Abstract: Fall from height (FFH) remain the predominant cause of fatalities and injuries in the construction in construction and industrial safety worldwide. Traditional accident cause analysis approaches often focus on single-factor identification or static statistical analysis, ignoring the hierarchical coupling and correlational relationship of multiple factors. To address this research gap, this study proposes a novel method based on overlay network chain in quotient space to identify overlapping causal factor clusters in FFH accidents. First, a causal factor interaction network is constructed based on the similarity of causes. On this basis, an overlay network chain in quotient space is established to identify overlapping causal factor clusters. The proposed method is validated using real FFH accident data. Results demonstrate that this approach effectively identifies hidden high-risk overlapping clusters that are undetectable by traditional methods. Notably, Cluster C5—comprising PPE non-compliance, inadequate supervision, unverified qualifications, and insufficient training—exhibits the highest occurrence rate (0.072) and structural vulnerability (CVI = 9.5), identifying it as the most critical risk pattern. The identified clusters are highly consistent with practical engineering experience. This study provides a systematic, data-driven tool for FFH accident causation analysis, supporting targeted safety prevention and control strategies.

Abstract: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most directly consumed legume globally. Post-harvest damage is mainly caused by two species of bruchids, involving losses from 1.9 to 11.1 million tons per year around the world; one of them is Acanthoscelides obtectus. In the present research, we study the genetic response of the resistance to A. obtectus in a common bean HIF population and, in this way, to be able to select lines with resistance to A. obtectus. Two bean varieties, Pinto Saltillo (P-saltillo) and Azufrado Higuera (A-higuera), were used to develop the HIF population of 120 Near Isogenic Lines (NILs). Were carried out two lattice experiments with two repetitions and 120 NILs. The 120 NILs were evaluated in bottles of 98.17 cm3 (5×5). Five seeds were placed per repetition. The parents P-saltillo and A-higuera, as well as PS-AZH-15 and PS-AZH-15-18 as susceptible controls and T-amarillo, T-negro and T-cafe as resistant controls. All characteristics studied showed normal distribution and therefore quantitative inheritance. The Line-16 exhibited the highest resistance to A. obtectus with 0.0 grain consumption, 0.0% seed consumption, 1 adult on average present in the bottles at the end of the experiments, 0.0 grains damaged, and 29.95 of hundred seed weight. A. obtectus is probably genetically different and adapted to the varieties produced and consumed in each region of the world. The HIF population presents high variability for resistance to A. obtectus from Mexico and Spain.

Abstract: Background: Prospective bedside data collection for complex clinical syndromes such as postoperative delirium (POD) is labour-intensive and error-prone, and commercial electronic data capture (EDC) systems often carry substantial licensing and infrastructure costs. Methods: We deployed a low-cost, cloud-based data-capture and validation pipeline in a 10-bed cardiac surgical intensive care unit, combining four Google Forms modules with an open-source Python/Pandas validation backend, and retrospectively compared raw form exports against the validated dataset to quantify the pipeline’s real-world data-quality performance. Results: Over 11 months, the pipeline processed 7,146 raw form submissions (636 preoperative, 644 intraoperative, 2,517 ICU outcomes, 3,349 delirium-screening entries), contributing to a final cohort of 610 patients with required-field completeness of 99.2–100%. Scripted validation identified and resolved 156 discrete data-quality issues across seven categories, including duplicate submissions, a non-numeric identifier, date-typing errors, a spreadsheet auto-formatting artefact, required-field omissions, and manually flagged invalid entries. Direct comparison against REDCap, KoBoToolbox, and Epicollect5 showed this architecture matches the validation rigour of dedicated electronic data capture platforms without their server infrastructure or licensing cost. As an illustrative clinical application, postoperative delirium incidence was 19.7% (120/610). Conclusion: A zero-cost data-entry front end paired with a transparent, open-source validation backend can deliver auditable, high-completeness clinical datasets, offering a scalable, transferable model for data quality management in resource-constrained healthcare research.

