, with little variation in the 40- to 100-cm soil layers. The individual PLFAs were similarly distributed in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations of different ages, and there was a clear variation with stand age and soil depth. The individual PLFA contents in the 0- to 20-cm soil layers were highest for the 25-year-old plantation, while those in the 20- to 40-cm soil layers were relatively high for the 25- and 40-year-old plantations; the 16:0 content was the highest among individual PLFAs. The total PLFA content and the PLFA contents of different microbial groups [bacteria, fungi, Gram-positive bacteria (G⁺), Gram-negative bacteria (G^-) and actinomycetes] initially increased before decreasing in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations with increasing stand age, whereas these contents gradually decreased with increasing soil depth; the highest PLFA contents was found in the 25-year-old plantation. The total PLFA content and the contents of fungal, G^- and actinomycete PLFAs in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations differed significantly among stands of different ages in the 0- to 10-cm, 10- to 20-cm and 30- to 40-cm soil layers, while no significant differences were found in the 20- to 30-cm soil layers; the G⁺ and bacterial PLFAs contents in each of the 0- to 40-cm soil layers were significantly different. The PLFA ratios between different microbial groups differed among the stands of different ages. The fungi/bacteria ratio showed a “decrease-increase-decrease” trend with stand age, while the G⁺/G^- ratio showed an “increase-decrease” trend. The saturated/monounsaturated PLFA ratio initially decreased before plateauing, while the opposite trend was observed for the cyclopropyl/precursor ratio. The PLFA contents of different microbial groups were ranked as follows: bacteria > G^- > G⁺ > actinomycetes > fungi. In the principle component analysis, 18:1ω9c, 10Me18:0, i17:0, a17:0, 18:1ω7c, 18:1ω5c and 18:0 made the greatest contribution to principal component 1, and a14:0, i14:0 3OH, i14:0, i14:1ω7c and 14:0 made the greatest contribution to principal component 2. In conclusion, soil nutrient status and other soil eco-environmental stress factors should be considered in 10- to 25-year-old (particularly ~15-year-old) plots for the management of R. pseudoacacia plantations to prevent forest soil degradation and improve forest stand quality, thereby achieving better soil and water conservation and environmental improvement in R. pseudoacacia plantations.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0051.v1

Challenges for Uneven-Aged Silviculture in Restoration of Post-Disturbance Forests

Jurij Diaci, Dušan Roženbergar, Gal Fidej, Thomas A. Nagel

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: natural disturbance; advance regeneration; planting; natural regeneration; uneven-aged silviculture

Online: 18 July 2017 (13:22:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0178.v1

Allometric Equations for Estimation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Temperate Forests of North-Western Mexico

Benedicto Vargas-Larreta, Carlos Antonio López-Sánchez, José Javier Corral-Rivas, Jorge Omar López-Martínez, Cristóbal Gerardo Aguirre-Calderón, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: aboveground biomass; GMM; allometry; biomass allocation; machine learning technique

Online: 24 May 2017 (10:28:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0071.v1

Evaluation of Bent Trees in Juvenile Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Plantations in Costa Rica: Effects on Tree Morphology and Wood Properties

Nancy Guzmán, Róger Moya, Olmán Murillo

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: bent trees; tropical species; tree stability; wood; tropical wood

Online: 13 March 2017 (19:28:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0020.v1

A Basin-Scale Estimation of Carbon Stocks of a Forest Ecosystem Characterized by Spatial Distribution and Contributive Features in the Liuxihe River Basin of Pearl River Delta

Chao Zhang, Beicheng Xia, Junyu Lin

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: natural secondary forest; planted forest; vegetation biomass carbon; soil organic carbon

Online: 3 December 2016 (09:25:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0140.v1

Biomass Equations for 24 Understory Species in Coniferous and Broadleaved Mixed Forests in Northeastern China

Huaijiang He, Chunyu Zhang, Fengguo Du, Xiuhai Zhao, Song Yang, Qiang Zuo

Subject: Biology, Forestry Keywords: understory species; allometric biomass equation; species-specific and multispecies; temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest; northeastern China

Online: 28 November 2016 (04:41:35 CET)

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