Abstract: Airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) contributes to oxidative damage of the ocular surface, particularly under dry eye-related hyperosmolar conditions. We evaluated the protective effects of a soluble extract derived from lyophilized human amniotic membrane patches (hAM-Te) in human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages exposed to hyperosmolarity, industrial PM₂.₅, or both. Cell viability, migration, reactive oxygen species, nitrite production, total antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Combined hyperosmolarity and PM₂.₅ markedly impaired cell viability and migration while increasing oxidative and nitrosative stress. hAM-Te significantly improved cell viability and wound closure, reduced reactive oxygen species and nitrite levels, restored antioxidant capacity, and modulated endogenous antioxidant defenses. These findings demonstrate that hAM-Te attenuates redox imbalance and cellular injury induced by combined environmental and hyperosmolar stress, supporting its potential as a protective strategy against pollution-associated ocular surface damage.

Abstract: Ferroportin (FPN/SLC40A1), the only known human iron exporter, plays a key role in iron homeostasis through an alternating access mechanism involving inward-open, occluded, and outward-open conformations. Pathogenic FPN mutations cause Hereditary hemo-chromatosis type 4, an autosomal dominant iron overload disease characterized by ear-ly-onset anemia, hepatic fibrosis, and diabetes. This disease can be further categorized into two subtypes: Ferroportin disease, or Hereditary hemochromatosis type 4A, characterized by low transferrin saturation (TSAT) and iron overload predominantly in Kupffer cells, and “SLC40A1-HC”, or Hereditary hemochromatosis type 4B, defined by high TSAT and iron overload in hepatocytes. However, the structural and functional characteristics gov-erning FPN's conformational transitions and their relationship to pathogenic mutations remain poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted comprehensive modelling and molec-ular dynamics studies to investigate the conformational states of the transporter and ana-lyse the molecular basis of disease-causing mutations. Our analysis revealed distinct dy-namic properties across FPN conformations, with inward-open and outward-open states displaying stable protein cores surrounded by dynamic peripheral regions, contrasting sharply with the occluded conformation. We observed significant differences in the most stable interactions established between the two lobes across the three conformational states, enabling identification of key residues involved in FPN conformational changes and iron transport. These findings were interpreted in the context of known pathogenic mutations to assess their potential effects on protein stability and transport mechanism. This approach provides crucial insights into the molecular determinants of FPN function and dysfunction, offering a foundation for understanding how specific mutations disrupt normal iron export and lead to Hereditary hemochromatosis. The identification of con-formationally important residues enhances our understanding of FPN's transport mecha-nism and provides a framework for interpreting the pathological consequences of genetic variants in iron metabolism disorders.

Abstract: Conformal risk control (CRC) can wrap a black-box segmentation network so that the expected false negative rate on a future case is provably at most a user-chosen level α, without distributional assumptions — except one: calibration and deployment data must be exchangeable. We show, for retinal vessel segmentation across three public fundus databases acquired with three cameras on three populations (DRIVE, STARE, CHASE-DB1), that this assumption fails in the way that matters most for safety. A certificate calibrated on one site and transferred to a harder site misses 27% of vessel pixels while still reporting α = 0.15 — a silent, unsafe violation invisible without target labels. We prove that monotone probability recalibration (temperature, Platt, isotonic) leaves the CRC mask and its risk exactly unchanged, and show empirically that importance-weighted CRC, though valid in theory, degenerates at realistic cohort sizes: a twosample discriminator on encoder features separates clinical sites almost perfectly (AUC 1.00), so estimated density ratios are effectively unbounded and no informative threshold survives. We therefore recast the problem as detection and deferral. An unlabelled, image-only diagnostic reliably flags out-of-support sites, our SHARC wrapper controls risk on the sub-population it accepts, and as few as six labelled target images restore a valid, informative certificate at both shifted sites. For regulated deployment, a transported risk bound should be treated as unverified until the site is shown to lie within calibration support or is re-certified with a small labelled sample.

Abstract: Childhood obesity is a major global health concern with a strong heritable component. While most cases are polygenic and environmentally driven, a subset of children present with rare genetic forms of obesity, including syndromic and monogenic disorders. Over the past three decades, advances in gene discovery—from candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS)—have significantly improved our understanding of the biological pathways regulating appetite and energy balance, particularly the leptin–melanocortin pathway. Early identification of genetic obesity is clinically relevant, as it allows tailored management, targeted pharmacological interventions, genetic counselling, and reduction of psychosocial stigma. However, distinguishing rare genetic obesity from common polygenic obesity remains challenging in clinical practice. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the genetic architecture of pediatric obesity, highlights red flags suggestive of monogenic and syndromic forms, discusses available diagnostic algorithms and genetic testing strategies, and explores the transition from gene discovery to precision medicine. The integration of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental data will be crucial to refine risk prediction and therapeutic strategies in the pediatric population.

Abstract: DNA repeats and protective proteins, which comprise telomere complexes, are crucial for genomic integrity; however, the inherent limitations of DNA end-replication through cell divisions lead to age-dependent telomere shortening. Telomere attrition, besides being a quintessential characteristic of aging, acts as a natural tumor suppressor mechanism by inhibiting unlimited cell division. Constitutive telomere length, a heritable trait, is associated with various cancers. Oxidative DNA damage and replicative stress, driven by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, also contribute to telomere shortening. Besides, telomere maintenance dynamics within tumors and within cells in the tumor microenvironment critically influence outcomes in different cancers. Within tumors, despite activated elongation mechanisms, various functional constraints result in short telomeres, indicating a crucial role for telomere biology components in cancer outcomes. In this review, we explored the telomere length in leucocytes and cancer tissues in relation to risk and survival in major gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers.

Abstract: Corporate real estate leaders routinely justify technology investment by portfolio scale, square footage, building count, headcount, yet scale predicts almost nothing about whether that investment succeeds. This study examines what does predict organisational maturity in adopting Integrated Workplace Management Systems and Computer-Aided Facility Management platforms. Drawing on anonymised data from 125 enterprise CRE firms spanning 21 industry sectors, we assess two candidate predictors, on-site operations staffing intensity and portfolio scale, using Spearman rank correlation, hierarchical regression, and k-means cluster analysis. Staffing intensity proves a stronger predictor of technology adoption maturity than portfolio scale (ρ = 0.52 versus ρ = 0.20, p < 0.001 and p = 0.032, respectively). A combined regression model explains 26.3% variance in maturity scores, with staffing intensity contributing the majority of explanatory power. Cluster analysis identifies two distinct firm segments: a Foundational group (n = 36) and an Advanced/Strategic group (n = 86), differentiated primarily by staffing profile rather than portfolio size. A cross-cutting finding, near-zero adoption of Artificial Intelligence enabled IWMS features across both segments, reveals a persistent gap between technology availability and organisational readiness, irrespective of overall maturity level. These findings reframe technology adoption as an organisational design and human capital challenge, not a procurement decision. The practical implication for managers is direct: before committing technology budgets, organisations should audit staffing capacity. Technology procurement without adequate human capital is a systematic overestimate of returns.

Abstract: Predicting yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (El) in heat-treatable aluminum alloys is challenging because of nonlinear interactions between alloy composition and heat-treatment parameters. This study proposes a physics-retained, explainable, and uncertainty-aware multi-target machine-learning framework for simultaneous strength–ductility prediction. A hybrid feature-selection strategy combining statistical relevance, mean embedded importance, and metallurgical retention reduced the input space from 17 to 12 variables while preserving solution treatment temperature, aging temperature, and aging time. A matched 17-feature comparator was evaluated using the same repeated outer-validation splits, inner tuning procedure, model families, hyperparameter-search space, and search budget. Across 25 outer evaluations, the 12-feature pipeline achieved a macro-averaged R2 of 0.807 ± 0.043, macro-NRMSE of 0.424±0.047, and macro-NMAE of 0.293 ± 0.033, compared with 0.800 ± 0.047, 0.431 ± 0.052, and 0.294 ± 0.040, respectively, for the 17-feature pipeline. An exploratory post-selection paired comparison yielded a mean macro-R2 difference of 0.0068, a corrected 95% interval of [−0.0198,0.0335], and p = 0.602. Because k = 12 was selected using the same outer-validation summaries, these statistics are descriptive rather than confirmatory. The selected pipeline therefore used 29.4% fewer descriptors with similar observed mean performance, although superiority or statistical equivalence was not established. On the untouched final-test partition, the locked 12-feature ExtraTrees model achieved target-wise R2 values of 0.857, 0.842, and 0.826 for YS, UTS, and El, respectively. SHAP assigned the largest model attributions to Zn, Cu, and selected heat-treatment conditions; these attributions explain model behavior rather than causal metallurgical effects. Ensemble-conformal intervals supported uncertainty-aware retrospective prioritization of held-out conditions. However, because no external or experimental validation was performed and performance decreased under composition-group-disjoint validation, the framework should be regarded as an internally evaluated modeling workflow rather than a validated alloy-design tool.

Abstract: Candida tropicalis has emerged as one of the most clinically relevant non-albicans Candida species, owing to its increasing global prevalence, high mortality associated with invasive infections, and rising rates of antifungal resistance. Although traditionally considered an opportunistic pathogen, growing evidence indicates that its remarkable adaptive capacity is driven by the coordinated regulation of multiple biological processes that promote host colonization, persistence, and immune evasion. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, biology, genomic organization, virulence factors, and host–pathogen interactions of C. tropicalis. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in comparative genomics and functional studies that have expanded our understanding of the molecular determinants underlying adhesion, biofilm formation, morphogenesis, extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production, thermotolerance, cell wall remodeling, and immune evasion. We also integrate orthology analyses identifying putative C. tropicalis homologs of well-characterized Candida albicans virulence genes, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of key pathogenic mechanisms while emphasizing species-specific adaptations that remain functionally unexplored. Finally, we discuss current knowledge of antifungal resistance and the emerging relationship between genomic plasticity, stress adaptation, and pathogenicity. Together, this review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the biological mechanisms that contribute to the success of C. tropicalis as an emerging opportunistic pathogen and identifies key areas requiring further investigation to improve diagnosis, treatment, and the development of novel antifungal strategies.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been proposed to regulate periodontal tissue remodeling, but its effects on osteoblastogenesis in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) remain highly dependent on laser parameters. This study investigated whether irradiation with a 940-nm diode laser elicits a biphasic dose-response in proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation assays of human PDLSCs. Methods: Six human PDLSC lines were established and characterized using flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation assays. Cell proliferation was assessed after irradiation with fluences of 1, 2, 4, and 10 J/cm². Osteoblastogenesis was induced under suboptimal or complete osteogenic conditions and evaluated by Alizarin Red staining on day 21. The expression of osteogenic genes (RUNX2, BMP2, SPP1, TGFB1, COL1A1, ALPL, and BGLAP) was evaluated by qRT-PCR at different time points. Culture supernatants were analyzed for soluble osteogenic mediators. Results: The established PDLSC lines had an MSC-like phenotype, robust osteogenic potential, moderate chondrogenic potential, and weak or no adipogenic potential. Proliferation of PDLSCs was considerably increased by PBM at 2 J/cm² on day 7, whereas fluences of 4 and 10 J/cm² inhibited proliferation. Osteoblastic mineralization was increased at 2 J/cm² but was markedly reduced at 10 J/cm². Gene expression analysis confirmed this biphasic response under optimal culture conditions. Irradiation with 2 J/cm² upregulated all the analyzed genes, whereas 10 J/cm² downregulated RUNX2, BMP2, SPP1, COL1A1, and BGLAP. PBM at 2 J/cm² also increased production of soluble BMP-2, OPG, PDGF-BB, ALP, and Leptin in a time-dependent manner. Conclusions: PBM exerts a biphasic effect on human PDLSCs that critically depends on PBM fluency. A lower energy density of 2 J/cm² promotes proliferation and osteoblastogenesis, whereas higher energy densities, particularly 10 J/cm², are inhibitory.

Abstract: CXCR4 (CD184) is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds CXCL12. Aberrant CXCR4 expression is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis in various hematological and solid malignancies, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Therefore, CXCR4-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have advanced to clinical evaluation. In this study, we established a novel anti-human CXCR4 mAb, Cx4Mab-7 (mouse IgG1, kappa), using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. Cx4Mab-7 specifically recognized CXCR4-overexpressed LN229 glioblastoma cells (LN229/CXCR4), CXCR4-overexpressed CHO-K1 cells (CHO/CXCR4), and endogenous CXCR4 on Jurkat cells without cross-reactivity to other C-X-C chemokine receptors. Flow cytometry demonstrated that Cx4Mab-7 exhibited high binding affinity for LN229/CXCR4 cells (KD: 7.4 ± 1.8 × 10−9 M) and Jurkat cells (KD: 3.5 ± 3.6 × 10−9 M). In addition, Cx4Mab-7 was suitable for immunohistochemistry using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CHO/CXCR4 cells, although it showed only weak reactivity in Western blot. Cx4Mab-7 may contribute to the future development of diagnostic applications targeting the CXCR4 axis.

Abstract: Introduction: Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital form of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return characterized by right pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava. This abnormal shunting leads to right sided volume overload and increased risk of supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly in adolescents and adults. However, existing studies do not clearly describe reported arrhythmia patterns or how heart rhythm changes over time. Objectives: This systematic review aims to describe how congenital cardiopulmonary abnormalities in patients with Scimitar syndrome contribute to atrial remodeling and the development of atrial and supraventricular arrhythmias. Methods A literature review search was conducted in PubMed. Relevant data were extracted after screening titles, 308 abstracts were assessed using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full text screening was performed for 94 articles, Inclusion criteria consisted of patients with Scimitar syndrome. Exclusion criteria included literature review, animal studies and non-English articles. Results: Studies consistently showed that Scimitar syndrome is associated with right atrial enlargement and atrial remodeling due to chronic right-sided volume overload. These changes were linked to an increased burden of atrial and supraventricular arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Arrhythmia risk was greater in patients with associated abnormalities such as atrial septal defects or pulmonary hypertension. Discussion and Conclusion: Scimitar syndrome often presents with atrial remodeling and cardiac abnormalities that increase the risk of arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Given that scimitar syndrome can remain undiagnosed until adulthood, future studies should focus on the specific predictors for arrhythmia development to improve long-term electrophysiological outcomes.

Abstract: Background: Bicarbonate mineral waters have been reported to modulate biliary dynamics. Prior symptom based data with Aqua 3 suggested digestive benefits, but objective confirmation is still lacking. Aims: To evaluate, the effect of Aqua 3 on gallbladder motility in fasting healthy adults, compared with an oligomineral water. Methods: In this randomized, crossover study, twenty healthy volunteers underwent two ultrasound sessions after an overnight fast and the ingestion of 500 mL of either Aqua 3 (bicarbonate mineral water) or oligomineral water. Gallbladder volume was measured at baseline and after 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. Primary endpoint was the maximum ejection fraction. Results: Bicarbonate mineral water induced a rapid increase in ejection fraction: peaking at 10 minutes, persisting at 20 minutes and attenuating by 30 minutes. At 60 minutes, gallbladder refilling exceeded baseline. Oligomineral water produced only modest early emptying at 10 minutes, no significant change at 20 minutes, and progressive refilling thereafter. Throughout the observation period, ejection fraction was significantly higher after bicarbonate than oligomineral water. Maximum ejection fraction was significantly greater with bicarbonate than oligomineral water, occurring most frequently at 10 minutes for both waters. Conclusions: A single 500 mL dose of bicarbonate mineral water elicits a rapid and pronounced cholagogue response, with ejection fraction increases evident within 10 minutes that significantly exceed those observed after oligomineral water, providing a mechanistic rationale for the previously reported digestive benefits of bicarbonate mineral water. These findings may be clinically relevant for optimizing early postprandial digestion and mitigating biliary stasis in hypomotile gallbladders.

Abstract: In recycling of plastic packaging, the deinking of post-consumer waste (PCW) is a key technology to achieve high-quality recyclates that can be used in demanding applica-tions. Removing printing inks minimises the contamination in the mechanical recy-cling process, enabling the production of (semi)-transparent recycled films with low odour and fewer defects. While the deinking of uniformly printed model films is thor-oughly researched and the general mechanism well-understood, these findings are not readily transferable to industrial implementation on household PCW. This study pre-sents the systematic investigation of the deinking on household PCW flakes using in-dustrially available surfactants. Deinking parameters (water temperature, washing time, lye concentration) are varied with no surfactant added as well as for four indus-trially available surfactant formulations. The deinking efficiency is determined via an image-based statistical analysis. Via a multiple linear regression, median grey values of the experiments allow insights into the deinking mechanism of PCW flakes. Depending on the surfactant and deinking parameters, either the hydrolysis of the binding agent by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or the surfactant-based decrease of interfacial energy on the printed surface proved dominant for the overall deinking mechanism.

Abstract: Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen allergy is a major and growing public health problem worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from rhinitis and conjunctivitis to asthmatic episodes and anaphylaxis. The major ragweed allergen, Amb a 1, exhibits high IgE-binding potential and triggers type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) effectively induces long-term immune tolerance, conventional extract-based formulations face critical limitations including batch-to-batch variability, heterogeneous allergen composition, IgE-mediated adverse reactions, inconsistent immunogenicity, and poor patient compliance. This critical re-view synthesizes and evaluates published evidence on current synthetic vaccine strategies for ragweed AIT, with emphasis on their design, immunological performance, and quality control considerations. This review critically evaluates current approaches to synthetic vaccine development for ragweed AIT, with particular focus on pep-tide-based constructs, recombinant proteins, DNA vaccines, and adjuvant-enhanced formulations, alongside corresponding quality control strategies. The available evidence indicates that synthetic vaccines provide a more rational, molecularly characterized trajectory for producing optimized AIT products with improved safety profiles, enhanced clinical efficacy, reduced injection frequency, and improved batch standardization relative to extract-based immunotherapy. These advances highlight the potential of synthetic vaccine platforms to support personalized immunotherapy and more effective disease-modifying treatment of allergic disorders.

Abstract: Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive large language model inference by producing low-cost draft work and committing accepted portions after parallel target-side verification. This draft-then-verify process defines the broad family, while recent methods differ in where draft work comes from, how candidate units are logically organized across drafting and verification, what fidelity claim licenses commitment, and how runtime systems realize committed state, control speculation, execute serving paths, and evaluate end-to-end performance. We therefore develop a systems co-design taxonomy with four interdependent aspects---Draft Source, Draft Geometry, Verification Fidelity, and Runtime Execution---and 19 categories. Applying it to 304 works yields Method Profiles that trace individual works through the design space and help researchers navigate the literature, compare methods consistently, and select category-matched baselines. We synthesize recurring combinations and interactions among the four aspects into Co-Design Gates---Representability, Verifiability, State Realizability, and Profitability---that organize open challenges and future directions. Together, the taxonomy, Method Profiles, and Gates frame speculative decoding as a systems co-design problem in which these choices must align to deliver the stated fidelity and end-to-end benefit.

Abstract: The G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), is predominantly expressed on B cells located in the secondary lymphoid tissues, follicular helper T cells, and lymphoma cells. Binding to its ligand, CXCL13, mediates cell migration and regulates lymphocyte trafficking. Aberrant CXCL13/CXCR5 expression and signaling have been implicated in tumor progression, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Therefore, specific mAbs against CXCR5 are expected to be useful for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. In this study, novel anti-human CXCR5 mAbs (Cx₅Mabs) were developed through flow cytometry-based high-throughput screening. One clone, Cx₅Mab-6 (IgG_2b, κ), recognized CXCR5-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells but did not react with the other 5 CXCR receptors-overexpressed CHO-K1 cells in flow cytometry. Additionally, Cx5Mab-6 recognized endogenous CXCR5 in the human Burkitt lymphoma Raji cell line. The dissociation constant (K_D) values of Cx₅Mab-6 for CHO/CXCR5 and Raji were 3.4 × 10⁻⁹ M and 1.2 × 10⁻10 M, respectively. Furthermore, Cx₅Mab-6 is useful for Western blotting and can detect CXCR5 in human lymphoma tissue by immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that Cx₅Mab-6 is versatile for basic research and has potential applications in clinical diagnosis.

Abstract: Tropical cyclone (TC) inner-core maximum wave height (MWH) measurements are virtually absent, forcing reliance on reanalyses such as ERA5. Using a GPM-based dynamic MWH product at 5 km resolution, 165 global TCs (maximum wind ≥ 25 m s⁻¹) are analyzed to evaluate ERA5 MWH in both magnitude and location. GPM reveals an inner-core MWH/significant wave height (SWH) ratio of ~2.0, higher than ERA5’s ~1.9, and—critically—exhibits a steep radial decline that ERA5 entirely misses. The absolute underestimation Δ = GPM_hmax − ERA5_hmax reaches 5.4 m for super typhoons (median 0.44 m). ERA5 also misplaces the MWH point: the GPM MWH point lies 1.3 km inside the radius of maximum wind (median), whereas ERA5 places it 12.5 km outward — a 13.8 km systematic outward bias (p < 0.0001). ERA5 shows an artificially narrow azimuthal spread (circular variance 0.499 vs. GPM’s 0.647, bootstrap p = 0.0005) and a flatter radial gradient. Physical consistency (steeper gradient, rain-rate collocation) supports GPM MWH realism. The bias magnitude is comparable to ERA5’s effective resolution (~28 km), indicating a resolution-related origin.